Note: Page numbers in italics indicate a figure and page numbers in bold indicate a table on the corresponding page.
abbreviations 180
abilities and opinions, social comparison and 73–75
acceptability 119, 162, 163–166, 183, 185
accessibility 2–3, 95; adoptive families and CFT framework application 184; benefits and challenges to relationships 162, 168–170; consequences of 3; flexibility of CFT framework and 161; infidelity and 169–170; influence of 158; online gaming 184; secrecy and 170; sexual dysfunction and CFT framework application 185; surveillance and 123; teens and 273; to us 2; vulnerability and 169
accommodation 77, 183, 191, 262, 272–273; benefits and challenges to relationships 162, 172–176, 175; ghosting 281; implications for levels of 175; meaning-making and 196–197; online gaming 184
accountability 191, 272, 276; benefits and challenges to relationships 162, 181–183; in children 283–284; trust and 215
addiction: attachment distinguished from 81; brain pathways and 78; online gaming 78, 133; see also Internet addiction; problematic Internet use
ADHD (attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder) 230
adolescents/adolescence: awareness of technology usage 181–182; demographics of online platform use 93; empowerment in one-parent families 197; expressive empowerment 89; Internet as recourse 133; monitoring of 101–102; privacy 97, 274; problematic Internet use 230, 242; relationship with technology 67–68; risks associated with online interactions 100; risks of engagement with technologies 133; secrecy 271; sexting 141–143; surveillance of online activities 133; technological literacy of 92–93
affairs 167, 171, 279; cyber 116; emotional 116; online 118; see also infidelity
affordability 96, 183, 191, 197, 199, 272–273, 276–277; adoptive families and CFT framework application 184; benefits and challenges to relationships 162, 170–172; flexibility of CFT framework and 161; online gaming 184; sexual dysfunction and CFT framework application 185
aggression: violent video gaming and 93, 237, 242; see also cyberbullying; dating violence
alexithymia 230
ambient apps 136
ambiguity 183, 191, 272, 276–277; benefits and challenges to relationships 162, 176–181; couples and 196; online cheating 119; relational 176–180; surveillance and 98; technological 180–181, 192; text-based messages 112–113, 117, 122
American Association of Sexuality Educators, Counselors, and Therapists 234
anonymity 183–184, 191, 205, 214–215, 262, 272, 274, 276–277; adoptive families and CFT framework application 184; anti-normative practices and 276–277; benefits and challenges to relationships 162, 166–168; cyber affairs 116; cyberstalking 144; deindividuation and 160; LGB couples 46; negative comments and 176; online infidelity 167; privacy and 123; self-disclosure and 214; termination without confrontation 281
anonymous sexual interactionism 167
anxiety: accessibility and 95; attachment to technology and 79–81, 82; comfort in online interactions 78; cyberbullying and 139; Facebook “Addiction” Disorder (FAD) 230; managing 155; new social 40; prevalence 78; role in decisions about behavior 78; social 134; surveillance and 124; technophobia 241
approximation 183–185, 191, 196–197, 272, 276–277; adoptive families and CFT framework application 184; ambiguity and 196; benefits and challenges to relationships 162, 172–173; sexual dysfunction and CFT framework application 185
archived information 123
asynchronous communication 34–35, 277–278
attachment: addiction distinguished from 81; to technology 79–81, 82; types of 81, 82
attachment styles 80–81; sexting and 141; surveillance and 124; texting and 122
attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) 230
audience, plan for integrating technology and 271–272
augmented reality 21
automation, effect on jobs and services 22
autonomy: adolescents and 133; cellphone use and 194; couple relationships and 110, 120
behavioral rationalization 167
betrayal, online 118
Big Five personality factors 38
biological basis of problems 253
bisexual individuals see lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) individuals
blogging: non-directed self-disclosure 215; use by mothers 94
body image, selfies and 45
body ownership, sense of 135
boundaries 198–200; acceptability and 165; accessibility and 158; altering 272; dyadic 199; email 273; families and 271; phone use 284; privacy management 273–275; self-boundaries 199
Bowlby, John 79
brain: changes from remaining in socially isolated state 233; changes with Internet use 78–79; thought and 109
Bronfenbrenner, Urie 71–73, 75–76, 81
Brown, Emily 177
bullying see cyberbullying
burden 81
case conceptualizations 252–253
cellphones: attachment to 80; challenges of using telephones 91; children and 282; dialectic between autonomy and connectedness provided by 110; effect on couple relationships 110, 112; effects on psychological well-being 14, 16–17; increase in user numbers 4–5; location information 170; physical implications of frequent use 8; relationship rules and usage 194–195; secrecy and 271; sedentary behavior of users 11; terminating relationships 281; unsafe use of 283; see also mobile phones; smartphones
CFT see Couple and Family Technology (CFT) framework
chat room, synchronous communication 34–35
cheating 117, 119–120, 158, 165, 170, 181, 208, 253–254, 280; see also infidelity
cellphones 272; developmental age 282; empowerment 197; expressive empowerment 89; as intermediaries between parents 91; managing out-of-control technology-related behaviors 242–243; maturity of 282–284; mobile phones 89, 91; monitoring Internet use of 242; monitoring/surveillance of 98–102; parental alienation 91; parent’s phone behavior, emulation of 101; privacy 96–97; problematic Internet use 230; PTSD 76; relationship with technology 66; role of technology on parent-child relationships 90–91; roles 192–193; rules 197–198; surveillance 280; technology use as a pacifier for 284–285; unmonitored online experiences of 132; web print of 91–92
children, considerations for granting cellphones to 282–286; case example 285–286; developmental age 282; maturity of the child 282–284; parent motivation 284–285; perceived need 284; safeguards 284
chronosystem 72
clinical interview, for assessing online sexual behavior 261
cognition, impact of technology on teen 68
cognitive-behavioral theory 230–231
collaborative cyberstalking 144
collaborative disclosure 52–53
collective privacy management 275
college students: contact with family 47; Taylor’s ecological life cycle model and 75–77
coming out on Facebook 206
communication: asynchronous methods 277–278; comparing/contrasting face-to-face (FtF) versus Internet communication technologies (ICTs) 40–55, 41; digital family 88–92; directed versus nondirected 35–36; synchronous methods 34–35, 278
comparison 118; see also social comparison
competence: digital 92–93; self-presentation method 43; in using technology, in high conversation families 89
complicity 203
compulsive behavior 230
computerophobes 228
computers: impact on family relationships 88, 211; number shipped annually 4
conflict, using asynchronous methods to manage 277–278
conformity orientation, in family communication 89
connectedness 277
constitutive rules 193–194, 194
control 134–135; anonymity and 166; cognitive 79; continuum from care to control 98–99; effectiveness 101; of Internet Service Provider 21; perception of 78; of self-presentation 166; surveillance and 98–101
conversation orientation, in family communication 89
coping skills 287
coping style 230
Couple and Family Technology Assessment Revised 262–263
Couple and Family Technology (CFT) framework 96, 199; applications of 183–185; bullying and 287; electronic fantasy date 277; flexibility 161; motivation, insight into 272–273; overview of 155–160; schematic of 183; Technology Integration Plan (TIP) and 271; theoretical origins of 159, 160–161
Couple and Family Technology Framework, The (Hertlein & Blumer) 40
couple development life cycle 208
couples 109–125; accessibility and 169; accommodation 174–176; accountability 181–183; ambiguity 176–178; balance between autonomy and independence 110; boundaries 199; boundary-crossing online 185; cellphone rules 194–195; CFT framework application to 185; common issues in a digital age 109–110; emotional intimacy and self-disclosure 115–116; everydayness 164; forming relationships online 164; infidelity 163, 165, 169–171; initiating relationships 276–277; lack of sleep, effect of 17; long-distance relationships 112–113, 121–122, 164, 171, 179–180; maintain relationships 277–281; nonverbal interactions 48–49; online gaming and 164–165, 235–239; percentage of married US households 8; private information shared 36; relational construct 18/2; relational contract 177–180; relational process areas 204; relationship maintenance 204, 208–216; rituals and everydayness 49–50; roles 192; rules in 193–197; rules with regard to online behavior 179–180; sedentary behavior and 11; self-presentation in 45–47; shared time 113–115; social media and 120–121; surveillance 122–124; surveys on technology use in relationships 111–113; synchronous and asynchronous communication methods 35; terminating relationships 281; texting 121–122; trust 124–125
courtship, nonverbal interactions and 48
coveillance 198
cultural capital 203
cyberbullying 132, 137–140, 274, 284; boundaries and rules for safeguarding against 286–287; consequences of 139–140; defined 286; definitions of 137–138; forms of 286; prevalence of 138; types of 138
cyberloafing 20
cybersecurity 274
cybersex: approximation and 172–173; assessment of behavior 260–261; categories of users 231–232; types of users 173
cyberslacking 20
cyberstalking 138, 143–145; collaborative 144; composed 144; consequences of 144–145; definitions 143; intimate 144; monitoring and 144; prevalence of 143–144; vindictive 144
data breach, Facebook 96
date, electronic fantasy 277, 278
dating see online dating
dating violence: cyberstalking 143–145; revenge pornography 54, 143; sexting 141–143; technology-based 140–145
dependence: attachment to technology and 79; problematic Internet use 259
depression: cyberbullying and 139–140; Facebook Addiction Disorder (FAD) 230; heavy Internet use and 233; online and offline friends 279; out-of-control technology-related behaviors and 230; prevalence 78; role of technology in 13–17; selfies tied to 45; social comparison and 75; social media use and 270–271; transgenerational transmission of 11–12
developmental age 282
developmental life cycle 65–70; adolescence 67–68; children 66; ecological life cycle models 71–77; family 77; self-authorship 68–71; successful 65; varying of technological communication 90; young adulthood 68–70
developmental model 159
differentiation 69
digiattachments 229
digisexuality 119, 163, 165, 168–169, 171–172, 178–179, 209, 234–235
digital divide 92
digital immigrants 92
digital natives 92
digital settlers 92
directed versus non-directed communication 35–36
disclosure: cyber affairs 116; rules for 193; sexual orientation identity 42; see also self-disclosure
distraction, problematic Internet use and 259
divorce, Facebook cited in 116–117
domestication model 160
dyadic boundaries 199
ecological elements, in CFT 156–158, 160–161, 162, 183, 183, 185, 262, 276
ecological life cycle models 71–77; Bronfenbrenner 71–73, 75; Festinger 73–75; Taylor 75–77
eco-wellness 13
education, synchronous and asynchronous communication methods in 35
educational nature of technology 111
effortless avoidance 167
electronic fantasy date 277, 278
electronic visibility management 42, 168, 206, 262
emails: as approximating online expression 172; asynchronous communication 34; boundary tip for 273; checking 273; frequency of checking 2
emerging adults, rate of social media use by 96
emotional infidelity 177
emotional intimacy 41, 50–53, 115–116
emotional maturity, of child 283
empathy: biological basis of problems and 253; effect of violent video games on 237, 243; maturity of child and 283–284
employee productivity, presence of social media and 19–20
employers, information on job applicants 76
ending relationships: ghosting 281; termination tips 281
enjoyment of social networking 33
equity theory 216
e-risks 132
evidence 70
e-visibility management 140
exclusion 138
exemplification, self-presentation method 43
ex-partner, friending 218
expertise, death of 70
exposure 136
extroversion: Facebook use and 34; narcissism 37; social capital and 36
Facebook: college student use 19; couple relationships and 116–118, 120; cultural differences in usage 7; data breach 96; frequency of accessing site 7; friending of ex-partners 218; groups and social comparison 74; handling of private data 135; as heterotopic environment 71; infidelity and 163; maintenance of connections by use 19; mate-retention strategies via 121; motivation for using 33–34; negative consequences on the development of friendships for young people 75; negative psychological outcomes of use 16; as news source 7; non-directed self-disclosure 215; prevalence of use 6; privacy concerns 275; psychological distress correlated with use 15; self-disclosures made via 51–53; self-presentation on 42–43; social capital and 36–37, 77; subjective well-being and 19; teen use of 93; THOUGHT transcribed into text format 109; usage and Big Five personality factors 38; usage and parenting stress 94; use at work 20
Facebook Addiction Disorder (FAD) 230
Facebook Closeted 206
Facebook official 207
face-to-face communication 35–36
face-to-face communication and Internet communication technologies compared 40–55, 41; consent 54–55; emotional intimacy 50–53; everydayness 49–50; history gathering 53–54; rituals 49–50; self-presentation 41–48; sharing data 48–49
families 88–103; acceptability of online interactions 164; adoption 95–96, 184; boundaries and 271, 272; digital family communication 88–92; impact of technology on relationships 88, 211; influence of in-home media technologies on the social environment of the home 90; monitoring/surveillance of children 98–102; negotiation of the “Net” 101–102; online gaming 238, 240; privacy and technology 96–97; privacy management 274; relational process areas 204; role of technology 90–91; roles 192–193; rule for collective privacy management 275; rules 102–103, 197–198; self-presentation in 47–48; valuing of technologies 90
family communication patterns: conformity orientation 89; conversation orientation 89
Family Ecology Theory 160
family life cycle development 77
fathers, technology use by 94
feature-phone devices 5
Feeld 209
FetLife 209
first impression, trust development and 125
flaming 138
flexibility, importance of 5
flirting 117
friending of parents on Facebook 97
game console, prevalence of ownership 5
gay individuals see lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) individuals
gender: cyberstalking 139–140; demographics of online platform use 93; online gaming 236; privacy management 274; problematic Internet use 256; self-disclosure and 214
gender roles 192
genealogy 54
generalized pathological usage (GPIU) 231, 233
ghosting 281
Glass, Shirley 115
global positioning systems (GPS) 99, 205
GPIU Scale 259
habituation to surveillance 101–102
hacking a partner’s account 165
Hawthorne, Nathaniel 217
Hawthorne effect 101
health: effects of online time 197–198; effects of technology 8–13; sedentary behavior and 11; sleep 12–13; technology effects on psychological well-being 13–21
health information on the Internet: misinformation 10; patient-physician relationship and 10
heterotopic environment 71
Highlight 6 app 136
history 76; archived information 123; history-gathering 41, 53–54
hopelessness 232
households: demographics of 8; multigenerational 8
hyperpersonal CMC 159
hyperpersonal theory 40
hypervigilance 165
identity: digisexual 234; socially constructed 75; web print of 91–92; young adulthood and 68–70
identity foreclosure 67
identity theft 144
Ilardi, Stephen 13
implicit content, sharing 53
impulse control disorder 260
independence, expressive empowerment and 89–90
infidelity 3, 110, 116–120, 257; acceptability and 163, 165; accessibility and 169–170; accountability and 181–182; ambiguity and 177–179, 196; anonymity and 167; approximation and 172; apps used to cheat 208; definitions of 116, 178–179; discovery of 171; emotional 116, 177; recovering from online 279–280; relationship rules and 194; secrecy and 170; sexual 116; surveillance and 263; treatment of cases 253
information: about job applicants 76; archived 123; consent and 54–55; disclosure of private 274; history-gathering 41, 53–54
ingratiation, self-presentation method 43
initiating relationships, rule tips for 276–277
insecurity 121
Instagram: couple relationships and 120; as news source 7; percentage of US population using 6; teen use of 93
instant messaging, approximation and 172
integrating technology into daily life 270–288; children and 282–286; see also Technology Integration Plan (TIP)
intelligence: relational 203; see also extelligence
intention to change behavior 255
Interaction-Constructionist Theory 160–161
internal voice, trusting one’s 69–71
Internet: characteristics, benefits and challenges of 162; connecting to others with 18–19; effect on psychological well-being 16; life satisfaction and 18; physical well-being affected by 8–10; prevalence of use 3–4; as service-delivery platform 254–255
Internet addiction: confusion in term use 257; criteria for problematic Internet use 226–227; inventories for measurement 257–259; measurement of 262; negative psychological outcomes of 230; physical symptoms 257; Problem Behavior Theory and 233; similar characteristics to other addiction categories 227; as a spectrum disorder 232; synonymous terms 227; term introduction 257; see also problematic Internet use
Internet Addiction Test 257, 262
Internet gaming disorder 232
Internet of entities 191
Internet of Things 131, 191–192
Internet Sex Screening Test (ISST) 261
Internet use: demographics 4; new users 4
Internet use disorder: brain changes
79; fear of missing out and 39
intimacy: building through self-disclosure 212–216; collaborative disclosure 52–53; development in relationships with and without technology 210–212; emotional 41, 50–53, 115–116; mobile 212; networked 53; online gaming 238–239; online romantic relationships 255; self-disclosure and 51
intimacy tips: asynchronous method use to manage conflict 277–278; electronic fantasy dates 277; online and offline friend 279; synchronous method use to obtain support 278
intimate cyberstalking 144
intimidation, self-presentation method 43
introversion, Facebook use and 34
invasion 136
inventories, for Internet addiction measurement 257–259
ISST (Internet Sex Screening Test) 261
job applicants, social media and 76
job satisfaction, social media use at work and 20
Johnson, Genevieve 73
kink/BDSM 209
leisure time, resistance to engage in 114
lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) individuals: accessibility in partnered relationships 169; ambiguity in text-based communications 113; approximation and 172; CFT assessment 262; CFT framework application to LGB relationships 185; congruity between online and offline self 175; cyberbullying 138–140; nonacceptability of cheating 165; online dating 204, 206; self-presentation on social media 46; visibility management 168
life cycle development see developmental life cycle
life cycle models, ecological 71–77; Bronfenbrenner 71–73, 75; Festinger 73–75; Taylor 75–77
life satisfaction: effect on relationship adjustment 18; fear of missing out and 39; interference via technology in couple’s life 115
Life Satisfaction Scale 257
liking, disclosure and 53
LinkedIn, percentage of US population using 6
literacy, technological 229
location, cellular technology and 170
loneliness: Internet use and 252; self-disclosure and 213, 232–233
long-distance relationships 112–113, 121–122, 164; affordability and 171–172; rules with regard to online behavior 179–180; synchronous communication 278
maintaining relationships: intimacy tips 277–279; trust tips 279–281
maladaptive cognitions 231, 241
marital satisfaction: online gaming 238; self-disclosure and 213
marriage, transition of 207–208
massively multiplayer online role-playing games (MMORPGs) 15–16, 115, 164, 184, 237
mate-guarding: Facebook and 121; surveillance and monitoring of a partner 123
maturity, of a child 282–284; emotional 283; ethical and moral 283–284; physical 282–283; social 283
meaning, ascribed to technology functions 160
measuring technology’s impact on relational life 252–263; addictive/compulsive Internet use 257–260; assessment of Internet impact in daily life 252–256; Couple and Family Technology Assessment 261–262; measurement tools 260–261; online sexual behavior 260–261
media misinformation 10
media richness 159
meditations, YouTube 155
messaging apps, auto-deleting of messages in 6
mindfulness 13
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) 13
misinformation 10
MMORPGs see massively multiplayer online role-playing games
mobile phones: boundaries 95, 284; checking partner’s 140; children emulating parental behavior 101; effects on physical well-being 9; expressive component and 89; mobile intimacy 212; numbers on business cards 163; prevalence of users 3; texting (see texting); see also cellphone; smartphones
Momo 204
monitoring 98–102; cyberstalking and 144; partner’s online activity 165, 182–183; peer influences online 242; restrictive 280; of youth technology by parents 198
Moodpath, Calm, Headspace, Anxiety Relief Hypothesis, and iMood Journal 273
mothers: blogs use 94; technology use by 94
motivations: considerations for technology integration into daily life 272–273; social media use 33–36; for teen use of technology 273; texting 34
multitasking 20–21; as impediment to couple relationships 115; phone use/presence and 110
mutual understanding 53
Addiction Disorder (FAD) 230; fear of missing out correlated with 39; selfies and 45
networked intimacy 53
networks 212
news, social media as source for 7
nocebo effect 10
nonverbal interactions 48–49, 52, 166
notifications. receiving 22
Not Just Friends (Glass) 115
obsessional thinking 230
obsessive-compulsive disorder 260
OCSB (out-of-control sexual behaviors) 234–235
OkCupid 209
online dating 40, 165, 179, 203–206, 209–210; acceptability of 163; recognition of gatekeeping 276; self-presentation 45–47; transition to marriage 207–208; warranting 46–47
online gaming 5–6, 235–241; acceptability of 164–165; addressing issues with 241; CFT framework application to problem 184; consequences of addictive 78; couple relational satisfaction and 115; psychological consequences of 14–15; social presence theory 238; by teen boys 93
online gaming addiction 133, 237–241
online harassment 21
online pornography see pornography
Online Sexual Addiction Questionnaire (OSA-Q) 261
online video gaming see online gaming
opinions and abilities, social comparison and 73–75
out, coming 168
out-of-control online gaming behaviors 239–241
out-of-control sexual behaviors (OCSB) 234–235
out-of-control technology-related behaviors: cognitive-behavioral theory and 230–231; diagnostic labels 260; managing 242–243; narcissism and 229; negative consequences of 229; overview 226–227; physiological responses to 229; prevalence of 256; psychiatric conditions and 230; substance abuse compared 260
pacifier, electronic 285
panopticon 158
parental alienation 91
parenting: in a digital world 94–103; style linked to self-regulation 73; technology interference with 94–95
parents: adoption 95–96; drone 98, 101; family life cycle development 77; friending on Facebook 97; helicopter 97–98; managing outof-control technology-related behaviors 242–243; as mediator of children’s use of technology 66; modeling reduced Internet usage 198; motivations for family technology use 284–285; online gaming 240–241; role modeling appropriate technology usage 242; role of technology on parent-child relationships 90–91; roles of 192–193; rules in families 197–198; self-presentation of children to 47; surveillance by 98–102, 198, 280; technology use by mothers and fathers 94
partners see couples
passwords, trust and 280
pathological Internet use 3; cognitive-behavioral theory of 231–232; loneliness and 233
pathological perspective on technology 22
PATHOS (Preoccupied, Ashamed, Treatment, Hurt others, Out of control, Sad) scale 261
peer group, selecting 74
peers, social comparison with 73–75
permanence, of online betrayal 118
perpetual contact 110
personal attributes, hiding from others 166
personality influence on social media use 37–38
photos: editing of 166; tagged against ones wishes 44
physical well-being, effects of technology on 8–13
Pinterest, percentage of US population using 6
Pontin, Jason 109
pornography 65, 119, 168, 178–179, 209–210, 231–232, 234, 254, 280; compulsive use of 185; meaning-making around usage 197; revenge 54, 143
posthumanism 209
posting, couples rules concerning 196
post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) 76
posture 134
poverty, prevalence in US 8
power: in families 197; technological competence and 192–193
pre-commitment 215
pregnancy, frequent communication during 278
Preoccupied, Ashamed, Treatment, Hurt others, Out of control, Sad (PATHOS) scale 261
Primack, Brain 270
privacy: adolescents 274; agency and 134–135; breaches of 132, 135–136, 280–281; cellphones and 271; demographics of Internet users and 136–137; European laws 135; exposure and 136; inability to maintain (or protect) 274; invasion 136; online betrayal and 118; rules 274–275; space considerations 137; see also surveillance
problematic Internet use: biological basis of problems 253; criteria for 226–227; dependency and distraction 259; dimensions of 257; identifying 256; inventories for measurement 257–259; online gaming 237–241; perceived etiology of problem 252–253; physiology and psychological state after using the Internet 257; rate of 256; self-reported 256; terminology 256
Problem Behavior Theory 233
process, in CFT 156–158, 160, 161, 183
prosocial behavior, effect of networking on 47
psychiatric disorders, out-of-control technology-related behaviors and 230
psychological distress, prevalence 78
psychological resilience 68
psychological well-being, effects of technology on 13–21
PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder) 76
real-world situations, approximation to 172–173
reciprocity: self-disclosure and 51, 53; trust and 216
recording of conversations 54
refuge 81
Reid, Joy 123
relational contract: accountability and 182–183; ambiguity and 177–180; definition of 178
relational developmental stages, technology use across 77
relational factors influencing social media use 36–40; fear of missing out 38–40; personality 37–38; social capital 36–37
relational intelligence 203
relational systems, rules in 197–198
relationship adjustment, effect on life satisfaction 18
relationship disclosures 207
relationship formation 203–208, 204;
Facebook official 207; online dating 203–206; transition to marriage 207–208
relationship maintenance 181, 204, 208–216
relationships: ending 281; initiating, rule tips for 276–277; key characteristics of technology that affect 162, 162; long-distance 112–113, 121–122, 164, 171–172, 179–180, 278; maintaining 277–281; risks of technology in 131–145; see also couple; families; romantic relationships
relationship satisfaction: duration of technology-based communication 210; with online dating 210; rules and 195; technology’s contribution to 209–210
relationship termination 204, 213, 216–218
relaxation, apps to promote 13
respectful connectedness 89–90
restrictive monitoring 280
risks of technology in relationships 131–145; cyberbullying 132, 137–140; cyberstalking 143–145; dating violence 140–145; privacy 134–137; sexual predators 132–133
roles 192–193; gender 192; rules and 192–193
romantic relationships: acceptability of Internet in forming 164; social media and 120–121; speed of development online 255; texting and 121–122
Rosen, Larry 228
Rosenfeld, Michael 15
rules: cellphone use in couple relationships 110; constitutive 193–194, 194; in couples 193–197; explicit 193, 194; in families and relational systems 197–198; implicit 193, 194; negotiation 195; privacy and 274–275; regulative 193–194, 194; roles and 192–193; setting 102–103; set up for health reasons 198; social media 196
safeguards, for children’s technology use 284
safety: blocking and 216–217; cellphone use 283
Scarlet Letter, The (Hawthorne) 217
search engines: accessibility and 169; keystrokes and search terms collected by 77
searching, surveillance and 123–124
Second Life (game) 172
secrecy: cellphones and 271; infidelity and 170
sedentary lifestyles 11–12, 18
selective sociality 53
self, distinction between one’s “real” versus “ought” 174–176, 175
self-authorship: components of 69; development of 68–70; in relationally authored (and heterogenic) environment 70–71
self-boundaries 199
self-categorization, situated 158
self-disclosure: anonymity and 166, 214; considerations in 52; in couple relationship 115–116; dimensions of 51; directed 215; by emerging adults 96; emotional intimacy and 50–51, 115–116; gender and 214; intimacy and 210–216; loneliness and 213; motivations for 51; networks and 212; non-directed 215; online romantic relationships 255; reciprocity 216; self-boundaries 199; self-presentation and 43–45; strategies used on Facebook 52–53; timing of 214; unplanned 52
self-esteem: selfies and 45; self-presentation and 43–44
selfies 44–45; Instagram postings and couple relationships 120; number posted daily 44; staging and editing of 44–45
self-location, sense of 135
self-presentation 41, 41–48; anonymity and 166; in couples 45–47; explicit and implicit 42; in families 47–48; methods 43; online dating 45–47; other-presentation 44; personality traits associated with 42–43; self-esteem and 43–44; selfies 44–45
self-regulate, inability to 230
sensation-seeking, sexting and 141
sex: approximation and 172–173; interrupted by text message or email notification 17; measuring online sexual behavior 260–261; online 165, 172; out-of-control sexual behaviors (OCSB) 234–235; technology use to improve 209; virtual sex 119, 172
sex addiction 234; dimensions of 257; measurement of 260–261
Sex and the Internet (Cooper) 168
sex dolls 171
sex robots (sexbots) 119–120, 179
sextech 119, 209, 226, 233–235
sexting 112, 121, 141–143; consequences of 142–143; defined 141; motivations for 141; prevalence of 141
sexual dysfunction, CFT framework application to 185
sexual predators, online 132–133
sexual satisfaction 210
sexual technologies (sextech) 119, 209, 226, 233–235
shared activities, couples and 113–115
shared identity, sense in couples 49
shared time together for couples 113–115
shy people, online conversations and 37
SIDE (Social Identity Model of Deindividuation Effects) 158
situated self-categorization 158
sleep: apps to augment 13; effects of technology on 12–13; interpersonal and relational consequences from lack 17; lack associated with negative psychological well-being 14–15, 17
smartphones: effects on physical well-being 9; effects on psychological well-being 14, 16; frequency of checking 16; impact on family relationships 211; increase in owners of 4–5; introduction effect on laptop use 4; marital satisfaction and 210
Snapchat, teen use of 93
SNSs see social networking sites
social anxiety 134, 233; social solutions to 155–156; see also anxiety
social capital 77; acquisition of 36; bonding 36, 77; bridging 36, 77; Internet as means of acquiring and maintaining 7; online gaming 237
social comparison 73–75; self-disclosure and 52; selfies and 45
Social Identity Model of Deindividuation Effects (SIDE) 158
social inclusion 53
social information processing theory 40
social interaction, online gaming 238
social isolation, heavy Internet use and 233
socially constructed identities 75
social maturity 283
social media: categories of gay men’s presentations on 206; in couple development life cycle 208; defined 6; depression and 270–271; effects on psychological well-being 15–16; employee termination based on postings in 76; gender difference in use 6; growth in number of uses 3; maintenance of connections by use 19; maximizing benefits of 272; as news source 7; online harassment 21; percentage of parents on 95; prevalence of use 6–7; relational factors influencing use 36–40; romantic relationships and 120; rules 196; sites, as heterotopic environment 71; social comparison and 73–75; social systems embedded in 76
social networking sites (SNSs): interpersonal electronic surveillance 123; motivation for use 33; negative psychological outcomes of use 16; parenting style influence on teen use of 73; psychological resilience and 68; use in adolescence 67
social penetration theory 51, 159, 216
social presence theory 238
social solutions, to social anxiety 155
social steganography 136
social support: bonding type social capital 36; from online friends 279; social media use at work 20
society of the spectacle 99, 121
sociotechnological model 155, 160
sounds, technology-related 134
spamming 144
specific problematic usage (SPIU) 231, 233
state dependent memory 218
Structural Functionalism Theory 160
structure: boundaries 192, 198–200; in CFT 156–158, 160, 161, 183; integration ideas for 273–275; roles 192, 192–193; rules 192, 193–198
substance abuse, behavioral addictions compared 260
substance use disorders, Internet use disorder compared to 79
suicidal ideation 13–15, 17, 139–140
supplication, self-presentation method 43
support, using synchronous methods to obtain 278
surveillance 98–102; of an adolescent’s online activities 133; attachment style and 124; blocking 217; change in kids’ behavior under 101; in couples 112, 121–124; coveillance 198; habituation 101–102; infidelity and 263; managing 280–281; relationship termination and 217–218; of self 99–100; of technology use among family members 198
symbolism 160
synchronous communication 34–35, 278
systems, impact of environments on 71–73
tablets, number shipped annually 4
tagging, as disclosure 53
technological ambiguity 180–181, 192
technological saturation in the population 3
technology: adoption and 95; contribution to relationship satisfaction 209–210; effects on our individual selves 8; effects on physical well-being 8–13; effects on psychological well-being 13–21; interference in parenting 94–95; invasion into our lives 2–3; our work lives and 19–21; prevalence in our lives 3–4; projecting what’s next for technology in our lives 21–22; relational structure areas affected by 192
Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) 155–156, 160
Technology and Intimate Relationship Assessment 262
technology-based interventions 133–134
Technology Integration Plan (TIP) 270–288; application recommendations 287–288; audience considerations 271–272; benefit maximization 272; motivation considerations 272–273
technology overload, negative psychological outcomes associated with 17
technophobia 227–229; addressing 241; of clinicians 254; impact of 228–229; prevalence of 228
techno subsystem 73
teens: accessibility and 273; exposure and risk 137; motivation for using technology 273; parents interaction with online 100; patterns of technology use 93–94; privacy 96–97, 271; problematic Internet use 230; sense of risk 100; sexting 141–143; vulnerability of 198; see also adolescents/adolescence
television, trend in methods of use 21
texting: ambiguity in messages 112–113; approximation and 172; attachment style and 122; in couple relationships 111–113; motivations of use 34; in romantic relationships 121–122; secrecy and 123; sexting 141–143; surveillance and 123; synchronous communication 34; technological ambiguity 181
third variable problem 252
TIP see Technology Integration Plan
touchscreen devices, musculoskeletal symptoms from using 9
transmission of stressful events from parent to child 12
trickery 138
trust: accountability and 215; developing 124–125; precommittment 215; reciprocity and 216; recovering from online infidelity 279–280; self-closure and 213–214; surveillance management 280–281
TV, use before going to bed 12
Twitter: non-directed self-disclosure 215; percentage of US population using 6
unfaithful, redefining meaning of 110
unintended consequences 2
uses and gratifications theory (UGT) 155, 160
valence of a behavior 177
valuing of technologies 90
video calling 91
video games: demographics of players 5–6; violence in 237, 242–243; see also online gaming
vindictive cyberstalking 144
violent video gaming 237, 242–243
visibility management 42, 140, 168
vulnerability: accessibility and 169; of anonymity 205; fear of missing out and 39–40; of teens 198
Vygotsky, Lev 66
Wehrenberg, M. 155
#withconsent 44
work-home interference 273
World of Warcraft 238
young adults: as intermediaries between parents 91; microsystems as dominating context for 76; preference toward face-to-face therapy 255; relationship with technology 68–70