INTRODUCTION
1.Curiously, it’s a very fine literary-critical essay that illuminates this best: J. Hillis Miller, “The Critic as Host,” Critical Inquiry 3:3 (Spring 1977), 439–47.
2.J. Bruce German, Samara L. Freeman, Carlito B. Lebrilla and David A. Mills, “Human Milk Oligosaccharides: Evolution, Structures and Bioselectivity as Substrates for Intestinal Bacteria,” PMC, April 29, 2010, ncbi.nlm.nih.gov, accessed November 8, 2016.
3.Mark T. Boyd, Christopher M. R. Bax, Bridget E. Bax, David L. Bloxam and Robin A. Weiss, “The Human Endogenous Retrovirus ERV-3 is Upregulated in Differentiating Placental Trophoblast Cells,” Virology 196 (1993), 905–09.
4.Yuval Noah Harari, Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind (New York: Harper, 2015).
5.Felipe Fernández-Armesto, So You Think You’re Human? A Brief History of Humankind (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2004), 54.
6.The term was coined by Ernst Haeckel in 1866.
7.Eric Posner and David Weisbach, “Public Policy over Massive Time Scales” (lecture), The History and Politics of the Anthropocene, University of Chicago, May 17–18, 2013.
8.Karl Marx, Capital, vol. 1., trans. Ben Fowkes (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1990), 1.311.
9.Jason W. Moore, Capitalism in the Web of Life (London and New York: Verso, 2015).
10.Immanuel Kant, Critique of Pure Reason, trans. Paul Guyer and Allen W. Wood (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 169.
11.Theodor Adorno, “Progress,” The Philosophical Forum 15:1–2 (Fall–Winter 1983–1984), 55–70.
12.Oxford English Dictionary, “solidarity,” n., oed.com, accessed November 15, 2016.
13.Hunter-gathering worlds involve intricate links between humans and nonhumans to the extent that those categories can be blurred. Terry O’Connor, Animals as Neighbors: The Past and Present of Commensal Animals (East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 2013), 12.
14.Bessel van der Kolk, The Body Keeps The Score: Brain, Mind, and Body in the Healing of Trauma (London: Penguin, 2015).
15.Ana Cristina Ramírez Barreto, “Ontology and Anthropology of Interanimality,” Revista de Antropología Iberoamericana 5:1 (January–April 2010), 32–57.
16.Jean-François Lyotard, Discourse, Figure, trans. Antony Hudek and Mary Lydon (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2010).
17.Jaleesa Baulkman, “Childhood Exposure to Pet Neglect, Cruelty May Have Similar Lifelong Effect as Domestic Violence,” Medical Daily, December 9, 2015, medicaldaily.com, accessed January 15, 2016.
18.I use the terms developed by D.W. Winnicott, Playing and Reality (New York: Basic Books, 1971).
19.Gerald M. Fromm, ed., Lost in Transmission: Studies of Trauma Across Generations (London: Karnac Books, 2012).
20.Theodor Adorno, “Progress.”
21.Fromm, Lost in Transmission, 46–48.
22.Karl Marx, “The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte,” in Later Political Writings, trans. Terrell Carver (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 32.
23.Fromm, Lost in Transmission, 46–48.
24.Colin N. Waters, Jan Zalasiewicz, et al., “The Anthropocene Is Functionally and Stratigraphically Distinct from the Holocene,” Science 351:6269 (January 8, 2016).
25.Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri, Empire (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2000).
26.Alphonso Lingis, The Community of Those Who Have Nothing in Common (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994). Jean-Luc Nancy, The Inoperative Community, trans. Peter Connor, Lisa Garbus, Michael Holland, and Simona Sawhney (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1991).
27.Claude Lévi-Strauss, Structural Anthropology, trans. Claire Jacobson and Brooke Grundfest Schoepf (New York: Basic Books, 1963), 134–35. This is well discussed in Slavoj Žižek, The Parallax View (Boston: MIT Press, 2006), 25.
28.See Giorgio Agamben, Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life, trans. Daniel Heller-Roazen (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1998).
29.Roland Barthes, “From Work to Text,” in The Rustle of Language, trans. Richard Howard (New York: Hill and Wange, 1986), 61.
30.Jacques Derrida, Of Grammatology, trans. Gayatri Spivak (Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987).
31.Erik Loomis, Out of Sight: The Long and Disturbing Story of Corporations Outsourcing Catastrophe (New York: The New Press, 2015).
32.Karl Marx, Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts in Early Writings, trans. Gregor Benton (New York: Penguin, 1992), 349.
33.Bracha Ettinger, “Weaving a Woman Artist with-in the Matrixial Encounter-Event,” Theory, Culture and Society 21:1 (2004), 69–94.
34.See for example Jonathan Hughes, Ecology and Historical Materialism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000). Hughes asserts that Marx would have felt contempt for de-anthropocentrism (17).
35.John Bellamy Foster, Marx’s Ecology: Materialism and Nature (New York: Monthly Review Press, 2000).
36.Norimitsu Onishi, “A Hunting Ban Saps a Village’s Livelihood,” New York Times, September 12, 2015, nytimes.com, accessed October 6, 2016.
37.William Blake, “The Human Abstract,” in The Complete Poetry and Prose of William Blake, ed. David V. Erdman (New York: Doubleday, 1988), lines 1–2.
38.Ludwig Wittgenstein, Philosophical Investigations, trans. G. E. M. Anscombe (Oxford: Blackwell, 1986), 223.
39.I’m very grateful to Kevin MacDonnell for talking this through with me.
40.Adam Smith, The Theory of Moral Sentiments (London: A. Millar, 1759).
41.Nicholas Royle, Telepathy and Literature: Essays on Reading the Mind (Oxford: Blackwell, 1991).
42.Marx, Capital, 1.497.
43.Ibid., 1.375–76.
44.Ibid., 1.556.
45.United Nations, Agenda 21: The United Nations Programme of Action from Rio (United Nations, 1992).
46.Timothy Morton, Hyperobjects: Philosophy and Ecology after the End of the World (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2013).
47.Karl Marx, “Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts,” in Early Writings, trans. Rodney Livingstone and Gregor Benton, introduction by Lucio Colletti (London: Penguin, 1992), 279–400 (327–28).
48.Ibid., 328–29.
CHAPTER 1
1.Martin Hägglund, Radical Atheism: Derrida and the Time of Life (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2008).
2.See Timothy Morton, Dark Ecology: For a Logic of Future Coexistence (New York: Columbia University Press, 2016).
3.Bracha Ettinger, “The Laius Complex: Abraham, Laius, Moses; Father, Trauma and Carrying,” Los Angeles Review of Books, November 8, 2015, lareviewofbooks.org, accessed October 31, 2016.
4.W. F. Ruddiman, et al., “Late Holocene Climate: Natural or Anthropogenic?” Reviews of Geophysics 54:1 (March 2016), 93–118.
5.Derek Parfit, Reasons and Persons (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1984).
6.Sigmund Freud, “Beyond the Pleasure Principle,” in Beyond the Pleasure Principle and Other Writings, trans. John Reddick, introduction by Mark Edmundson (London: Penguin, 2003), 43–102. Mary Daly, Gyn/Ecology: The Metaethics of Radical Feminism (Boston: Beacon, 1990).
7.Richard Heinberg, The End of Growth: Adapting to Our New Economic Reality (Gabriola Island, British Columbia: New Society Publishers, 2011).
8.Aaron D. O’Connell, M. Hofheinz, M. Ansmann, et al., “Quantum Ground State and Single Phonon Control of a Mechanical Ground Resonator,” Nature 464 (March 17, 2010), 697–703.
9.Ibn Sina (Avicenna), Metaphysics, I.8, 53.13–15. I quote the commonly cited version, which appears to be a translation of La Métaphysique du Shifa, Livres I à V, ed. Georges Anawati (Paris: Vrin, 1978), cited for instance in Laurence R. Horn, “Contradiction,” in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2014), ed. Edward N. Zalta, plato.stanford.edu, accessed July 15, 2015. The more readily available and recent English translation is by Michael E. Marmura (Provo, UT: Brigham Young University Press, 2005), 43. James Boswell, Boswell’s Life of Johnson (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1965).
10.Charles Darwin, The Origin of Species, ed. Gillian Beer (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1996 [1859]).
11.Immanuel Kant, Critique of Pure Reason, trans. Norman Kemp Smith (Boston and New York: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 1965), 51.
CHAPTER 2
1.William Arntz, Betsy Chasse, and Mark Vicente, dirs., What the Bleep Do We Know!? (Samuel Goldwyn Films, 2004).
2.Karen Barad, Meeting the Universe Halfway: Quantum Physics and the Entanglement of Matter and Meaning (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2007).
3.Lorna Marshall, Nyae Nyae !Kung Beliefs and Rites (Cambridge, MA: Peabody Museum Press, 1999).
4.At the time of writing all “loopholes” in the quantum theory of nonlocality have been closed: B. Henson et al., “Experimental Loophole-Free Violation of a Bell Inequality Using Entangled Electron Spins Separated by 1.3km,” arXiv:1508.05949, arxiv.org, accessed November 15, 2016.
5.Oxford English Dictionary, “spectre,” n., oed.com, accessed August 7, 2014.
6.Karl Marx, Capital, 3 vols., trans. Ben Fowkes (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1990), 1.163.
7.Jacques Derrida, Specters of Marx: The State of the Debt, the Work of Mourning, and the New International, trans. Peggy Kamuf (London: Routledge, 1994), chapter 7.
8.Marx, Capital, 1.1044.
9.Karl Marx, “Notes on Adolph Wagner’s ‘Lehrbuch der politischen Okonomie’ (Second Edition), Volume 1, 1879,” marxists.org, accessed October 27, 2016.
10.Marx, Capital, 1.163.
11.Ibid., 1.164–165.
12.Aimé Césaire, “Discourse on Colonialism,” in Postcolonial Criticism, ed. Bart Moore-Gilbert, Gareth Stanton and Willy Maley (New York: Routledge, 1997), 82.
13.A similar point is made concerning the work of Lynn Margulis in Bruce Clarke, “Introduction: Earth, Life, and System,” in Earth, Life, and System: Evolution and Ecology on a Gaian Planet, Bruce Clarke, ed. (New York: Fordham University Press, 2015), 24–25.
14.Marx, Capital, 1.638.
15.Richard Dawkins, The Extended Phenotype: The Long Reach of the Gene (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999).
16.Marx, Capital, 1.620.
17.I concur with Aimé Césaire on decolonization: “Discourse on Colonialism,” in Postcolonial Criticism, 82.
18.Theodor W. Adorno, Negative Dialectics, trans. E. B. Ashton (New York: Continuum, 1973), 5 (“Dialectics is the consistent sense of nonidentity”), 147–48, 149–50.
19.My argument here resembles Jacques Derrida’s: “Economimesis,” Diacritics 11.2 (Summer 1981), 2–25.
20.Karl Marx, Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts in Early Writings, trans. Rodney Livingstone and Gregor Benton, introduction by Lucio Colletti (London: Penguin, 1992), 279–400 (328).
21.Dawkins, The Extended Phenotype.
22.Charles Baudelaire, Les Fleurs du Mal, trans. Richard Howard (Brighton: Harvester, 1982).
23.William Shakespeare, King Lear, in The Arden Shakespeare Complete Works, ed. Richard Proudfoot, Ann Thompson and David Scott Kastan (London: Bloomsbury, 2001), 4.1.38–39.
24.Marx, Capital, vol. 1, chapter 15, 492–508 passim, especially 496.
25.Pincelli Hull, Simon Darroch and Douglas Erwin, “Rarity in Mass Extinctions and the Future of Ecosystems,” Nature 528 (December 17, 2015), 345–51.
26.Paul Crutzen and E. Stoermer, “The Anthropocene,” Global Change Newsletter 41.1 (2000), 17–18.
27.Jim Shelton, “How to See a Mass Extinction if it’s Right In Front of You,” YaleNews, news.yale.edu, accessed January 23, 2016.
28.Luce Irigaray, This Sex Which Is Not One, trans. Catherine Porter and Carolyn Burke (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1985).
29.Sigmund Freud, The Uncanny, trans. David McClintock and Hugh Haughton (London: Penguin, 2003).
30.Karl Marx, “The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte,” in Later Political Writings, trans. Terrell Carver (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 32.
31.Ibid., 34.
32.Martin Heidegger, Being and Time, trans. Joan Stambaugh (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1996), 199–200.
33.Giorgio Agamben, The Open: Man and Animal, trans. Kevin Attell (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2004).
34.Carl Safina, Beyond Words: What Animals Think and Feel (New York: Henry Holt, 2015), 81.
35.Ibid., 29.
36.The comedian Stephen Colbert’s term really is very useful.
37.John Keats, “In Drear-Nighted December,” in The Complete Poems, ed. John Barnard, (London: Penguin, 1987), line 21.
38.Hettie MacDonald, dir., “Blink,” Doctor Who, BBC, June 9, 2007.
39.Aristotle, Metaphysics, trans. and introduction by Hugh Lawson-Tancred (London: Penguin, 2004), 213, 217.
40.“In utter contrast to these people obsessed with total explanation, the Achuar make no effort at all to bestow upon the world a coherence that it manifestly lacks.” Philippe Descola, The Spears of Twilight: Life and Death in the Amazon Jungle (New York: The New Press, 1998), 224.
41.The Beatles, “A Day in the Life,” Sgt. Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band (Parlophone, 1967).
42.Markus Gabriel, Why the World Does Not Exist (Malden, MA: Polity Press, 2015)
43.Safina, Beyond Words, 284–85.
44.Michael Mountain, “Lawsuit Filed Today on Behalf of Chimpanzee Seeking Legal Personhood,” Nonhuman Rights Project, December 2, 2013, nonhumanrightsproject.org, accessed October 31, 2016.
1.I am grateful to Luke Jones for discussing this with me.
2.Emily Stewart, “German Village Feldheim the Country’s First Community to Become Energy Self-Sufficient,” Australian Broadcasting Corporation, November 10, 2014, abc.net.au, accessed October 31, 2016. Hermann Scheer, The Solar Economy: Renewable Energy and a Sustainable Future (New York: Routledge, 2004).
3.Mikhail Bakunin, God and the State (English translation, 1883), chapter 2, marxists.org, accessed November 5, 2016.
4.Jason Van Vleet, dir., Terror from Within: The Untold Story Behind the Oklahoma City Bombing, (Los Angeles: MGA Films, 2003).
5.Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Hegel’s Aesthetics: Lectures on Fine Art, 2 vols., trans. T. M. Knox, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010), 1.516–29; Introductory Lectures on Aesthetics, trans. Bernard Bosanquet, introduction and commentary by Michael Inwood (London: Penguin, 1993), 85–86.
6.Slavoj Žižek on Alien: Resurrection in Sophie Fiennes, dir., The Pervert’s Guide to Cinema (ICA Projects, 2006).
7.Karl Marx, Grundrisse: Foundations of the Critique of Political Economy, trans. and introduction Martin Nicolaus (London: Penguin, 1993), 111.
8.Percy Bysshe Shelley, “The Mask of Anarchy,” in Poetical Works, ed. Thomas Hutchinson (New York: Oxford University Press, 1970).
CHAPTER 4
1.Christophe Bonneuil and Jean-Baptiste Fressoz, The Shock of the Anthropocene: The Earth, History and Us, trans. David Fernbach (London: Verso, 2016).
2.Immanuel Kant, Anthropology from a Pragmatic Point of View, ed. Robert B. Louden, introduction by Manfred Kuehn (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), 416–17.
3.Slavoj Žižek, “The Cologne Attacks were an Obscene Version of Carnival,” New Statesman, January 13, 2016, newstatesman.com, accessed January 15, 2016.
4.Norman Geras, Marx and Human Nature: Refutation of a Legend (London: Verso, 2016).
5.Karl Marx, “Notes on Adolph Wagner’s Lehrbuch der Politischen Ökonomie (Second Edition), Volume 1, 1879,” marxists.org, accessed Oct 27, 2016.
6.Derek Parfit, Reasons and Persons (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984), 355–57.
7.Peter Wade, Race: An Introduction (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015), chapter 2.
8.Freud, The Uncanny.
CHAPTER 5
1.Max Stirner, The Ego and His Own, trans. Stephen T. Byington, introduction by J. L. Walker (New York: Benjamin R. Tucker, 1907), 34; available at theanarchistlibrary.org, accessed November 5, 2016.
2.A very vivid visualization occurs in Bracha Ettinger, “Copoesis,” Ephemera 5:X (2005), 703–13.
3.John Keats, Letter to Richard Woodhouse, October 27, 1818, in John Keats: Selected Letters, ed. Robert Gittings and Jon Mee (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), 147–48 (148).
4.Christopher Nolan, dir., Interstellar (Paramount, 2014).
5.Ken Burns, dir., The Dust Bowl (PBS, 2012).
6.Two authors call it “nafthism” after a Greek term for oil: Antti Salminen and Tere Vadén, Energy and Experience: An Essay in Nafthology (Chicago: MCM´, 2015), 25–27.
7.Jeffrey Kripal, Authors of the Impossible: The Paranormal and the Sacred (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010).
8.Jacques Lacan, “The Agency of the Letter in the Unconscious,” Ecrits: A Selection, trans. Alan Sheridan (London: Tavistock, 1977), 146–78 (166).
9.George Musser, “Let’s Rethink Space: Does Space Exist without Objects, or Is It Made by Them?” Nautilus 32 (January 14, 2016), nautil.us, accessed October 24, 2016.
10.John Cleese and Graham Chapman, “Argument Clinic,” Monty Python’s Flying Circus (BBC, 1972).
11.Max Baginski, “Without Government,” Mother Earth 1:1 (March 1906), gutenberg.org, accessed November 5, 2016.
12.Stirner, The Ego and His Own, 12.
13.Ibid., 13.
14.Ibid., 30–31.
15.Ibid., 34; see also 35.
16.“Progress,” The Philosophical Forum 15.1–2 (Fall–Winter 1983–1984), 55–70.
17.Friedrich Engels, “Natural Science in the Spirit World,” Dialectics of Nature, ed. Yuri Vasin in Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, Collected Works, vol. 25, trans., Emile Burns and Clemens Dutt, Natalia Karmanova, Margarita Lopukhina, Mzia Pitskhelauri, Andrei Skvarsky and Georgi Bagaturia, eds. (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1987), 345–55.
18.Theodor Adorno, “Theses Against Occultism,” Minima Moralia: Reflections from Damaged Life, trans. E. P. N. Jephcott (London: Verso, 2005), 238.
19.María del Pilar Blanco and Esther Peeren, “Introduction: Conceptualizing Spectralities,” in María del Pilar Blanco and Esther Peeren, eds., The Spectralities Reader: Ghosts and Haunting in Contemporary Cultural Theory (London: Bloomsbury, 2013), 5.
20.Karl Marx, Capital, vol. 1, trans. Ben Fowkes (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1990).
21.Theodor Adorno, “Sur l’Eau,” Minima Moralia: Reflections from Damaged Life, trans. E. F. N. Jephcott (London: Verso, 1978), 155–57 (157).
22.Herman Melville, “Bartleby, the Scrivener,” in Billy Budd, Sailor and Selected Tales, ed. Robert Milder (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), 41.
23.Adorno, “Sur l’Eau,” 155–57 (157).
24.Safina, Beyond Words.
25.Bruce Clarke, “Introduction: Earth, Life, and System,” in Bruce Clarke, ed., Earth, Life, and System: Evolution and Ecology on a Gaian Planet (New York: Fordham University Press, 2015), 19.
26.Lauren Davis, “Why Everything You Know about Wolf Packs Is Wrong,” iO9, May 12, 2015, io9.gizmodo.com, accessed June 29, 2016.
27.Peter Kropotkin, Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution (The Anarchist Library, 1902), 6.
28.With “companion species” I evoke Donna Haraway, When Species Meet (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2007).
29.Kropotkin, Mutual Aid, 8, 18, 27.
30.Ibid., 68, 148, 159.
31.Jan Sapp, Evolution by Association: A History of Symbiosis (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994).
32.Gillian Beer, “Introduction,” in Charles Darwin, The Origin of Species (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), vii–xxviii (xxvii–xviii).
33.Engels, Dialectics of Nature, 452–64 (460).
34.Kropotkin, Mutual Aid, 32.
35.Ahmed Farag Ali and Saurya Das, “Cosmology from Quantum Potential,” Physics Letters B741 (2015).
36.Oxford English Dictionary, “rock,” v.1, oed.com, accessed October 23, 2016.
37.Viktor Schklovsky, Theory of Prose, trans. Benjamin Sher, introduction by Gerald L. Burns (Normal, IL: Dalkey Archive Press, 1991), 15.
38.I draw here on Martin Heidegger’s concept of the nonhuman realm in the worldview of technology as “Bestand,” standing-reserve. Martin Heidegger, “The Question Concerning Technology,” in Basic Writings: From ‘Being and Time’ (1927) to ‘The Task of Thinking’ (1964), ed. David Farrell Krell (New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 1993), 307–41.
39.In David Toop, Haunted Weather: Music, Silence and Memory (London: Serpent’s Tail, 2004), 239–40.
40.Engels, Dialectics of Nature, 461.
41.Brian Eno, sleeve note, Ambient 1: Music for Airports (EG Records, 1978).
42.Joey Negro, “Do What You Feel,” 12” (Ten Records, 1991).
43.Quartz, “Meltdown,” 12” (ITM Music, 1989).
44.Reese, “Rock to the Beat (Mayday Mix),” Rock to the Beat (KMS Records, 1989).
45.Jack Halberstam, “An Introduction to Gothic Monstrosity,” in Robert Louis Stevenson, The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde: An Authoritative Text, Backgrounds and Contexts, Performance Adaptations, Criticism, ed. Katherine Linehan (New York: Norton, 2003), 128–31.
46.Nicolas Abraham and Mária Tórök, The Wolf Man’s Magic Word: A Cryptonymy, trans. Nicholas Rand, foreword by Jacques Derrida (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2005).
47.Jacques Derrida, “Violence and Metaphysics,” Writing and Difference, trans. Alan Bass (London and Henley: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1978), 79–153 (151–52).
48.Stanislav Grof, Spiritual Emergency: When Personal Transformation Becomes a Crisis (New York: Tarcher, 1989).
49.“Understanding Traditional and Modern Patterns of Consumption in Eighteenth-Century England: A Character-Action Approach,” in John Brewer and Roy Porter, eds., Consumption and the World of Goods (London and New York: Routledge, 1993), 40–57.
50.Jeffrey Kripal, The Serpent’s Gift: Gnostic Reflections on the Study of Religion (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006).
51.Jared Diamond, “The Worst Mistake in the History of the Human Race,” Discover Magazine (May 1987), 64–66.
52.Franco “Bifo” Berardi, Heroes: Mass Murder and Suicide (London: Verso, 2015).
53.Martin Heidegger, What Is a Thing?, trans. W. B. Barton and Vera Deutsch, analysis by Eugene T. Gendlin (Chicago: Henry Regnery, 1967).
54.Marx, Capital, vol. 1, chapter 15.
55.Nicholas Royle, Veering: A Theory of Literature (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2011).