Index
Abrahamic religions, 406, 411–13, 514n9. See also Christianity
adaptation (yin 因): in Huainanzi, 44, 76, 331, 334; to human nature, 459n84; in Lüshi chunqiu, 214, 217; to patterns (yin li 因理), 365, 491n43; Sima Tan on, 70, 71; Syncretists on, 26, 80, 88, 89, 90, 91, 111; and timeliness, 334; in “Xinshu shang,” 37, 39, 75, 84. See also cognition, flowing (yinshi)
After Virtue (MacIntyre), 275
Agriculturalists, 158
alchemy, physiological (inner; nei dan 內丹), 23–24, 27, 45
Allan, Sarah, 337, 349, 377, 438
American Academy of Religion, 411
Ames, Roger, 39, 76, 91, 94–95, 327
Analects (Lun yu 論語), 199, 236, 274–75, 352
“Anarchist school,” 10, 209. See also Primitivist tradition
Arisaka, Yoko, 381
Atran, Scot, 405, 407, 409, 413
attention (zhi 志): effortless, 379, 384, 386, 387, 391, 393; in Huainanzi, 55, 57, 168, 344, 345, 346; and inner cultivation, 238, 243, 289, 293, 357, 379, 433; theories of, 382–83, 426; training of, 11, 394, 423, 428–29; in Zhuangzi, 396, 398
Austin, James, 385
Baer, Ruth, 427
“Bai xin” 白心 (The Purified Mind; Guanzi), 116, 453n29, 464n28, 503n12
bamboo strips, 117, 122–23, 205, 438, 520n16
Ban Gu 班固, 98
“Below in the Empire” 天下. See Zhuangzi 33
Ben Sheng 賁生, 459n83
benevolence (humaneness; ren 仁), 95, 224–25, 231, 236, 244, 266, 267
“Benjing” 本經. See Huainanzi 8
Benson, Herbert, 427
Biblical Studies: of New Testament, 107, 108, 114, 175, 176, 412, 471n52, 482n3; of Synoptic Gospels, 108, 175; textual criticism methodologies from, 10–11, 12, 282, 471n52, 482n3. See also religious studies
“Binglüe” 兵略. See Huainanzi 15
Bo Yi 伯夷 and Shu Qi 叔齊, 228, 229
Boyer, Pascal, 407–408, 409, 413, 424, 514n4, 514n8
Brown, Daniel, 285, 286, 288, 293, 496n31
Bruya, Brian, 384
Bu Liangyi 卜梁倚, 152, 311, 456n63
Buddhism, 416, 423; meditation in, 2, 34, 36, 456n63; mystical experience in, 152, 284, 309; Rinzai Zen, 424; and supernatural beliefs, 406, 408, 409; Theravada, 408, 409, 496n24; Tibetan, 421, 422; Zen, 382, 424
Bumbacher, Stefan Peter, 432, 435–38, 445, 446
Buswell, Robert, 4
Cahn, Rael, 385
calendar, 81, 179, 180–81, 182, 476n21
Celestial Masters (Tianshi 天師), 8, 466n3
Chen Guying 陳鼓應, 231
Chen Heng 陳恆, 484n30
Cheng Xuanying 成玄應, 182
Chi You 蚩尤, 190
Christianity, 4, 174, 309, 514n8; and ethnocentrism, 406–7; historical Jesus in, 412, 413, 515n16; Jesuits, 406; mysticism in, 152, 284, 494n14; and religious studies, 411, 412, 413; and supernatural beliefs, 408
“Chu zhen” 俶真. See Huainanzi 2
Chu 楚, state of, 28, 462n8; dialect of, 115, 499n69
Chuang Tzu: the Inner Chapters (Graham), 204
Cloud General (Yun Jiang 雲將; Zhuangzi 11), 179, 183–85, 187, 188, 189
cognition: and consciousness, 511n37; embodied, 420–21; illumined (ming 明), 58, 254, 316, 395, 400, 401; and no-self (anatta), 408; in religious studies, 414, 416; and tacit knowledge, 382, 383–84, 386. See also consciousness
cognition, flowing (yinshi 因是; “that’s it which goes by circumstance”), 241, 244, 358, 373, 419, 502n31, 505n25; and cognitive attunement, 379, 387–88, 400, 401, 403, 433, 435; vs. fixed (weishi 為是; “that’s it which deems”), 17, 315–22, 323, 400, 418–19, 422, 486n55, 516n28
cognitive attunement, 17, 377–403, 508n7; and contemplative phenomenology, 379–86, 389, 391, 393, 395–96, 400, 402, 403; and “Inner Chapters,” 387, 391, 393, 396, 433, 435; in Inner Cultivation tradition, 388, 391, 393, 395, 399; and optimal flow, 391, 393, 399; as psychological trait, 388, 391, 393, 395, 399; in “Qi wu lun” (Zhuangzi 2), 399–403; and third- to no-person modes of experience, 389, 390, 391, 393, 394, 395, 397, 399–400, 401, 402; in Zhuangzi, 386–403, 435
cognitive imperialism, 17–18, 405–29; vs. Contemplative Studies, 425–29; and ethnocentrism, 405–10; and historicist reductionism, 410–16; and intersubjectivity, 416, 421; in religious studies, 410, 413, 415, 416; and science, 420–25; in Zhuangzi, 416–19
Cohen, Jonathan, 427
Comparative Study of Religion, The (Wach), 407
compliance (xun 循, 順), 26, 111, 157–58, 215; in Huainanzi, 261, 265; in Laozi, 359; Sima Tan on, 25, 70, 71, 89; in Syncretist tradition, 80, 89, 90, 91. See also patterns, compliance with
Confucianism: and Daoism, 25, 28, 167, 348, 439; and Guanzi, 28, 36, 38, 39, 121, 165, 453n27, 472n66, 473n90; and Huainanzi, 44, 47, 52, 76, 77, 260, 266, 267, 274, 325, 326, 332; and human nature, 220–21, 222, 224, 392, 459n84; and Lüshi chunqiu, 158, 161, 229, 230, 476n20, 486n50; and pattern/principle (li 理), 92, 349–50, 352–53, 354, 369–70, 372; political thought in, 70, 111, 266, 348; practices of, 8, 237, 274–75, 434; and Primitivists, 218, 219, 229, 234, 439, 495n16; psychology in, 22, 380; as school, 5, 236; self-cultivation in, 349, 495n14; and supernatural beliefs, 406, 408, 409, 514n9; and Syncretists, 68, 69, 78, 80, 81, 90, 93–95, 112; technical terms in, 236, 237, 274–75; Yellow Emperor in, 179; and Zhuangzi, 69, 90, 161, 184, 194, 209, 231–32, 233, 312, 314, 315, 418, 462n7
Confucius: and cognitive attunement, 389, 393, 394, 396, 397, 399; in Huainanzi, 266; and Lao Dan, 99, 201, 202, 206, 468n22; and patterns (li 理), 352, 372; in Zhuangzi, 99, 228, 240, 288, 310–11, 485n35, 493n11
consciousness: and cognition, 511n37; and cognitive attunement, 394–95, 397, 399–400, 403; and Contemplative Studies, 380, 426, 428; emptying out of, 6, 11, 40, 57, 71, 85–86, 87, 112, 151, 165, 225, 238, 242, 304, 319, 336, 345, 357, 396, 399, 419, 433, 478n43, 514n12; and experience, 408; in Guanzi, 289; in Inner Cultivation tradition, 12, 239–45, 254–55; and intersubjectivity, 419, 421; and numen, 57–58, 60, 70; and po and hun souls, 499n69; psychology of, 21, 455n41; and religious studies, 415; states of, 3, 40, 74, 110, 112, 151, 160, 239–40, 244, 254–55, 286–87, 294, 297; training of, 422–25; unitive, 40, 161, 284, 286, 295, 298, 299, 303, 310; in Yogācāra, 509n22; in Zhuangzi, 314–17. See also cognition, flowing
contemplative hermeneutic, 18, 432, 445, 446, 519n4
contemplative phenomenology, 379–86, 389–93, 395–96, 400, 402, 403
contemplative practices, 1, 2, 3, 451n12; and cognitive attunement, 388, 391, 394–96, 398, 399, 403; and cognitive science, 1, 3, 17, 18, 423–24; of Confucianism, 434; of Daoism, 237, 424; of Daoist School, 9, 433, 434; and Guanzi, 290, 308; humanistic studies of, 1, 3, 17, 18; of Legalism, 434; in religious studies, 413, 414; as self-cultivation, 1, 7; and subjective experience, 115, 409, 424–25; and supernatural beliefs, 409; and teacher-student lineages, 7, 8, 12, 151, 237, 304, 305, 308, 322, 323, 433–34, 446; and Zhuangzi, 387, 435, 445, 511n35. See also inner cultivation practice; mystical practices
Contemplative Studies, 17–18, 378–86, 425–29; and cognitive science, 17, 18, 424, 426; and contemplative phenomenology, 17, 379–86; and creative arts, 426, 428; goals of, 425–26; perspectives of, 17, 426–29
correspondence (dang 當), 33, 334–36
cosmology: as category, 10, 11, 70, 111, 432; of Dao and De, 62, 65, 72, 111, 113, 115, 150, 151, 159, 165, 325–26, 495n16; in Guanzi, 29, 37, 43, 72, 74, 75, 139, 165; in Huainanzi, 44, 76, 77, 81, 82, 248, 249–56, 257, 263, 348; of Individualists, 495n16; and Inner Cultivation tradition, 237, 358; jade as metaphor in, 351; and Lao-Zhuang Daoism, 25, 26; in Laozi, 280, 305; in Lüshi chunqiu, 159; of medical texts, 308; patterns (li 理) in, 92, 356, 358, 366–75; and political thought, 187, 193–94; of Syncretists, 68, 77, 79, 95, 104, 112, 114, 212; in Zhuangzi, 183, 186–87, 188, 189, 435; of Zhuangzi, 416–19. See also Dao; De
Creel, Herlee Glessner, 3–4, 24, 451n16
Csíkszentmihályi, Mark, 5, 18, 432, 446
Csíkszentmihályi, Mihalyi, 384, 426, 427
Da Bing 大丙 (sage-king), 329
“Da sheng” 達生. See Zhuangzi 19
“Da zongshi” 大宗師. See Zhuangzi 6
Dao shu 道術 (techniques of the Way), 358, 468n22, 493n11; vs. fang shu, 474n2; and Syncretists, 68, 114; and teacher-student lineages, 281–83. See also techniques of the mind
Dao 道 (the Way): and cognitive attunement, 397, 399, 400, 401, 402; cosmology of, 62, 65, 72, 111, 113, 115, 150, 151, 159, 165, 325–26, 495n16; in Guanzi, 41, 65, 73, 116, 120, 122, 140, 289, 290; in Huainanzi, 48, 61, 77, 81–82, 246, 248, 249–56, 257–72, 274, 327–28, 346–47, 371; and Huang-Lao boshu, 157; immanent nature of, 326–27; in Inner Cultivation tradition, 6, 237, 240, 244, 357–58; and introvertive experience, 295–98, 318, 499n66; in Laozi, 280, 295–98, 499n66; in mystical experience, 308, 309–10, 311; as the One, 173, 290, 308, 337–39, 340, 498n65; Syncretists on, 68, 90, 94, 104; and vital essence, 32–33; and Yin-Yang, 55; in Zhuangzi, 163, 233, 314, 317–22, 418–19, 422, 497n45, 502n28. See also Heaven and earth, Way of
Daoism: chronological phases in, 7–8; classical, 356–58; and Confucianism, 25, 28, 167, 348, 439; contemplative vs. purposive, 24; definition of, 447n1; early history of, 109–15; four shibboleths of, 3–6, 18, 432; historical origins of, 2–3, 11; Huang-Lao vs. Lao-Zhuang, 25–26; and millenarian movements, 4, 5, 8, 356, 357; mystical vs. political, 24; original, 3–4, 5, 9, 11–12, 109; as school, 9–10; Six Schools of, 432, 433; and supernatural beliefs, 408, 409; technical terms in, 11–12, 111; vs. Western thought, 326. See also Huang-Lao Daoism; Individualist tradition; Lao-Zhuang (philosophical) Daoism; Primitivist tradition; Syncretist tradition
Daoism, religious, 24, 66, 155, 350; and Huainanzi, 347–48; and Huang-Lao Daoism, 27; and Inner Cultivation tradition, 356; vs. original, 3–4, 5, 9; vs. philosophical, 104, 357; and Syncretist thought, 141
Daoist School (Daojia 道家), 9–10; contemplative practices of, 433, 434; and Guanzi, 140; and Huainanzi, 76, 109, 274; and Huang-Lao boshu, 156; and Inner Cultivation tradition, 356, 434; and Legalism, 25, 66; and Lüshi chunqiu, 234; Sima Tan on, 5, 10, 13, 24–25, 26, 66, 69–71, 76, 109, 111, 235, 276, 281, 465n55, 468n22; and Syncretists, 68, 77, 79–80, 104, 112, 114, 212, 474n2; transmission of, 432–34; and Yin-Yang, 475n12; and Zhuangzi, 10, 68, 109, 191, 194, 468n22
“Daoying” 道應. See Huainanzi 12
“Daozhi” 盜跖. See Zhuangzi 29
“Darwin’s God” (Henig), 405
Davidson, Richard, 427
“De chong fu” 德充符. See Zhuangzi 5
De 德 (power, potency): and cognitive attunement, 391–95, 398, 399; cosmology of, 62, 65, 72, 111, 113, 115, 150, 151, 159, 165, 325–26, 495n16; in Guanzi, 30–31, 33, 37, 38, 41–42, 73–74, 116, 120, 124–26, 133–35, 165, 289, 290; in Huainanzi, 48–51, 55, 246, 248, 249, 253, 256, 257, 261, 265, 267, 336–38, 340, 341, 343; in Inner Cultivation tradition, 6, 237, 241, 244; in Laozi, 294; in Lüshi chunqiu, 224; and patterns (li 理), 354, 359, 360, 361, 375; and Primitivists, 222, 227; and Syncretists, 84, 86, 87, 89, 90–91, 93–94; and Way of Heaven, 81, 82, 83; in Zhuangzi, 84, 86, 87, 89, 90–91, 93–94, 163, 209, 231–33. See also Zhuangzi 5
Descartes, René, 414
desires, 263, 340, 342, 345, 347; casting off (qu yu 去欲), 32, 73, 79, 166, 171, 238, 242, 253, 339
“Dixing” 地形. See Huainanzi 4
“Doctrine of the Mean,” 52
Dong Zhongshu 董仲舒, 459n83
du 獨. See solitude
Duan Yucai 段玉裁, 351
Eckhardt, Meister, 285
eclecticism (zajia 雜家): of Huainanzi, 14, 44, 65, 76, 235, 274, 457n70, 492n72; of Lüshi chunqiu, 158
Elman, Benjamin, 452n23
emptiness (xu 虛): and cognitive attunement, 394, 395, 396, 398; in Guanzi, 37, 39, 75; in Huainanzi, 50, 51, 57, 246, 253, 258, 265, 338; and inner cultivation, 26, 111, 308; in Inner Cultivation tradition, 6, 238, 240, 241, 244, 357, 502n1; in Laozi, 295–98; in Lüshi chunqiu, 213, 216, 224; and psychology, 23, 78; and religious studies, 416; Sima Tan on, 70, 71; and stages of meditation, 170, 171, 173, 290; and Syncretists, 78, 80, 85–86, 88; in Zhuangzi, 85–86, 88, 165, 502n31. See also under consciousness
Enlightenment, European, 2, 415
Erkes, Eduard, 499n69
Eskildsen, Steven, 18
“essentials of our nature and destiny” (xingming zhi qing 性命之情), 162, 163, 219–27, 391–92, 486n50
ethnocentrism, 405–10, 413, 416, 424, 425
experience, subjective: and cognitive science, 403, 420–25; and contemplative practices, 115, 409, 424–25; and Contemplative Studies, 426, 429; and ethnocentrism, 408; of optimal flow, 384, 391, 393, 399, 426, 508n9; in religious studies, 412, 413, 414, 415–16; third- to no-person modes of, 379–81, 383, 386–91, 393–95, 397, 399–401, 402, 423, 426–28, 512n37; and Zhuangzi, 417, 419. See also mystical experience; psychology, physiological basis of
“Explanatory Colophon” (Zhuangzi hou jie), 101, 102
Exploring Mysticism (Staal), 424–25
fang shi 方士 (esoteric masters), 24, 44–45, 61, 81, 100, 103, 461n109
“Fanlun” 氾論. See Huainanzi 13
“fasting of the mind” (xin zhai 心齋), 23, 502n31; and cognitive attunement, 389, 399, 403; in Inner Cultivation tradition, 243, 357, 433; in Zhuangzi, 172, 239, 296, 310, 314, 389, 396, 403, 419
Feng Yi 馮夷 (sage-king), 329
Fingarette, Herbert, 22
“Finicky Notions” 刻意. See Zhuangzi 15
Five Orbs (organs; wu zang 五臟), 89, 172, 393, 450n2, 460n96, 497n44, 501n15; in Huainanzi, 53, 59–60, 168
Five Phases (wuxing 五行), 153, 179, 281, 452n19, 454n38; in Huainanzi, 76, 257, 265. See also Naturalism
form criticism, 10, 108, 116, 175, 195, 200; of Laozi, 138, 139, 282, 466n3; and oral tradition, 175, 482n3
Forman, Robert, 283–86, 298, 299, 496n33
formlessness (wuxing 無形), 25, 26, 69, 70, 79; in Guanzi, 38, 82, 94; in Huainanzi, 246, 250, 262, 328, 337, 338, 339; and Inner Cultivation tradition, 6, 111, 238; in Lüshi chunqiu, 213, 217
Four Classics, 103
Fu Xi 伏羲, 327
Fukui Fumimasu 福井文雅, 24, 151, 237
Fuyang 阜陽 texts, 437
Gadamer, Hans-Georg, 420
Ge Hong 葛洪, 182
“Geng Sangchu” 庚桑楚. See Zhuangzi 23
Geng Shizi 庚市子, 101
Giles, Herbert, 199
Graham, Angus C., 4, 199–234; on author of Zhuangzi, 7, 10, 63–65, 67, 96, 97, 98–99, 111, 207, 227, 434, 439, 500n2, 504n13, 510n35; and Biblical Studies, 482n3; and cognitive attunement, 386–87, 391, 394, 400, 403; and date of Zhuangzi, 103; and Guan Feng, 200, 209, 210, 211; on Guanzi, 28, 29, 72, 115, 141; and Guo Xiang, 200, 202, 204–206, 209; on Heaven, 81, 82, 370–71; on Huainanzi, 47; on “Inner Chapters,” 13, 200, 201, 204, 205, 207, 208, 211, 434, 439, 484n19; literary criticism techniques of, 176, 200, 207–11; vs. Liu Xiaogan, 207, 208, 209–10, 211; on Lüshi chunqiu, 227, 229; on “Menders of Nature” (Zhuangzi 16), 230–33; on mysticism, 17, 377–79; on philosophical positions in Zhuangzi, 199, 200, 201, 205, 207–11, 233–34; on Primitivists, 7, 10, 110, 200, 201, 209, 212, 504n13; on “Qi wu lun” (Zhuangzi 2), 314–17, 320, 377, 378; rearrangement of Zhuangzi by, 202–7; on “School of Chuang Tzu,” 200, 201, 211; on Syncretists, 7, 10, 77, 84, 114, 200, 201, 206, 210, 211–17; translation of Zhuangzi by, 13–14, 199–202; translations of terms by, 497n44, 501n15, 502n28, 505n25, 516n28; on “Zai you” (Zhuangzi 11), 187, 189, 479n9
Granet, Marcel, 4
“Great Learning” (Da xue 大學), 47, 192
Gu Guangqi, 顧廣圻460n101
Guan Feng 關鋒: on author of Zhuangzi, 7, 10, 63–65, 66–67, 96, 102; and Graham, 200, 209, 210, 211; literary criticism techniques of, 176; on Syncretists, 10, 81, 84, 109–10, 210; on Zhuangzi, 110, 111, 209, 231, 483n15
Guang Chengzi 廣成子 (Master Broadly Complete), 47, 398, 481n43; and inner cultivation, 12, 178, 184–86, 190, 192–93, 195–97; as Laoist, 188, 194; and Yellow Emperor, 12, 13, 176–97, 459n87
Guanyin 觀音, 397
Guanzi jijiao 管子集校 (Guo Moruo), 141
Guanzi 管子: vs. Confucianism, 453n27; on contemplative practices, 290, 308; and early Daoism, 9, 26, 27, 282; editions of, 119, 141, 454n37; and Huainanzi, 28, 43–45, 47, 51, 53, 55, 60–62, 65–66, 71, 72, 74, 76, 86, 110, 251, 266, 274, 275; and Huang-Lao boshu, 156; on inner cultivation, 115–17, 283; and Inner Cultivation tradition, 6, 237, 238, 356; and Lüshi chunqiu, 216; proto-, 453n26; on self-cultivation, 27–43, 61–62, 72, 74–75, 131, 134, 138, 453n29, 464n28; Sima Tan on, 70, 71; on stages of meditation, 165–67, 173; and Syncretists, 68, 71–75, 77, 78, 150, 212; “Techniques of Mind” chapters in, 9, 16, 28, 110, 115–17, 212, 216, 237, 435, 488n8, 503n12; textual criticism of, 10, 108, 111, 115, 116; and Xunzi, 353; and Zhuangzi, 10, 17, 40, 43, 65, 67, 68, 71–75, 110, 133, 136, 163, 184, 191, 194, 360, 435, 439, 440, 441, 462n4. See also “Bai xin”; “Neiye”; “Xinshu shang”; “Xinshu xia”
“Guiding and Pulling Diagram” (Daoyin tu 導引圖; Mawangdui), 6. See also physical cultivation
Guo Moruo 郭沫若, 29, 117, 122–23, 141–42, 467n7; on jade knob, 153; on Song Xing and Yin Wen, 28, 71, 72, 115, 462n6
Guo Xiang 郭象, 102, 103, 234, 451n17, 463n12, 466n73; and authorship of Zhuangzi, 98, 99, 101; and Graham, 200, 202, 204–206, 209; and thirty-three-chapter Zhuangzi, 64, 98, 187–88, 200, 436, 511n35
Hall, David, 378
Han Fei 韓非, 266
Han Ying 韓嬰, 458n83
Han 韓, state of, 219
Hansen, Chad, 279, 309, 312, 313, 314, 319
Hanshu 漢書 (History of the Former Han), 14, 27, 44, 98, 180, 200, 235
Harper, Donald, 139, 155, 195, 455n49, 468n26, 475n7, 500n4
Heaven (tian 天): Graham on, 81, 82, 370–71; in Guanzi, 136, 137; in Huainanzi 1, 333; on jade knob inscription, 154; vs. supernatural entities, 0408, 514n9; translation of, 503n8; in Zhuangzi, 184, 186. See also patterns of Heaven
Heaven and earth, Way of (tiandi zhi dao 天地之道), 68, 81–84, 111, 191; in Lüshi chunqiu, 213, 217; and Syncretists, 78, 79, 85, 91, 92, 210, 217, 493n11; vs. Way of Man, 81–82. See also Zhuangzi 13
Heavenly Dynamism (tianji 天機), 343, 344, 346, 347, 390
Heidegger, Martin, 420
historicism, 436; reductionist, 410–16, 424, 515n17
Hoffert, Brian, 207
“How Much of Chuang Tzu did Chuang Tzu Write?” (Graham), 207, 227
Huainan 淮南, state of, 212, 282, 445, 511n35. See also Liu An
Huainanzi 淮南子, 43–61, 235–76, 325–48; adaptation (yin 因) in, 44, 76, 331, 334; attention (zhi 志) in, 55, 57, 168, 344, 345, 346; and author of Zhuangzi, 97, 100–102, 105; on compliance with patterns, 44, 46, 49–50, 51, 55, 76, 93, 261, 265, 370, 372; and Confucianism, 44, 47, 52, 76, 77, 260, 266, 267, 274, 325, 326, 332; Dao in, 48, 61, 77, 81–82, 246, 248, 249–56, 257–72, 274, 327–28, 346–47, 371; and Daoist School, 76, 109, 274; and date of Zhuangzi, 103, 104, 438; De in, 48–51, 55, 246, 248, 249, 253, 256, 257, 261, 265, 267, 336–38, 340, 341, 343; on desires, 263, 340, 342, 345, 347; and early Daoism, 9, 149, 282; editions of, 457n74, 458n77, 519n10; emptiness in, 50, 51, 57, 246, 253, 258, 265, 338; and Guanzi, 28, 37, 39, 40, 43, 44, 45, 47, 51, 53, 55, 60–62, 65–66, 71, 72, 74, 75, 76, 86, 110, 140, 251, 266, 274, 275; and Huang-Lao boshu, 156, 253, 274, 333, 335; and Huang-Lao Daoism, 25, 26, 45, 71, 76, 167, 452n22, 457n70; on innate nature (xing 性), 46–52, 62, 77, 225, 250, 253–54, 266–72, 330, 331, 336, 343, 344, 347, 348, 459n84, 460n99; and “Inner Chapters,” 50, 89, 274, 348, 437–38, 443, 445; inner cultivation practice in, 6, 14, 16, 111, 113, 167–69, 249–56, 257, 258, 260, 266, 290, 325, 327, 330, 332, 334, 336, 338, 339–44, 345–46, 347; and Inner Cultivation tradition, 242, 251, 252, 253–54, 255–56, 257, 258, 259, 260, 261, 264, 266, 271, 272, 273, 274, 275, 293; Lao-Zhuang Daoism in, 452n17; and Laozi, 44, 47, 50, 76, 77, 169, 236, 249, 274, 300, 325, 334, 337, 344, 348, 452n17; literary styles in, 248–49; and Lüshi chunqiu, 216, 274; on meditation, 54, 61, 167–73, 308, 489n21; on patterns (li 理), 16, 248, 250–52, 325, 326–27, 329, 330, 333, 335–36, 339, 342–43, 346, 347, 366–75, 491n43; on patterns of Heaven, 56, 60, 93; physiology in, 43–44, 45, 46, 53–61, 76; political thought in, 44, 45, 47, 49, 53, 76, 77, 84, 85, 242, 248, 252–53, 273, 275, 325–26, 327, 341–44; post-verbal hu 乎 vs. yu 於 in, 210, 483n18; and religious Daoism, 347–48, 504n14; rhymed verses in, 102, 248; root chapters of, 249–56; root passages in, 256–72; root-branch structure of, 14, 235, 236, 245–76, 490n28; on sage rulership, 45, 135, 248, 252–53, 257, 262, 265, 266, 267–68, 271–72, 274, 329, 333–34, 336, 338, 339, 347; on self-cultivation, 44, 45, 46, 47–48, 51, 52, 76, 77, 248, 249, 268, 325, 333–36, 346–48, 461n109; on sense perception, 253, 293, 330, 340, 341, 345, 346; Sima Tan on, 70, 71, 76; on stillness, 50, 51, 52, 55–56, 60, 86–89, 246, 253, 254, 255, 258, 261, 265, 335, 338, 339, 346; Syncretism in, 8, 13, 14, 16, 68, 71, 75–77, 78, 79–80, 94–95, 112, 150, 212, 274, 331, 492n72, 495n16; techniques of the mind (xinshu 心術) in, 16, 45, 46, 250, 342, 343, 345–46, 347, 490n30; and Way of Heaven, 81, 82–83; and Zhuangzi, 10, 13, 47, 50, 67, 68, 71, 75–77, 97, 100–102, 103, 104, 105, 184, 191–94, 248, 249, 251, 252, 274, 344, 348, 387, 437, 438, 443, 445, 452n17, 465n45, 519n12
Huainanzi 1 (“Yuan dao” 原道; Originating in the Way), 15–16, 249–56, 325–48, 498n59, 504n14; on cultivating the One, 337–39; on Dao, 327–28, 346–47; on De, 336–37, 338, 340, 341, 343; on desires, 340, 342, 345, 347; divisions of, 327–46; on formlessness, 337, 338, 339; on Heavenly Dynamism (Tianji 天機), 343, 344, 346, 347; on heavenly vs. human, 331–33; on innate nature (xing 性), 330, 331, 336, 343, 344, 347, 367, 459n84; inner cultivation practice in, 325, 327, 330, 332, 334, 336, 338, 339–44, 345–46, 347; and Laozi, 325, 334, 337, 344; metaphor of water in, 336–37; on patterns (li 理), 325, 326–27, 329, 330, 333, 335–36, 339, 342–43, 346, 347, 371; political thought in, 325–26, 327, 341–44; on response (ying 應), 333, 339, 346, 347; root passages in, 257, 258, 260, 263–65, 272, 273; on sage rulership, 45, 135, 248, 274, 329, 333–34, 336, 338, 339, 347; on self-cultivation, 325, 333–36, 346–47; sense-perception, in, 330, 340, 341, 345, 346; techniques of the mind (xinshu 心術) in, 342, 343, 345–46, 347; on timeliness, 334–36
Huainanzi 2 (“Chu zhen” 俶真; Activating the Genuine), 244, 249–56, 459n84, 465n45, 512n56; and Inner Cultivation tradition, 255–56; root passages in, 257, 258, 259, 260, 261, 263, 264, 265, 266, 268, 272, 273
Huainanzi 3 (“Tianwen” 天文; Celestial Patterns), 93, 256, 491n55, 504n14; root passages in, 257, 258, 260, 264, 272, 273
Huainanzi 4 (“Dixing” 地形; Terrestrial Forms), 93, 491n55; root passages in, 257, 258, 264, 272, 273
Huainanzi 5 (“Shice” 時側; Seasonal Rules), 93, 491n55; root passages in, 257, 258, 264, 272, 273
Huainanzi 6 (“Lanming” 覽冥; Surveying Obscurities), 244, 498n59; root passages in, 257, 259, 264, 266, 272, 273
Huainanzi 7 (“Jingshen” 精柛; Quintessential Spirit), 7, 45, 245, 256, 459n84, 498n59, 504n14; and Guanzi, 66, 76; and Laozi, 169, 300; numinous essence in, 59–61; root passages in, 257, 258, 259, 260, 264, 272, 273; on stages of meditation, 167–69, 170, 171, 172–73; and Zhuangzi, 191
Huainanzi 8 (“Benjing” 本經; Basic Warp), 245; root passages in, 257, 259, 260, 261, 264, 272, 273
Huainanzi 9 (“Zhushu” 主術; Techniques of the Ruler), 76, 91, 94–95, 244, 372; root passages in, 257, 264–65, 273
Huainanzi 10 (“Miaocheng” 繆稱; Profound Precepts): root passages in, 257, 259–60, 264, 273
Huainanzi 11 (“Qi su” 齊俗; Equalizing Customs), 70, 100, 244, 369–70, 372–73, 459n84; root passages in, 257, 261–62, 264, 266–72, 273
Huainanzi 12 (“Daoying” 道應; Responses of the Way), 77, 103, 244, 452n17; root passages in, 257, 262, 264, 273
Huainanzi 13 (“Fanlun” 氾論; Boundless Discourses), 244; root passages in, 257, 260, 264, 273
Huainanzi 14 (“Quanyan” 詮言; Explanatory Sayings), 46, 182, 244, 256, 368, 370, 373–74, 459n84; root passages in, 257, 258, 259, 260, 264, 273; and Zhuangzi, 191, 192–93
Huainanzi 15 (“Binglüe” 兵略; Overview of the Military), 244; root passages in, 257, 260, 262, 264, 273
Huainanzi 16 (“Shuishan” 說山; Mountain of Persuasions), 461n104; root passages in, 257, 262, 264, 273
Huainanzi 17 (“Shuilin” 說林; Forest of Persuasions): root passages in, 257, 262, 264, 273
Huainanzi 18 (“Renjian” 人閒; The Human World), 100; root passages in, 257, 262–63, 264, 273
Huainanzi 19 (“Xiuwu” 修務; Cultivating Effort): root passages in, 257, 263, 264, 273
Huainanzi 20 (“Taizu” 太族; Exalted Lineage), 459n84; root passages in, 257, 263–64, 273
Huainanzi 21 (“Yaolüe” 要略; Overview of the Essentials), 45, 93, 102, 245, 366–67, 489n24
Huang Gongwei 黃公偉, 462n4
Huang Shen 黃奭, 457n74
Huang Sheng 黃生, 452n20, 464n21
Huangdi neijing 黃帝內經, 53, 62, 139, 178
Huangdi Sijing 黃帝四經 (Four Canons of the Yellow Emperor), 5, 8, 9, 13, 16, 26–27, 156
Huang-Lao boshu 黃老帛書 (Silk Manuscripts of Huang Lao; Mawangdui), 475n12, 502n3; Daoyuan 道原 of, 112, 135, 150, 458n76; and Huainanzi, 156, 253, 274, 333, 335; on inner cultivation practice, 157, 158; and Inner Cultivation tradition, 237, 240; and jade knob inscription, 154; Jingfa 經法 of, 112, 136, 150, 156–58, 170, 171, 172–73, 240, 335; and Laozi, 156, 294, 300; on meditation, 156–58, 170, 171, 190, 308, 489n21; “Normative Standards” in, 183, 189; and Syncretists, 112, 150, 495n16; and Yellow Emperor, 180–82; and Zhuangzi, 189, 194, 435. See also “Sixteen Canons”
Huang-Lao 黃老 Daoism: components of, 188; vs. Confucianism, 167; Daoist School as, 66; and Guanzi, 27, 28, 71, 115, 116; and Huainanzi, 25, 26, 45, 71, 76, 167, 452n22, 457n70; and Jixia Academy, 8, 27, 66, 68, 110, 462n6, 463n11, 467n17; vs. Lao-Zhuang Daoism, 25–26, 66, 104; and Lüshi chunqiu, 159, 476n20, 476n22; and Mawangdui manuscripts, 5, 158; political thought in, 24, 29, 62; and self-cultivation, 24, 26, 27; Shiji on, 24, 25, 110, 210, 452n22, 458n80, 467n17; and Sima Qian, 439, 452n20; and Sima Tan, 69, 71; and Syncretists, 26, 27, 67, 96, 104, 110, 150, 212, 502n1; and Zhuangzi, 26, 27, 64, 67, 96, 103, 110, 189, 194, 230, 463n11, 487n60
Huangting jing 黃庭經, 498n57
Huishi 惠施, 64, 312, 315, 320, 390
Huizi 惠子, 388
humaneness. See benevolence
human/innate nature (xing 性): and cognitive attunement, 392, 393; Confucianism on, 220–21, 222, 224, 392, 459n84; development vs. discovery models of, 270, 459n88; “essentials of …” (xingming zhi qing), 162, 163, 219–27, 391–92, 486n50; Huainanzi on, 46–52, 62, 77, 225, 250, 253–54, 266–72, 330, 331, 336, 343, 344, 347, 348, 459n84, 460n99; Legalism on, 459n84; in Lüshi chunqiu, 162, 214, 219–20; nourishing (yang xing), 55, 113, 460n99; and patterns (li 理), 352, 367, 371, 374; and Primitivists, 13, 219–20, 222, 227, 487n57; and Syncretists, 16, 80; Xunzi on, 352–53; and Yangism, 13, 220–23, 225; Zhuangzi on, 163, 219–20, 225, 232, 439, 459n86, 462n7, 479n9, 485n35, 487n57. See also Zhuangzi 16
Husserl, Edmund, 421
Huzi 壺子, 184
immortality/longevity, 6–7, 13, 35, 61; and cognitive attunement, 398; Guanzi on, 29, 35, 72, 74; and jade, 350; Laozi on, 298; Lüshi chunqiu on, 214; and patterns (li 理), 355, 356; Syncretists on, 80, 97; Yangists on, 220; and Yellow Emperor, 179; Zhuangzi on, 97, 99, 100, 177, 178, 184, 185, 191, 192, 194
Individualist tradition, 434, 494n11; dating of, 150; and Guanzi, 7, 111, 139, 140, 150, 495n16; inner cultivation in, 7, 111, 495n16; and Laozi, 12, 282; and Syncretists, 11, 12–13; and teacher-student lineages, 114; and Zhuangzi, 7, 11, 65, 111, 150, 434, 495n16
“Inner Chapters” (neipian 內篇; Zhuangzi 1–7), 431–46; author of, 18, 63, 64–65, 208–209, 211, 310, 435, 500nn1–2, 510n35; and authors of Zhuangzi, 96–97, 100–101; and cognitive attunement, 387, 391, 393, 396, 433, 435; and contemplative hermeneutic, 18, 432, 445, 446; and contemplative practices, 435, 445, 511n35; dating of, 103, 234, 437–38, 445; as foundational text, 26, 152, 358; Graham on, 13, 200, 201, 204, 205, 207, 208, 211, 434, 439, 484n19; and Guanzi, 65, 435, 439–40, 441; and Huainanzi, 50, 89, 274, 348, 437–38, 443, 445; on human nature, 219–20; and Individualists, 7, 11, 111, 150, 434, 495n16; inner cultivation practice in, 308, 310–11, 434, 441, 445; and Inner Cultivation tradition, 433, 434, 435, 439–40, 441, 444; and Laozi, 274, 431, 435, 437, 438, 439, 440, 441, 443; on meditation, 152, 174, 435, 477n40; and mystical experience, 511n35; mystical practices in, 290, 310–11; and other Zhuangzi chapters, 163, 181, 211, 227, 440–43, 445, 484n19, 487n60; and Primitivists, 226, 230, 434, 439, 441, 445; and revisions to Zhuangzi, 436; and Syncretists, 67, 163, 210, 434; and teacher-student lineages, 511n35; terms in, 23, 26
inner cultivation (neixiu 內修) practice, 238–45; as category, 10, 11, 70, 111, 432; and Daoist School, 433, 434; in early Daoism, 11–12, 17, 151, 282, 283; in Huainanzi, 6, 14, 16, 111, 113, 167–69, 249–56, 257, 258, 260, 266, 290, 325, 327, 330, 332, 334, 336, 338–47; and Huang-Lao boshu, 157, 158; and Individualists, 7, 111, 495n16; in “Inner Chapters,” 308, 310–11, 434, 441, 445; in Laozi, 6, 15, 114, 220, 283, 300, 301; in Lüshi chunqiu, 6, 113, 159, 161, 163, 216, 220, 224; and meditation, 110, 112, 113, 169–73, 308; in “Neiye,” 12, 15, 110, 114–15, 116, 120, 121, 122, 129, 131, 133, 135, 137, 139, 140, 283, 481n37, 494n14, 503nn11–12; personal benefits of, 113, 115, 339–41, 358; and sage rulership, 84, 113, 115, 193–94, 224, 333–34, 341–44, 494n12; and stages of meditation, 169–73; states and traits of consciousness in, 15, 240–45, 255, 266, 357–58, 384–87, 388, 391, 393, 395, 399; and subjective experience, 115, 300, 308, 311, 409, 419, 424–25; and Syncretists, 8, 13, 112, 114, 502n1; and teacher-student lineages, 9, 12, 113–15; and techniques of the mind (xinshu 心術), 294, 490n30, 503n12; and vital energy (qi 氣), 111, 238, 357, 454n38; in “Xinshuxia,” 116, 117, 120, 121, 122, 129, 131, 133, 135, 137, 139, 140, 165–67; in Zhuangzi, 6, 15, 113, 165, 178, 181, 184, 188, 189, 192, 193, 207, 308, 310–11, 434, 441, 445, 502n31. See also contemplative practices; mystical practices
Inner Cultivation tradition, 236–38; and classical Daoism, 356–58; consciousness in, 12, 239–45, 254–55, 308–9; and contemplative hermeneutic, 519n4; Dao in, 6, 237, 240, 244, 357–58; and Daoist School, 235, 434; emptiness in, 6, 238, 240, 241, 244, 357, 502n1; and Guanzi, 6, 237, 238, 239, 240, 356, 503n11; and Huainanzi, 242, 251–61, 264, 266, 271, 272, 273, 274, 275, 293; and Huang-Lao boshu, 237, 240; and “Inner Chapters,” 433, 434, 435, 439–40, 441, 444; and Laozi, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242, 302, 303, 305, 356, 358; and Lüshi chunqiu, 237, 239, 240, 241; meditation in, 238–39, 242, 243; metaphors in, 239, 240, 241, 243, 357; and patterns (li 理), 361, 363, 366, 368, 375; and Primitivists, 439; transmission of, 8, 434, 445; and Zhuangzi, 238–42, 356, 439–40
intersubjectivity, 380–81, 416–19, 420–23
Ivanhoe, P. J., 307, 313, 316, 317, 319, 323
Jade Emperor (Yuhuang 玉皇), 350–51
jade knob (duodecagonal jade tablet) inscription. See Xing qi yu pei ming
Jainism, 406
James, William: and Contemplative Studies, 17, 428–29; on mystical experience, 283, 285, 381, 382, 383, 386, 410, 414, 495n17, 495n19
Jesuits, 406
Jha, Amishi, 427
Jingdi 漢景帝 (Han emperor), 103
Jingdian shiwen 經典釋文 (Lu Deming), 98, 436
“Jingshen” 精柛. See Huainanzi 7
Jixia 稷下 Academy: and Guanzi, 27, 28, 115, 117, 453n26; and Huang-Lao Daoism, 8, 27, 66, 68, 110, 462n6, 463n11, 467n17; and Zhuangzi, 64, 71
Jizi 季子, 224
Johnson, Mark, 349
Journal of Chinese Religions, 411
Kabat-Zinn, Jon, 427
Kaltenmark, Max, 4
Kant, Immanuel, 414
Katz, Steven, 409–10, 424, 495n17, 496n25
Keegan, David, 139
Kern, Martin, 248
“Keyi” 刻意. See Zhuangzi 15
Kirkland, Russell, 492n72
Kjellberg, Paul, 307
Klein, Esther, 432, 435–38, 445, 446, 511n35
knowledge (zhi 知): categories of, 399–400, 409, 426; in Confucianism, 236; expulsion of excessive, 31, 40, 47, 61, 73, 87, 88, 184, 191, 192, 196, 239, 288, 294, 310, 311, 396–97, 398; great (dazhi 大知), 15, 312, 314, 317, 322–23; tacit, 382–84, 386, 391, 392, 393, 395. See also numen/spirit; wisdom, casting off
Komjathy, Louis, 18, 357, 447n1
Kosslyn, Stephen, 427
Kuang 曠, music-master, 315, 371
Kusuyama Haruki 楠山春樹, 327
LaFargue, Michael, 468n25; on Laozi, 114, 138, 282, 286, 288, 299; textual criticism by, 10, 108, 114–15, 282, 466n3
Lakoff, George, 349
“Language, Epistemology, and Mysticism” (Katz), 409–10
“Lanming” 覽冥. See Huainanzi 6
Lao Dan 老聃 (Laozi 老子): and cognitive attunement, 389, 393, 394, 398, 399; and Confucius, 99, 201, 202, 206, 468n22; and Guang Chengzi, 178, 182; and Huainanzi, 337; and Laozi, 3, 65, 468n22, 516n22; in Lüshi chunqiu, 161; and Syncretists, 68, 114; and Zhuangzi, 99, 163, 209, 439–40
Lao-Zhuang 老莊 (philosophical) Daoism, 3, 4, 5, 451n17; vs. Huang-Lao, 25–26, 62, 66, 104; lack of evidence for, 24, 109, 149, 281; and longevity, 35; and Profound Learning scholars, 66, 281, 463n12; vs. religious Daoism, 104, 357
Laozi 老子 (Dao De jing 道德經), 279–305, 498n65; and cognitive attunement, 389, 392, 393, 394, 398, 399; and Daoist School, 109; dating of, 140–41; and early Daoism, 3, 9, 111; excavated versions of, 5, 431, 438; extrovertive experience in, 298, 299–301, 302, 305; as foundational text, 24, 26, 149, 237, 281, 356, 358; and Guanzi, 37, 43, 66, 71, 72, 73, 74, 125, 138, 140–41, 289, 296, 299, 302–304, 455n49, 468n25; Heshang Gong commentary to, 359, 499n69; historical context of, 281–83; and Huainanzi, 44, 47, 50, 76, 77, 169, 236, 249, 274, 300, 325, 334, 337, 344, 348, 452n17; and Huang-Lao boshu, 156, 158; and Huang-Lao Daoism, 26, 27, 71; and Individualists, 12, 282; and “Inner Chapters,” 274, 431, 435, 437, 438, 439, 440, 441, 443; inner cultivation practice in, 6, 15, 114, 220, 283, 300, 301; and Inner Cultivation tradition, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242, 302, 303, 305, 356, 358; introvertive experience in, 17, 198, 286, 294–98, 302, 305; and Lao Dan, 3, 65, 468n22, 516n22; and Lao-Zhuang Daoism, 62, 66; and Lüshi chunqiu, 161, 296, 299, 300; on meditation, 152, 174, 287–88, 308; mystical experience in, 280–81; mystical techniques in, 15, 173, 279–81, 286, 291–94, 301–4; and patterns (li 理), 358, 359; political thought in, 15, 287, 305; and Primitivists, 7, 110, 112, 150, 212, 222, 282, 495n16; psychology in, 22, 23; rhymed verses in, 119; and Syncretists, 68, 78, 96, 114, 141, 282; and teacher-student lineages, 283, 304, 305; textual criticism of, 108, 138, 139, 282, 466n3; and Way of Heaven, 83–84; on Yellow Emperor, 181–82; and Zhuangzi, 12, 64, 96, 99, 103, 110, 163, 165, 184, 199, 209, 231, 233, 236, 274, 296, 301, 417, 431, 435, 437, 438, 439–40, 441, 443
Laozi 10, 238, 239, 241, 287–88, 291, 301–304, 505n21
Lau, D. C., 279, 288, 303, 327
LeBlanc, Charles, 248
Legalism, 5, 8, 111; and Daoist school, 25, 66; and Guanzi, 27, 28, 38, 39, 65, 136, 165, 453n27; and Huainanzi, 44, 76; and Huang-Lao Daoism, 463n11; on human nature, 459n84; and Lüshi chunqiu, 158, 476n20; and patterns (li 理), 92, 354; practices of, 237, 434; and Syncretists, 68, 69, 78, 80, 81, 90, 93–95, 112, 216; and Zhuangzi, 69, 90, 194
Legge, James, 199
Li Shan 李善, 101
Li Zhu 離朱, 371
“Lie Yukou” 列禦寇. See Zhuangzi 32
Liezi 列子, 24
lineages, teacher-student, 6–9, 112, 113–15; and contemplative practices, 7, 8, 12, 151, 237, 304, 305, 308, 322, 323; and Dao shu, 12, 281–83; and Daoist School, 9, 433–34; and Guanzi, 139, 140, 494n12; and Huainanzi, 275; and Huang-Lao boshu, 156; and Inner Cultivation tradition, 236–37, 357, 494n12; and Laozi, 283, 304, 305; in medicine, 275–76; vs. schools of thought, 448n11; and Syncretists, 114, 141, 212; and Zhuangzi, 387, 446, 511n35
Littlejohn, Ronnie, 18
Liu An 劉安 (king of Huainan 淮南), 459n83; and authors of Zhuangzi, 10, 96, 100–102, 105, 189; and fang shi 方士, 61; and Guanzi, 28; and Huainanzi, 16, 44–45, 65, 75, 167, 245, 248, 325; and “Inner Chapters,” 437, 511n35; and proto-Zhuangzi, 13, 445; and Syncretist tradition, 206; and Zhuangzi, 10, 64, 66–67, 96, 100–102, 105, 189, 233, 234, 387, 437, 511n35
Liu Ji 劉績, 141, 454n37, 455n44
Liu Xiang 劉向, 462n6, 519n10; and Guanzi, 27, 115, 453n26; and Zhuangzi, 98, 436–37
Liu Xiaogan 劉笑敢: categories of, 7, 10, 434; vs. Graham, 207, 208, 209–10, 211; literary criticism techniques of, 176; on Lüshi chunqiu, 212, 217, 227, 229; and Primitivists, 230; and Syncretists, 110, 210; on Transmitter School, 483n10; on Zhuangzi, 110, 111, 205, 217, 230, 435, 445, 483n10, 510n35
Logicians, 158
Lü Buwei 呂不韋, 14, 158, 223, 486n50; and Primitivists, 226, 227, 229, 230; and Zhuangzi, 217–19, 234. See also Lüshi chunqiu
Lu Deming 陸德明, 98, 99, 103, 436, 461n1, 466n73
Lu 魯 dialect, 117
Luo Miandao 羅勉道, 63
Lüshi chunqiu 呂氏春秋 (Spring and Autumn Annals of Mister Lü), 182, 476n21; and Confucianism, 158, 161, 229, 230, 476n20, 486n50; dating of, 223, 226; and Huainanzi, 216, 274; and Huang-Lao Daoism, 159, 476n20, 476n22; on innate nature (xing 性), 22, 162, 214, 219–20; inner cultivation practice in, 6, 113, 159, 161, 163, 216, 220, 224, 282, 290; and Inner Cultivation tradition, 237, 239, 240, 241; and Laozi, 161, 296, 299, 300; meditation in, 158–65, 170, 173, 308; and Mohism, 158, 229, 230, 476n20; on patterns (li 理), 159, 161, 213, 217, 353, 354, 362; post-verbal hu 乎 vs. yu 於 in, 210–11, 483n18; and Primitivists, 217–27, 230, 233, 486n50; and proto-Zhuangzi, 438–39; and Syncretists, 13, 212–15, 217, 219–20, 225, 233, 477n22; Yangism in, 22, 158, 225–26, 227, 230, 233, 450n6, 476n20; and Zhuangzi, 161–65, 170, 171, 172, 184, 227–30, 233–34, 435, 445, 519n12
Lüshi chunqiu 2.3 (Qingyu 情欲; “Essential Desires”), 221
Lüshi chunqiu 3 (“Third month of spring”), 159, 162
Lüshi chunqiu 3.4 (“Lun ren” 論人; Sorting out others), 158–62, 163, 170, 171, 498n59
Lüshi chunqiu 25 (“Si shi lun” 似順論; Essay on Appearing to Comply), 161–65
Lüshi chunqiu 25.3 (“You du” 有度; Having limits), 161–65, 170, 171, 172
Ma Guohan 馬國翰, 205
Ma Xulun 馬敘倫, 98
MacIntyre, Alistair, 275
Mādhyamika philosophy, 422
Mair, Victor, 108, 114, 138, 307, 466n3, 502n30
Major, John, 14
Mao Panlin 茆洋林, 457n74
“Mati” 馬蹄. See Zhuangzi 9
Mawangdui 馬王堆 manuscripts: exercises in, 6, 461n109; fang shu 方術 texts in, 308; and Huang-Lao Daoism, 5, 24, 158, 463n11; and Laozi, 5, 431, 438, 448n9; medical texts in, 113, 178, 182, 431, 448n10; physical cultivation texts in, 62; “Techniques of the Mind” texts in, 9, 10, 11, 16, 28; “Yellow Emperor” texts in, 9, 43, 62, 458n76. See also Huang-Lao boshu
McCraw, David, 510–11n35
medical texts, 220, 308, 449n2; and Guanzi, 139–40; and Huainanzi, 53; from Mawangdui, 113, 178, 182, 431, 448n10; teacher-student transmission of, 275–76, 434
meditation: breath-control, 3, 6, 11, 12, 15, 29, 31, 34, 35, 36, 54, 61, 73, 154, 155, 156, 172, 173, 182, 189, 191, 238, 293, 303, 308, 361, 385, 394, 396, 451n12, 478n43; in Buddhism, 2, 34, 326, 456n63, 460n94; and cognitive attunement, 391, 394, 396, 397; cognitive science on, 384–86, 426–27; and common rhetorical structure, 152–69; concentrative, 396, 397, 513n71; concentrative vs. receptive, 385–86, 509n30; consciousness in, 12, 386, 422–23; and Contemplative Studies, 427; and Dao shu, 494n11; and Daoist School, 433; in early Daoism, 287–91, 494n12; in Guanzi, 29, 31, 34–35, 36, 40, 73–74, 120, 121, 238, 289, 361–62; in Huainanzi, 54, 61, 86, 167–73, 489n21; in Huang-Lao boshu, 156–58, 170, 171, 190, 308, 489n21; and inner cultivation practice, 110, 112, 113, 169–73, 293, 308; in Inner Cultivation tradition, 238–39, 242, 243; in Laozi, 15, 152, 174, 283, 287–88, 294–98, 301–304, 308; in Lüshi chunqiu, 158–65, 170, 173, 216, 308; and mindfulness, 509n30; moving, 3, 6, 281–82; and mystical experience, 283–87; in “Neiye,” 29, 31, 34–35, 36, 120, 121, 172, 289, 361–62; and physiological basis, 23; receptive, 395, 509n30; and sage rulership, 189–90; stages of, 11–12, 149–74, 290, 298, 456n63, 496n31; in Zhuangzi, 86, 177, 182, 184, 191, 322, 435, 441
Mencius, 22, 23, 29, 275, 350; and patterns (li 理), 352, 353, 355
Mencius (Mengzi 孟子), 71, 113, 118, 229, 236, 270
Merleau-Ponty, 421
metaphors: for cognitive attunement, 389, 393, 397, 399, 402; for consciousness, 317, 320; for Dao, 32–33, 240, 265, 337, 491n42; extrovertive vs. introvertive, 17; and Inner Cultivation tradition, 239, 240, 241, 243, 357; jade as, 350–51, 375; in Laozi, 292, 296, 297, 298, 300, 301, 303, 392; for meditation, 34, 40, 155–56, 172, 239, 243, 287, 289, 303, 304, 357, 397, 399; mirror as, 241, 397, 500n74; in “Neiye,” 15, 116, 172, 289, 304, 469n35; and physical cultivation, 182, 455n49; root, 16, 349–50, 351, 352, 375; of water, 336–37, 349; xin 心 (heart) as, 450n2; in Zhuangzi, 204, 230, 239–40, 270, 287, 317, 320, 389, 393, 399, 402
Meyer, Andrew, 14, 159, 212, 249, 486n54, 490n28
Meyer, Dirk, 518n4
“Miaocheng” 繆稱. See Huainanzi 10
millenarian movements, 4, 5, 8, 356, 357
Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR), 427, 513n71
“Mixed Chapters” (zapian 雜篇; Zhuangzi 23–33), 74, 211, 241, 248, 438, 484n19; authorship of, 510n35; Graham on, 63, 64, 201, 208, 209
Mohism, 462n6; and Daoist school, 25; and Huainanzi, 52, 266, 274; and Lüshi chunqiu, 158, 224, 229, 230, 476n20; and patterns (li 理), 370; and Primitivists, 218, 219, 229, 234, 439, 495n16; as school, 5, 237; and Syncretists, 69, 95, 112; techniques of, 8, 237; and “Xinshu shang,” 165; and Zhuangzi, 69, 184, 194, 209, 233, 312, 314, 315, 418
Mote, Fritz, 1
mystical experience: bimodal, 15, 307–23; in Buddhism, 152, 284, 309; in Christianity, 152, 284, 494n14; and cognitive science, 425; and Dao, 83, 308, 309–10, 311, 514n12; extrovertive, 285, 298–301, 302, 314, 318, 319, 320, 496n33, 502n31; extrovertive vs. introvertive, 173, 284–85, 286, 291, 299, 305, 309, 311, 313, 323, 419, 496n23; Graham on, 17, 377–79; in Guanzi, 289–90, 456n63; introvertive, 292, 294–98, 300, 302, 317–22, 499n66; James on, 283, 285, 381, 382, 383, 386, 410, 414, 495n19, 495nn17–19, 514n12; mediated, 409–10; and meditation, 149, 173–74, 283–87, 456n63; vs. philosophy, 283–84, 287; and psychology, 22, 152; in “Qi wu lun” (Zhuangzi 2), 15, 307–23; stages of, 152, 158; states and traits of consciousness in, 384–85; as subjective experience, 115, 409, 410, 424–25; theories of, 283–87; and unitive consciousness, 40, 161, 284, 286, 295, 298, 299, 310; Western studies of, 283–84, 508n9; in Zhuangzi, 15, 173, 280, 286, 287, 307–23, 511n35
mystical practices, 467n18, 468n20; benefits of, 282, 290–91, 292, 300, 372; historical context for, 281–83; and Huainanzi, 61; and Lao-Zhuang Daoism, 25, 26; in Laozi, 15, 173, 279–305; and mystical experience, 495n17; in “Neiye,” 286, 289, 290, 291; and Primitivists, 226; rhetorical structure of, 290–91; and sage rulership, 226–27; terminology for, 286–87; theories of, 283–87; in Zhuangzi, 290, 310–11. See also contemplative practices; inner cultivation practice