Acacia sp., 124
Accipiter species, 247–48, 251, 253
Acrocephalus arundinaceus, 304
African Rift Lake, 415
Agassiz, L., 17
Age of European Exploration, 14–16
allopatric speciation: remote archipelagoes and, 367
sympatric speciation and, 326–37, 347–50
Alouatta seniculus, 120
Amazon: habitat fragmentation and, 219–28
American Museum of Natural History, 1
Anas gibberifrons, 240
island age and, 434–35
island configuration and, 433–34
isolation and, 433
species-area relationship and, 416, 419–26
Anoplolepis gracilipes, 127–29
Anthus berthelotii, 308
Antigua, 404
ants, 2–4
colonization dynamics and, 394, 406
leaf-cutter, 120–24
trophic regimes and, 120–24, 127–29
yellow crazy, 127–29
Aplonis species, 244, 250–51, 253
Aponte, C., 120
archipelagoes, 30, 237, 253, 404
active vs. passive dispersal and, 360–62
allopatric speciation and, 367
colonization and, 358–60 (see also colonization)
community assembly and, 370–79
distance/area relations and, 78–79
ecological release and, 365–67
endemism and, 359
equilibrium and, 375–76 (see also equilibrium)
extinction and, 358, 362, 376 (see also extinction)
general dynamic theory (GDM) and, 93–101
immigration and, 358–62, 367, 370, 374–75
introduced species and, 367–70, 376–77
island age and, 93–101
loss of dispersal ability and, 364–65
MacArthur-Wilson equilibrium model and, 358, 362, 364–65, 375–76, 379
measuring age of, 359
niche assembly theory and, 362–64
overdispersion and, 363–64
progression rule and, 109, 362–63
random vs. deterministic changes and, 376–79
species arrival and, 360–64
spiders and, 360–63, 370, 374, 377
Wagner hypothesis and, 363. See also specific islands
arthropods: croplands and, 65–66
exploitation ecosystems hypothesis (EEH) and, 117–38
food web theory and, 162–63
hurricane effects and, 60–61, 63–65
turnover and, 66–67
assembly rules: checkerboard distributions and, 243
Solomon Islands study and, 238, 243–53
supertramps and, 244
Atta colonies, 120–24
ATT2 models, 102–4
bird populations and, 59–60
equilibrium models and, 59–60, 65, 75
habitat fragmentation and, 224
megaherbivores and, 136
metapopulation dynamics and, 186–87
remote archipelagoes and, 363
Solomon Islands study and, 247, 250, 253
target effect and, 75
trophic regimes and, 136
Bahamas: East Plana Cay and, 126, 130–33, 135
land bridge islands and, 419–20
Little Wax Cay, 131–32
lizards and, 60–66
plants and, 60
turnover and, 70–71
Wax Cay and, 131
Barbuda, 404
Barro Colorado Island (BCI) study: density dependence and, 280–88
findings from, 273–88
neutral theory and, 264, 268–69, 273–88
R* competition theory and, 272–79
Becarcoidea natalis, 127–29
“Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments” project, xiv, 173
birds: Aegean Sea islands and, 57–58
allopatric speciation and, 326–27, 330–31, 347–50
Australia and, 59–60
body size and, 310–14
Channel Islands and, 57
exploitation ecosystems hypothesis (EEH) and, 117, 120, 129, 134–36
hybridization and, 327, 331, 333–37, 341–48
Lesser Antillean, 117, 257–58, 388–410
metapopulation dynamics and, 203–4
microevolution and, 293–315
New Zealand and, 59–60
parapatric speciation and, 350–52
remote archipelagoes and, 361, 374
Skokholm Island and, 60
Solomon Islands and, 237–59
sympatric speciation and, 326–52
turnover and, 67–70
Bismarck Archipelago, 237, 253
Blarina brevicauda, 150–51, 154
body size, 26
competition and, 310–14
habit fragmentation and, 223–24
metapopulations and, 197
microevolution and, 308–14
primacy traits and, 29–30
Borneo, 40–41
Brahe, Tycho, vii
Buffon, G.L.L., 14–17
Bulimulus land snails: DNA markers and, 428
Galápagos and, 426–35
habitat diversity and, 428–30
island configuration and, 433–34
isolation and, 433
species richness of, 426
Calliandra laxa, 124
Canary Islands, 99, 102, 105, 107, 362, 367, 435
carbon storage, 224
Caronia Valley, 70
center of origin-dispersal-adaptation (CODA) approach, 20
checkerboard distributions: Solomon Islands study and, 243–59
trophic regimes and, 135
Chile, 329
Christmas Island, 126–29
cladogenesis, 89
climate, 1
Buffon’s law and, 16
CODA approach and, 20
colonization/extinction dynamics and, 400, 405
divergence and, 30
El Niño and, 339
exploitation ecosystems hypothesis (EEH) and, 118
extinction and, 65
forest interactions and, 224
general dynamic theory (GDM) and, 93–94, 109–10
global change in, 109–10
microclimates and, 220–24, 426
neutral theory and, 288
niche assembly theory and, 272–79
Pleistocene epoch and, 93, 109–10
Quaternary change and, 105
Solomon Islands and, 220–26
trophic island biogeography and, 119, 136, 144
tropical vs. arctic, 18
volcanism and, 93–94
colonization, 388
active vs. passive dispersal and, 360–62
change subsequent to, 364–67
community assembly and, 370–79
convex curve for, 54–55
dispersal propensity and, 254
ecological release and, 365–67
endemism and, 359
evidence for species equilibrium and, 55–66 (see also equilibrium)
exploitation ecosystems hypothesis (EEH) and, 117–38
extinction and, 158 (see also extinction)
feedback mechanisms and, 407
habitat fragmentation and, 189, 214–28
island size and, 73–82
isolation and, 7, 13–15, 18, 22–42, 27, 89–90, 93–94, 97–100, 104–5
Krakatau and, 97–98
Lesser Antillean birds study and, 388–410
longer time scales and, 389
loss of dispersal ability and, 364–65
metapopulation dynamics and, 186–209
microevolution and, 293–315 (see also microevolution)
niche assembly theory and, 264–66, 269, 272–79, 288, 376, 400–402
obligate generalism and, 159
overdispersion and, 363–64
progression rule and, 362–63
radiation zones and, 89–90, 92–93, 359, 389–90
random vs. deterministic changes and, 376–79
remote archipelagoes and, 358–60
rescue effect and, 255
Solomon Islands study and, 237–59
species-area relationship and, 415–36 (see also species-area relationship)
species richness and, 158–63
strategy of, 398–400
sympatric speciation and, 326–52
trophic regimes and, 144–45 (see also trophic regimes)
colonization window hypothesis, 110
commensalism, 31
community assembly: equilibrium and, 375–76
random vs. deterministic changes and, 376–79
remote archipelagoes and, 370–79
species accumulation and, 370–75
body size and, 310–14
diversity and, 440, 447–48, 452–55
lottery, 133
MacArthur-Wilson equilibrium model and, 7, 16, 31
metapopulation dynamics and, 191, 207
microevolution and, 310–14
multi-generational, 124
neutral theory and, 265, 269, 272–79
remote archipelagoes and, 377
R* theory and, 272–79
Solomon Islands study and, 237–40, 243, 247–56
speciation-area relationship and, 426, 435
sympatric speciation and, 347
trophic levels and, 124, 133–34, 144–76
continental drift, 24
croplands, 65–66
Crotaphytus collaris, 153
Crozet, 126
cryptozoans, 90
cyclic assembly, 170–72
Daphne Major Island, 303, 339–42
Darwin, Charles, viii–xiii, 83–84
biogeography of the species and, 13–17, 22, 29
loss of dispersal ability and, 364–65
natural selection and, 13 (see also natural selection)
primary traits and, 29
Darwin’s finches: Daphne Major Island and, 303, 339–42
microevolution and, 312–13
Santa Cruz Island and, 333–38, 342–47
speciation-area relationship and, 415, 433–34
sympatric speciation and, 330–31, 333–47, 349
Delphacoides schlochoa, 168
density dependence: dynamic testing of, 284–87
neutral theory and, 280–88
density overcompensation, 134–35
distribution-abundance relationship, 204–9
Distribution and Abundance of Animals, The (Andrewartha and Birch), vii, 186
divergence: biogeography of species concept and, 20
climate and, 30
extinction and, 398, 403–6 (see also extinction)
founder effect and, 294–96
genetic drift and, 293–96, 303, 307–10, 314–15
integrative theory and, 32, 40
isolation and, 27 (see also isolation)
Lesser Antillean birds study and, 398, 403–5
MacArthur-Wilson equilibrium model and, 20, 27, 30–32, 40
microevolution and, 31, 293–315
natural selection and, 307–10
remote archipelagoes and, 363, 367
speciation-area relationship and, 426 (see also species-area relationship)
sympatric speciation and, 326–52
systemic covariation and, 30
trophic levels and, 124
diversification index (DI), 102–5
community assembly and, 370–79
community ecology and, 442–43, 450–57
density overcompensation and, 134–35
exploitation ecosystems hypothesis (EEH) and, 117–38
extinction and, 440, 443, 447, 449
fixation models and, 447–48
general dynamic theory (GDM) and, 90–91, 102–5
genetic models and, 439–57
heterozygosity and, 301–7
integrative theory and, 34, 39–40
introduced species and, 204 (see also introduced species)
island configuration and, 433–34
island size and, 73–82
isolation and, 440–46
loss of dispersal ability and, 364–65
MacArthur-Wilson equilibrium model and, 439–47, 457
mainland-island model and, 445
microevolution and, 293–315
mutations and, 293, 303, 440, 443–52
neutral theory and, 444–45
new variants and, 446–50
progression rule and, 362–63
rates of, 91
remote archipelagoes and, 358–60
species-area relationship and, 391–94, 415–36, 443–46
trophic regimes and, 145 (see also trophic regimes)
Zosterops species and, 296–312
Dry Tortugas, 8
East Plana Cay, 126, 130–33, 135
Echium, 107
ecological equivalence. See neutral theory
ecology, viii–ix
early years of, vii
emergence of, 16
exploitation ecosystems hypothesis (EEH) and, 117–38
genetic models and, 439–57
macroecology and, 26
mathematical, 16–17
niche assembly theory and, 264–65, 269, 376
population biology and, 5 (see also population biology)
remote archipelagoes and, 358–80
systematics and, vii, xiii, 2. See also island biogeography
edge effects: habitat fragmentation and, 220–23, 227
El Niño, 339
Elton, Charles, 17, 145, 168, 450
equilibrium, 4–7
citations and, 82–83
colonization curve and, 54–55
community assembly and, 370–79
concept of, 18
evidence for species equilibrium and, 55–66
exploitation ecosystems hypothesis (EEH) and, 117–38
extinction/immigration and, 53
forms of, 65–66
island size and, 73–82, 143–45
MacArthur-Wilson model and, 11
metapopulation dynamics and, 186–209
Munroe and, 17–18
niche assembly theory and, 264–66, 269, 272–79, 288, 376
predator-prey, 158–63 (see also predators)
random vs. deterministic changes and, 376–79
saturation and, 7
Solomon Islands and, 237–43, 249, 253–59
species turnover and, 53, 66–73
trophic regimes and, 143–76 (see also trophic regimes)
variance within, 65–66
equilibrium models. See specific model
equilibrium theory of island biogeography (ETIB). See MacArthur-Wilson equilibrium model
erosion, 17, 90, 99, 108–9, 375
Eustala cazieri, 71
community ecology and, 442–43, 450–57
feedback mechanisms and, 407
Lesser Antillean birds study and, 406–10
microevolution and, 293–315 (see also microevolution)
natural selection and, 4, 13, 22, 30, 137, 310, 314–15, 350, 364–65, 433
rates of, 91
remote archipelagoes and, 358–80
species equilibrium and, 4–7
sympatric speciation and, 326–52
exploitation ecosystems hypothesis (EEH): Aldabra Atoll and, 129, 133
birds and, 117, 120, 129, 134–36
bottom-up/top-down forcing and, 119, 137–38
carrying capacity and, 123
checkerboard distributions and, 135
Christmas Island and, 127–29
classical island biogeography and, 134
climate and, 118
density overcompensation and, 134–35
East Plana Cay and, 126, 130–33, 135
edge effects and, 121
habitat fragmentation and, 216
howler monkeys and, 120–21, 123
hutias and, 130–32
Indian Ocean and, 126–38
island size and, 119–20
Lago Guri and, 119–26, 129, 133–34
leaf-cutter ants and, 120–24
MacArthur-Wilson equilibrium model and, 134–35
megaherbivores and, 135–36
primary type-II islands and, 126–38
productivity thresholds and, 118–19
Solomon Islands study and, 253
study results from, 132–38
three regime assumption of, 117–18
tortoises and, 116–17, 120, 126, 129, 132, 136
extinction, 388
carrying capacity of islands and, 94, 99, 286
diversity and, 440, 443, 447, 449
food web theory and, 143–75
general dynamic theory (GDM) and, 91–110
habitat fragmentation and, 216–19, 222–24
immigration and, 401
introduced species and, 150
island size and, 73–82
Lesser Antillean birds study and, 388–410
linear model for, 54
longer time scales and, 389
MacArthur-Wilson equilibrium model and, xi–xiv, 6–7, 16–17, 20, 26–32, 38–41, 52–62, 65–76, 79, 81, 89, 91–92, 97–99, 105–8
metapopulation dynamics and, 186–93, 196–205
neutral theory and, 264–68, 272, 284–87
niche assembly theory and, 264, 269, 376
nonlinear curves for, 53–54
paradox of enrichment and, 155–56
proneness toward, 223–24
radiation zone and, 89–90
remote archipelagoes and, 358, 362, 376
rescue effect and, 75–76
Solomon Island study and, 237–42, 248–49, 253–59
speciation-area relationship and, 415–26, 435
sympatric speciation and, 326, 333, 351
target effect and, 75
trophic regimes and, 126, 130–31, 136, 143–75
volcanic islands and, 53–58, 65–76, 79, 81, 89, 91–92, 97–99, 105–8
Exuma group, 131
feedback mechanisms, 27, 30–31, 34, 407
Fennoscandia, 152
Fiji, 2–4
finches: Daphne Major Island and, 303, 339–42
microevolution and, 303, 305, 311–13
Santa Cruz Island and, 333–48, 351
speciation-area relationship and, 415, 433–34
sympatric speciation and, 328–47, 415, 433–34
Fischer, Ed, 175
fixation models, 447–50
Flammulated Owl, 175–76
Floreana, 428
Florida, 7–8
food web theory: bottom-up/top-down effects and, 145–47, 150–57, 163–68
complexity and, 145–46, 172–73
cyclic assembly and, 170–72
edge effects and, 174
equations for, 147, 149, 152–53, 156–58, 164
future study directions for, 168–73
generality and, 157–63
habitat fragmentation and, 173–75
incidence function and, 156–57
interaction modifications and, 168–69
introduced species and, 150 (see also introduced species)
island size and, 143–75
metacommunities and, 165–66 (see also metacommunities)
model generality for, 157–63
noninteractive model and, 147, 149, 152–54
obligate generalism and, 159
paradox of enrichment and, 155–56
parasites and, 160–62, 166–68, 172–73, 175
patch occupancy models and, 166–68
stability and, 145–46
stacked specialist food chain models and, 157–58
transients and, 169–70
trophic status and, 147–50 (see also trophic regimes)
founder effect, 294–96
Galapágos, 389
bulimulid land snails and, 426–35
general dynamic theory and, 102, 109
microevolution and, 303
sympatric speciation and, 348, 351
trophic regimes and, 117
Gallicolumba, 240–41
Gasteracantha cancriformis, 71
Gause, G. F., 17
general dynamic theory (GDM): climate and, 93–94, 109–10
diversity and, 102–5
empty niche space and, 93
evaluation of, 102–10
implications of, 95–101
island life cycles and, 93–101, 105–10
macroecological analysis of, 102–5
phylogeographic analyses and, 108–9
predictions of, 95–101, 105–10
premises of, 91–93
progression rule and, 109
properties of, 93–94
single-island endemic (SIE) species and, 99, 101–5
species-area relationship and, 103 (see also species-area relationship)
genetic drift, 440
founder-mediated, 293–307
microevolution and, 293–96, 303, 307–10, 314–15
random sampling effect and, 294
natural selection and, 307–10
Zosterops species and, 296–306
genetic models: community ecology and, 442–43, 450–57
diversity and, 439–57
genetic drift and, 293–301, 314–15, 440
fixation models and, 447–50
isolation and, 443–46
mainland-island model and, 445
mutations and, 293, 303, 440, 443–52
new variants and, 446–50
Geochelone carbonaria, 120
Geospiza: microevolution and, 303–4, 311–12
sympatric speciation and, 328, 333–47
Glanville fritillary butterfly, 199–200
Gotland, 327
Great Abaco, 65
Great American Interchange, 2
Great Barrier Reef, 70
Greater Antilles, 399–400, 403, 408, 419, 422–26, 428n2
Guana Island, 70
habitat fragmentation: altered ecosystem processes and, 224–25
Amazon and, 219–28
distinguishing effects of, 220
ecosystem decay and, 216
edge effects and, 220–22
elevated dynamics and, 227
environmental synergisms and, 225–26
extinction and, 216–19, 222–24
faunal collapse and, 216
food web theory and, 173–75
Lesser Antillean birds study and, 392–94
matrix effects and, 222–23
metapopulation dynamics and, 189 (see also metapopulation dynamics)
natural fires and, 224–25
nonrandom conversion and, 219–20
species-area relationship and, 217, 219
species relaxation and, 216
supersaturation and, 216
trophic regimes and, 217
understanding of in real world, 214–28
active vs. passive dispersal in, 361
allopatric speciation and, 367
community assembly and, 370, 374–75, 377, 379
exploitation ecosystems hypothesis (EEH) and, 135
general dynamic theory and, 91, 99, 102, 107–9
introduced species and, 369–70
measuring age of, 359
progression rule and, 362–63
remote archipelago studies and, 358–59
spiders and, 434–35
herbivores. See plants
Hesperia comma, 195–96
heterozygosity, 301–7
H.M.S. Resolution, 15
honeycreepers, 374
Hutchinson, G. Evelyn, viii, 15, 17, 21, 145
Hutchinsonian niche assembly paradigm, 264
hutias, 130–32
hybridization: allopatric speciation and, 331, 347–48
Darwin’s finches and, 333–37, 341–47
introgressive, 341–42
sympatric speciation and, 327, 331, 333–37, 341–48
immigration: allopatric species and, 94
community ecology parallels and, 442
cyclic assembly process and, 170–72
distance/area relations and, 73–82 (see also species-area relationship)
divergence and, 326
diversity and, 441–46, 456 (see also diversity)
exploitation ecosystems hypothesis (EEH) and, 117–38
extinction and, 401
general dynamic theory (GDM) and, 91–110
habitat fragmentation and, 58, 214–28, 227
initial vs. recent, 58
introduced species and, 38, 116, 126, 132–33, 150–52, 170, 240–42, 256, 296, 304–6, 314, 332, 376, 399–401, 449–50
island size and, 73–82
linear model for, 54
MacArthur-Wilson equilibrium model and, 6–7, 16–17, 20, 26–41, 52–62, 65–79, 89–100, 105
metapopulation dynamics and, 194
microevolution and, 294–95, 303–5
neutral theory and, 264–68, 285–87
niche assembly theory and, 264–66, 269, 272–79, 288, 376
nonlinear curves for, 53–54
progression rule and, 109
radiation zones and, 89–93, 359, 389–90
remote archipelagoes and, 358–62, 367, 370, 374–75
rescue effect and, 75–76
Solomon Island study and, 237–42, 256
sympatric speciation and, 326–52
target effect and, 75–76
thrifty genotypes and, 37
trophic levels and, 148–50, 156–60, 163 (see also trophic regimes)
incidence functions, 156–57, 201–4
Indian Ocean, 126–38
Insect Societies (Wilson), 5
integrative theory: body size and, 32–42
conceptual domain of, 26
feedback and, 30–31
fundamental process covariation and, 30
illustration of, 31–41
isolation and, 22–42
MacArthur-Wilson equilibrium model and, 25–41
macroecology and, 26
primacy and, 27–30
scale dependence and, 27
introduced species, 399–401
diversity and, 439–57
microevolution and, 296, 304–6, 314
remote archipelagoes and, 367–70, 376–77
Solomon Islands study and, 240–42, 256
sympatric speciation and, 332
trophic regimes and, 116, 126, 132–33, 150–52, 170
Isabela Island, 428
island biogeography: experimental, 7–11
future study and, 41–42
general dynamic theory (GDM) and, 91–110
integrative theory for, 25–41
intellectual origins of, 1–2
MacArthur-Wilson equilibrium model and, 13–25, 52–84 (see also MacArthur-Wilson equilibrium model)
metapopulation dynamics and, 186–209
neutral theory and, 264–88
remote archipelagoes and, 358–60
saturation and, 7
species equilibrium and, 4–7 (see also equilibrium)
species taxon cycle and, 2–4 (see also taxon cycle)
trophic regimes and, 116–38 (see also trophic regimes)
turnover and, 53, 66–73 (see also turnover)
Island Biogeography Theory (IBT). See MacArthur-Wilson equilibrium model
island rule: body size and, 32
integrative theory and, 34–41
species groups applicable to, 34
islands, xi
carrying capacity of, 94, 99, 123, 205, 286
classification of, 90–91
continental shelf, 90
developmental life cycle of, 93
as ecological systems, xiii, 7–11
erosion and, 17, 90, 99, 108–9, 375
importance of, 390
land-bridge, 2, 90, 224, 245, 389, 420–22
limited life span implications and, 90–91
mangrove, 57, 66–67, 74–75, 162–63
nesiophilia and, 4
oceanic, 90–91
primacy traits and, 27–30, 126–38
remote, 358–80
type I, 134–38
type II, 136–38
type IV, 136–38
volcanic, 58, 88–110. See also specific island
island size: bottom-up/top-down effects and, 145–47, 150–57, 163–68
food web theory and, 143–75
MacArthur-Wilson equilibrium model and, 73–82
metapopulation dynamics and, 201–4
neutral theory and, 265, 267–68
paradox of enrichment and, 155–56
patch occupancy models and, 164–68, 195–99
trophic regimes and, 119–20, 143–75
connectivity measurement and, 194–96
diversity and, 440–46
empty niche space and, 93
extinction and, 407–8
genetic models and, 443–46
habitat fragmentation and, 189, 214–28
integrative theory and, 35
MacArthur-Wilson equilibrium model and, 14–15, 18, 22–42, 57, 74, 89
mainland source pools and, 90
mangrove islands and, 57
matrix effects and, 222–23
metapopulation dynamics and, 186, 189–97, 207–8
microevolutionary processes and, 294, 305–7, 314–15
radiation zones and, 1–4, 89–93, 359, 389–90
remote archipelagoes and, 358–61, 364, 367, 370, 375–77
Solomon Islands and, 237, 250–51, 254–55, 258
speciation-area relationship and, 15, 416, 419, 423, 426, 433–36
sympatric speciation and, 326–28, 340, 346–51
trophic levels and, 126, 134, 143, 150, 163, 174–75
volcanic islands and, 89–90, 93–94, 97–100, 104–5
Jacaranda copia, 279–80
Jamaica, 423
Janzen-Connell effect, 280–83
Juan Fernández Islands, 108, 329, 361
Junco hyemalis thurberi, 304, 308
Kansas, 173
Kapingamarangi Atoll, 81
Kepler, Johannes, vii
Kerguelen, 126
Krakatau, 18
birds and plants of, 58, 68–69
recolonization of, 97–98
species turnover and, 68–71
spiders and, 61
volcanic eruptions and, 389
Lago Guri, 70, 119–26, 129, 133–34
land bridge islands, 2, 90, 224, 245, 389, 420–22
Laupala, 107
leaf-cutter ants, 120–24
Lepomis macrochirus, 306
Lesser Antillean birds, 173, 257–59
area-diversity pattern and, 391–94
biotic interchange and, 402–5
categorical distributions in, 392–94
diversity and, 391–98
evolutionary changes following colonization in, 406–10
limited radiation zone of, 389–90
MacArthur-Wilson equilibrium model and, 388–91, 394–95, 398, 400–402, 407–10
niche assembly theory and, 400–402
species-area relationship and, 390–94
stepping-stone islands and, 402–5
Little Swan Island, 135
Little Wax Cay, 131–32
Bahamian hurricane effects and, 60–66
food web theory and, 153–54
microevolution and, 308
remote archipelagoes and, 377
Lovejoy, T. E., 216, 220–21, 227
Macaronesia, 109–10
MacArthur, Robert, vii–xiv, 313
community ecology and, 452
density overcompensation and, 134–35
diversity and, 439
exploitation ecosystems hypothesis (EEH) and, 134
Krakatau and, 58
Skokholm Island and, 60
Solomon Islands study and, 243
species equilibrium and, 4–7
trophic regimes and, 133
turnover and, 125
Wilson and, 4–7
MacArthur-Wilson equilibrium model, 13
basic features of, 52–55
bibliography of, 82–84
citations of, 82–83
collaborative synthesis and, 20–22
conceptual domain of, 22–26
as crossed-curves model, 238
density-dependent population regulation and, 388
derivation of variance/mean limits and, 62–63
divergence and, 20, 27, 30–32, 40
dynamics of nature and, 15–16
dynamic theory extension of, 88–110
ecological interactions and, 16
ecological release and, 365
emergence and, 16
encyclopedia of patterns and, 14–15
evolution of, 22–25
expanded treatment of, 388–89
exploitation ecosystems hypothesis (EEH) and, 134–35
extinction and, xi–xiv, 6–7, 16–17, 20, 26–32, 38–41, 52–62, 65–76, 79, 81, 89, 91–92, 97–99, 105–8
feedback and, 30–31
food web theory and, 143, 175–76
fundamental process covariation and, 30
general dynamic theory (GDM) and, 91–110
general statement of, 26
habitat fragmentation and, 214–28
immigration and, 6–7, 16–17, 20, 26–41, 52–62, 65–79, 89–100, 105
impact of, 214–19
importance of islands and, 390
initial presentation of, 52–55
integrative approach to, 25–41
island size and, 73–82, 143–45 (see also island size)
isolation and, 14–15, 18, 22–42, 57, 74, 89
Lesser Antillean birds study and, 388–91, 394–95, 398, 400–402, 407–10
mathematical ecology and, 16–17
metapopulation dynamics and, 187–92, 198, 201, 206–9
microevolution and, 293–94, 307, 310
neutral theory and, 264–65, 268
primacy and, 27–30
radiation zones and, 89–93, 359, 389–90
remote archipelagoes and, 358, 362, 364–65, 375–76, 379
Solomon Islands study and, 237–38, 256
species-area relationship and, 73–82, 390, 415–16
species equilibrium evidence and, 55–66
stepping-stone islands and, 402
success of, 22–25
sympatric speciation and, 326, 328, 347
taxon cycle and, 2–4, 19, 21, 25
theoretical advances and, 16–17
trophic regimes and, 30, 35–37, 81, 143–47, 152, 157, 164, 173, 175–76
Macquarie Island, 126
macroevolution: central headquarters for, 1
feedback mechanisms and, 31
species-area relationship and, 416, 435 (see also species-area relationship)
mainland-island model, 445
Malaysia, 78
mangrove islands, 57, 66–67, 74–75, 162–63
Markov model, 81
Martinique, 404
Mascarenes, 242
Massachusetts, 58–59
mathematical ecology, 16–17
matrix effects, 222–23
Mauritius, 129
microevolution and, 239–94, 296
Solomon Islands study and, 237–58
sympatric speciation and, 326
Melitaea cinxia, 199–200
Melospiza melodia, 308
metacommunities, xiii, 146, 238
genetic models and, 445
metapopulation dynamics and, 192
predators and, 165–66
trophic regimes and, 163–70
Metapeira datona, 71
metapopulation dynamics: birds and, 203–4
carrying capacity and, 205
connectivity measurement and, 194–96
distribution-abundance relationship and, 204–5
equations for, 190, 192–93, 198
extinction and, 186–93, 196–205
Glanville fritillary butterfly and, 199–200
incidence functions and, 201–4
island model and, 187
island size and, 205
isolation and, 186, 189–97, 207–8, 445–46
Levins model and, 189–93, 206–9
MacArthur-Wilson equilibrium model and, 187–92, 198, 201, 206–9
microevolution and, 187
null models and, 193
patch occupancy models and, 194–99
population concept and, 186
single-species model and, 187–88
spatially realistic models for, 192–93, 196–99
species-area relationship and, 197, 201–5, 208–9
Metzygia bahama, 61
Mexico, 69
microevolution: allelic diversity and, 294–96, 301–7, 315
bird colonization and, 293–315
body size and, 308–14
feedback mechanisms and, 31
heterozygosity and, 301–7
immigration and, 294–95, 303–5
insular distributions and, 25
integrative theory and, 31, 39
MacArthur-Wilson equilibrium model and, 293–94, 307, 310
macroevolution and, 31
metapopulations and, 187
Microgoura meeki, 240
Micronesia, 81
Microtus pennsylvanicus, 151
minks, 152
Mona, 422
multi-island endemics (MIEs), 104
Munroe, Eugene Gordon, 17–19, 24
mutations: extinction and, 447
fixation models and, 447–50
genetic models and, 440, 443–52
Myiagra species, 252
Natrix tessellata, 307
natural selection, 433
body size and, 310–14
MacArthur-Wilson equilibrium model and, 4, 13, 22, 30
microevolution and, 293–315
remote archipelagoes and, 364–65
sympatric speciation and, 350
trophic regimes and, 137
Navassa, 422
Nebraska, 174
Neotropical Cocos Island, 69–70
Nesasio solomonensis, 241
nesiophilia, 4
Nesoclopeus woodford, 241
Nesopiza buntings, 328–33, 348
neutral theory: Amazon and, 267, 288
Barro Colorado Island (BCI) study and, 264, 268–69, 273–88
climate and, 272–79
density dependence and, 280–88
dispersal limitation and, 269, 279–80
diversity and, 444–45
dynamic testing of, 284–87
ecological equivalence and, 269, 272
extinction and, 264–68, 272, 284–87
immigration and, 264–68, 285–87
MacArthur-Wilson equilibrium model and, 264–65, 268
mechanistic versions of, 284–87
niche assembly theory and, 264, 269, 272–79, 288
null expectation and, 275–76
R* competition theory and, 272–79
New Caledonia, 2–4
New Guinea, 2–4, 135, 238n1, 423, 443–46
Newton, Isaac, vii
bird populations and, 59–60
exploitation ecosystems hypothesis (EEH) and, 135
founder events and, 296–306
introduced species and, 150
parapatric speciation and, 350
plants and, 395–96
sympatric speciation and, 350
Zosterops species and, 296–306
niche assembly theory: Lesser Antillean birds study and, 400–2
neutral theory and, 264–66, 269, 272–79, 288
null expectation and, 275–76
progression rule and, 362–63
R* competition theory and, 272–79
remote archipelagoes and, 276, 362–64, 376
uptake rates and, 272–79
null models, 155, 193, 237, 246, 275–76, 309
nutrients. See niche assembly theory
Ochotonia princeps, 76
Öland Island, 327
One Tree Island, 70
On the Origin of Species (Darwin), ix, 83–84
Oreochromis mossambica, 240
overdispersion, 363–64
Oxyura leucocephala, 240
Pachycephala taxa, 244, 250–54, 258
Panama, 277–78
Panama Canal, 70
Panorama Island, 124
Paradise, 15
paradox of enrichment, 155–56
parapatric speciation, 350–52
habitat fragmentation and, 221, 227
remote archipelagoes and, 364
Solomon Islands study and, 259
sympatric speciation and, 349
trophic regimes and, 160–62, 166–68, 172–75
patch occupancy models: metapopulation dynamics and, 194–99
trophic regimes and, 164–68
Petroica australis australis, 306
Petroica traversi, 306
Philippines, 126
pikas, 76
plant hoppers, 168, 366–67, 374
plants, 389
arthropods and, 116–20
Bahamas and, 60
correlates of extinction proneness and, 223–24
density dependence and, 280–88
elephants and, 136
exploitation ecosystems hypothesis (EEH) and, 117–38
food web theory and, 145–75
Galápagos and, 429–30
howler monkeys and, 120–21, 123
hutias and, 130–32
incidence function and, 156–57
introduced herbivores and, 116–20
Janzen-Connell effect and, 280–83
Krakatau and, 58
leaf-cutter ants and, 120–24
megaherbivores and, 135–36
neutral theory and, 264–88
niche assembly theory and, 264, 269, 272–79, 288
noninteractive model and, 147, 149, 152–54
progression rule and, 362–63
remote archipelagoes and, 361–64, 374
Solomon Islands study and, 241–42
sympatric speciation and, 332
tortoises and, 116–17, 120, 126, 129, 132, 136. See also trophic regimes
Pleistocene epoch, 34, 42, 400
general dynamic theory and, 90, 93
Solomon Islands study and, 241, 245–46, 258
trophic regimes and, 104, 109–10, 136
carrying capacity of islands and, 94, 99, 123, 205, 286
checkerboard distributions and, 135
climate and, 16
colonization and, 54–55, 388 (see also colonization)
community ecology and, 442–43, 450–57
density dependence and, 280–88
density-dependent regulation and, 388
density overcompensation and, 134–35
dispersal propensity and, 254
distance/area relations and, 73–82
diversity and, 439–57 (see also diversity)
exploitation ecosystems hypothesis (EEH) and, 117–38
extinction and, 388 (see also extinction)
general dynamic theory (GDM) and, 91–110
genetic drift and, 293–310, 314–15
habitat fragmentation and, 189, 214–28
hybridization and, 327, 331, 333–37, 341–48
immigration and, 89–90 (see also immigration)
incidence function and, 156–57
introduced species and, 38, 116, 126, 132–33, 150–52, 170, 240–42, 256, 296, 304–6, 314, 332, 376, 399–401, 449–50
island model and, 187
island size and, 73–82 (see also island size)
isolation and, 7, 13 (see also isolation)
Lesser Antillean birds study and, 388–410
metapopulation dynamics and, 186–209
mutations and, 293, 303, 440, 443–52
neutral theory and, 264–88
new variants and, 446–50
niche assembly theory and, 264–66, 269, 272–79, 288, 376
patch occupancy models and, 164–68, 195–99
persistence curves and, 71
radiation zones and, 1–4, 89–93, 359, 389–90
rescue effect and, 255
Solomon Islands study and, 237–59
supersaturation and, 216
sympatric speciation and, 326–52
target effect and, 75–76
taxon cycle and, 2–4
trophic regimes and, 156–57 (see also trophic regimes)
possums, 306
predators, viii
cyclic assembly process and, 170–72
density dependence and, 280–83
exploitation ecosystems hypothesis (EEH) and, 117–38
extinction and, 153 (see also extinction)
food web theory and, 145–75
habit fragmentation and, 227
interaction modifications and, 168–69
MacArthur-Wilson equilibrium model and, 31, 40
metacommunities and, 165–66
microevolution and, 314
neutral theory and, 264–68, 281
noninteractive model and, 147, 149, 152–54
obligate generalism and, 159
paradox of enrichment and, 155–56
parasites and, 160–62, 166–68, 172–75
patch occupancy models and, 166–68
Solomon Islands study and, 253
species richness and, 158–63
stacked specialist food chain models and, 157–58
transient, 169–70
trophic levels and, 129, 135, 146–54, 164–75
Preston, F. W., 15, 216, 390–91
primacy traits, 27–30
Prokelisia crocea, 168
proportion of single-island endemic (pSPIE) species, 99, 101–5
Ptilinopus [purpuratus], 244
radiation zones, 1–4, 89–93, 359, 389–90
rats, 126, 130, 240–41, 256, 332
R* competition theory: false assumptions of, 276–77
neutral theory and, 272–79
null expectation and, 275–76
red crab, 127–29
Rennell Islands, 240
resource-ratio theory: neutral theory and, 272–79
null expectation and, 275–76
Reunion, 129
rhinocerotids, 1
Rhizophora mangle, 57
Rodriguez Island, 129
St. Croix, 422
St. Lawrence River, 150
St. Lucia, 404–5
St. Vincent, 398
Santa Cruz Island, 238n1
avian body size and, 345–46
allele frequency results and, 346–47
disruptive selection and, 348
sympatric speciation and, 333–38, 342–47
Scorzonera humilis, 172
sheep, 306
silver-spotted skipper butterfly, 195–96
Silvertown, J. M., 107, 277, 362
Simpson, G. G., 2, 17, 19, 365
single-island endemic (SIE) species, 99, 101–5
Skokholm Island, 60
SLOSS (single large or several small) protected areas, xiv, 217, 219
sloths, 308
smut fungus, 172
snakes, 307
Society Island, 363
Solomon Islands study, 401
Accipiter and, 247–48, 251, 253
assembly rules and, 238, 243–53
checkerboard distributions and, 243–59
competition and, 237–40, 243, 247–56
Diamond and, 237–59
dispersal propensity and, 254
equilibrium theory and, 237–43, 249, 253–59
extinction and, 237–42, 248–49, 253–59
five island groups of, 244–45
introduced species and, 240–42, 256
isolation and, 237, 250–51, 254–55, 258
MacArthur-Wilson equilibrium model and, 237
Mayr and, 237–58
Myiagra and, 252
outlier groups and, 245–46
Pachycephala and, 244, 250–54, 258
phenomenological model for, 239–40
rescue effect and, 255
Rhipidura and, 251
supertramps and, 244–47, 251, 253
taxon cycle and, 237–38, 243, 251–59
trial-swap method and, 246
Zosterops and, 248–49, 254, 257, 258
Sorex cinereus, 195
soybean fields, 65–66
species, xiii
allopatric, 94, 326–27, 330–31, 347–50
climate change and, 1 (see also climate)
community assembly and, 370–79
density dependence and, 280–88
distance/area relations and, 73–82
distribution-abundance relationship and, 204–5
equilibrium and, 4–7, 55–66 (see also equilibrium)
genetic drift and, 293–96, 307–10, 314–15
integrative theory and, 25–41
introduced, 38, 116, 126 (see also introduced species)
island size and, 73–82 (see also island size)
Janzen-Connell effect and, 280–83
MacArthur-Wilson equilibrium model and, 52–84 (see also MacArthur-Wilson equilibrium model)
metapopulation dynamics and, 186–209
mutations and, 293, 303, 440, 443–52
neutral theory and, 264–88
niche assembly theory and, 264–66, 269, 376
patch occupancy models and, 164–68, 195–99
primacy traits and, 29–30
radiation zones and, 1–4, 89–93, 359, 389–90
single-island endemic (SIE) species and, 99, 101–5
spillover and, 145
supertramps and, 244–47, 251, 253
target effect and, 75–76
trophic regimes and, 143–76 (see also trophic regimes)
species-area relationship: Anolis lizards and, 419–26
bulimulid land snails and, 426–35
determinants of, 424–26
distribution abundance and, 204–5
equilibrium and, 66
extinction and, 392–94
general dynamic theory (GDM) and, 103
Greater Antilles and, 422–24
habitat fragmentation and, 217, 219
incidence function and, 201–4
isolation and, 15, 416, 419, 423, 426, 433–36
lack of theoretical foundation for, 390
land-bridge islands and, 2, 90, 224, 245, 389, 420–22
Lesser Antillean birds study and, 390–94
MacArthur-Wilson equilibrium model and, 73–82, 390, 415–16
metapopulation dynamics and, 197, 201–5, 208–9
phylogenetic examination and, 416–19
Preston’s lognormal curve and, 390–91
remote archipelagoes and, 375
Solomon Islands study and, 259
species-distance and, 73–82
time factors and, 434–35
trophic regimes and, 143, 149–54, 157, 160–62, 174
species-by-species theory, 54
species relaxation, 216
species richness (SR): colonization dynamics and, 388–94, 401
general dynamic theory and, 88–102
genetic models and, 443–46; 453
habitat fragmentation and, 217
MacArthur-Wilson equilibrium model and, 4, 13, 17, 22–32, 37
neutral theory and, 264–66, 273–74, 277, 283
remote archipelagoes and, 374
Solomon Islands study and, 246
species-area relationship and, 415–22, 426–35
trophic regimes and, 134, 147–60, 168–69
spiders: Bahamian hurricane effects and, 60–66
Hawaii and, 434–35
Krakatau and, 61
remote archipelagoes and, 360–63, 370, 374, 377
turnover and, 70–71
stacked specialist food chain models, 157–58
Staniel Cay, 81
stepping-stone islands, 402–5
Sumatra, 40
sunfish, 306
sympatric speciation: allopatric speciation and, 326–27, 330–31, 347–50
Daphne Major Island and, 339–42
Darwin’s finches and, 330–49
double-invasion explanation and, 329–30
hybridization and, 327, 331, 333–37, 341–48
isolation and, 326–28, 340, 346–51
MacArthur-Wilson equilibrium model and, 326, 328, 347
mechanisms for, 347–48
parapatric speciation and, 350–52
past process models and, 326–27
Santa Cruz Island and, 333–38, 342–47
Tristan buntings and, 327, 329–33, 348
waiting time and, 331–32
Tasmanian silvereye, 296–306
taxon cycle: general dynamic theory and, 88
Lesser Antillean birds study and, 394, 408
MacArthur-Wilson equilibrium model and, 2–4, 19, 21, 25
remote archipelagoes and, 359
Solomon Islands study and, 237–38, 243, 251–59
Ten Thousand Islands, 7
Tetragantha, 360
Theory of Island Biogeography (MacArthur and Wilson), vii–xiii, 7
sympatric speciation and, 326
trophic regimes and, 143, 173, 175–76
Thipidura species, 251
Thousand Island Region, 150
thrifty genotypes and, 37
tortoises: Aldabra Atoll and, 129
exploitation ecosystems hypothesis (EEH) and, 116–17, 120, 126, 129, 132, 136
trees: density dependence and, 280–88
Janzen-Connell effect and, 280–83
neutral theory and, 264–88
niche assembly theory and, 264, 269, 272–79, 288
Tres Marías Islands, 69
trial-swap method, 246
Tristan da Cunha, 126, 327, 329–33, 348
trophic regimes, xiii
allopatric species and, 94
body size and, 310–14
bottom-up/top-down effects and, 119, 137–38, 145–47, 150–57, 163–68
checkerboard distributions and, 135
Christmas Island and, 127–29
East Plana Cay and, 126, 130–35
edge effects and, 174
exploitation ecosystems hypothesis (EEH) and, 117–38
extinction and, 126, 130–31, 136, 143–75
food web theory and, 145–75
future study directions for, 168–73
habitat fragmentation and, 217
immigration and, 148–50, 156–60, 163
incidence function and, 156–57
introduced species and, 116, 126, 132–33, 150–52, 170
island biogeography theory and, 143–45
island size and, 143–75
Lago Guri and, 119–26, 129, 133–34
MacArthur-Wilson equilibrium model and, 30, 35–37, 81, 143–47, 152, 157, 164, 173, 175–76
model generality for, 157–63
niche assembly theory and, 264, 269, 272–79, 288
obligate generalism and, 159
paradox of enrichment and, 155–56
parasites and, 160–62, 166–68, 172–75
patch occupancy models and, 164–68
predation and, 129, 135, 146–54, 164–75
primary type-II islands and, 126–38
R* competition theory and, 272–79
species-area relationship and, 143, 149–54, 157, 160–62, 174
stacked specialist food chain models and, 157–58
trophic status as predictor variable and, 147–50
winner by default and, 124
arthropods and, 66–67
birds and, 67–70
conclusions about, 71–73
equation for, 66–68
evidence for, 66–73
exploitation ecosystems hypothesis (EEH) and, 117–38
habitat fragmentation and, 216–17, 227
metapopulation dynamics and, 196, 199
Solomon Islands and, 237–49, 255–57
spiders and, 70–71
Ustilago scorzonerae, 172
Vanuatu, 2–4
Venezuela, 70
exploitation ecosystems hypothesis (EEH) and, 119–26
Lago Guri and, 119–26, 129, 133–34
land snails and, 426
climate and, 93–94
extinction and, 53–58, 65–76, 79, 81, 89, 91–92, 97–99, 105–8
general dynamic theory (GDM) and, 91–110
isolation and, 89–90, 93–94, 97–100, 104–5
limited life span implications and, 90–91
single-island endemic (SIE) species and, 99, 101–5
Vonvulvulus, 110
Wallace, Alfred Russel, 13–15, 17, 22, 29, 90
Wax Cay, 131
Wegener, A., 24
Anolis lizards and, 416, 419–26
Bahamas and, 60–66, 70–71, 126, 130–33, 135, 419–20
Greater Antilles and, 399–403, 408, 419, 422–26, 428n2
Lesser Antillean birds study and, 257, 388–410
trophic regimes and, 126
Wilson, Edward O., vii–xiv, 31, 36, 217, 237, 254
Aegean Sea islands and, 58
biogeography of the species concept and, 1–12, 19–20, 23
Brookhaven paper of, 54
diversity and, 439
epiphany of, 20
exploitation ecosystems hypothesis (EEH) and, 134
feedback mechanisms and, 407
insect studies and, 4–11, 394, 406
Krakatau and, 58
MacArthur and, 4–7
mangrove islands and, 162–63
niche assembly theory and, 400–401
remote archipelagoes and, 374, 379
Skokholm Island and, 60
species equilibrium and, 4–7
trophic regimes and, 166
turnover and, 125
yellowcrazy ant, 127–29