Index

Index

Aboh, E. O., 165n3.2
Abstract grammars, 124–125
Acquisition of language, vii–xi, 1, 3, 6, 26, 29, 37, 60–61, 131. See also Models of acquisition
Ælfric, 71, 72
Affect, 10
Affixes, 118–119
Allen, C., 73, 76
Altaic languages, 83
Anaphors, 10, 97–101, 104
Anderson, J. M., 74
Anglicized Norse, 131–135
Aronoff, Mark, 153
Artificial language, 11, 13
Austen, Jane, 51, 52, 123
Aux rule, 8, 9–10
Avrutin, S., 101, 102

Baker, C. L., 37, 58
Baker, M. C., 121, 164n1.9
Barbour (1375), 71
Basque, 89, 90
Be, 49–54, 56, 92, 158
Bech, Kristin, 131, 135
Bedouin sign language, 15
Bejar, S., 76
Belletti, A., 14, 73
Berwick, R. C., x, 10, 14, 63, 90, 151–152, 164n1.10
Binding Theory, 96, 97–105, 165n2.1–2
Blocking Constraint, 153
Boeckx, C., 24, 88–89, 90
Borges, Humberto, 87
Borsley, R., 167n4.4
Bošković, Ž., 167n4.5
Bounding nodes, 20–21
Brazilian Portuguese, 87, 90
Bresnan, J. W., 119
Broca’s area, 11–12
Burzio’s Generalization, 73

Campbell, L., 132
Can, 43, 142
Carstens, V., 79
Case morphology, 31, 74–77, 165n3.4
Catastrophes, 125, 169n5.2
C-commanding expressions, 97
Chance, 71
Chaucer, Geoffrey, 51, 123, 145
Chinese
ba constructions, 77–86, 92, 158
jiang construction, 83
light verbs, 84, 85–86, 87
serial-verb constructions, 83
Chomsky, Noam, 6, 8, 9–10, 18, 19–20, 21, 23, 37, 40, 86, 97, 126–127, 135, 136, 149, 152, 163n1.5, 163–164n1.7
Chomsky–Borer Conjecture, 21
Cinque, Guglielmo, 21, 89, 92, 164n1.9
Clark, Robin, 24, 25, 64, 65
Cliticization, 105–106, 109, 112–115, 117–119, 168–169n4.10–11
Collins, C., 78
Complement clauses, 4
Complementizers
how, 120, 168n4.11
null complementizers, 107–111, 119–120, 167n4.5
that, 2, 7, 111, 120
Complements, 6–7, 167n4.4
Compositionality, 4–5
Computational model, 151–153
Conceptual-intentional interface, 9, 10, 66, 95–96, 97, 104–105
Concordance to Old English, 71
Conroy, A. et al., 166n4.2
Constant-Rate Effect, 150
Contrasts, ix, 28, 29, 30–31, 34, 46
Coordination, 4
Coppola, M., 15
Copy-and-Delete, 78, 108–109, 112–114, 116–118, 167n4.7
Coreference, 5–6
Cornish, 146
Could, 43, 142, 157
Cowper, E., 34
Crain, S., 22, 27
Cranmer, Thomas, 43
Creoles, 14
Cue-based acquisition, 29

Darwin, Charles, 125, 159
Darwin’s finches, 159–162
Deaf children, vii, 14, 15
Defoe, Daniel, 52
Degree-zero learnability, 16
Deletion, 6–7, 107–111. See also Pseudogapping; VP ellipsis
Den Dikken 2012, 10
Denison, D., 71
Diachronic processes, 69–70, 165n3.1
Dialects, 136
Diglossia, 149
Ding, N. et al., 13
Discontinuities, 153–154
and abstractions, 123–126
Anglicized Norse, 131–135
new I-languages, 141–147
and unusual events, 129–131
Discover-and-selection approach, ix, 14, 28–32, 35, 39–41, 69–70, 125–126, 129, 135–138, 157–159
Do, 43, 45, 48–49, 54, 145–146
Dobzhansky, Theodosius, 60
Domains, 97
Domino effects, 54–55
Dresher, Elan, 31, 34, 68, 164n1.8
Duguine, M. et al., 88–89, 90
Dutch, 27, 48, 91, 107, 123, 134, 139, 144, 145, 146, 157–158

E-language, ix, 14
vs. I-language, 37–38, 54–55, 126–127, 136–138
parsing, 28–29, 36
sources, 165n3.2
variation, 32, 57, 141
Elbourne, P., 102, 104, 166n4.1–2
Ellegård, A., 146
Emonds, J. E., 131–135, 138, 140, 169n5.3
Empty Category Principle, 166n4.3
English language. See also Middle English; Old English
be, 49–54, 56, 92, 158
developments, 70
Early Modern English, 44, 80, 142
modals, 10, 30, 42–46, 48, 56, 58, 141
Modern English, 42, 51, 93, 142
structural innovations, 29–30
Epstein, S. D. et al., 8, 164n1.9
Evaluation, x, 24–25, 39, 144
Externalization, 95–96
External language. See E-language

Faarlund, J. T., 131–135, 138, 140, 169n5.3
Faroese, 47, 147
Fitness Metric, 24–25, 164n8
Fixed-Subject Condition, 119
Fodor, Janet D., x, 13, 40, 63, 90, 164n1.10
French, 48, 145, 157–158. See also Old French
Fries, C., 139

German, 11–12, 21, 48, 59, 123, 139, 144–145, 146. See also North Germanic; West Germanic
Getz, Heidi, x, xii, 13, 23, 33, 34, 92
Gibson, E., 24, 25, 64, 65
Goldsmith, Oliver, 52
Government and Binding, 6, 60
Grammar, ix, 1
Grammaticalization, 44, 80–81, 85
Grant, Peter, 159–160
Grant, Rosemary, 159–160
Greenberg, J. H., 77
Grieve, 71
Grodzinsky, Y., 101–102
Guardiano, C., 164n1.9
Guasti, M. T., 3

Haeberli, E., 140–141, 169n5.4
Haegeman, L., 89
Haider, H., 21
Hall, D., 34
Hebrew, 90
Heinz, J., 17
Heycock, C. et al., 147
Hierarchical structures, 8, 11–14, 18, 66, 90, 101
Higginbotham, Jim, 163n1.5
Hilbert problems, 17
Hockett, C., 124
Holmberg, A., 21, 23, 133
Hornstein, Norbert, 17, 24, 120
How, 120, 168n4.11
Huang, C.-T.J. et al., 78, 79–80, 81, 84, 166n3.6
Human, 18, 23
Humboldt, Wilhelm von, 127, 136, 138, 147

Icelandic, 21, 130
Idsardi, W., 17
Ihsane, T., 89, 140–141, 169n5.4
I-language, ix, 1, 17–18, 27, 38, 127, 128–129, 153–154
acquisition, 60–61
vs. big data, 138–141
diglossia, 149
discovery and selection, 135–138
vs. E-language, 37–38, 54–55, 126–127, 136–138
new I-languages, 141–147
parsing, 28–29, 35–36, 155–157
primary linguistic data, 37–38
spread of, 147–151
structures, 28, 39
systems, 38
Inclusiveness, 8
Individualism, 126–129
Inertia, 130–131
Inflection, 30, 43–45, 48–49, 54, 56, 63–64, 85, 142, 143–146
Input matching, 24–26, 27
Internal language. See I-language
Invariant principles of language, viii, 1–7, 28
compositionality, 4–5
deletion, 6–7, 107–111
Merge, ix, 8–9, 10–11, 13, 28, 66, 90
recursion, 4
Tolerance Principle, 17–18
Irurtzun, A., 88–89, 90
Italian, 3–4, 11, 20, 48, 88, 90. See also Old Italian

Jakobson, Roman, 31, 96
Japanese, 11, 90
Jespersen, O., 72

Karimi, S., 164n1.9
Kauffman, S., 150
Kayne, Richard, 167n4.4
Keenan, E., 130
Kegl, J. et al., 15
Kiparsky, P., 124–125, 131
Kita, S., 15
Kroch, A., 57, 128, 148–149, 150

Labov, William, 33, 57
Lambda operators, 102
Language change, 37–38, 123–126, 128, 138, 147–151, 153–154
Language Dynamics and Change, 131, 138
Language variation, xi, 18, 27, 32, 57, 93, 141
Larson, R., 78
Lasnik, H., 6, 49, 167n4.5
Li, C., 77–78
Li, Y.-H. A., 78, 79–80, 81, 84, 166n3.6
Lightfoot, D. W., 24, 30, 73, 125, 131–132, 140, 164n1.9, 165n2.2
Linearization, 167–168n4.7
Lobeck, A., 166n4.3
Local coreference interpretation, 103
Logical form. See Conceptual-intentional interface; Sensorimotor interface
Longobardi, G. et al., 26, 130, 164n1.9

Maori, 102
Marcus, Mitch, 63
May, 43, 142, 157
Mayberry, Rachel, 16
Mayr, Ernst, 125
McCarthy, J. J., 37, 58
McWhorter, J. H., 133–134, 146
Meisel, Jürgen, 129–130
Merchant, J., 117
Merge and Project, ix, 8–9, 10–11, 13, 28, 66, 90
Middle English, 169n5.3. See also Anglicized Norse
case morphology, 74–77
do, 146
modals, 30, 45, 56
psych verbs, 72, 74
verbs, 45, 142
Might, 43, 142
Minimalist Program, x, 7–11, 13, 17, 20, 23, 24, 66, 88, 90
Copy-and-Delete, 78, 108–109, 112–114, 116–118, 167n4.7
Modals, 10, 30, 42–46, 48, 56, 58, 141
Models of acquisition, 38–42
be, 49–54, 56, 92, 158
English modals, 10, 30, 42–46, 48, 56, 58, 141
verbs ceasing to move, 46–49, 144–147
More, Sir Thomas, 42–43, 45–46, 48, 145
Moro, Andrea, 11
Morrison, Toni, 123
Move, 10
Musso, M. et al., 11–12, 163n1.3
Must, 43, 71, 142

Names, 97, 99, 104
Narayanan, Hariharan, 154
Natural selection, 159–161
Negative data, 2–3, 86, 107
Nelson, M. J. et al., 13
Neurophysiological evidence, 11–13
Newmeyer, F. J., 23
Nicaraguan Sign Language, 15, 16, 96
Niger-Congo languages, 79
Niyogi, Partha, 55, 151–152, 154
Nominals, 97
Non-pro-drop languages, 89, 90
North Germanic, 133, 135
Norwegian, 59
Null complementizers, 107–111, 119, 167n4.5
Null objects, 90
Null subjects, 11, 21, 22, 86–90, 158
Nunes, J., 167–168n4.7

Obata, M., 8, 164n1.9
Objective genitives, 67–68, 115–116
Object–verb-order, 121
Old English, 70–74, 76, 131, 132, 133, 134–135, 139, 142, 149
Old French, 88
Old Italian, 87–88
O’Neil, W., 77, 144
Optional/obligatory operations, 149
Özyürek, A., 15

Parallelism, 70
Parameters, x, xi, xii, 19–27, 33, 85, 92, 157, 163n5, 164n9
null-subject parameters, 21, 22, 86–90, 158
principled parsing, 28–32
“pro-drop” parameter, 86–87, 89, 90
Parsers, x
Parsing, viii, ix, 13–14, 35–36, 40, 90–92, 155–157
closed-class items, 92
discovering/selecting new properties, 69–70
to learn, 63–68
principled parsing, 28–32
Paul, Hermann, 127, 128, 138, 147, 148, 154
Paul, Waltraud, xii, 78, 79, 81–82
Peru: sign language, 16
Pesetsky, D., 167n4.5
Phase transitions, 41–42, 55, 57, 125–126, 127–129
Anglicized Norse, 131–135
atoms of be, 49–54, 56, 92, 158
English modals, 42–46, 48
verbs ceasing to move, 46–49, 144–147
Phillips, Colin, x, 14
Phonological form. See Sensorimotor interface
Phrase structure, 9, 13
Piaget, Jean, 163–164n1.7
Piattelli-Palmarini, M., 14, 164n1.9
Pires, Acrisio, 87
Plato, 88
PLD (primary linguistic data), 20, 24, 37–38, 148
Poeppel, David et al., 12–13
Poletto, Cecilia, 87–88
Population biology, 150–151
Anglicized Norse, 131–135
computational model, 151–153
discontinuities and abstractions, 123–126
discontinuities and unusual events, 129–131
discontinuities as new I-languages, 141–147
elements of I-languages, 135–138
I-languages vs. big data, 138–141
individualism, 126–129
spread of I-languages, 147–151
Portuguese, 87
Potsdam, E., 166–167n4.3
Poverty of the stimulus, 14, 22, 33–34, 86, 109–111, 115–116, 117–118, 121
Prepositions, 63–64, 66, 67, 91, 116, 120
stranding, 134
Primary linguistic data. See PLD
Principled parsing, 28–32
Principles, 19–20, 21, 33, 86, 92
Principles and Parameters approach, 19–20, 33, 158–159, 162. See also Parameters; Principles
“Pro-drop” parameters, 86–87, 89, 90
Pronouns, 5–6, 10, 95–105
Pseudogapping, 168n4.9
Psych verbs, 31, 70–77, 158, 165n3.4
Pullum, G. K., 118–119
Punctuated equilibrium, 125

Reanalysis. See Restructuring
Recursion, 4
Reinhart, T., 101–102
Relative clauses, 4, 105–108
restrictive relative clauses, 167n4.4
Repent, 72
Restructuring, 69, 70
Richardson, Samuel, 51
Rizzi, Luigi, 3, 20–21, 73, 86, 92, 120, 164n1.9
Roberts, I. G., 21, 23, 76–77, 130, 165n2.1
Rue, 72
Rules and exceptions, 17
Russian, 101

Salience Hypothesis, 166n4.1
Sandler, W. et al., 15
Sapir, Edward, 96
Scandinavian, 45, 47, 77, 131, 132, 133, 134, 142, 144, 146–147
Seeley, T. D., 8, 164n1.9
Selection, ix
Senghas, A., 15
Sensorimotor interface, 9, 10, 66, 95–96, 105–122
Shakespeare, William, 49, 123, 150
Shall, 43, 142
Should, 43, 142
Sign languages, 14–16, 96
Sloppy identity, 50
Smith, N. V., 163n1.3
Sound change, 124
Spanish, 15, 20, 48, 90
Specified-Subject Condition, 5–6
Spenser, Edmund, 71
Statistics, 33
Stokoe, William, 96
Strict identity, 50
Subjacency Condition, 5–6, 20
Subject inversion, 16–17, 163n4
Subjunctive meaning, 30, 143
Swinburne, Algernon Charles, 72
Sybesma, R., 80
Syntax
change, 36–37, 39, 70, 128
structures, 8
synchronic syntax, 38–39
Syntax–meaning interface. See Conceptual-intentional interface

Tattersall, I., 10, 16
Tense, 43
Tensed-S Condition, 5–6
That, 2, 7, 111, 119–120
Third-Factor No Tampering, 8
Thom, R., 125, 140, 169n5.2
Thompson, S., 77–78
Thoms, G., 134
Thornton, R., 27, 102–103, 166n4.2
Tinbergen, Niko, 58
Tolerance Principle, 17–18
Triggering Learning Algorithm, 24, 25
Triggers, ix, 26, 58–60, 91
Trubetzkoy, Nikolai, 96
Trudgill, Peter, 134
Tsimpli, I.-M., 163n1.3

Uniformity Condition, 18
Uniformity Principle, 23
Universal Grammar (UG), viii, ix, x, 9–10. See also Principles and Parameters approach
invariant properties, 156
and language acquisition, 37
open, 18, 23, 27, 29, 31–32, 63–64, 155–159, 160, 161–162

Valian, Virginia, x, 63
Van Craenenbroeck, J., 117
Van Kemenade, A., 77, 139
Van Riemsdijk, H. C., 91
Variable properties, viii, x, xi, 11, 33–34, 55–57
parameters, 19–27
principled parsing, 28–29
UG is open, 31–32, 161–162
Verbs. See also Inflection
ceasing to move, 46–49, 144–147
morphology, 20, 30–31, 45–46, 50, 53, 54, 56, 58, 74, 142–143
preterite-present, 30, 45, 143
psychological states, 31, 70–77, 158, 165n3.4
reduction, 111–112, 168n4.8
serial verbs, 78–79, 83
simplification, 54
Vergnaud, J.-R., 75, 76
Vikner, S., 147
Visser, F. T., 72
VP ellipsis, 7, 50, 103–104, 105–106, 163n1, 166–167n4.3

Walkden, George, 131, 134, 135
Wallenberg, J. C., 57
Warner, A., 49–52
Weinberg, A. S., 89
Weiner, J., 159, 160
Westergaard, Marit, x
West Germanic, 131, 133, 134
Wexler, K., 24, 25, 64, 65, 101, 102–103, 166n4.2
Whitman, John, xii, 78, 79, 81–82, 82–83, 84
Wh- phrases, 2, 108, 167n6
Will, 43, 142
William of Occam, 10
Would, 43, 142

Yang, Charles, 17–18, 19, 33
York Mystery Plays, 71
Yoruba, 79

Zagona, K., 166n4.3
Zimmerman, M., 88
Zwicky, A. M., 118–119