Introduction
1. www.westonaprice.org/about-us/dr-weston-a-price-movietone.
2. www.westonaprice.org/the-paleo-diet-by-loren-cordain, accessed September 27, 2017.
3. www.westonaprice.org/the-paleo-solution-by-robb-wolf, accessed September 27, 2017.
4. W. W. Newcomb Jr., The Indians of Texas, University of Texas Press, 1961.
5. Weston A. Price, Nutrition and Physical Degeneration (San Diego: The Price-Pottenger Nutrition Foundation, 1945), 161–162.
Chapter 1: Australian Aborigines
1. www.nt.gov.au/health/healthdev/health_promotion/bushbook/volume2/chap3/before.html, accessed February 14, 2017.
2. T. L. Mitchell, Three Expeditions into the Interior of Eastern Australia (London: T and W Boone, 1839), 90.
3. Bill Gammage, The Biggest Estate on Earth: How Aborigines Made Australia (Sydney, Australia: Allen & Unwin, 2011).
4. Ibid., 151.
5. Ibid., 151.
6. John McKinlay, McKinlay’s Journal of Exploration in the Interior of Australia (Burke Relief Expedition) (Melbourne, F.F. Bailliere 1862), 50.
7. Mitchell, 90.
8. Charles Sturt, Narrative of an Expedition into Central Australia (T and W Boone, 1849), 69.
9. H. L. Roth, “On the Origin of Agriculture,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland (1886): 132.
10. Gammage, 292–293.
11. Ibid., 294.
12. A. C. Ashwin, From Australia to Port Darwin with sheep and horses in 1871 (Royal Geographic Society of Australia [SA], 1932), 5.
13. Bruce Pascoe, Dark Emu, Black Seeds: Agriculture or Accident? (Broome, Australia: Magabala Books Aboriginal Corporation, 2014), 29.
14. Ibid., 29.
15. Ibid., 30.
16. Ibid., 44.
17. G. A. Robinson, The Journals of George Augustus Robinson, vol. 4 (1841), 207.
18. R. Gerritsen, Australia and the Origins of Agriculture (Oxford: Archaeopress, 2008), 84.
19. Pascoe, 36.
20. R. G. Kimber, “Resource Use and Management in Central Australia,” Australian Aboriginal Studies, no. 2 (1984): 19.
21. Pascoe, 39.
22. Ibid., 44.
23. Ibid., 52.
24. Ibid., 52.
25. Ibid., 47.
26. Jolanda Nayutah and Gail Finlay, Minjungbal: The Aborigines and Islanders of the Tweed Valley, (Lismore, Australia: North Coast Institute for Aboriginal Community Education, 1988).
27. B. Gott, “Aboriginal Fire Management in S.E. Australia: Aims and Frequency,” Journal of Biogeography, no. 32 (2005): 1204.
28. Mitchell, vol. 2, 211–212.
29. D. Frankel, “An Account of Aboriginal Use of the Yam Daisy,” The Artefact, vol. 7 (June 1982): 43–45.
30. Ibid.
31. Pascoe, 44.
32. Ibid., 33.
33. Gerritsen, 2008, 50.
34. Mitchell, 1939, vol. 2, 61.
35. J. Kirby, Old Times in the Bush of Australia: Trials and Experiences of Early Bush Life in Victoria: During the Forties (Victoria, Australia: G. Robertson and Company, 1897), 28.
36. Nayutah and Finlay.
37. Pat and Sim Symons, Bush Heritage (Queensland: Pat and Sim Symons, 1994).
38. Ibid.
39. Glen Leiper, Mutooroo Plant Use by Australian Aboriginal People (Eagleby, Australia: Eagleby South State School, 1984).
40. Symons.
41. Leiper.
42. www.burkeandwills.net.au/Journals/Wills_Journals/Wills_Journal_June_1861.htm, accessed February 20, 2017.
43. P. K. Latz, Bushfires and Bushtucker: Aboriginal Plant Use in Central Australia (Alice Springs, Australia: IAD Press, 1995).
44. Symons.
45. Ibid.
46. Leiper.
47. Symons.
48. Leiper.
49. Symons.
50. Leiper.
51. Nayutah and Finlay.
52. Symons.
53. Leiper.
54. Symons.
55. Ibid.
56. Leiper.
57. Symons.
58. Leiper.
59. Pascoe, 45.
60. Ibid., 106.
61. Leiper.
62. Janette Brand Miller, Tables of Composition of Australian Aboriginal Foods (Canberra, Australia: Aboriginal Studies Press, 1993).
63. Ibid.
64. Leiper.
65. Symons.
66. I. M. Crawford, Traditional Aboriginal Plant Resources in the Kalumburu Area: Aspects in Ethno-economics (Perth: Western Australian Museum, 1982).
67. Leiper.
68. W. J. Peasley, The Last of the Nomads (Western Australia: Fremantle Press, 1983), 145.
69. Symons.
70. W. Jackson, The Australian Captive (Cincinnati: Henry W. Derby, 1853).
71. The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser, December 23, 1804.
72. Symons.
73. Ibid.
74. Mitchell 1839, vol. 2, 153.
75. Pascoe, 42.
76. Ibid., 42.
77. M. Archer, “Confronting Crises in Conservation”; D. Luney and C. Kickman (eds.), A Zoological Revolution: Using Native Fauna to Assist in Its Own Survival (Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales and the Australian Museum, 2002), 20.
78. Leiper.
79. Personal communication, Philip Higson.
80. Gammage, 282.
81. Symons.
82. Leiper.
83. J. M. Naughton et al, “Animal Foods in Traditional Australian Aboriginal Diets: Polyunsaturated and Low in Fat,” Lipids, no. 21 (November 1986): 684–690.
84. Personal communication, Leon Abrams, MA.
85. Latz.
86. Symons.
87. Latz.
88. M. Young, The Aboriginal People of the Monaro, 2nd ed. (New South Wales: Department of Environment and Conservation, 2005), 246.
89. P. M. Rouja et al, “Fat, Fishing Patterns, and Health Among the Bardi People of North Western Australia,” Lipids, no. 38 (2003): 399–405.
90. Gammage, 282.
91. B. Wright, “The Fish Traps of Brewarrina,” Aboriginal Health Conference, NSW, September 1983, 89; Pascoe, 54.
92. Sturt, 68.
93. Price, 168.
94. Kirby 1897, 35–36.
95. Pascoe, 57.
96. Ibid., 56.
97. Ibid., 57.
98. Ibid., 96–97.
99. Ibid., 76.
100. W. V. MacFarlane, “Aboriginal Desert Hunter/Gatherers in Transition,” The Nutrition of Aborigines in Relation to the Ecosystem of Central Australia, CSIRO, Melbourne, 1978.
101. Latz.
102. Ibid.
103. Pascoe, 68.
104. I. Walters, “Some Observations on the Material Culture of Aboriginal Fishing in the Moreton Bay Area: Implications for Archaelolgy,” Queensland Archaeological Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, vol. 2 (1985): 51.
105. Pascoe, 142–143.
106. T. Watkin, 1788: Comprising A Narrative of the Expedition to Botany Bay and A Complete Account of the Settlement at Port Jackson (Melbourne, Australia: Text Publishing, 2009), 65.
107. Pascoe, 82
108. Gammage, 2.
109. Latz.
110. Gammage, 9.
111. E. Hassell, “Notes on the Ethnology of the Wheelman Tribe of Southwestern Australia,” Anthropos no. 31 (1936): 698–700.
112. W. J. Peasley, The Last of the Nomads (North Freemantle, Australia: Freemantle Press, 1983), 127.
113. Latz.
114. Symons.
115. L. Head, “Landscapes Socialized by Fire,” Arch in Oceania no. 29 (1994): 172–181.
116. Pascoe, 116–117.
117. T. G. H. Strehlow, Aranda Traditions (Melbourne, 1947), 30–31.
118. Gammage, 131.
119. Pascoe, 80.
120. Grey, 2009, 6–7.
121. Sturt, 1833, vol. 1, 22, in Pascoe, 79.
122. Pascoe, 92.
123. Ibid., 97.
124. Ibid., 96–97.
125. Sturt, 1849, 111.
126. Price, 193.
127. Arnold de Vries, Primitive Man and His Food (Chandler Book Co., 1952), 69.
128. Ibid., 72.
129. Price.
130. W. Buckley, The Life and Adventures of William Buckley. 1852 (Melbourne: The Text Publishing Company, 2002), 70.
131. MacFarlane.
132. Price.
133. Richard Guilliatt, “Out of Nowhere.” The Weekend Australian Magazine, October 25–26, 2014, 12–16.
134. Anangu Way (Alice Springs, Australia: Nganampa Health Council, Inc., 1991).
Chapter 2: Native Americans
1. S. Boyd Eaton, MD, with Marjorie Shostak and Melvin Konner, MD, PhD, The Paleolithic Prescription: A Program of Diet & Exercise and a Design for Living (Harper & Row); Loren Cordain, PhD, and S. Boyd Eaton, MD, “Evolutionary Aspects of Diet: Old Genes, New Fuels. Nutritional Changes Since Agriculture,” World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics (1997): 81.
2. Jean Carper, USA Weekend.
3. Elizabeth Somer, MA, RD, “Stone Age Diet,” SHAPE, October 1998.
4. http://thepaleodiet.com/what-to-eat-on-the-paleo-diet-paul-vandyken, accessed March 24, 2017.
5. http://robbwolf.com/what-is-the-paleo-diet, accessed March 17, 2017.
6. Price, 73–102.
7. Price.
8. Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca, The Narrative of Cabeza de Vaca, Rolena Adorno and Patrick Charles Pautz, eds. (University of Nebraska Press, 2003), 68.
9. Ibid., 107.
10. Fray Gaspar Jose de Solis, Diary of a Visit of Inspection of the Texas Missions Made by Fray Gaspar Jose de Solis in the Year 1767–1768, trans. Margaret K. Kress, Southwestern Historical Quarterly, vol. 35, 44.
11. Samuel Hearne, A Journey from Prince of Wales’s Fort in Hudson’s Bay to the Northern Ocean in the Years 1769, 1770, 1771, 1772; New Edition with Introduction, Notes and Illustrations (Hard Press, 2016), 407.
12. Arnold De Vries, Primitive Man and His Food, Chandler Book Company, Chicago, Illinois, 1952, 19.
13. Ibid., 20.
14. Ibid., 20.
15. Ibid., 20.
16. Ibid., 21.
17. www.online-literature.com/darwin/voyage_beagle/10, accessed March 24, 2017.
18. Price, 243.
19. De Vries, 19.
20. Ibid., 19.
21. Cabeza de Vaca, 121–122.
22. Ibid., 136.
23. Ibid., 137.
24. Ibid., 151.
25. Ibid., 148–149.
26. Newcomb, 139.
27. Ibid., 164.
28. Eaton, 80.
29. USDA data, prepared by John L. Weihrauch with technical assistance of Julianne Borton and Theresa Sampagna.
30. Vilhjalmur Stefansson, The Fat of the Land (MacMillan Company, 1956), 138.
31. Frances Densmore, “Chippewa Customs,” Bureau of American Ethnology, bulletin 86, 43.
32. Steffanson, 30–31.
33. Hearne, 152.
34. Ibid., 119.
35. Ibid., 129.
36. Ibid., 129.
37. Ibid., 130.
38. J. H. Howard, “Yanktonai Ethnohistory and the John K. Bear Winter Count,” Plains Anthropologist Memoire no. 11, vol. 21–73, part 2 (1816).
39. Hearne, 199.
40. Ibid., 354.
41. Ibid., 207.
42. Ibid., 380.
43. Ibid., 325.
44. Ibid., 209
45. Ibid., 425.
46. Ibid., 466.
47. Ibid., 111.
48. Ibid., 116.
49. Ibid., 378.
50. Ibid., 404.
51. Ibid., 381.
52. Ibid., 380.
53. Ibid., 273.
54. Ibid., 256.
55. Ibid., 214. Arnold De Vries, Primitive Man and His Food, Chandler Book Company, Chicago, Illinois, 1952, 19.
56. Ibid., 385.
57. Beverly Hungry Wolf, The Ways of My Grandmother, reprint edition (New York: William Morrow Paperbacks, 1998), 183–189.
58. John Fire Lame Deer and Richard Erdoes, Lame Deer Seeker of Visions (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1972), 122.
59. Stefansson, 27.
60. Hungry Wolf.
61. Ibid.
62. William Byrd, The Dividing Line Histories of William Byrde II of Westover, ed. Kevin Joel Berland, (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2013), 176–177.
63. Inez Hilger, “Chippewa Child Life,” Bureau of American Ethnology, bulletin 146, 96.
64. Byrd, 176–177.
65. Price, 264.
66. Ibid., 75.
67. Mary Ulmer and Samuel E. Beck, Cherokee Cooklore (Museum of the Cherokee Indian, 1951).
68. William Campbell Douglass, MD, The Milk Book (Second Opinion Publishing, 1994), 215.
69. www.worldcat.org/title/gastronomia-prehispanica-en-mexico-pre-hispanic-gastronomy-in-mexico-la-gastronomie-prehispanique-au-mexique-prakolumbinische-gastronomie-in-mexiko/oclc/254028251, accessed March 17, 2017.
70. C. W. Hesseltine and H. L. Wang, Indigenous Fermented Food of Non-Western Origin (Berlin/Stuttgart: J Cramer, 1986), ch. 18.
71. Newcomb, 116.
72. History, Condition & Prospects of the Indian Tribes of the United States, Collected & Prepared under the Direction of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, vol. 4 (1852): 157.
73. Newcomb, 294.
74. History, Condition & Prospects of the Indian Tribes of the United States, Collected & Prepared under the Direction of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, vol. 2 (1852): 64, 176.
75. Hearne, 380.
76. Ibid., 386
77. Personal communication with Florence Shipek, expert on the Californian coastal Indians.
78. History, Condition & Prospects of the Indian Tribes of the United States, Collected & Prepared under the Direction of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, vol. 6 (1852), 83.
79. Ulmer and Beck.
80. Hearne, 379.
81. Densmore, 39.
82. “Wildman” Steve Brill with Evelyn Dean, Identifying and Harvesting Edible and Medicinal Plants (New York: Hearst Books 1994), 220.
83. Personal communication with Florence Shipek.
84. Ulmer and Beck.
85. Garcilaso de la Vega, The Florida of the Inca (University of Texas Press, 1951), 421.
86. I. W. Brown, “Salt and the Eastern North American Indian: An Archeological Study. Lower Mississippi Survey,” bulletin No. 6, Peabody Museum, Harvard University, 1980.
87. P. M. Kraemer, “New Mexico’s Ancient Salt Trade,” www.elpalacio.org/articles/winter12/salttrade-v82-no1.pdf, accessed June 21, 2017.
88. David Perlman, “Stone Basins May Be Miwok Salt ‘Factory,’” www.sfgate.com/news/article/Stone-basins-may-be-Miwok-salt-factory-3277185.php, accessed June 21, 2017.
89. Pascoe, 61.
90. Charles C. Mann, 1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus, 2nd ed. (Vintage Books, 2011), 367–369.
91. Hearne, 333.
92. Ibid., 479.
93. M. Kat Anderson, Tending the Wild: Native American Knowledge and the Management of California’s Natural Resources, reprint ed. (University of California Press, 2013).
Chapter 3: The Far North
1. Price, 59–72.
2. De Vries, 29.
3. Ibid., 31.
4. Ibid., 31.
5. Price, 65.
6. H. Brody, Living Arctic: Hunters of the Canadian North (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1987), 55.
7. A. Hoygaard, Studies on the Nutrition and Physio-Pathology of Eskimos (Oslo, 1940), 21.
8. Ibid., 20.
9. Ibid., 23.
10. Ibid., 24.
11. Ibid., 26.
12. V. Stefansson, “Adventures in Diet,” Harper’s Monthly Magazine, November 1935.
13. Anore Jones, Qualuich Niginaqtuat, Fish That We Eat, Report for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Office of Subsistence Management, Fisheries Resource Monitoring Program (2006), 67.
14. www.foodista.com/blog/2012/02/15/stinky-foods-10-weird-facts-about-kiviak, accessed April 4, 2017.
15. http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2006/01/arctic-hunters/ehrlich-text, accessed April 4, 2017.
16. Høygaard, 20.
17. P. Gadsby and L. Steel, “The Inuit Paradox,” Discover Magazine, October 2004.
18. S. M. Budge et al, “Blubber fatty acid composition of bowhead whales, Balaena mysticetus; Implications for diet assessment and ecosystem monitoring,” Journal of Experimental Marie Biology and Ecology, no. 359 (2008): 40–46; U. Strandberg et al, “Vertical fatty acid profiles in blubber of a freshwater ringed seal—Comparison to a marine relative,” Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, October 2011;407(2): 256–265.
19. E. Mikkelsen and P. Sveistrup, “The East Greenlanders’ possibilities of existence, their production and consumption,” Meddelelser om Gronland, 1944, 134(2):245.
20. W. Bogoras, “The Chukchee: Material culture. Memoires of the American Museum of Natural History” in The Jesup North Pacific Expedition, vol. III, part 1 (1904), 200.
21. J. Murdoch, “On Some Popular Errors in Regard to the Eskimos,” The American Naturalist, vol. 21, no. 1 (January 1887), 9–16.
22. Brody, 56–57.
23. Paal Røiri, Eskimo-kostholdets betydning for dødeligheten av hjerteog karsykdommer Hvilken betydning har det store inntaket av protein og mettet fett, langkjedete omega-3 fettsyrer samt det ubetydelige inntaket av karbohydrater? En dokumentasjon av at gjeldende norske kostholds-retningslinjer ikke er i pakt med foreliggende forskningsresultater, og bør revideres. Fremlagt for Institutt for Ernæringsforskning, Medisinsk fakultet, Universitetet i Oslo, den 30. Oktober 2002.
24. Ibid.
25. K. J. Ho et al, “Alaskan Arctic Eskimo: responses to a customary high fat diet,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 25 (August 1972), 737–745.
26. Ibid., 738.
27. Anore Jones, Nauriat Niginaqtuat, Plants that We Eat, Indian Health Service Contract Number 243-79-0220, 1983, 127–129.
28. Høygaard, 124–126; P. Heinbecker, “Studies on the Metabolism of Eskimos,” Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. LXXX, no. 2, 461–475.
29. Jones, 57c.
30. Høygaard, 23.
31. Jones.
32. Stefansson, “Adventures in Diet.”
33. A. Bertelsen, “Animalske antiscorbulica I gronland,” Hospitalstidende 1911 (54): 537–545.
34. J. R. Geraci and T. G. Smith, “Vitamin C in the Diet of Inuit Hunters from Holman, Northwest Territories,” Arctic, June 1979; 32(2): 137.
35. Høygaard, 44.
36. Gerarci and Smith.
37. Stefansson, “Optimal Eating,” November 1935, http://idoportal.blogspot.com/2008/06/optimal-eating-vilhjalmur-stefansson.html, accessed January 27, 2018.
38. https://prezi.com/etcsjdsjwxsl/seal-blood-inuit-blood-and-diet-a-biocultural-model-of-ph, accessed April 9, 2017.
39. www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/sodium-na-in-blood#1, accessed April 9, 2017.
40. Høygaard, 20.
41. Ibid., 24.
42. Gatsby and Steel.
43. J. G. Fodor et al, “‘Fishing’ for the Origins of the ‘Eskimos and Heart Disease’ Story: Facts or Wishful Thinking?” Canadian Journal of Cardiology, vol. 30, issue 8 (August 2014): 864–868; A. Høygaard, “Studies on the nutrition and physio-pathology of Eskimos,” Norsk. Viden-skaps-Akad. Skr. Mat. Naturv, 1941.
44. Høygaard, 70.
45. E. R. Pinckney and C. Pinckney, The potential toxicity of excessive polyunsaturates. American Heart Journal June 1973;85(6): 723–736.
46. Høygaard, 76.
47. Ibid.
48. http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/ethnic-foods/9974/2, accessed April 4, 2017.
49. E. F. Foulks, “The Transformation of Arctic Hysteria,” in The Culture-Bound Syndromes: Folk Illnesses of Psychiatric and Anthropological Interest, R. C. Simons and C. C. Hughes, eds. (D. Reidel Publishing Company, 1985), 310.
50. D. Landy, “Pibloktoq (Hysteria) and Inuit Nutrition: Possible Implication of Hypervitaminosis A,” Soc Sci Med, 1985;21(2): 173–185.
51. Høygaard, 29.
52. Foulks.
53. J. Banhuus-Jessen, “Arctic Nervous Diseases,” Veterinary Journal 1935;91: 339–350, 379–390.
54. A. F. C. Wallace and R. E. Ackerman, “An Interdisciplinary Approach to Mental Disorder among the Polar Eskimos of Northwest Greenland,” Anthropologica, New Series, vol. 2, no. 2 (1960): 249–260.
55. A. F. C. Wallace, “An Interdisciplinary Approach to Mental Disorder Among the Polar Eskimo of Northwest Greenland,” Anthropologica 1960;11(2): 1–12.
56. Høygaard, 78.
57. Ibid.
58. J. Robert-Lamblin, “Meat: the Staple Diet for Arctic Peoples,” Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, France, 1993.
59. P. Helmes, “Changes in disease and food patterns in Angmagssalik,” Circumpolar Health 81: Nordic Council for Arctic Medical Research 1998;33: 243–251.
Chapter 4: The South Seas
1. Price, Nutrition and Physical Degeneration, 103–128.
2. D. L. Oliver, Ancient Tahitian Society, vol. I (University Press of Hawaii, 1974), 287.
3. Price, 109.
4. Personal communication with Kay Baxter.
5. Ibid.
6. J. C. Beaglehole, ed., The Journals of Captain James Cook on His Voyages of Discovery. Vol. 2, Hakluyt Society Extra Series no. 35 (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1961), 442–423, in Oliver, 274–275.
7. N. J. Pollock. “Food Classification in Three Pacific Societies: Fiji, Hawaii, and Tahiti,” Ethnology, 1986 April, 25(2): 107–117.
8. Oliver, 435–437.
9. D. Lepofsky, “Gardens of Eden? An Ethnohistoric Reconstruction of Ma‘ohi (Tahitian) Cultivation,” Ethnohistory, December 1999;46(1): 1–29.
10. Ibid.
11. Ibid.
12. Ibid.
13. https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Endeavour_Journal_of_Sir_Joseph_Banks/Manners_and_customs_of_South_Sea_Islands._1769, accessed April 30, 2017.
14. Lepofsky, 1999.
15. Antonio Pigafetta; James Alexander Robertson, trans., Magellan’s Voyage Around the World, Volume 1 (Arthur H. Clark Company, 1906), 64–100.
16. www.cookislands.org.uk/pukapuka.html#.WQJoY73rw3E, accessed April 27, 2017.
17. Oliver, 229.
18. I. A. Prior et al, “Cholesterol, coconuts, and diet on Polynesian atolls: a natural experiment: the Pukapuka and Tokelau island studies,” Am J Clin Nutr, 1981 Aug;34(8): 1552–1561.
19. M. M. Tedder and J. L. O. Tedder, Yams: A Description of Their Cultivation on Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands (Noumea, New Caldonia: South Pacific Commission, June 1974).
20. Oliver, 236.
21. Ibid., 234.
22. Ibid., 220–221.
23. https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Endeavour_Journal_of_Sir_Joseph_Banks/Manners_and_customs_of_South_Sea_Islands._1769, accessed April 30, 2017.
24. Price, 127.
25. www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1578329/Spam-at-heart-of-South-Pacific-obesity-crisis.html, accessed April 30, 2017.
26. www.westonaprice.org/get-involved/letters-winter-2000, accessed April 30, 2017.
Chapter 5: Africa
1. Price, Nutrition and Physical Degeneration, 130.
2. Ibid., 134.
3. Ibid., 130–131.
4. Ibid., 133.
5. Ibid., 150.
6. Ibid., 133.
7. Ibid., 147.
8. H. Leon Abrams Jr., “The Preference for Animal Protein and Fat: A Cross Cultural Survey,” in Food and Evolution, Marvin Harris and Eric B. Ross, eds. (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1987).
9. Price, 137.
10. Ibid., 150.
11. Steffanson, The Fat of the Land, 130–131.
12. G. Prentice, British Medical Journal, December 15, 1923, 1181.
13. H. A. Dirar, The Indigenous Fermented Foods of the Sudan: A Study in African Food and Nutrition (Wallingford, UK: CAB International, 1993), 399.
14. Ibid., 1.
15. Ibid., 9.
16. Ibid., 42.
17. Ibid., 36.
18. Ibid., 30.
19. Ibid., 52.
20. Ibid., 53.
21. Ibid., 53.
22. Ibid., 55–72.
23. Ibid., 160.
24. Ibid., 243–247.
25. Ibid., 312.
26. Ibid., 311.
27. C. W. Hesseltine and H. L. Wang, Indigenous Fermented Food of Non-Western Origin (Berlin/Stuttgart, Germany: J. Cramer, 1986), chapter 18.
28. Personal communication with Leslie Kosar, 2002.
29. Dirar, 412–427.
30. Ibid., 388–396.
31. Ibid., 387.
32. Ibid., 396–401.
33. Ibid., 401–402.
34. Ibid., 402.
35. Ibid., 403–404.
36. Ibid., 405.
37. Ibid., 406–407.
38. Ibid., 407–408.
39. Ibid., 409.
40. Ibid., 409.
41. Ibid., 345–383.
42. Ibid., 29.
43. E. Williams and P. Williams, “Uganda West Nile District,” in Western Diseases: Their Emergence and Prevention, H. C. Trowell and D. P. Burkitt, eds. (London: Edward Arnold Publishers, Ltd, 1981), 188–193.
44. M. Gelfand, “Zimbabwe,” in Western Diseases: Their Emergence and Prevention, H. C. Trowell and D. P. Burkitt, eds. (London: Edward Arnold Publishers, Ltd, 1981), 194–203.
45. G. V. Mann, “Studies of a surfactant and cholesteremia in the Maasai,” Am J Clin Nutr, 1974 May;27(5): 464–469.
Chapter 6: Asia
1. I. Veigh, MA, PhD, trans., Huang Ti Nei Ching Su Wen: The Yellow Emperor’s Classic of Internal Medicine (Baltimore: The Williams & Wilkins Company, 1949), 55–56.
2. F. J. Simoons, Food in China: A Cultural and Historical Inquiry (Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press, 1991), 64.
3. www.atchuup.com/bizarre-things-found-in-chinese-wal-mart, accessed May 12, 2017.
4. www.dailyrotten.com/archive/2003/_2003-01-04.html, accessed July 1, 2017.
5. http://arachnophiliac.info/burrow/news/scorpion_king.htm, accessed July 1, 2017.
6. Simoons, 339.
7. Z. Y. Chen et al, “Breast Milk Fatty Acid Composition: A Comparative Study Between Hong Kong and Chongqing Chinese,” Lipids, 1997;32(10): 1061–1067.
8. http://ricepedia.org/culture/history-of-rice-cultivation, accessed November 24, 2017.
9. http://ricepedia.org/china, accessed November 24, 2017.
10. Emiko Ohnuki-Tierney. Rice as Self (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994).
11. C. W. Hesseltine and H. L. Wang, eds. Indigenous Fermented Foods of Non-Western Origin, published for the New York Botanical Garden in Collaboration with the Mycological Society of America (Berlin/Stuttgart, Germany: J Cramer, 1986), 322.
12. Simoons, 375.
13. P. E. Tyler, “Lacking Iodine in Their Diets, Millions in China Are Retarded,” New York Times, June 4, 1996, A1–A10.
14. K. C. Chang, ed., Food in Chinese Culture (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1977).
15. Simoons, 87.
16. S. I. Sugiyama, “Fermented Soy Bean Products,” IFI NR. 2, (1990): 19–24.
17. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, “Fermented Cereals: A Global Perspective” (FAO Agricultural Services Bulletin), 1999, chapter 3.
18. Simoons, 381.
19. K. H. Steinkraus, ed., Handbook of Indigenous Fermented Foods (New York: Marcel Dekker, 1977), 305.
20. “China the hardest hit by global surge in cancer, says WHO report”; www.scmp.com/news/china/article/1422475/china-hardest-hit-global-surge-cancer-says-who-report, accessed June 30, 2017.
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22. Tyler.
23. “The China Project: The Most Comprehensive Study Ever Undertaken on Diet and Health,” Spectrum, March–April 1997: 27.
24. T. C. Campbell and C. Junshi, The Cornell Project in China.
25. C. Ruan et al, “Milk composition in women from five different regions of China: the great diversity of milk fatty acids,” J Nutr. 1995 Dec;125(12): 2993–2998.
26. Campbell and Junshi, 56.
27. Ibid., 56.
28. www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/china-beef-cattle-farming-industry-and-beef-market-report-2015-2019-300134710.html, accessed May 12, 2017.
29. J. Ridgewell, A Taste of Japan (Thompson Learning, 1993).
30. Countess Morphy, ed., Recipes of All Nations (New York: Wm H. Wise & Company, 1935).
31. Personal communication with Jane Greenberg.
32. Ridgewell.
33. Ibid.
34. Ibid.
35. Ibid.
36. Ibid.
37. H. Okuyama et al, “Dietary fatty acids—the N-6/N-3 balance and chronic elderly diseases. Excess linoleic acid and relative N-3 deficiency syndrome seen in Japan,” Progressive Lipid Research, 1997;35(4): 409–457.
38. Morphy.
39. www.biwa.ne.jp/~y-isono/trad/tradeg.html.
40. Ridgewell.
41. Ibid.
42. H. Toshima et al, Lessons for Science from the Seven Countries Study (Springer, 1994).
43. www.wcrf.org/int/cancer-facts-figures/data-cancer-frequency-country, accessed June 30, 2017.
44. T. Takezaki et al, “Dietary factors and lung cancer risk in Japanese: with special reference to fish consumption and adenocarcinomas,” British Journal of Cancer 2001; 84(9): 1199–1206.
45. Ridgewell.
46. George V. Mann, ed., Coronary Heart Disease, The Dietary Sense and Nonsense (London: Veritas Society, 1993).
47. T. Suzuki et al, “Epidemiology of osteoporosis: incidence, prevalence, and prognosis,” Nihon Rinsho, 1998 Jun;56(6): 1563–1568.
48. T. J. Moore, Lifespan: What Really Affects Human Longevity (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1990).
49. M. G. Marmot and S. L. Syme, “Acculturation and coronary heart disease in Japanese-Americans,” Am J Epidemiol, 1976 Sep;104(3): 225–247.
50. www.fftc.agnet.org/library.php?func=view&id=20110729162248, accessed May 12, 2017.
51. www.pressian.com/news/article.html?no=10793, Pressian. In Korean. Retrieved May 13, 2017.
52. Michael J. Pettid, Korean Cuisine: An Illustrated History (London: Reaktion Books, 2008), 166.
53. A. E. Hirst et al, “A comparison of Atherosclerosis of the Aorta and Coronary Arteries in Bangkok and Los Angeles,” Am J Clin Path, 1962;38(2): 162–170.
54. A. Harras, ed., Cancer Rates and Risks, 4th ed. (U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, 1996).
55. www.wcrf.org/int/cancer-facts-figures/data-cancer-frequency-country, accessed July 1, 2017.
56. P. Srisawat, The Foods of Thailand (Berkeley, California: SLG Books, 1998).
57. H. M. Hauck et al, Food Habits and Nutrient Intakes in a Siamese Rice Village, Studies in Bang Chan (Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1958).
58. G. S. Manning et al, “Fasciolopsis buski in Thailand,” Amer J Trop Med Hyg 1970;19:4: 613–619.
59. T. Papasarathorn et al, “Effects of garlic, onion, red pepper and green pepper pickled in vinegar upon the development of pig Ascaris eggs,” Public Health Alumni Bull (Thailand), 1963;3:2: 1010.
60. R. Dissamarn et al, “Viability of larvae of Trichinella Spiralis in some common Thai dishes,” J Med Assoc Thailand 1966;49:12: 985.
61. E. Sadun et al, “The effect of maklua (diospyros mollis) in the treatment of human hookworm,” J Parasit 1954;40:1: 49–53.
62. R. Oliart et al, “Effects of Dietary Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Sucrose-Induced Cardiovascular Syndrome in Rats,” American Oil Chemists Society Annual Meeting, Chicago, IL, May 1998.
Chapter 7: Europe
1. J. Bottero, Mesopotamian Civilizations, vol. 6. (Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns, 1995).
2. N. Nasrallah, Delights from the Garden of Eden: A Cookbook and a History of the Iraqi Cuisine (Sheffield, UK: Equinox Publishing, 2003), 22.
3. D. R. Brothwell, Food in Antiquity (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997).
4. www.youtube.com/watch?v=ofiwRzoYrdw, accessed May 27, 2017.
5. Avicenna, The Canon of Medicine, book 2, quoted in S. Niknamian, “Iran’s Traditional Foods,” Wise Traditions in Food, Farming and the Healing Arts, Winter 2016.
6. H. Moradi et al, “Avicenna viewpoint about health preservation through healthy nutrition principles,” Iran J Public Health, 2013;42(2): 220–221.
7. R. Lacey and D. Danzinger, The Year 1000: What Life Was Like at the Turn of the First Millennium, An Englishman’s World (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1999), 9–10.
8. P. Camporesi, Bread of Dreams: Food and Fantasy in Early Modern Europe, D. Gentilcore, trans. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996), 123.
9. Price, 23–57.
10. C. A. Wilson, Traditional food east and west of the Pennines (Norwich, UK: Page Bros, Ltd, 1991), 61.
11. F. M. McNeill, The Scots Kitchen: Its Lore and Recipes, 1929.
12. G. Markham, The English Housewife (Kingston, Ontario: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1986).
13. D. Pool, What Jane Austen Ate and Charles Dickens Knew (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1993), 207.
14. P. Montagné, Larousse Gastronomique (New York: Clarkson Potter, 2001), 592.
15. E. Campion, Two Bokes of the History of Ireland (1570), quoted in R Sexton, A Little History of Irish Food (Gill and MacMillan, 2001), 29.
16. McNeill.
17. M. R. Best, introduction to The English Housewife, xlvi.
18. Wilson, 49.
19. M. Berriedale-Johnson, Olde Englishe Recipes (Essex, UK: Judy Piatkus (Publishers) Limited of Loughton, 1981), 13.
20. Ibid., 10.
21. Ibid., 122.
22. J. D. Pennant, More Llandegai Recipes (Sackville Printing Works), 5.
23. “Gastrologue,” The Scotsman Magazine (1920).
24. McNeill.
25. S. Mennell, All Manners of Food (Illini Books, 1996), 303.
26. Wilson, 59–60.
27. J. Burnett, “Plenty and Want: A Social History of English Diet from 1815 to the Present Day,” lecture delivered to the British Dietetic Association on Saturday, October 15, 1966.
28. V. Holsinger et al, “Whey Beverages: A Review,” Journal of Dairy Sciences, vol. 57 (August 1974): 849–859.
29. McNeill.
30. Mennell, 46.
31. Best, xxv.
32. C. B. Heiatt et al, Pleyn Delit: Medieval Cookery for Modern Cooks (Toronto, Ontario: University of Toronto Press, 1997), xx.
33. Markham.
34. Best, xliii.
35. Ibid., xxxvi.
36. Sally Mitchell, Daily Life in Victorian England (Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1996), 122.
37. Basil Dmytryshyn, Medieval Russia: A Source Book, 850–1700, 3rd ed. (Harcourt Brace, 1991).
38. Joyce Toomre, ed., Classic Russian Cooking, Elena Molokhovets’ A Gift to Young Housewives, (Indiana University Press, 1992).
39. The author is indebted to Katherine Czapp for a large part of the information in this section, taken from “Eating by the Seasons in Russia,” Wise Traditions in Food, Farming and the Healing Arts, the quarterly magazine of the Weston A. Price Foundation, Spring 2008, www.westonaprice.org/health-topics/traditional-diets/eating-by-the-seasons-in-russia, accessed May 29, 2017.
40. W. C. Willett et al, “Mediterranean diet pyramid: a cultural model for healthy eating,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, June 1995 61(6S): 1402S–1406S.
41. A. Keys, “Mediterranean diet and public health: personal reflections,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1995 61(suppl): 1321S–1323S.
42. Ibid.
43. A. Keys, “Coronary heart disease in seven countries,” Circulation, 1970;41 (Suppl 1).
44. R. H. Smith, Diet, Blood Cholesterol and Coronary Heart Disease: A Critical Review of the Literature, vol. 2 (November 1981), 4–49.
45. F. Pérez-Llamas et al, “Estimates of food intake and dietary habits in a random sample of adolescents in southeast Spain,” Journal of Human Nutrition and Diet, December 1996 9:(6): 463–471.
46. A. Alberti-Fidanza, “Dietary studies on two rural Italian population groups of the Seven Countries Study. 1. Food and nutrient intake at the thirty-first year follow-up in 1991,” European Journal of Clinical Nutrition February 1994 48(2): 85–91.
47. P. Artusi, Science in the Kitchen and the Art of Eating Well, English translation ed. (Lorenzo Da Ponte Italian Library, 2003).
48. Morphy, Recipes of All Nations, 779–781.
49. T. Barer-Stein, PhD, You Eat What You Are: People, Culture and Food Traditions (Willowdale, Ontario: Firefly Books, 1999).
50. E. S. Machlin, The Classic Cuisine of Italian Jews (New York, Dodd, Mead and Company, 1981), 83–87.
51. http://www.food-links.com/typical-naples-campagna-foods-in-italy/, accessed January 17, 2018.
52. Personal communication with Roberta Wearmouth, 2004.
53. Keys, “Mediterranean diet and public health: personal reflections.”
Chapter 8: True Blue Zones
1. D. Buettner, The Blue Zones: Lessons for Living Longer from the People Who’ve Lived the Longest (National Geographic Society, 2008), 15.
2. G. M. Pes et al, “Male longevity in Sardinia,” European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 69 (April 2015): 411–418.
3. https://www.revolvy.com/main/index.php?s=Sarda%20pig, accessed January 18, 2018.
4. https://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/Regional%20Report%20-%20Okinawa_Osaka%20ATO_Japan_3-24-2014.pdf, accessed July 4, 2017.
5. http://pubs.royle.com/article/Nutritional+Assessment+In+Vegetarians+And+Vegans%3A+Questions+Clinicians+Should+Ask/1246906/0/article.html, accessed July 4, 2017.
6. http://pdfsr.com/pdf/nutrition-for-the-japanese-elderly, accessed April, 2017.
7. http://nourishedkitchen.com/hara-hachi-bu, accessed July 5, 2017.
8. Deborah Franklyn, “Take a Lesson from the People of Okinawa,” Health, September 1996, 57–63.
9. http://okicent.org, accessed July 4, 2017.
10. www.today.com/id/33293475/ns/today-today_health/t/american-future-lifespans-greatly-exaggerated/#.WPKViL3rw3E, accessed April, 2017.
11. www.westonaprice.org/health-topics/soy-alert/how-much-soy-do-okinawans-eat-2, accessed July 5, 2017.
12. L. Rosero-Bixby et al, “The Nicoya region of Costa Rica: a high longevity island for elderly males,” Vienna Yearb Popul Res. 2013;11: 109–136.
13. G. Baker, “Costa Rica: Land of the Centenarians,” Wise Traditions in Food, Farming and the Healing Arts, Spring 2017.
14. http://island-ikaria.com/about-ikaria/Ikaria-BlueZone, accessed April, 2017.
15. Dan Buettner, The Island Where People Forget to Die, New York Times Magazine, October 24, 2014, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/28/magazine/the-island-where-people-forget-to-die.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0, accessed January 18, 2018.
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17. http://search.aol.com/aol/video?q=Ikaria%2C+sheep%2C+youtube&s_it=video-ans&sfVid=true&videoId=AAE3BCDAAF9B868FCDC8AAE3BCDAAF9B868FCDC8&v_t=client97_inbox, accessed April 2017.
18. www.researchgate.net/publication/281521429_Determinants_of_All-Cause_Mortality_and_Incidence_of_Cardiovascular_Disease_2009_to_2013_in_Older_Adults_The_Ikaria_Study_of_the_Blue_Zones, accessed July 4, 2017.
19. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MedDietScore, accessed July 4, 2017.
20. www.westonaprice.org/get-involved/letters-winter-2009.
21. General findings of the International Atherosclerosis Project, Lab Invest, 1968 May;18(5): 498–502.
22. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventist_Health_Studies, accessed July 4, 2017.
23. Buettner, 130.
24. Ibid., 163.
25. P. N. Appleby et al, “Mortality in vegetarians and comparable nonvegetarians in the United Kingdom,” Am J Clin Nutr, 2016 Jan;103(1): 218–230.
26. www.westonaprice.org/health-topics/abcs-of-nutrition/vegetarianism-what-the-science-tells-us, accessed July 5, 2017.
27. R. L. Phillips et al, “Coronary heart disease mortality among Seventh-Day Adventists with differing dietary habits: a preliminary report,” Am J Clin Nutr, 1978 Oct;31(10 Suppl): S191–S198.
28. M. L. Burr and M. Sweetnam, “Vegetarianism, dietary fiber and mortality,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 1982, 36: 873.
29. Mills, 1136S–1142S.
30. T. J. Key et al, “Cancer incidence in vegetarians: results from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC-Oxford),” Am J Clin Nutr, vol. 89, no. 5 (May 2009): 1620S–1626S.
31. N. T. Burkert and others. Nutrition and Health—The Association between Eating Behavior and Various Health Parameters: A Matched Sample Study. Published: February 7, 2014 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088278; AMCN 27 Dec 2011, 712–738.
Chapter 9: What to Eat
1. D. Noli and G. Avery, “Protein Poisoning and Coastal Subsistence,” Journal of Archeological Science 1988, 15: 395–401.
2. “Paleolithic Humans Had Bread Along with Their Meat,” http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/19/science/19bread.html, accessed July 10, 2017.
3. R. Di Cagno et al, “Gluten-free sourdough wheat baked goods appear safe for young celiac patients: a pilot study,” J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 2010 Dec;51(6): 777–783.