Details of specific documents consulted are listed in the notes to each chapter, but the generality of sources consulted is as follows:
Regulations and Instructions relating to His Majesty’s Service at Sea, 13th & 14th editions, 1790 & 1806.
Regulations and Instructions for the Pursers of His Majesty’s Ships and Vessels, 2nd edition, 1825.
Instructions and Regulations for the Guidance of the Officers of the Several Victualling Establishments at Home, Proposed by the Commissioners for Revising the Civil Affairs of His Majesty’s Navy, in their Twelfth Report, dated 22nd December 1807, and ordered to be carried into execution, by His Majesty’s Order In Council of the 14th September 1808.
Instructions for the Agents of the Victualling Establishments Abroad, Proposed by the Commissioners for Revising the Civil Affairs of His Majesty’s Navy, in their Twelfth Report, dated 22nd December 1807, and ordered to be carried into execution, by His Majesty’s Order In Council of the 14th September 1808.
The Eighth [and Ninth] Report ofthe Commissioners appointed by an Act of Parliament to enquire into the fees, gratuities, perquisites and emoluments which are or have been lately received in the several public offices therein mentioned, to examine into any abuses which may exist in the same: and to report such observations as shall occur to them, for the better conducting and managing the business transacted in the Victualling Office (London 1788).
Naval Regulations issued by command of the President of the United States of America January 25th 1802 (reprinted Annapolis, Maryland 1970).
ADM 1 – Secretariat in-letters
ADM 2 – Secretariat out-letters
ADM 7 – Miscellaneous Admiralty papers, including Admiralty Board Room journals.
ADM 8 – List books showing disposition of ships
ADM 36 – Muster books
ADM 51 – Captains’ logs
ADM 52 – Masters’ logs
ADM 106 – Navy Board letters and orders
ADM 109 – Victualling Board in-letters
ADM 110 – Victualling Board out-letters
ADM 111 – Victualling Board minutes
ADM 112 – Victualling Board accounts and Tenders for Contracts
ADM 113 – Pay lists for victualling yards
ADM 114 – Victualling depts miscellanea
Admiralty documents:
ADM C series – Victualling Board, in-letters and orders from Admiralty
ADM D series – Board of Admiralty, in-letters from Victualling Board
ADM DP series – Board of Admiralty, in-letters from Victualling Board
ADM F series – Board of Admiralty, in-letters from Sick and Hurt Board
ADM G series – Victualling Board, abstract of in-letters and orders from Admiralty
ADM/L/ series – Lieutenants’ logs
Miscellaneous documents:
| GRT/10-23 | Grant papers |
| GRE/15 | Book of orders received by Captain Grey |
| KEI/23/32-3 | Lord Keith’s papers, sick returns for ships and hospitals in the Mediterranean 1800 to 1801 |
| JOD/45 | Manuscript copy of the order book for HMS Amazon, kept by John Skynner and Fairfax Moresby, midshipmen |
| MAL/101 | Letter book of Captain Pulteney Malcolm |
| PAR/174 | Letter and order book of Captain William Parker for HMS Amazon |
| RUSI/110 | Additional Orders and Regulations for the Government of His Majesty’s Ship Superb, KG. Keats Esq., Captain, manuscript book kept by John L. Copperd, midshipman |
| WAR/12,18 | Sir John Borlase Warren’s papers |
| Add Mss 34935–6 | Instructions from Admiralty and Secretary of State, 1803 to 1805 |
| Add Mss 34964 | Nelson’s letter book, 20 May 1803 to 6 October 1804 |
| Add Mss 34970 | Nelson’s orders to commanders of vessels, May 1803 to March 1804 |
| Add Mss 36611–12 | Commissions, Warrants and appointments granted by Lord Nelson, July 1803 to January 1805 |
| Add MSS 34978–86 | Logs of ships under Nelson as commander-in-chief Mediterranean |
| Western MSS 3667–3681 | Miscellaneous documents and letters relating to ships under Nelson’s command 1780 to 1805 |
| E900 series | Letter Books of Nelsons correspondence |
Except where they are personally written and unedited memoirs of life at sea, or volumes of the Navy Records Society, I must caution readers against accepting at face value comments on victualling found in secondary sources. Many are naively misguided, others are, to be polite, unreliable, and many come at various places in the chain of repetition which starts with the unreliable and changes subtly to the seriously misguided as the chain advances. For this reason, I have made a practice of following these chains backwards until I come to the original document and wherever possible have used these original documents in preference to all others.
Bardolph, Elizabeth M, ‘Power, Prejudice, and Putrefaction: The elimination of scurvy from the Royal Navy, 1747–1796’, paper read at the New Researchers conference, 1997.
Carré, Adrien, ‘Eighteenth Century French Voyages of Exploration’, in Watt J, Freeman E J & Bynum W F (eds), Starving Sailors: the Influence of Nutrition upon Naval and Maritime History (London 1984).
Condon, Mary Ellen, ‘The Establishment of the Transport Board – a subdivision of the Admiralty, 4 July 1794’, in The Mariner’s Mirror 58, No 1 (1972), pp69–84.
Crimmin, P K, ‘Letters and Documents relating to the Service of Nelson’s Ships, 1780–1805: a Critical Report’, in Historical Research 70, No 171 (February 1997).
________, ‘The Sick and Hurt Board and the health of seamen c. 1700–1806, Did the health of seamen improve over time?’, in Journal for Maritime Research (December 1999).
Dixon, Conrad, ‘Pound and Pint: Diet in the Merchant Service, 1750–1980’, in Palmer, S and Williams, G (eds), Charted and Uncharted Waters (London 1981).
Gillespie, T P, ‘The diet and health of seamen in the West Indies at the end of the eighteenth century – some remarks on the work of Leonard Gillespie, M.D.’, in Journal of the Royal Naval Medical Service 37, No 4 (1951).
MacDougall, Phillip, ‘The Formative Years: Malta Dockyard, 1800–1815’, in The Mariner’s Mirror 76, No 3 (1990).
Mathias, Peter, ‘Agriculture and the Brewing and Distilling Industries in the Eighteenth Century’, in Jones, E C (ed), Agriculture and Economic Growth in England 1650–1815 (London 1967).
Press, Richard, ‘Markets and Marketing’, in Mingay, G E (ed), The Agrarian History of England and Wales, Vol VI: 1750–1850 (Cambridge 1989).
Sheldon, Matthew, ‘From “Fraudulent Brewers” to “Scandalous Abuses”; a century of progress at the Portsmouth Victualling Office’, paper presented to the Society of Nautical Research (South), 12 October 2002.
Stead, Jennifer, ‘Navy Blues: the Sailor’s Diet 1530 – 1830’, paper given at the 6th Leeds Symposium on Food History, April 1991.
Steer, Michael, ‘The blockade of Brest and victualling of the Western squadron, 1793–1805’ in The Manner’s Mirror 76, No 4 (1990), pp307–16.
Syrett, David, ‘The Victualling Board Charters Shipping, 1775–1782’ in Historical Research 68 (1995).
_________, ‘Christopher Atkinson and the Victualling Board, 1775–1782’, in Historical Research 69 (1996).
Ville, Simon P, ‘The deployment of English Merchant Shipping: Michael & Joseph Henley of Wapping, ship owners, 1775–1830’, in Journal of Transport History, 3rd series, 5 (1984).
Watt, Sir James, ‘Health in the Royal Navy During the Age of Nelson: Nelsonian Medicine in Context’, in Journal of the Royal Naval Medical Service 86, No 2 (2000).
Baker, Norman, Government and Contractors: The British Treasury and War Supplies (London 1971).
Baugh, Daniel A, British Naval Administration in the Age of Walpole (Princeton, New Jersey 1965).
_______(ed), Naval Administration 1715–1750 (London 1977).
Berckman, Evelyn, The Hidden Navy (London 1973).
Binney, JED, British Public Finance and Administration 1774–92 (Oxford 1958).
Boudriot, Jean, The 74 Gun Ship, Vol IV (Paris 1977, translation Rotherfield 1988).
Bowler, R Arthur, Logistics and the Failure of the British Army in America, 1775–1783 (Princeton, New Jersey 1975).
Buchet, Christian, Marine, économie et société. Un example d’interaction: l’avitaillement de la Royal Navy durant la guerre de sept ans (Paris 1999).
Bugler, Arthur, HMS Victory – Building restoration and repair (London 1966).
Burton, E, The Georgians at Home, 1714–1830 (London 1967).
Charnier, Frederic, Life of A Sailor (London 1832).
Cochrane, Alexander, The Fighting Cochranes (London 1983).
Cochrane, The Hon. Basil, A narrative of the transactions of the Hon. Basil Cochrane (London 1818).
_________, A statement of the conduct of the Victualling Board to the Hon. Basil Cochrane during his transactions with them in India (London 1820).
Colledge, J J, Ships of the Royal Navy: an Historical Index (London 1969).
Cordingly, David, Billy Ruffian: The Bellerophon and the Downfall of Napoleon (London 2003).
Crawford, Captain A, Reminiscences of a Naval Officer (London 1851, reprinted 1999).
Crowhurst, Patrick, The French War on Trade: Privateering 1793–1815 (London 1989).
Currie, Ann, Henleys of Wapping:A London shipowning family 1770–1830 (London 1988).
Davidson, Alan (ed), The Oxford Companion to Food (Oxford 1999).
Dening, Greg, Mr Bligh’s Bad Language: Passion, Power and Theatre on the Bounty (Cambridge 1992).
Dillon, Sir William Henry, A Narrative of My Professional Adventures 1790–1839 (London 1953).
Drummond, J C, & Wilbraham, Anne, The Englishman’s Food: Five Centuries of English Diet (London, revised edition 1957).
Duffy, Michael (ed), The Naval Miscellany VI, Navy Records Society (London 2003).
Earle, Peter, The Making of the English Middle Class: Business, society and family life in London 1660–1730 (London 1989).
Edlin, A, A Treatise on the Art of Bread-Making Wherein, the Mealing Trade, Assize Laws, and every curcumstance [sic] connected with the Art, is particularly examined (London 1805).
Falconer, William, A New Universal Dictionary of the Marine (London 1815).
Farley, John, The London Art of Cookery, 1783 (reprint edited by Ann Haly, Lewes 1988).
Fordyce, Lieutenant Alexander Dingwall, Outlines of Naval Routine (London 1837).
Gardiner, Robert, Frigates of the Napoleonic Wars (London 2002).
Gardner, James Anthony, Above and Under Hatches (London 1906, reprinted 2000).
Gill, Conrad, The Naval Mutinies of 1797 (Manchester 1913).
Glascock, W N, Naval Sketch Book (London 1826).
Glasse, Hannah, The Art of Cookery made plain and easy (London 1747, reprinted 1997).
Glover, Richard, Peninsular Preparation: the reform of the British Army 1795–1800 (Cambridge 1970).
Godden, Geoffrey A, English China (London 1985).
Goodwin, Peter, Men O’War: The Illustrated Story of Life in Nelson’s Navy (London 2003).
Gradish, Stephen F, The Manning of the British Navy during The Seven Years War (London 1980).
Griffiths, Anselm John, Observations on some Points of Seamanship (London 1824).
Grigson, Jane, Charcuterie and French Pork Cookery (London 1967).
________, Good Things (London 1971).
________, English Food (London 1974).
________, Jane Grigson’s Vegetable Book (London 1978).
Grossman, Anne Chotzinoff & Thomas, Lisa Grossman, Lobscouse and Spotted Dog: Which it’s a Gastronomic Companion to the Aubrey/Maturin Novels (New York 1997).
Hall, Basil, Fragments of Voyages and Travels (London 1832–1846).
Hamilton, Sir Richard Vesey (ed), Letters and Journals of Sir Thos. Byam Martin (3 vols, London 1898, 1900, 1902).
Harvie, David I, Limeys: The True Story of One Man’s War against Ignorance, the Establishment and the Deadly Scurvy (Stroud 2002).
Hay, M D (ed), Landsman Hay: The Memoir of Robert Hay 1789–1847 (London 1953).
Hibbert, Christopher, Nelson, a Personal History (London 1994).
Hill, J R (ed), The Oxford Illustrated History of the Royal Navy (Oxford 1995).
Hope, Ronald, Poor Jack: The Perilous History of the Merchant Seaman (London 2001).
Hughes, Quentin, Britain in the Mediterranean and the Defence of her Naval Stations (Liverpool 1981).
James, William, The Naval History of Great Britain (London 1837).
Lambert, Andrew, Trincomalee: the Last of Nelson’s Frigates (London 2000).
Laughton, John Knox (ed), Journal of Rear-admiral Bartholomew James 1752–1828 (London 1896).
Lavery, Brian, The Arming and Fitting of English Ships of War 1600–1815 (London 1987).
_______, Nelson’s Navy – The Ships, Men and Organisation (London 1989).
_______(ed), Shipboard Life and Organisation 1731–1815 (London 1998).
Leech, Samuel, A Voice from the Main Deck (London 1857, reprinted 1999).
Lewis, Michael, A Social History of the Navy (London 1961, reprinted 2004).
Liardet, Francis, Professional Recollections on Seamanship (London 1849).
Lind, James, A Treatise of the Scurvy (Edinburgh 1753).
Lloyd, Christopher (ed), The Health of Seamen (London 1965).
_______& Coulter, L S (General Editor Keevil J J), Medicine and the Navy, Vol III: 1714–1815 (London 1961).
Lovell, W Stanhope, Personal Narrative of Events from 1799 to 1815, with anecdotes, by the late Vice-Admiral W Stanhope Lovell, Royal Navy, KH, (second edition, London 1879).
Lyon, David, The Sailing Navy List: All the Ships of the Royal Navy – built, purchased and captured—1688–1860 (London 1993).
Macdonald, Janet, Pumpkins and Squashes (London 1998).
_______, ‘Victualling the British Mediterranean Fleet, May 1803 to June 1804’ (unpublished MA Dissertation, Greenwich Maritime Institute, 2003).
Mackesy, Piers, The War in the Mediterranean 1803–1810 (London 1957).
_______, Victory in Egypt, 1801 (London 1995).
MAFF (now Food Standards Agency), Manual of Nutrition (London, 10th edition 1995). Quick reference to food composition and values.
Marcus, G J, The Age of Nelson (London 1971).
________, Heart of Oak (London 1975).
Mark-Wardlaw, William Penrose (ed), At Sea With Nelson: being the life of William Mark – a purser who served with Admiral Lord Nelson (London 1929).
Marsden, William, A Brief Memoir of the Life and Writings of the late William Marsden, DLL, FRS, etc, written by himself with notes from the correspondence (London 1838).
Masefield, John, Sea Life in Nelsons Time (London 1905, reprinted 2002).
Matthias, Peter, The Brewing Industry in England 1700–1830 (Cambridge 1959).
McCance, RA & Widdowson, E M, The Composition of Foods (London 2002).
McGowan, Alan, HMS Victory: Her Construction, Career and Restoration (London 1999).
McGuane, James P, Heart of Oak: A Sailor’s Life in Nelson’s Navy (New York 2002).
Middlesbrook, Martin, Task Force: The Falklands War 1982 (London 1987).
Morriss, Roger (ed), The Channel Fleet and the Blockade of Brest, 1793–1801 (London 2001).
_______, Naval Power and British Culture, 1710–1850 (London 2004).
Nicolas, Sir Nicholas Harris (ed), The Dispatches and Letters of Lord Nelson (7 vols, London 1844–46, reprinted 1997–98).
Norwak, Mary, English Puddings (London 1981).
O’Donovan, John, The Economic History of Livestock in Ireland (Cork 1940).
Padfield, Peter, Maritime Power and the Struggle for Freedom: Naval campaigns that shaped the modern world 1788–1851 (London 2003).
Parkinson, C Northcote, Edward Pellew – Viscount Exmouth 1757–1833 (London 1934).
_________, Trade in the Eastern Seas 1793–1813 (London 1937).
________, War in the Eastern Seas 1793–1813 (London 1954).
Pasley, Rodney M S (ed), Private Sea Journals 1778–1782 kept by Admiral Sir Thomas Pasley Bt. When in command of His Majesty’s Ships Glasgow (20), Sybil (28) and Jupiter (50) (London 1931).
Petrides, Anne (ed), Sea Soldier: An Officer of Marines with Duncan, Collingwood and Cockburn: the Letters and Journals of Major T Marmaduke Wybourn RM, 1797–1813 (Tunbridge Wells, 2000).
Phillimore, Augustus (ed), The Life of Admiral of the Fleet Sir William Parker (London 1876).
Pope, Dudley, Life in Nelson’s Navy (London 1981, reprinted 1997).
Raffald, Elizabeth, The Experienced English Housekeeper (London 1782, reprinted 1980).
Raigersfeld, Jeffrey Baron de, Life of a Sea Officer (London 1830, reprinted 1929).
Robertson, Una A, Mariners’ Mealtimes and other Daily Details of Life on Board a Sailing Warship, (Edinburgh 1981).
Robinson, William, Jack Nastyface: Memoirs of an English seaman (London 1836 as Nautical Economy, reprinted 2002).
Rodger, NAM, The Insatiable Earl: A Life of John Montague, 4th Earl of Sandwich (London 1993).
________, The Wooden World: An Anatomy of the Georgian Navy (London 1996).
Sebastian, Anton, A Dictionary of the History of Medicine (London 1999).
Shelvocke, G,A Voyage Round the World (London 1726, reprinted 1928).
Shephard, Sue, Pickled, Potted and Canned– The Story of Food Preserving (London 2000).
Syrett, David, Shipping and the American War 1775–1783 (London 1970).
Tanner, J R (ed), Catalogue of the Pepysian Manuscripts, Vol I (London 1903).
Thomas, Donald, Cochrane, Britannia’s Sea-King (London 1978).
Thorne, Stuart, The History of Food Preservation (Kirkby Lonsdale, Cumbria 1986).
Vale, Brian, A Frigate of King George: Life and Duty on a British man of war (London 2001).
Ville, Simon P, English Shipowning during the Industrial Revolution – Michael Henley &Sons, London Shipowners 1770–1830 (Manchester 1987).
Vilmorin-Andrieux, M M, The Vegetable Garden: Illustrations, Descriptions and Culture of the Garden Vegetables of cold and temperate climates (London 1885).
Watt, J, Freeman, E J, & Bynum, W F (eds), Starving Sailors: The Influence of Nutrition upon Naval and Maritime History (London 1984).
White, David, The Anatomy of the Ship: The Frigate Diana (London 1987).
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