Chapter 9
1. Polybius 6:56.
2. Ibid 18:35.
3. 1 6:45 & 11:43.
4. F.O. Copley: Lucretius, New York, 1977, VIII.
5. F. Cramer: Astrology in Roman Law and Politics Philadelphia, 1959, p. 248.
6. Celsus IV, 81.
7. Ibid, 23.
8. Ibid, 111:65.
9. Ibid, V, 34.
10. Ibid, V, 41.
11. Ibid, III, 55, VIII, 41.
12. OAA 2:4.
13. Seneca: Ad Lucillus 47:1.
14. Galen: DeAnimi Rebus.
15. Seneca 47:19.
16. Petronius: Satyricon 75.
17. Juv III:74.
18. Martial 5.
19. Galen cited in M.P. Charlesworth: The Roman Empire, New York, 1968, p. 48.
Chapter 10
1. Epictectus: ‘Discourses III-7’ in J. Bonforte: Epictectus, New York, 1974, p. 104.
2. Archelaus.
3. Cyprian: Ad Demetrianum.
4. Ibid.
5. S.C. Gilfillan: Rome’s Ruin by Lead Poison, Long Beach, 1990.
6. B. Flower and E. Rosenbaum: The Roman Cookery Book, New York 1980, p. 96. J. Niragu: ‘Saturnine Gout Among Roman Aristocrats, Did Lead Poisoning Cause the Fall of the Empire?’, New England Journal of Medicine 308:11, Mar. 17, 1983, pp. 660–663. For critique, C.R. Phillips III: ‘Old Wine in New Lead Bottles’, Classical World, 78, 1984, pp. 29–33.
7. Jn 15:13.
8. Jn 4:20.
9. Dean.
10. AB (1933) citing Nicephorus 8-:1, 773. Mombritius: Sanctuarium, Milan – 1480, I:7–12. L. Surius: DeProbatis Sanctorum Historiis, Cologne, 1574, p. 123–131.
11. SHA Probus 23.
12. Ibid.
13. Ibid.
14. Vegetius 1:13 & 2:23, CRE p. 634, DAG 10:1357.
15. Eucherius of Lyon in Dupraz, Manuscript d’Couvent Einseideln 256 (461) folio 374. Campidoctor was a duty status. An officer also had a title and a rank. Mauricius is cited as a primicerius, senior officer among equals in rank. A legion commander under Commodus was both campidoctor and in title praepositus or general. CIL II 4083 & ILS 2416. Exsuperius is cited as signifer. By deduction Candidus was princeps, second in command.
Chapter 11
1. H.M.D. Parker, History of the Roman World, London 1963, 2nd ed, p. 333, note 55.
2. Hunt, p. 134.
3. Ibid, p. 50 n.a.
4. W. Westermann: Coptic Egypt, New York, 1944 p. 12.
5. A. Paul: History of the Beja Tribes, London, 1971, p. 20 ff.
6. SHA Probus 14 and 20:1–2, 21:1–3.
7. Cheesman. WRS pp. 38–42.
8. Watson.
9. G. Rickman: The Corn Supply of Ancient Rome, New York, 1966.
10. Breasted: Development of Religion and Thought in Ancient Egypt, New York, 1959, rp. 1912, p. 602–603.
11. SHA Probus 20.
Chapter 12
1. SHA Firmus 8:17.
2. Philo: Contra Flaccus and Legation Ad Gaius.
3. EHE 7:22.
4. Clement: ‘Exhortation’ 10 and ‘Instructor’ 2:11.
5. Petronius in L.J. Peter: Peter’s Quotations, p. 83.
6. SHA Carus 6:1. Carus punished the killers of Probus and, reconsidering, sought to remove Carinus from power, pp. 7 and 17.
7. L. Casson: The Ancient Mariners, New York, 1959.
8. AA 27.
9. J. Coles: Archaeology by Experiment, New York, 1973, pp. 123–26.
10. A. Hirtus: De Bello Civile 3:68.
11. Appian: Historia Roma 2:60. Every man in the fort had been wounded, several losing an eye. A centurion’s shield had been hit 150 times.
12. Milne Catalogue XVI, 4. Alston.
13. T. Ravenscraft: Spear of Destiny, New York, 1973. H. Rachlin: Lucy’s Bones, Sacred Stones and Einstein’s Brain, New York, 1996, pp. 70–75.
Chapter 13
1. BGU 423 in Hunt I pp. 304–307. Another papyrus revealed Antoninus Maximus was married with two children on duty in Europe.
2. R. Thouvenot: Volubilis, Paris, 1949, p. 18.
3. Ulpian: Digest 9:3,5.
4. SHA 16 ff.
5. Madden: Handbook of Roman Numismatics, London, 1861, p. 166 pl. 3:2.
6. J. Kelly: Oxford Dictionary of the Popes, London, 1986.
7. SS 3 Feb, 62–65 and 2 Aug, 631–32. SS 11 Oct, 469–84. Hilari, his wife and sons, Maurus and Jason, died with Claudius. These were until recently the only married couples in the calendar of the saints.
8. ND OC:V:60 Legio Felices Valentinianenses.
9. J. Carcopino: Daily Life in Ancient Rome, New Haven, 1958, p. 210. J. Balsdon: Life and Leisure in Ancient Rome, London, 1969. The dole was grain and at times basic foods distributed monthly. Aurelian made it a daily ration of free grain, meat, oil and salt. SHA Aurelian 35:l and 48:1, Zos 1:61, Hydatius 1:148 A.D. 354.
10. OAA 1:135–64.
11. Pliny: Panegyric 33.
12. DC 54:17.
13. Su: Augustus 4S and Su. Vitellius 7:1 and D 6S.
14. Juv 10. Cicero Tusculum 2 and Pliny 33. Aurelius 1:5 and SHA M. Aurelius 11:4.
15. Seneca 7:4.
16. Statius 1:6, pp. 51–64.
17. Martial: Liber Spectaculorum.
18. Martial: Epigrams 5.
19. SHA: The Two Gallieni 12:2.
Chapter 14
1. TA 15.
2. Cicero: De Officiis 1:150.
3. C.A. Barton: The Sorrows of the Ancient Romans, the Gladiator and the Monster, Princeton, 1993, p. 25.
4. Tusculanae Disputationes 2.17.41.
5. J.P. Levy: The Economic Life of the Ancient World, Chicago, 1967, p. 58.
6. Ibid, p. 82.
7. Seneca 47:5.
8. J. Crook: Laws and Life of Rome, Ithaca, 1967, pp. 107–110.
9. DC 73:11, Hr 2:6.
10. MPG p. 114, 968–981.
11. H. Signon: Die Romer in Koln, Frankfurt, 1972, pp. 166 and 171.
12. LRE pp. 57–8.
13. AVE 39.
14. SHA: Carus 12 and 13, Eutr 9:20, Zon 12:31. Diocletian swore innocence of Numerian’s death in an oath to the sun god.
Chapter 15
1.F.D. Ringrose: ‘Find of Alexandrian coins in London’, Numismatic Chronicle, London, 1911, pp. 357–538. The latest is the type with a variant having the Theban monogram.
2.J.G. Milne: Finds of Greek Coins in the British Isles, London, 1948, p. 32.
3.Ibid, Appendix 11.
4.Ibid.
5.A. Blanchet: Les Tresors de Monnaies Romanies et les Invasions Germaniques, Paris, 1900. Blanchet cites several large hoards of Alexandrian coins that were found in Switzerland. Tracking hoards of Carinus, Maximian and Diocletian from Nyon on Lake Leman into France towards Marseilles are 825, 831, 195, 193, 212, 213, 214, 216. A thrust westwards from Nyon towards River Cher is revealed by hoards 297, 307, 286, 274, 564. A thrust northwards by Maximian’s troops who had arrived at Nantes on the Loire by way of the Garonne from Marseilles is indicated by 18, 22, 365, 398, 477, 63, 77, 78, 667 and 693. Rictovarius’ column from the Belgian border eastwards to meet the column advancing from Nevers to Trier is revealed by 244, 245, 249, 157, 146, 153, 784, 797 and 798. These are congruent with sites of martyrdoms in or about 286: Aquilinus, Dinocus, Valerianus, Dubanus, Ferreolus, Genesius, Baudelius, Defendens, Adrianus, Victor, Florentina, Maxima, Amandus. Maximian’s movement from Marseilles to the Loire parallels Florentia, Vincent, Genesius, Luperculus, Foi, Caprasius, Donatianus, Clarus, Maxima, and Nicasius. Rictovarius’ path overlaps the sites of Justus, Lucian, Achius, Fuscian, Terentianus, Quentin, Piat, Rufinus, Crispin, Macra, Maurus, Timothy, Agricius, Palmatuis, Maxentius and Thyrsus, Amor, Regina, Petrusius, Sabinianus and Ulphus.
6.S. Johnson: Roman Forts of the Saxon Shore, London, 1976, pp. 112–113. D. White: Litus Saxonicum, Madison 1961.
7.N. Shiel: The Episode of Carausius and Allectus, London, 1977. AVE 39, Eutr 9:21, Orosius 7:25. Orosius states that Maximian was promoted to Augustus specifically to deal with Carausius. J. Anderson: ‘Notes on the Survival of Pagan Customs in Christian Burials, Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland XI’, p. 367 in Shiel p. 3435.
8.AVE XXXIX.
9.PI Constantio Caesari Dictus V: Numismatic Chronicle XIX, 1939, p. 291, cites a unique coin of Carausius found at Magna Castra farm, Kentschester, its reverse VOT SVSC _ _ _ AVG IIII. C.H. Sutherland held the missing three spaces to be numbers and AVG IIII to be read as AVG IMP. ‘Vows undertaken’ VOT SVSC is usually followed by X or XX, representing ten or twenty years. This would leave one missing space unaccounted. AVG IMP never appears on Carausius’ coin issues. To read the inscription as VOT SVSC LEG AVG THB, commemorating oaths of the inauguration of the Theban legion, can be posited as no less plausible.
10.P.H. Sawyer: Age of the Vikings, London, 1962, pp. 66–68 and J. Haywood: Dark Age Naval Power, New York, 1991, p. 270.
11.Gregory of Tours: History of the Franks 1:32–34.
12.A. Giardina: Banditi a e santi, Athenaeum 61:374–79, Rome, 1983, pp. 383–385. R. Van Dam: Leadership and Community in late antique Gaul, Berkeley, 1985, p. 54. E. Barza: The Bacaudae, Dissertation, University of Chicago, 1962. Eutr 9:20, Zon 12:31, PI 10:4, 2–3 and 7:8, 3.
13.S. Stevenson: Dictionary of Roman Coins, London, 1964, p. 40. RIC 595.
14.Salvian: De Gubernatione Dei 5:7–8.
15.MacMullen p. 211 and n.22 p. 357 citing the fifth century poem ‘Querolum’ tr. L. Herman in Grognon, 1957, p. 58.
16.Duchesne: Scriptores Rerum Francarium I, p. 662.
Chapter 16
1. AVE 38:6, AVH 39:9–10.
2. Otto of Freising: The Two Cities, New York, 1928, 111 p. 43.
3. A. Cappelli: Dizionario de Abbreviature Latine ed Italiane, Milan, 1967, p. 125.
4. MPL XVII 1021–58.
5. SS 4 May, p. 302–304.
6. Bibliotheca Casiensis, Cassino c. 1888 III. Thrason was a high-ranking officer in Rome secretly helping the persecuted. He was not a martyr. Pros.1.
7. PI 3:1,2 and 3:7, 6–7.
8. Smith, Maximianopolis. Nicephorium, the usual name, was to become headquarters for the Dux of Mesopotamia.
9. Eutr 10:20.
10. AVE 40:10.
11. SS Mai 7, pp. 428–430.
12. SS Nov pp. 626–629.
13. Ibid.
14. SS 2 Jun, pp. 461–462.
15. Calderini: Aquileia Romana, Milan, 1930, p. 67 n.5 citing CIL V 732, ILS 625.
16. PI 9:14.
17. Z. Klawans: Reading and Dating Roman Coins, Racine, 1959, p. 118.
18. AVE 39.
19. EVC 3:52.
20. Su: Domitian 15; Codex Justiniana 48:8, 4, 2.
Chapter 17
1. P. Southern and K. Drion: The Late Roman Army, London, 1996, p. 61.
2. Eutropius 9:20 states that Maximian Herculius crossed the Alpis Poenina, the Rhone Alps, in 286. The Rhone begins at the northern end of the Simplon Pass. W.W. Hyde: Roman Alpina Routes, Philadelphia, 1935, p. 2.
3. SS 5 Aug, pp. 803–805.
4. Ibid.
5. G. Finazzi: Atti dei SS Firmo e Rustico, Bergamo, 1852, pp. 2–28.
6. SS 5 May, p. 380–381.
7. F. Ferrero: Valley of Aosta, New York, 1910, and Hyde, pp. 70–73.
8. Strabo 4:6.
9. Bihlmeyer, pp. 131–134.
10. Balsdon Sali, and J. Gilliam: ‘Roman Military Feriale’, Harvard Theological Review, Boston, 1959.
11. Ibid, Arnobius 4:35.
12. PWH p. 355, n 8. The earliest evidence of Maximian’s imperial rank are two Egyptian papyri of spring 286 indicating another ruler who could only have been Maximian sharing Diocletian’s power. Aegyptische Urkunden aus den Museem Zu Berlin, Berlin, 1920, pp. 1090 and 922, O.A. n 8. A.Chastignol: ‘Les Années Régnales de Maximian Hercule’, Revue Numismatique, Paris, 1968, p. 69. Hydatius cites Maximian caesar, 1 April 286, and Augustus in September. W. Ensslin, PWK V 2490 argues that he became augustus on 1 April 286. W. Seston: Jovius and Herculius, Historia, Weisbaden, 1950, agrees. Maximian began his bagaudae campaign as Caesar. PL 2:4, Vol. I p. 27.
13. Soz 1:4,3 and 1:4,1.
Chapter 18
1. Livy 5:11; 9:8 and 30:16. Su: Vitellius
2. Lk 7:20.
3. Eucherius of Lyon in Dupraz.
4. WRS pp. 119–121, TA 3:21; TH 1:31, Su: Caligula 48:1; Galba 12:2.
5. Cornish, p. 398.
6. Eucherius.
7. Ibid.
Chapter 19
1. Otto.
2. Dupraz, fol. 367–77, 390–81.
3. HL 21 Feb.
4. SS 4 Oct., pp. 991.
5. HL 1 Dec.
6. SS 13 Oct., pp. 319–324.
7. SS 2 Feb., p. 658.
8. Holweck, Liturgy of Diocese of Pinerolo.
9. HL 22 Sept.
10. HL 18 Sept.
11. SS 5 Aug., pp. 795–797.
12. P3 9 Dec.
13. SS 22 Sept.
14. SS 3 Sept., pp. 772–773.
15. Holweck, Liturgy of Einseideln.
16. EHE 7.
17. PWH p. 247, LMP 42:1, EVC 1:47.
18. PL 2:1 Vol. I, p. 28.
19. E. Galletier, ed.: Panegyriques Latins, Paris, 1949, I. Mamartinius II, VI:1 p. 29.
20. Blanchet.
21. PB 4 Jun.
22. PB 9 Aug.
23. SS 3 Oct., p. 2425.
24. PB 12 Nov.
25. MPL pp. 142, 783–785.
26. PB 22 Jan.
27. SS 5 Sept., pp. 764–765.
28. SS 5 Aug., p. 135.
29. SS 5 May, pp. 196–196.
30. PB 5 Jun.
31. SS 5 Jul., pp. 143–147.
32. PB 25 Sept.
33. Petrus de Natalibus: Catalogus Sanctorum, Venice, 1493, XII.
34. SS 3 Oct., pp. 288–289.
35. SS 5 May, p. 280–281.
36. PB 22 Sept.
37. Pros.
38. SS 8 Oct., pp. 338–339.
39. MPL 124, pp. 1111–1126.
40. SS 1 Jan., p. 704 n. 6.
41. Bede: Historia Ecclesia 1:6–7.
42. SS 11 Oct., pp. 535–537.
43. SS 1 Jan., pp. 325–326.
44. SS 2 Jun., pp. 796–797.
45. F.E. Schneider: Die Krypta von St Paulin zu Trier, Bonner Jahrbuch 1884, pp. 167–198. MPL 154, p. 116–163.
46. SS 2 Oct., p. 351 n. 80–82.
47. E. Griffe: La Gaule Chretienne, Paris, 1964, 1 Ch. 1.
48. E.A. Thompson: A Roman Reformer and Inventor, Oxford, 1952.
49. PL 11:2.
50. E. Nischer: Army Reforms of Diocletian, JRS 1923, p. 8.
51. ‘Forrer Anzeiger fur Elsass’, Altertumst Bd 2, pp. 1913–17, p. 513–520 mit abb 110.
52. SS 2 Feb., pp. 11–12.
53. SS 12 Oct., pp. 538–542.
54. MPL 212, p. 763 ff.
55. Ibid.
Chapter 20
1. PI 10:5 and 11:7.
2. Ibid 6:10 and 10:10.
3. PL 4, 1 p. 91. The other possibility is that the cohort of Frisian peregrini on the Scottish border had been moved to Boulogne.
4. HL 26 Jun.
5. SS 13 Oct., pp. 781–787.
6. Gregory of Tours: In Gloria Martyrium 62.
7. E.S.G. Robinson, ‘Hoard of Alexandrine Coins From Guernsey’, Numismatic Chronicle, 5 Sept. XVII, pp. 135–38, London, 1937. Guernsey was on the mainland, not an island, in the Roman era, the Channel deepening from the second century AD.
8. H. Shetelig: ‘Roman Coins Found in Iceland’, Antiquity, London, Sept. 1949, pp. 161–63 and F.M. Heichelheim: Antiquity, Mar. 1952. H. Holst: ‘Mynter Norske Funn’, Nordisk Numismatisk Arsskrift, Oslo, 1943, pp. 56–101.
9. PL 10:12.
10. RIC V Par 2, p. 441.
11. E. Bickerman: Chronology of the Ancient World, Ithaca, 1968, p. 191.
12. LMP 18–19; Eutr 9; AVE 39–40.
13. AVE 39; Eutr; Zon 12–13; Zos 2:8–9.
14. PI 6:5 and 8:6.
15. SS 5 Oct., pp. 36–40; MPL 212, pp. 759–72. Evaluated in W. Levison: ‘Uber die Passio Gereonis’, Festschrift A. Breckmann, Bonn, 1931, p. 43.
16. SS 9 Oct., pp. 154–155, 164–172, 207–209. Fruchristliches Koln, Koln, 1965, pp. 59–60.
17. W. Stukeley: Letters and Diaries II, p. 9.
18. Ibid.
19. D. Eicholz: ‘Constantius Chlorus’, Invasion of Britain, JRS 43:41-46.
20. J. Mothersole: The Saxon Shore, London, 1924, pp. 34–35.
Chapter 21
1. Van Berchem, L’Armée.
2. LRE III p. 182 n. 6.
3. ND Oc. V:11, p. 154 and Oc. VII:29. The II Felix Valentis Thebeorum was created in the late fourth century. Or VII:11,46.
4. Ibid Or VIII:4,36.
5. Ibid Or VII:10,45 and Or XXXI:32.
6. Ibid Or VIII:5 Or XXVIII:18.
7. ND Or VII:9,24.
8. Ibid, Oc V:26,171.
9. Ibid, Oc XL:21.
10. AM 1731.
11. D. Van Berchem: Le Martyr de la Légion Thébaine, Basle, 1956.
12. MPG 115, pp. 356–72.
13. Ibid.
14. LMP; Eutr.
15. SS 3 Oct., p. 863–869. E. Moore: Some Soldier Martyrs of the Early Church, Beirut, 1964.
16. O’Leary.
17. Ibid and H. Hyvernat: Actes des Martyrs de 1’Egypte, pp. 1–39.
18. Codices Coptici in Vatican Library Borgia collection 16,109. G. Zoega: Catalogus, Roma 1810, 59:13 and John Rylands Library, Manchester p. 422 (7).
19. O’Leary, p. 178.
20. Ibid, pp. 264–265; Zoega, pp. 148–49; Hyvernat, 1:34.
21. EHE 8:4.
22. EHE 7:10. H. Delehaye: La Persécution dans l’Armée sous Diocletian, Académie Royale de Belgique, Brussels 1921, pp. 150–166.
23. O’Leary. D.H. Kerler: Die Patronate der Heiligen, Ulm, 1905, Orient 14 Aug.
24. Ibid.
25. MPG 115, pp. 596–609.
26. Analecta Bollandiana 75, p. 68–69. SS 3 Apr., p. 101.
27. E. Wallis-Budge: George of Lydda, London, 1930, p. 57.
28. EHE 8:14, SS 13 Oct., p. 281.
29. Musurillo, p. 259.
30. Eusebius: De Vita Constantini 1:19. Lactantius also describes Constantine as a young officer of Diocletian’s guard. LMP 18:10.
31. O’Leary p. 262.
32. Ibid.
33. Ibid.
34. T.C. Skeat: Papyri from Panopolis, Dublin, 1964, papyrus 2, XXVII. British Museum Papyrus 5; T.T. Crum: Catalog of Coptic Manuscripts in British Museum p. 338.
35. Westermann.
36. L. Lacarriére: Men Possessed by God, New York, 1964, pp. 51–67.
37. PWH p. 367, n. 66.
38. Johnson pp. 142–43.
39. LMP 7, ILS p. 642. Eutro IX:23, AVC 39:23, Epit 39:3, PI VIII 5, Zon XII:31.
40. Van Berchem: L’Armée, E.C. Nischer: ‘The Army Reforms of Diocletian and Constantine’, JRS 13, 1–55.
Chapter 22
1. PWH 71:7, 76.
2. Malalas XII:308.
3. EHE 8:19.
4. O’Leary, p. 231.
5. Eusebius: Martyrs of Palestine 3:1.
6. O’Leary.
7. Cheesman.
8. SS 6 Aug., pp. 14–15.
9. Full office in Coptic rites, 29 Dec.. Ischyrion was killed with supposedly 8,140 others at Ichmin then Panopolis.
10. SS 1 Mar., pp. 751–755.
11. MPL 173, pp. 989–92.
12. O’Leary, p. 201.
13. O’Leary, pp. 174–175.
14. Revue de l’Orient Chrétien, Paris, 1910, pp. 301–306.
15. LRE I p. 618.
16. Jzn. 2.
17. J. Cerny: Ancient Egyptian Religion, London, p. 149.
18. J. Lacarriére.
19. Jerome: Letter XVII:2.
20. J.G. Davis: ‘Condemnation to the Mines’, University of Birmingham Historical Journal 1978, pp. 99–107.
Chapter 23
1. AVE 39.
2. Edict de Maleficiis et Manichaeis, Gregorian Code 14;4.
3. LMP 10; EHE 8:4.
4. HL 6 Sept.
5. Eutr 10:2, Epit. Caes. 40:15.
6. LMP 9.2.
7. EHE 8:2, LMP 12:12.
8. EMP 11:3.
9. EMP 1.4, EHE 8:3.
10. MPG 116, p. 1037–1081.
11. LMP 15:1.
12. MPG 116.
13. A. Ehrhard: Hagiographischen, Leipzig, 1880, 111 p. 296.
14. LMP 15, EHE 8:4.
15. F. Cumont: ‘Le Tombeau de S. Dasius de Durostorum’, Analecta Bollandiana 27, pp. 369–373 and Musurillo, pp. 272–279.
16. SS 6 May, pp. 654–665.
17. PB 4 May.
18. SS 3 Sept., p. 2188–2130.
19. SS 5 Aug., (1741) pp. 810–811.
20. PG 115, pp. 881–900.
21. PG 115, pp. 217–40.
22. H. Delahaye, AB (1912) pp. 192–194.
23. HL 28 Sept.
24. H. Delahaye: Légendes Grecques des Saints Militaires, Paris, 1909, pp. 202–03.
25. PG 136, pp. 264–84.
26. Ehrhard I, p. 479. RM May 21, MGR.
27. EHE 8:6.
28. PG 115, pp. 617–633.
29. PG 116, pp. 109–120.
30. RM Jn 15.
31. ‘Le Martyrologe de Rabban Sliba’ in AB 27, 1908.
32. LMP 15:3.
33. EHE 8:5.
34. AB IX, pp. 123–134.
35. AB IX, pp. 116–123.
36. RM 12 Jan.
37. Frend, pp. 371–375.
38. HL 21 Oct.
39. Ter: Apol. 50:13.
40. V.M. Kurkjian: History of Armenia, New York, 1964, pp. 114–118.
41. PG 115, p. 964.
42. RM 9 Jul., F. Krauss: Roma Sotteranea Die Romischen Katakomben, Freiburg, 1879, p. 523. G. Schmid: Roma Das Unterirdische, Brixen, 1908, p. 316. MPG 115, pp. 881–900.
43. PG 115, pp. 881–900.
44. RM 10 Feb.
45. RM 29 Jan.
46. With Marcellus, SS Jan. II pp. 5–9 and PL CLXXXIX pp. 993–998.
47. SS 1 Jun., pp. 60–61.
48. LMP 17:8–9.
49. LMP pp. 21–23, EHE 8:13.
50. LMP 19.
51. AVC 39 and Eutr IX:16.
52. SS 2 Jan., pp. 5–9, PL CCLXXXIX, pp. 993–98.
53. EHE 6:43 as translated by G.A. Williamsons, New York, 1965, p. 282, n. 2. This is a basis of estimates that there were 30,000 to 50,000 Christians in Rome.
54. LMP 18:12.
Chapter 24
1. LMP 24.
2. AVC 40; AVE 41; Zos 2:8.
3. EVC 1:28.
4. PI 6:21,4.
5. LMP 26.
6. Zos 2:10; AVE 39; LMP 29.
7. LMP 18; AVC 40; Eutr 10; Zos 2:9 and PL 9:4.
8. PI 6:16–20; LMP 29:’4 and 30:5, Eutr 10:3; AVE 40.
9. LMP 42; EVC 1:47.
10. EHE 9:9.
11.O. Seeck: ‘Das Sogenannte Edikt von Mailand’, Zeitschrift fur Kirchengeschichte, Gotha, c. 1884.
12. RIC VII Ostia 1–5.
13. PI 4:22; 12:5.
Chapter 25
1. Soc 12; EVC 1:28–32; DAC 3:3122.
2. H. A. Deake: In Praise of Constantine, Berkeley, 1975, pp. 72–74. H. Marrou: Autour de Monogramme Constantinien in Melanges, E. Gilson, Paris 1959, pp. 403–414. Labare is a Spanish word. The Spanish priest Hosius accompanied Constantine in 313.
3. AVC 40.
4. Zos 2:16.
5. LMP 45:9, Eutr 10:4.
6. B. Berenson: Arch of Constantine, London, 1954, p. 27. H.P.L. Orange Maurische Auxilien and H.P. L’Orange: ‘Una strana Testimonianza fin ora Inosservato nei Rilievi dell Arco de Constantino’, Revista de Studi, Rome, 1936, pp. 218–219, citing Heliodorus: Aethiopica 9:16,19. Lucian: De Saltatione 18. Claudian: Nilus 20–23 and De Tertio Consulatu Honorii Augustus pp. 20–21. Roman arrows were in two parts, probably as few long shafts were straight. The Theban headdress utilized only the feathered end shafts. R. Mynor: XII Panegyrici Latini, Oxford 1964 XI 17,4 is addressed to Maximian.
7. ND OC:V:60.
8. Eusebius: De Vita Constantini I:XL. Socrates Scholasticus: Ecclesiastical History XVII, states that the ankh symbolized ‘life to come.’
Chapter 26
1. SS 3 Aug., pp. 580–599.
2. LMP 36:4; EHE 8:14 and 9:4.
3. Jn: 6:15, Jn: 18, 36.
4. Jn: 8, 1–11.
5. O. Marucchi: Christian Epigraphy, Chicago, 1974, p. 322 citing S. Scaglia: Notiones Archeologia Christiana n.d., II Pt 1, p. 271.
6. J.M. Parkes: Jews and Christians in the Roman Era, London, 1964. A.M. Jones: Constantine and the Conversion of Europe, London, 1948, p. 220.
7. EVC 3:48.
8. EHE 10:6 and 10:7.
9. Y. Congar: Power and Poverty in the Church, New York, 1964. The occasion was adoption of a monastic uniform nonetheless.
10. Munier, Canon 3, pp. 5 and 9 noting different versions.
11. CT 12:1; 16:2; 313:2; 313:7 and 330. LMP 1:10; EHE 10:7. Decurions could not legally become clergy. Nevertheless, St Patrick’s grandfather was Decurion and priest.
12. CT 1:27. Both parties had to agree to have clergy as judges.
13. CIL VIII pt. 1 fasc. 1, p. 2668 citing I. Gruterius: Inscriptiones Antiquae Totius Orbis Romani, Amsterdam, 1707 rp of Heidelberg 1603, 1139 6 Ae Gillotti Schedis. The present whereabouts of the tablet is unknown.
14. Cappelli CC and Bickerman p. 146.
15. An otherwise unknown Legio VIII Augusta Alexandrinianae appears on inscriptions in a Mithraic shrine at Strasbourg. CIL III pt. 4 11608 and 11609, the era uncertain.
16. Marucchi 19, 56, 137, 145, 258, 262, 283, 372 are masculine; 60, 61, 79, 123, 223, 257, 320 are feminine.
17. Gregory of Tours: In Gloria Martyrum 74 (75).
18. PB IX 319 citing Dinet: Legendaire d’Autun by Pequequot. MPL 71, p. 881–882. The earliest known mention of Cassianus as an Egyptian is of the ninth century, G. Mathon: Bibliotheca Sanctorum, Rome, 1963, 3:908. Soc 7:36 mentions several transferred bishops. The practice was later forbidden. W. Smith and S. Cheetham: Dictionary of Christian Antiquities, Hartford, 1880, pp. 225–226. CIL XII pt 6, 12766, 129970–13000, 13002, 13005, 13007–08 are the only known roof tiles from Roman Gaul with pictorial brandmarks, the face of a black person with a feathered headdress. Theban retirees at Autun and Lyon become tilemakers?
Epilogue
1. CT 7:20.
2. S. Barr: The Mask of Jove, New York, 1966, p. 573 n. 1067.
3. Bihlmeyer, pp. 246–250.
4. Munier.
5. Soz 1:8.
6. Zos 2:34.
7. R. Browning: The Emperor Julian, Los Angeles, 1976, p. 135.
8. SS 4 Aug., pp. 430–432.
9. AM 25:3.
10. Browning.
11. Bihlmeyer, p. 250–252.
12. AM 30.
13. Zos 4:20.
14. AM 31:11–16; Zos 4:20–24.
15. Ferrill: Fall of the Roman Empire: The Military Explanation, New York, 1988, Ch. 3.
16. AM 30:4.
17. Ibid 27.
Afterword
1. Athanasius’ Letter to Amun 48.
2. Augustine: The City of God IV:4.
3. H. Deane: The Political and Social Ideas of St Augustine, New York, 1963, p. 163.
4. DAC 2:1174.
5. CT 16:5; 16:10.
6. Aug: Letters XX. C. Murphy: Are We Rome?, New York, 2006.