`NOTES`

INTRODUCTION

1. Samuel Sewall, Phaenomena quaedam Apocalyptica (Boston, 1697), 33; Jedidiah Morse, The American Universal Geography, part I (Boston, 1802), 316.
2. George Bancroft, The History of the United States, 15th edition (Boston, 1855), I:309–10.
3. Francis R. Stoddard, The Truth about the Pilgrims (New York: Society of Mayflower Descendants in the State of New York, 1952; Baltimore, MD: Clearfield, 1995), x. His biography appears in a family history he authored, The Stoddard Family (New York: The Trow Press, 1912), 112–13.

WIVES

1. The name “Massasoit” is a title of respect, for a political leader. Although we don’t know for certain what his personal name was at the time he first met the Plymouth settlers, as Native names often changed over a lifetime, we do know that later in life he was called Ousamequin, which is rendered in the Wôpanâak language as 8sâmeeqan. The English sources typically refer to the leader as “Massasoit,” and that practice has been followed here.
2. A Relation or Journall, 38.
3. Ibid., 4.
4. Smith, New Englands Trials (1622), 431.
5. Robinson to church, 30 June 1621, Leiden, Letter Book, 45.
6. A Relation or Journall, 64.
7. OPP, 444.
8. The phrase, originally a comment about proper comportment for early New England women in a scholarly article, went on to have its own cultural life, prompting Laurel Thatcher Ulrich to write about its strange history; see Well-Behaved Women Seldom Make History (New York: Knopf, 2007).
9. Morton, New-Englands Memoriall, 108.
10. OPP, 167.
11. Morton, New-Englands Memoriall, 58.
12. OPP, 222.
13. Morton, New-Englands Memoriall, 81.
14. Charles Francis Adams, Jr., in his introduction to Morton’s volume, reviews these histories; Morton, New English Canaan, 24.
15. Letters dated 19 and 20 December 1623, OPP, 375, 376.
16. Edward Winslow to John Winthrop, 17 April 1637, WP, 391–93.
17. 1639, RCNP, 1:128–29.
18. Governor and Assistants of Plymouth to Governor and Assistants of Massachusetts Bay Colony, 6 February 1631[/32], WP, 64.
19. Good Newes, 56–57.
20. Morrell, New-England, 19–20.
21. Levett, A Voyage, 16.
22. A Relation or Journall, 45.
23. [] to the Council for New England, 9 June 1628, Letter Book, 62.

PLANTATION

1. A Relation or Journall, 43.
2. Ibid., 62.
3. Good Newes.
4. Smith, Advertisements, 253, 283; Morton, “Dedicatory epistle to Plymouth governor Thomas Prince,” in New-Englands Memoriall, n.p.
5. Good Newes, A3.
6. Josselyn, Account, 152.
7. [John] Higginson, New-Englands Plantation (London, 1630).
8. Altham to his brother, Sir Edward Altham, dated September 1623, James, Three Visitors, 29.
9. Smith, New Englands Trials (1622), 428.
10. Morton, New-Englands Memoriall, 28.
11. Wood, New England Prospect, 94.
12. Good Newes, 59.
13. A Relation or Journall, 25.
14. OPP, 121.

GUNS

1. A Relation or Journall, 15. The author erred in naming the culprit the son of Francis Billington; his father was in fact John, and the boy (probably age fourteen) was named Francis.
2. Ibid., 29.
3. OPP, 234; JWJ, 40, n.50.
4. Letter signed E. W., 11 December 1621, A Relation or Journall, 64.
5. A Relation or Journall, 13–14.
6. Ibid., 31.
7. See ibid., 26.
8. Ibid., 36–37.
9. Good Newes, 33.
10. James, Three Visitors, 77.
11. OPP, 165. Thomas Morton also described it in New English Canaan, 264.
12. Good Newes, 3.
13. A Relation or Journall, 19.
14. Ibid., 38.
15. Ibid., 44.
16. James I & IV, A Proclamation prohibiting Interloping and Disorderly Trading in New England in America, dated 6 November 1622, in British Royal Proclamations Relating to America, 1603–1783, ed. Clarence S. Brigham, Burt Franklin: Bibliography and Reference Series #56 (New York: Burt Franklin, 1911), 33–35.
17. Pratt.
18. OPP, 204.
19. Ibid., 206–7. For some of his attacks, see Bradford to Sir Ferdinando Gorges, 15 June 1627; and [] to the Council for New England, 9 June 1628, Letter Book, 57, 62. Morton also recapitulates some of his main points in New-Englands Memoriall, 70–71.
20. A Relation or Journall, 37.
21. JWJ, 395.

TRANSIENTS

1. For percentages, see Susan Hardman Moore, Pilgrims: New World Settlers and the Call of Home (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007), 55. Moore calculates between 9 and 15 percent returned but may underestimate the astounding birth rate.
2. OPP, 441–48.
3. Josselyn, Account, 259.
4. OPP, 101–2.
5. Good Newes, 26; Pratt.
6. On de Rasieres, see James, Three Visitors, 63–80.
7. OPP, 443.
8. C. G. Pestana, “Peirce, William (1590?—June or July 1641),” American National Biography (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999).

REFUGE

1. A Relation or Journall, 66.
2. John Bunyan, The Pilgrim’s Progress (London, 1678).
3. His first compilation, Purchas his Pilgrimage or Relations of the World and Religions observed in all ages (London, 1613), makes this point in his “epistlie dedicatory,” 2v.
4. OPP, 47.
5. Dialogue, 55–56.
6. Quotations in this narrative taken from OPP, 11–14.
7. Ibid., 47.
8. Ibid., 442; A Relation or Journall, 16.

ANIMALS

1. Good Newes, 25–31.
2. A Relation or Journall, 29, mentions a little spaniel in 1621. Dogs are described in Pratt (in both Native and English communities). Morrell, New-England, n.p., recommended bringing mastiffs to hunt “light-footed Natives.”
3. Smith, A Description, 334.
4. A Relation or Journall, 52.
5. New-Englands Plantation, C3v.
6. Morton, New-Englands Memoriall, 49.
7. Sherley et al. to Bradford et al., 18 December 1624, Letter Book, 33.
8. Morton, New-Englands Memoriall, 53; Josselyn, Account, 250.
9. Smith, Advertisements, 283.
10. “A Descriptive and Historical Account,” 78.
11. Morrell, New-England, n.p.
12. JWJ, 40–41.
13. Higginson, in his catalog of what to bring, New-Englands Plantation, n.p.
14. 2 January 1633 / 4, RCNP, 1:23.
15. Pratt.
16. 1 July 1633, RCNP, 1:13.
17. OPP, 310, 311, 314–15.

TRADERS

1. Morton, New-Englands Memoriall, 36; Morton also summarizes the history of that endeavor generally, 40–41. Bradford discusses both Weston and his venture; see OPP, 37–40, 56, 119–20, 109–10, 113–19.
2. For Robinson’s letter against Standish’s actions, see ibid., 374–75.
3. “Of Plimoth Plantation” does not use the term “lazy,” but Bradford describes them wasting what they had and doing little for themselves; see 114–17. Thomas Morton dubbed “many of them lazy persons”; Morton, New English Canaan, 249.
4. Phineas Pratt married Mary Priest, daughter of Degory Priest (who arrived in 1620 but died shortly thereafter) and of Sarah (who came later with her daughters and her new husband).
5. Morton, New-Englands Memoriall, 43.
6. The idea was initially broached in James Sherley to William Bradford, 17 November 1628, Letter Book, 58–59; and the Articles of Agreement between the people of Plymouth and Bradford, Standish, Allerton, and others who would join in the terms with the new partners, n.d., 60–61.
7. Charles M. Andrews, The Colonial Period of American History, vol. 1: The Settlements (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1926), 288.
8. OPP, 245, 246, 289.
9. McIntyre, Debts, 50–52. OPP, 146n.4, 193, 200–201, 257–60.

GOD

1. Good Newes, 52–56.
2. Smith, New Englands Trials (1622), 428.
3. A Relation or Journall, A3, 10, 14, 15, 19–20, 29.
4. Good Newes, A2v.
5. Letter Book, 48.
6. JWJ, 395.
7. Good Newes, 6.
8. Samuel Fuller and Edward Winslow to Bradford, Ralph Smith, and William Brewster, 26 July 1630, Salem, Letter Book, 75.
9. A Relation or Journall, 48.
10. Hilton letter, in Smith, New Englands Trials (1622), 431.
11. 1624, Letter Book, 28.
12. Samuel Fuller to William Bradford, 2 August 1630, Charlestown, ibid., 76.
13. Good Newes, A2.
14. Mr. Sherley, dated 25 January 1623 / 4, OPP, 372.
15. Thomas Harriot, A Briefe and True Report of the New Found Land of Virginia (London, 1588).
16. OPP, 114.
17. A Relation or Journall, 48.
18. Good Newes, 55.
19. Morton, New English Canaan, 141, 150–51, 167; A Relation or Journall, 61.
20. Morrell, New-England, 23; Levett, A Voyage, 18–19; New-Englands Plantation, n.p.

TOBACCO

1. A Relation or Journall, 38.
2. Ibid., 34, 38.
3. Ibid., 34.
4. Ibid., 37.
5. Ibid., 48.
6. Ibid., 54–55.
7. Ibid., 45.
8. Ibid., 46.
9. James I, A Counterblaste to Tobacco (London, 1604); Levett, A Voyage, 28—rather than women, he in fact said “whores.”
10. Benjamin B. Roberts, Sex, Drugs and Rock’n’Roll in the Dutch Golden Age (Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2017), 127–29, 134–35, 136–37. My thanks to Melissa Morris for bringing this reference to my attention.
11. Good Newes, 61–63.
12. 4 September 1638, RCNP, 11:27–28.
13. Dated 5 March 1638 / 9, ibid., 1:118.
14. 1 September 1640, ibid., 11:36.
15. Altham to Altham, 1625, James, Three Visitors, 58–59. Two years before he mentioned the gift of a pipe to the same brother (35), presumably a different one.

ESCAPEES

1. OPP, 167.
2. Ibid., 119–20.
3. Ibid., 322.
4. OPP, 247. JWJ, 51, n.4; OPP, 248–49, and see American National Biography: Philip Ranlet, Gardiner, Sir Christopher (1596–February 1662). Gardiner was also the subject of a Longfellow poem: “The Landlord’s Tale: The Rhyme of Sir Christopher.”
5. On Fells, “packed him away,” see OPP, 192.
6. 7 August 1638, RCNP, 1:93.
7. 2 November 1640, ibid., 1:164.
8. 7 August 1638, ibid., 1:93, 94.
9. 3 September 1639, ibid., 1:132.
10. Smith, A Description, 348.

A NEW ENGLAND

1. OPP, 301 (second murder); more generally, 299–301. And see RCNP, I: 96–97.
2. Isaack de Rasieres to Samuel Blommaert, 1628 or 1629, James, Three Visitors, 77; Morton, New-Englands Memoriall, 111.
3. OPP, 301n.1.
4. Anon., A briefe Relation of the Discovery and Plantation of New England (London, 1622); Alexander, Encouragement.
5. Morton, New-Englands Memoriall, 25.
6. [Robert Cushman], A Sermon Preached at Plimmoth in New-England December 9. 1621 (London, 1622), A2.
7. Morton, New English Canaan.
8. A Relation or Journall, 35.
9. Morrell, New-England, 24.
10. Roger Williams to Governor John Winthrop, 26 October 1637, The Correspondence of Roger Williams, ed. Glenn W. LaFantasie, 2 vols. (Hanover and London: Brown University Press / University Press of New England, for The Rhode Island Historical Society, 1988), 126.
11. Levett, A Voyage, 22.
12. Good Newes, A2.
13. Anon., A briefe Relation, B3; A Relation or Journall, 50.
14. Bradford to the Council of [for] New England, 15 June 1627, Letter Book, 56.
15. Sherley to Bradford, 24 June 1633, OPP, 392.
16. Morton, New-Englands Memoriall, 14.

STOCKINGS

1. August 1638, RCNP, 1:93.
2. James Sherley, William Collier, Thomas Fletcher, and Robert Holland to Bradford, Allerton, Brewster, and “the rest of the general society of Plymouth in New England,” 18 December 1624, Letter Book, 33.
3. OPP, 182.
4. Isaack de Rasieres to “Monsieur Monseignieur, William Bradford, Governeur in Nieu-Plemeūen” 4 October 1627, James, Three Visitors, 53.
5. A Relation or Journall, 63.
6. OPP, 66n.
7. James Sherley to William Bradford, 8 March 1629, Letter Book, 68–69.
8. 24 November 1633, RCNP, 1:20; 2 September 1634, RCNP, 1:31.
9. 5 June 1638, ibid., 1:87, 91.
10. A Relation or Journall, 11.
11. Ibid., 34.
12. Ibid.
13. OPP, 219.
14. A Relation or Journall, 45.
15. Ibid., 32.
16. Francis Kirby to John Winthrop, Jr., 22 June 1632, London, WP, 82.
17. “A Descriptive and Historical Account,” 78.

SERVANTS

1. Leviticus says simply “And if a man lie with a beast, he shall surely be put to death: and y^e shall slay the beast.” Leviticus 20:15, from the King James Version of the Bible. English laws on this, beginning with the first civil enactment under Henry VIII in 1533, do not appear to be the source of the punishment. The ritual execution of the animals along with the perpetrator occurred on the European continent as early as the fifteenth century, according to E. P. Evans, The Criminal Prosecution and Capital Punishment of Animals (New York, 1906), 147–8, 151. Cotton Mather, in his Magnalia Christi Americana, describes a scene quite similar to the one in Plymouth, with the perpetrator made to watch the animals die, in New Haven in 1662. (London, 1702), Book VI: 38–39.
2. OPP, 320–21 (dated 1642).
3. February 1632 / 3, RCNP, 1:8.
4. Good Newes, 65.
5. RCNP, 1:16.
6. 24 December 1636, ibid., 1:46–47.
7. August 1638, ibid., 1:94.
8. 2 September 1634, ibid., 1:31.
9. 24 June 1639, ibid., 1:128–29.
10. See Governor and Assistants of Plymouth to the same of MBC, 6 February 1631[/32], WP, 64–65.
11. 7 November 1636, RCNP, 1:46.
12. 2 October 1637, ibid., 1:68.
13. OPP, 62, 204–10, 216.
14. 1633, RCNP, 1:23; 1636, 44; 11:18 [1639?].
15. 10 January 1632 / 3, ibid., 1:7.
16. Incidents in this paragraph are all in ibid., vol.1, dated 23 July 1633 (15), 11 June 1639 (128), 3 March 1639 / 40 (143), and July 1635 (35).
17. August 1637, ibid., 1:64; for the serving woman, see 65.
18. 8 February 1638, ibid., 1:113.
19. Alexander, Encouragement, 37.
20. RCNP, 6:153. The date was 5 May 1685, and within a few years Plymouth would cease to be a separate colony.

SEPARATISM

1. Sherley et al. to Bradford et al., 18 December 1624, Letter Book, 29–30.
2. OPP, 171.
3. Smith, Advertisements, 270, 297.
4. Morton, New English Canaan.
5. OPP, 273–74, 422–23. Also see JWJ, 159, n.63.
6. Morton, New English Canaan, 262–63.
7. OPP, 171–72.
8. Dialogue, 22.
9. Morton, New-Englands Memoriall, 79.
10. Sherley to Bradford, 18 May 1641, OPP, 399.

FURS

1. JWJ, 131.
2. OPP, 262–68.
3. Ibid., 263.
4. Smith, A Description, 323; also see Anon., A Briefe Relation of the Discovery (London, 1622), C2. Winslow discussed them in his natural history chapter (8) in Good Newes.
5. Smith, A Description, 324, 336.
6. A Relation or Journall, 33, 37–38.
7. Ibid., 50.
8. Ibid., 46.
9. Ibid., 35, 41.
10. 7 March 1636 / 7, RCNP: 1, 54.
11. OPP, 254–55, 176. Morton, New-Englands Memoriall, 62.
12. OPP, 286–87.
13. Bradford to Sir Ferdinando Gorges, 15 June 1627, Letter Book, 57.
14. Good Newes, 18.
15. OPP, 206–7.
16. Ibid., 319, n.4.
17. William Cronon, Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists and the Ecology of New England (New York: Hill and Wang, 1983).

PRIVATEERS

1. OPP, 345–46. JWJ, 626–27.
2. James, Three Visitors, 42. William Bradford, Governor, and Isaac Allerton, Assistant [to James Sherley], 8 September 1623, ed. R. G. Marsden, AHR, 8:2 (1903): 296, for wages and “taker.”
3. Letter Book, 53.
4. Wood, New Englands Prospect, 54.
5. John G. Reid, Acadia, Maine, and New Scotland: Marginal Colonies in the Seventeenth Century (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1981), 84–87, 94.
6. “Complaint of Certain Adventurers and Inhabitants of the Plantation in New England,” printed in Edward Arber, The Story of the Pilgrim Fathers, 1603–1623 A.D. (London: Ward and Downey, 1897), 506–8.
7. OPP, 175–76.
8. Sherley to Bradford, 6 December 1632, ibid., 251.

KINGSHIP

1. A Relation or Journall, 36–37.
2. Ibid., 58, 69.
3. Ibid., 61.
4. RCNP, 11:20.
5. Good Newes, A2.
6. Pratt.
7. Good Newes, 26; Morton, New-Englands Memoriall, dedicatory epistle, n.p.
8. A Relation or Journall, 3.
9. Good Newes, 36.
10. OPP, 62.
11. Governor and Council to Director and Council of New Netherland, 19 March 1627, Letter Book, 51–52.
12. RCNP, 11:20.
13. A Relation or Journall, 36, 40, 45, 49, 53; the queen, 57.
14. Levett, A Voyage, 21.

BOOKS

1. OPP, 248; Morton, New-Englands Memoriall, 86–87; also see JWJ, 51, 51n.4.
2. [Henry Martyn] Dexter, “Elder Brewster’s Library,” Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society 5 (1899–1900): 82.
3. New-Englands Plantation, D3.
4. Thomas Goodard Wright, Literary Culture in Early New England, 1620–1730 (New Haven, 1920), 26–29.
5. James Deetz and Patricia E. S. Deetz, The Times of Their Lives: Life, Love, and Death in Plymouth Colony (New York: W. H. Freeman, 2000), 195.
6. Smith, Advertisements, 285–86.
7. David A. Lupher, Greeks, Romans, and Pilgrims: Classical Receptions in Early New England (Leiden: Brill, 2017), 185.
8. OPP, 113.
9. H. Kirk-Smith, William Brewster: ‘The Father of New England’: His Life and Times, 1567–1644 (Boston: Richard Kay, 1992), 248, 275.
10. The discussion that follows is based on Dexter, “Elder Brewster’s Library,” 37–85, and Jeremy Dupertius Bangs’s effort to check and update Dexter, in Plymouth Colony’s Private Libraries: As Recorded in Wills and Inventories, 1633–1692, transcribed and edited by Bangs (Leiden: American Leiden Pilgrim Museum, 2016; revised edition, 2018), 38–178. Bangs also surveyed other book lists for Plymouth.
11. Alexander Cooke, Pope Joane: A Dialogue between a Protestant and a Papist (London, 1610).
12. For specific works mentioned, see Dexter, “Elder Brewster’s Library”: Robinson (48, 49–50), Sibbes (51, 75, 78), Beard (49), Swedish Intelligencer (58), ballads (60, 68), Raleigh (69), Prynne (56, 68).
13. [Robert Cushman], A Sermon Preached at Plimmoth in New-England December 9. 1621 (London, 1622).
14. Morton, New English Canaan, published in London in 1637; Nathaniel Morton called it scurrilous: New-Englands Memoriall, 72.
15. Morton, New English Canaan, 283, 332, 260, 259–60n.1.

CONCLUSION

1. A Relation or Journall, 33.
2. Yarmouth church to Edward Winslow, 12 April 1639, printed in Jeremy Dupertius Bangs, Pilgrim Edward Winslow: New England’s First International Diplomat, A Documentary History (Boston: New England Historic Genealogical Society, 2004), 186–88.