Chapter 1
“CANCER OF THE PACIFIC”
1. Japan Times and Advertiser (Tokyo), January 1, 1941.
2. Nichi Nichi, January 1, 1941; quoted in the Japan Chronicle (Kobe), January 17, 1941. All newspaper dates are quoted for the country’s local time.
3. United States Department of State, Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States: Japan, 1931–1941, Vol. II (Washington, D.C., 1943), pp. 65–66 (cited hereafter as Foreign Relations.)
4. Joseph C. Grew, Ten Years in Japan (New York, 1944), p. 359 (cited hereafter as Ten Years in Japan.)
5. Japan Times and Advertiser, January 24, 1941.
6. September 3, 1940. Quoted in Japan Advertiser. On October 18, 1940, the Japan Advertiser was sold to the Nippon Times, which took the name Japan Times and Advertiser. This newspaper became the mouthpiece of the Japanese Foreign Office.
7. Proceedings of the International Military Tribunal sitting at Tokyo (cited hereafter as Far East Mil. Trib.), International Prosecution Section (IPS), Doc. No. 3125, October 20, 1947; Kichisaburo Nomura, Beikoku ni Tsukai Shita (Tokyo, 1946), pp. 12–17; interview with Adm. Kichisaburo Nomura, May 7, 1949 (hereafter Nomura).
8. Interview with Nomura, May 7, 1949.
9. Ten Years in Japan, p. 367.
10. Ibid., p. 358.
11. Hochi, January 23, 1941, quoted in Japan Times and Advertiser, January 24, 1941.
12. February 8, 1941, quoted in Japan Times and Advertiser, February 9, 1941.
13. Japan Times and Advertiser, January 27, 1941.
14. Japan Advertiser, September 6, 1940.
15. Letter, Adm. Isoroku Yamamoto to VADM. Mineichi Koga, January 23, 1941. Courtesy of RADM. Teikichi Hori, close friend and confidant of Yamamoto (hereafter Hori).
16. Japan Times and Advertiser, January 27, 1941.
Chapter 2 “ON A MOONLIGHT NIGHT OR AT DAWN”
1. Letter from Cmdr. Masataka Chihaya, February 4, 1970, who was aboard Nagato at the time (hereafter Chihaya).
2. Courtesy of Hori.
3. Reports of General MacArthur: Japanese Operations in the Southwest Pacific Area, Vol. II, Part I (Washington, D.C., 1966), p. 33, n. 1.
4. Courtesy of Hori.
5. Courtesy of Juji Enomoto, legal adviser to the Japanese Navy (hereafter Enomoto).
6. Courtesy of Hori.
7. Interview with Capt. Yasuji Watanabe, February 21, 1949 (hereafter Watanabe).
8. Kumao Harada, Saionji Ko to Seikyoku (Tokyo, 1950–1956), Vol. I, p. 36 (cited hereafter as Saionji-Harada). The translation here used is the one in the English-language edition, Saionji-Harada Memoirs, Part XXIV, pp. 2987–88.
9. Shigeru Fukudome, Shikan: Shinjuwan Kogeki (Tokyo, 1955), p. 150 (cited hereafter as Shikan: Shinjuwan Kogeki).
10. Interview with VADM. Shigeru Fukudome, April 27, 1950 (hereafter Fukudome).
11. Shikan: Shinjuwan Kogeki, p. 151; interview with Fukudome, May 4, 1950.
12. Shiban: Shinjuwan Kogeki, p. 152.
13. Interview with Fukudome, May 4, 1950.
14. Courtesy of Hori. This disposes of the long-standing myth that Pearl Harbor had been under active consideration for years.
15. Interview with Enomoto and Shuichi “George” Mizota, who often served as Yamamoto’s interpreter and translator, May 15, 1950 (hereafter Mizota).
16. The following extracts are from a document discovered in 1964, which actually is a draft. It was Yamamoto’s custom to write and sign both an original draft and a final letter in communicating with most of his colleagues; presumably Oikawa destroyed the letter as Yamamoto requested. The family of Capt. Shigeru Fujii, a member of Yamamoto’s staff, found this draft among Fujii’s effects and presented it to the Historical Department of the Japanese Self-Defense Force. A photostatic copy of this draft may be found in the Japanese-language edition of the book Tora! Tora! Tora!, by the author, published in Japan in 1966, p. 43. As far as we know, the first person to state that Oikawa knew of Yamamoto’s plan in January 1941 was RADM. Sokichi Takagi. See his article, “Ningen Yamamoto Isoroku,” Bungei Shunju (January 1950), p. 95.
Chapter 3
“DIFFICULT BUT NOT IMPOSSIBLE”
1. Minoru Genda, Kaigun Kokutai Shimatsu Ki (Hasshin Hen) (Tokyo, 1961), p. 131 (cited hereafter as Hasshin Hen).
2. Interview with Capt. Atsushi Oi, February 15, 1951 (hereafter Oi).
3. Interview with VADM. Ryunosuke Kusake, December 2, 1947 (hereafter Kusaka).
4. The facts concerning Yamamoto’s letter to Onishi come from Genda, who read it and conferred at length with Onishi. Interviews with Capt. Minoru Genda, March 24, 1947; March 15, 1948; November 4, 1950 (hereafter Genda). See also Minoru Genda, Shinjuwan Sakusen Kaikoroku (Tokyo 1972), pp. 10–12 (cited hereafter as Shinjuwan Sakusen Kaikoroku); and Minoru Genda, “Higeki Shinjuwan Kogeki,” Bungei Shunju (December 1962), pp. 198–200 (cited hereafter as “Higeki Shinjuwan Kogeki”).
5. Interviews with Oi, February 15, 1951, and Nomura, May 11, 1949.
6. Interview with RADM. Sadatoshi Tomioka, February 17, 1948 (hereafter Tomioka).
7. Interview with Capt. Kosei Maeda, September 15, 1955 (hereafter Maeda).
8. Letter, Yamamoto to Shimada, October 24, 1941. Courtesy of Hori.
9. Interview with Maeda, September 15, 1955.
10. Interview with Genda, March 15, 1948; Hasshin Hen, p. 128.
11. Interview with Genda, March 24, 1947.
12. Ibid., March 25, 1947.
13. Ibid., November 4, 1950.
14. Interview with Capt. Sadami Sanagi, August 11, 1949 (hereafter Sanagi).
15. Interview with Genda, November 4, 1950.
16. Ibid., March 25, 1947.
17. Ibid., November 4, 1950.
18. Ibid., March 25, 1947.
19. Ibid., March 15, 1948.
20. Genda affidavit, June 1947. See also Shinjuwan Sakusen Kaikoroku, pp. 10–17, and “Higeki Shinjuwan Kogeki,” pp. 198–200. Hitoshi Tsunoda et al., Hawai Sakusen (Tokyo, 1967), has little to say about these early discussions (cited hereafter as Hawai Sakusen).
21. Interview with Tomioka, September 1, 1955.
22. Interview with Capt. Mitsuo Fuchida, July 28, 1947 (hereafter Fuchida).
23. Interview with Genda, March 22, 1947; Hasshin Hen, p. 162.
24. Far East Mil. Trib., Interrogation of Genda, March 28, 1945. Later Genda changed his mind about the order of importance. During World War II he insisted on speed first and maneuverability second.
25. Interview with Genda, March 15, 1948.
26. Ibid., March 22, 1947.
27. Hasshin Hen, p. 139.
28. Interview with Genda, March 23, 1947; Hasshin Hen, pp. 141–42. See also Shinjuwan Sakusen Kaikoroku, pp. 68–71, 74.
29. Minoru Genda, Kaigun Kokutai Shimetsu Ki (Sento Hen) (Tokyo, 1962), p. 23 (cited hereafter as Sento Hen); interviews with Genda, March 23 and 24, 1947. See also Shinjuwan Sakusen Kaikoroku, pp. 48–49.
30. Far East Mil. Trib., Interrogation of Genda, November 28, 1945.
31. Sento Hen, pp. 31–32; Shinjuwan Sakusen Kaikoroku, pp. 55–58.
32. Interviews with Chihaya, March 19, 1947; Genda, March 22, 1947. Report of seventy-nine pages which Genda prepared for the author in Japanese on the subject of Pearl Harbor in May 1947 (cited hereafter as Genda’s Analysis).
33. Signed statement by Genda, March 19, 1951.
34. Interview with Genda, August 31, 1955.
35. The main points in Genda’s draft are based on interviews with him on March 25, 1947, March 15, 1948, and November 4, 1950, and on Genda’s Analysis. See also Shinjuwan Sakusen Kaikoroku, pp. 18–20.
36. Cable from Genda through Chihaya, September 26, 1969.
37. Genda’s thoughts on the three types of bombing in the days before 1941 can be found in Sento Hen, pp. 42–47.
38. Genda’s Analysis.
39. Interview with Genda, March 25, 1947.
40. Genda’s Analysis and interview with Genda, March 25, 1947.
41. Interview with Genda, March 15, 1948.
42. “Outline Developments of Tactics and Organization of the Japanese Carrier Air Force,” prepared for the author by VADM. Jisaburo Ozawa (cited hereafter as Ozawa’s Outline). In his first interview with the author on December 15, 1948, Ozawa stated that Yamamoto specifically discussed his Pearl Harbor plan with him in February 1941. Later, after much reflection, Ozawa changed his testimony to the story given in this chapter.
Chapter 4
“NO CREDENCE IN THESE RUMORS”
1. Interview with Capt. Shigeshi Uchida, April 20, 1951 (hereafter Uchida).
2. Hearings before the Joint Committee on the Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack, Congress of the United States, Seventy-ninth Congress (Washington, D.C., 1946), Part 29, pp. 2145–46 (cited hereafter as PHA).
3. Letter, Capt. Henri H. Smith-Hutton, USN (Ret.), to the author, July 20, 1973; PHA, Part 14, p. 1042.
4. PHA, Part 2, p. 572.
5. Ibid., p. 561.
6. Telephone conversation with RADM. Arthur H. McCollum, November 4, 1968 (hereafter McCollum).
7. PHA, Part 36, p. 14.
8. Letter, McCollum to the author, September 20, 1969.
9. Ibid.; PHA, Part 8, pp. 3381–82.
10. Telephone conversation with McCollum, November 4, 1968.
11. See the following reports: Hawaiian Department, “Joint Army and Navy Maneuvers, Raid Phase, Jan. 29–31, 1933,” and Commandant, 14th Naval District, Commander, NOB, Pearl Harbor, undated, “Joint Exercise Report. Both are in the Classified Operational Archives Branch, Naval History Division, Washington Navy Yard, Washington, D.C.
12. Letter, McCollum to the author, September 20, 1969.
13. PHA, Part 14, p. 1044.
14. Letter, McCollum to the author, September 20, 1969.
15. PHA, Part 2, p. 778.
16. Ibid., p. 819.
17. Ibid., Part 26, pp. 450–51.
18. Letter, McCollum to the author, September 20, 1969.
19. PHA, Part 27, p. 56.
20. Ibid., Part 26, p. 207.
21. Ibid., Part 2, pp. 876–77, corrected by Part 5, p. 2488.
22. Congressional Record, Vol. 87, Part 2, February 19, 1941, p. 1198.
Chapter 5
“YOU HURT THE PRESIDENT’S FEELINGS”
1. PHA, Part 14, p. 943.
2. Ibid., Part 1, p. 304.
3. Ibid., Part 15, pp. 1594–97.
4. Ibid., Part 27, pp. 125, 121.
5. Ibid., Part 26, p. 22.
6. Ibid., Part 5, p. 2453.
7. Ibid., Part 27, pp. 119–20.
8. Ibid., Part 1, pp. 272, 229–30.
9. Ibid., pp. 262–63.
10. Ibid., p. 297.
11. Ibid., Part 14, p. 963.
12. Ibid., Part 1, p. 282.
13. Ibid., pp. 264–66.
14. VADM. George C. Dyer, USN (Ret.), On the Treadmill to Pearl Harbor: The Memoirs of Admiral James O. Richardson, USN (Retired) (Washington D.C, 1972), pp. 435–36 (cited hereafter as On the Treadmill).
15. PHA, Part 1, pp. 305–06.
16. Ibid., Part 14, pp. 964–69.
17. For a detailed study see Don Newton and A. Cecil Hampshire, Taranto (London, 1959).
18. PHA, Part 14, p. 973.
19. Ibid., Part 4, pp. 1939, 1983.
20. Ibid., Part 14, pp. 973–74.
21. Ibid., p. 975.
22. Ibid., Part 1, p. 285.
23. Memorandum for the Secretary from Stark, November 12, 1940, papers of Franklin D. Roosevelt, the Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, Hyde Park, N.Y., President’s Secretary’s File, Box 63 (cited hereafter as PSF, Roosevelt Papers).
24. PHA, Part 5, p. 2172.
25. Telephone conversation with VADM. Charles Wellborn, Jr., April 19, 1969, and subsequent correspondence (hereafter Wellborn).
26. Unpublished diary of Henry L. Stimson, Yale University Library, New Haven, Conn., May 6 and November 30, 1941 (cited hereafter as Stimson Diary).
27. PHA, Part 14, p. 985.
28. Ibid., p. 986.
29. Ibid., pp. 986–87.
30. Ibid., pp. 988–89.
31. Ibid., p. 990.
32. Ibid., p. 991.
33. Ibid., pp. 991–92.
34. Ibid., Part 1, pp. 322–23.
35. Interview with VADM. William Ward Smith, November 29, 1962 (hereafter Smith).
36. Interviews with RADM. Dundas P. Tucker, August 21 and 22, 1964 (hereafter Tucker).
37. Interview with VADM. George C. Dyer, October 20, 1969 (hereafter Dyer).
38. Interview with VADM. Walter DeLany, November 2, 1962 (hereafter DeLany). PHA, Part 23, pp. 1227–28.
39. Interview with RADM. Husband E. Kimmel, November 29, 1963 (hereafter Kimmel).
40. Husband E. Kimmel, Admiral Kimmel’s Story (Chicago, 1955), pp. 6–7 (cited hereafter as Admiral Kimmel’s Story).
41. PHA, Part 4, pp. 1939–40: Part 23, p. 1114.
42. Ibid., Part 24, p. 1363.
43. Ibid., p. 1364.
44. Ibid.
45. Ibid., Part 14, pp. 993–94.
46. Ibid., p. 997.
47. Ibid., p. 998.
48. Ibid., Part 1, pp. 339–40.
49. Ibid., pp. 323–24.
Chapter 6
“THAT MUST HENCEFORTH BEAR RESPONSIBILITY”
1. Honolulu Advertiser, February 2, 1941.
2. PHA, Part 5, p. 2172.
3. The following summary of Kimmel’s career is based in part upon his service record and “Officer’s Record of Fitness,” courtesy of Kimmel.
4. PHA, Part 23, p. 1227.
5. Interview with Capt. Allen G. Quynn, December 30, 1963 (hereafter Quynn).
6. Interview with Capt. Walter J. East, August 7, 1964 (hereafter East).
7. Honolulu Star-Bulletin, February 5, 1941.
8. Ibid., February 8, 1941.
9. This summary of Short’s career is taken from PHA, Part 7, pp. 2966–77, and Part 22, pp. 31–32.
10. PHA, Part 22, p. 32.
Chapter 7
“OUR FIRST CONCERN IS TO PROTECT THE FLEET”
1. Stimson Diary, September 16, 1941.
2. PHA, Part 14, pp. 1003–04.
3. Ibid., Part 3, p. 1063.
4. Ibid., p. 1064.
5. Ibid, pp. 1064–65.
6. Stanley D. Porteus, And Blow Not the Trumpet: A Prelude to Peril (Palo Alto, Calif., 1947), p. 285 (cited hereafter as And Blow Not the Trumpet).
7. PHA, Part 3, p. 1065.
8. Ibid., Part 24, pp. 1835–37.
9. Ibid., p. 1838.
10. Ibid., Part 22, p. 85.
11. Interview with Adm. Claude C. Bloch, November 28, 1962 (hereafter Bloch).
12. PHA, Part 10, pp. 4933–34.
13. Ibid., Part 39, p. 60; Part 7, p. 3098.
14. Ibid., Part 22, p. 7; Part 29, p. 1627.
15. Ibid., Part 3, p. 1067.
16. Ibid., pp. 1068–70.
17. Ibid., p. 1069.
18. Ibid., p. 1071.
19. Ibid., p. 1073.
20. A.A. Hoehling, The Week Before Pearl Harbor (New York, 1963), p. 38 (cited hereafter as The Week Before Pearl Harbor).
21. PHA, Part 16, p. 2153.
22. Ibid., p. 2155.
23. Ibid., p. 2151.
24. Ibid., Part 22, p. 335.
25. Ibid., p. 336.
26. Ibid., p. 337.
27. Ibid., pp. 338–39.
28. Ibid., Part 23, p. 1137.
29. Ibid., Part 16, p. 2228.
30. Ibid., Part 32, p. 222.
31. Ibid., Part 39, pp. 302–3.
32. Ibid., Part 16, p. 2229.
33. Ibid., p. 2160.
34. Ibid., Part 23, p. 1220.
35. Ibid., Part 1, p. 29.
36. Admiral Kimmel’s Story, p. 28.
37. PHA, Part 28, p. 911.
38. Interview with Bloch, November 28, 1962.
39. Interview with Adm. Maurice E. Curts, November 16, 1962 (hereafter Curts).
40. Interview with Smith, November 14, 1962.
41. Interviews with DeLany, November 2, 1962; Smith, November 14, 1962.
Chapter 8
“THE HOTBED OF ESPIONAGE”
1. Interview with Lt. Gen. Charles D. Herron, June 10, 1955 (hereafter Herron).
2. Interview with Otojiro Okuda, May 23, 1950 (hereafter Okuda).
3. PHA, Part 35, p. 555.
4. Interview with Okuda, May 23, 1950.
5. Letter, Hart to Bloch, December 15, 1940, Papers of Adm. Claude C. Bloch, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C., Box 2 (cited hereafter as Bloch Papers).
6. Interviews with Okuda, May 23, 1950, and August 27, 1955.
7. PHA, Part 35, p. 355.
8. Ibid., Part 12, pp. 311–12.
9. Honolulu Star-Bulletin, February 10 and 5, 1941; letter, Bloch to Riley H. Allen, March 4, 1941, Bloch Papers, Box 1.
10. PHA, Part 12, p. 259.
11. Honolulu Star-Bulletin, March 22, 1941; interviews with Okuda, May 23, 1950, and August 27, 1955.
12. Interview with Takeo Yoshikawa, July 13, 1950 (hereafter Yoshikawa).
13. Interview with Okuda, May 23, 1950, and with a former member of the Japanese consulate in Honolulu who prefers to remain anonymous.
14. Interview with Yoshikawa, September 14, 1955.
15. Ibid., July 13, 1950. See also Takeo Yoshikawa with Lt. Col. Norman Stanford, USMC, “Top Secret Assignment,” United States Naval Institute Proceedings (December 1960), p. 33 (cited hereafter as “Top Secret Assignment).”
16. Interview with Yoshikawa, July 15, 1950.
17. PHA, Part 35, p. 363.
18. Interview with Yoshikawa, July 13, 1950.
19. PHA, Part 35, pp. 356–57, 392, 367.
20. Ibid., p. 529.
21. Ibid., p. 327: interview with Yoshikawa, September 10, 1955.
22. Ibid., pp. 384, 362.
23. Ibid., pp. 355, 327.
24. Interview with Yoshikawa, July 16, 1950.
25. Ibid., July 15 and 16, 1950; September 10, 1955; PHA, Part 25, p. 356.
26. PHA, Part 35, p. 381; interviews with Yoshikawa, July 15, 1950, and September 10, 1955.
27. Interview with Yoshikawa, September 10, 1955.
28. Ibid., September 11, 1955.
Chapter 9
“IN RATHER A SPOT”
1. Honolulu Advertiser, August 24, 1939; Honolulu Star-Bulletin, August 23, 1939.
2. PHA, Part 23, pp. 857–58.
3. Ibid., Part 35, p. 567.
4. Ibid., Part 23, p. 1022.
5. Ibid., Part 26, p. 333.
6. Ibid., Part 23, p. 920.
7. Ibid., p. 652.
8. Ibid., Part 36, p. 331.
9. Ibid., Part 35, p. 84.
10. Ibid., p. 100.
11. Ibid., Part 10, pp. 5089–90.
12. Ibid., Part 35, p. 566.
13. Ibid., Part 23, p. 914.
14. Ibid., Part 35, p. 569.
15. Ibid., Part 36, p. 312. For a thorough study of the field of cryptanalysis, see David Kahn, The Codebreakers (New York, 1967).
16. PHA, Part 34, p. 34.
17. Chicago Tribune, Special Supplement, December 7, 1966, p. 10. An untitled, anonymous article appears in this supplement, its author identified only as “a former high official who bore heavy responsibilities at the time of the Pearl Harbor attack. . . .” The author has communicated often and at length with this individual, both orally and in writing. To respect his desire for anonymity, he is cited hereafter as Mr. X and his article as Mr. X’s Article.
18. PHA, Part 36, pp. 61–62.
19. Mr. X’s Article, pp. 5, 10.
20. PHA, Part 33, p. 915.
21. Ibid., Part 10, p. 4751.
22. Ibid., p. 4773.
23. Ibid., Part 36, pp. 46–47, 61.
24. Mr. X’s Article, p. 10. Mr. X tells us that the British later reneged on this agreement and did not furnish the United States the German Enigma code as agreed.
25. PHA, Part 36, p. 60.
26. Ibid., Part 35, p. 82; Part 8, pp. 3399, 3896.
27. Ibid., Part 10, p. 4725; Part 8, p. 3894.
28. Ibid., Part 8, p. 3926; Part 9, pp. 4168, 4171.
29. Ibid., Part 8, pp. 3400–01, 3895.
30. Ibid., Part 9, pp. 4508–09.
31. Ibid., Part 2, pp. 858, 865.
32. Ibid., Part 5, p. 2468.
33. Ibid., Part 35, p. 96; Part 36, p. 23; Part 4, p. 1734; Part 8, p. 3899.
34. Ibid., Part 2, pp. 447, 464; Part 9, p. 5035.
35. Ibid., Part 8, pp. 3681–82; Part 34, p. 95; Part 35, p. 96.
36. Ibid., Part 36, pp. 64–65.
37. Ibid., Part 33, pp. 851–52.
38. Ibid., Part 7, pp. 3374–75.
39. Ibid., Part 4, p. 1923.
40. Ibid., Part 10, pp. 4845–46.
41. Ibid., Report, p. 524.
42. Ibid., Part 4, pp. 1926–27.
Chapter 10
“THE MOST LIKELY AND DANGEROUS FORM OF ATTACK”
1. Honolulu Advertiser, Honolulu Star-Bulletin, November 4, 1940.
2. PHA, Part 22, p. 200: interview with Brig. Gen. James E. Mollison, April 13, 1961 (hereafter Mollison).
3. Interviews with RADM. Logan C. Ramsey, December 6, 1962 (hereafter Ramsey); Smith, November 29, 1962; Mollison, April 13, 1961.
4. Unpublished papers of Gen. H. H. Arnold, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (cited hereafter as Arnold Papers).
5. PHA, Part 8, p. 3451; interviews with Ramsey, December 6, 1962: Adm. Arthur C. Davis, January 30, 1963 (hereafter Davis); RADM. James M. Shoemaker, January 31, 1963 (hereafter Shoemaker); VADM. Charles F. Coe, January 23, 1963 (hereafter Coe).
6. PHA, Part 24, pp. 1389–90.
7. Ibid., Part 8, p. 3452.
8. Ibid., Part 22, pp. 349–50.
9. Ibid., p. 350.
10. Ibid., pp. 350–51.
11. Ibid., p. 351.
12. Ibid. The entire Martin-Bellinger Report appears in PHA, Part 22, pp. 349–54.
13. Ibid., Part 4, p. 1941.
14. Ibid., Part 39, p. 304.
15. Ibid., p. 64.
16. Ibid., p. 304.
17. Ibid., p. 309.
18. Ibid., Part 4, p. 1896.
19. Honlulu Star-Bulletin, April 7, 1941.
Chapter 11
“HOW CAN AIR POWER BE USED MOST EFFECTIVELY?”
1. Interviews with Watanabe, August 16, 1969, RADM. Kameto Kuroshima, April 28, 1948 (hereafter Kuroshima). Nagato underwent overhaul from April 3 to June 3, 1941. During this period Yamamoto selected the battleship Mutsu as his temporary flagship. Interview with Watanabe, October 24, 1949.
2. Hawai Sakusen, pp. 92–93.
3. Interview with Capt. Akira Sasaki, July 18, 1949 (hereafter Sasaki).
4. Interview with Kuroshima, April 28, 1948; Hawai Sakusen, p. 92.
5. Interview with Chihaya and Fuchida, May 23, 1948.
6. Letter from Chihaya, August 1, 1969; interviews with Genda, August 31, 1955, and Sasaki, July 18, 1949.
7. Interview with Watanabe, October 27, 1947.
8. Shikan: Shinjuwan Kogeki, p. 146.
9. Interview with Kuroshima, April 28, 1948.
10. Interview with Capt. Takayasu Arima, November 21, 1948 (hereafter Arima).
11. Interview with Sasaki, July 19, 1949.
12. Hawai Sakusen, p. 93; interview with Watanabe, July 15, 1947.
13. Essay entitled “How the Japanese Task Force Idea Materialized,” which Genda with the assistance of Chihaya prepared for the author and which is in the author’s files (cited hereafter as Genda Essay on Task Force). Shikan: Shinjuwan Kogeki, pp. 193–94.
14. Interviews with Ozawa, December 15, 1948; Sanagi, August 11, 1949. See Hawai Sakusen, pp. 124–26.
15. Shikan: Shinjuwan Kogeki, p. 192.
16. Genda Essay on Task Force; interview with Ozawa, December 15, 1948.
17. Interview with RADM. Sadatoshi Tomioka, February 17, 1948 (hereafter Tomioka).
18. Shikan: Shinjuwan Kogeki, p. 152; interview with Fukudome, April 27, 1950.
19. Interview with Tomioka, February 17, 1948.
20. Interviews with Tomioka, July 9, 1947; Uchida, April 20, 1951; Kuroshima, May 3 and 5, 1948.
21. Interview with Capt. Tatsukichi Miyo, April 27, 1947 (hereafter Miyo).
22. Interviews with Capt. Fumio Aiko, December 21 and 28, 1964 (hereafter Aiko).
Chapter 12
“THE REAL POWER AND POTENTIALITIES”
1. Unpublished diary of Chuichi Nagumo. Courtesy of Mrs. Nagumo. The reader unfamiliar with Japanese names is cautioned against confusing Nagumo, Commander in Chief of the First Air Fleet, with Nagano, chief of the Naval General Staff.
2. Interview with RADM. Katsuhei Nakamura, May 29, 1951 (hereafter Nakamura).
3. Among those who attest to Nagumo’s affectionate concern for his men are Genda, Sento Hen, p. 37, and Capt. Tameichi Hara, IJN, with Fred Saito and Roger Pineau, Japanese Destroyer Captain (New York, 1961), pp. 34–35.
4. Interview with Adm. Nishizo Tsukahara, May 14, 1949 (hereafter Tsukahara).
5. Interview with Genda, August 31, 1955.
6. Interview with Cmdr. Goro Sakagami, September 22, 1955 (hereafter Sakagami).
7. Interview with Genda, August 31, 1955.
8. Interview with Sakagami, September 22, 1955.
9. The material on Adm. Yamaguchi in this chapter is based on his service record and numerous discussions with members of his staff and other officers of the First Air Fleet.
10. Interview with Watanabe, December 7, 1947.
11. Interview with Capt. Kyozo Ohashi, October 25, 1949 (hereafter Ohashi).
12. Interview with Cmdr. Susumu Ishiguro, April 6, 1948 (hereafter Ishiguro).
13. Ryunosuke Kusaka, Rengo Kantai (Tokyo, 1952), p. 2 (cited hereafter as Rengo Kantai).
14. Interviews with Kusaka, April 24, August 23, June 24, and December 2, 1947.
15. All members of the First Air Fleet consulted for this study agree that this was Nagumo’s general reaction to the Pearl Harbor plan.
16. Interview with Kusaka, December 2, 1947; Rengo Kantai, p. 6; “Higeki Shinjuwan Kogeki,” p. 202.
17. Interview with Sakagami, September 22, 1955.
18. Interviews with Capt. Eijiro Suzuki, May 2 and June 12, 1948 (hereafter Suzuki).
19. This was the opinion of virtually every Japanese officer consulted for this study.
20. Interview with Suzuki, May 29, 1948.
21. Interview with Ohashi, October 25, 1949.
22. Interview with Ishiguro, May 1, 1948.
Chapter 13
“WITH GUARDED APPROVAL”
1. State Department Memorandum of Conversation, February 14, 1941. Papers of Cordell Hull, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C., Box 60 (cited hereafter as Hull Papers). See also Cordell Hull, The Memoirs of Cordell Hull (New York, 1948), Vol. II, pp. 987–88 (cited hereafter as Hull Memoirs).
2. Interview with Nomura, May 7, 1949.
3. Hull Memoirs, Vol. II, p. 988.
4. Current Biography, 1940, p. 412.
5. State Department Memorandum of Conversation, March 8, 1941, Hull Papers Box 60; Hull Memoirs, Vol. II, pp. 986, 988–90.
6. PHA, Part 20, pp. 4298–4300.
7. Raymond James Sontag and James Stuart Beddie, eds., Nazi-Soviet Relations 1939–1941: Documents from the Archives of the German Foreign Office (Washington, D.C., 1948), pp. 291–314.
8. Herbert Feis, The Road to Pearl Harbor: The Coming of the War Between the United States and Japan (Princeton, N.J., 1950), pp. 186–89 (cited hereafter as The Road to Pearl Harbor).
9. Ten Years in Japan, pp. 379–80.
10. Hull Memoirs, Vol. II, pp. 984–85. For excellent accounts of the Walsh Drought mission see the following: Robert J. C. Butow, The John Doe Associates: Backdoor Diplomacy for Peace, 1941 (Stanford, Calif., 1974) (cited hereafter as John Doe Associates); John H. Boyle, “The Walsh-Drought Mission to Japan,” Pacific Historical Review (May 1965), pp. 141–60 (cited hereafter as “The Walsh-Drought Mission”); Robert J. C. Butow, “Backdoor Diplomacy in the Pacific: The Proposal for a Konoye-Roosevelt Meeting, 1941,” The Journal of American History (June 1972), pp. 48–72 (cited hereafter as “Backdoor Diplomacy”).
11. State Department Memorandum of Conversation, March 8, 1941, Hull Papers, Box 60.
12. Hull Memoirs, Vol. II, p. 991.
13. State Department Memorandum of Conversations, April 14 and 16, 1941, Hull Papers, Box 60; Hull Memoirs, Vol. II, pp. 995–96.
14. “Backdoor Diplomacy,” pp. 55–57. For an excellent discussion of this mixup, see Butow’s article “The Hull-Nomura Conversations: A Fundamental Misconception,” American Historical Review (July 1960), pp. 822–36.
15. PHA, Part 4, p. 1861.
16. Ibid., p. 1862.
17. Ibid., Part 11, pp. 5475–76.
18. Ibid., Part 4, p. 1863.
19. Shigenori Togo, The Cause of Japan (New York, 1956), p. 61 (cited hereafter as The Cause of Japan).
20. PHA, Part 20, p. 3992. Portions of Konoye’s Memoirs are reproduced in this volume.
21. Masuo Kato, The Lost War (New York, 1946), pp. 25–27 (cited hereafter as The Lost War).
22. Attachment to State Department Memorandum of Conversation, May 12, 1941, Hull Papers, Box 60. See also Hull Memoirs, Vol. II, pp. 1000–01.
23. “Backdoor Diplomacy,” pp. 57–58. See also “The Hull-Nomura Conversations,” pp. 832–34.
Chapter 14
“THE STRONGEST FORTRESS IN THE WORLD”
1. Stimson Diary, April 21, 1941.
2. Ibid., April 22, 1941.
3. Ibid., April 23, 1941.
4. Ibid., April 24, 1941.
5. PHA, Part 15, p. 1635. On the copy reproduced therein, the aide-memoire is undated but bears the remark “Came to file 5/3/41.”
6. Ibid.
7. Ibid.
8. Ibid., Part 12, p. 323.
9. Ibid., Part 15, p. 1635.
10. Ibid., Part 3, p. 1092; Part 15, p. 1635.
11. Honolulu Star-Bulletin, May 12, 1941.
12. Honolulu Advertiser, May 13, 1941.
13. Ibid., May 14, 1941.
14. Honolulu Star-Bulletin, May 15, 1941.
15. Wesley Frank Craven and James Lea Cate, eds., The Army Air Forces in World War II (Chicago, 1948), Vol. I, p. 172 (cited hereafter as AAF in WW II).
16. Honolulu Star-Bulletin, May 24, 1941.
17. PHA, Part 15, pp. 1622–23.
18. Ibid., p. 1623.
Chapter 15
“CRITICAL IN THE ATLANTIC”
1. Memorandum, Smith to the author, October 23, 1963.
2. Stimson Diary, November 29, 1940.
3. Ibid., December 16, 1940.
4. Ibid., December 29, 1940.
5. Ibid., January 27, 1941.
6. Ibid., March 24, 1941.
7. Ibid., March 25, 1941.
8. Ibid., April 10, 1941.
9. PHA, Part 15, pp. 1485, 1487. The document in question bears on its cover sheet the penciled notation: “Approved by Sec Navy 28 May 41 “ “ “ War 2 June 41 Not approved by President.” However, the policies set forth therein became those of the United States.
10. Ibid., pp. 1491–92.
11. Ibid., Part 16, pp. 2160–61.
12. Ibid., p. 2161.
13. Ibid., p. 2163.
14. Ibid., Part II, pp. 5503–4.
15. William L. Langer and S. Everett Gleason, The Undeclared War, 1940–1941 (New York, 1953), pp. 445–46 (cited hereafter as The Undeclared War ).
16. PHA, Part 16, p. 2164.
17. Ibid., p. 2230.
18. Stimson Diary, April 29, 1941.
19. PHA, Part 19, p. 3457.
20. Ibid., Part 16, p. 2165.
21. Ibid., pp. 3458–59.
22. Stimson Diary, May 5, 1941.
23. Ibid., May 6, 1941.
24. PHA, Part 19, pp. 3460–61.
25. Stimson Diary, May 13, 1941.
26. Ibid., May 15, 1941.
27. PHA, Part 16, pp. 2168–69.
28. Ibid., Part 33, p. 696.
29. Ibid., Report, pp. 149–50.
30. Ibid., Part 12, p. 260.
Chapter 16
“THE KISS OF DEATH”
1. PHA, Part 16, p. 2226.
2. Ibid., Part 23, p. 1231.
3. Memorandum, Smith to the author, October 23, 1963.
4. PHA, Part 23, p. 1231.
5. Ibid., Part 16, p. 2233–34.
6. Ibid., pp. 2234–35.
7. Ibid., p. 2236.
8. Ibid.
9. Ibid., p. 2237.
10. Ibid., pp. 2237–38.
11. Ibid., p. 2238.
12. Ibid.
13. Stimson Diary, May 23, 1941.
14. Ibid., May 24, 1941.
15. Ibid., May 25, 1941.
16. Washington Post, May 28, 1941.
17. Stimson Diary, May 27, 1941.
18. Interview with Kimmel, November 20, 1963.
19. Letter, Knox to Capt. Morton L. Deyo, USN, June 13, 1941. Unpublished papers of Frank Knox, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C., Box 1 (cited hereafter as Knox Papers).
20. Interview with Kimmel, November 30, 1963; PHA, Part 32, p. 99.
21. PHA, Part 33, p. 692.
22. This account of Kimmel’s meeting with Roosevelt is based upon Memorandum, “Interview with the President, 1425–1550, Monday June 9 1941,” Navy Department Office Symbol Op-12D-2-McC, signed by Adm. H. E. Kimmel. (Originally Secret, now Unclassified), Classified Operational Archives Branch, Naval History Division, Washington Navy Yard, Washington, D.C.
23. PHA, Part 33, p. 693.
24. “Interview with the President,” op. cit.
25. PHA, Part 33, p. 692.
26. Stimson Diary, June 18, 1941.
27. PHA, Part 36, p. 401.
28. Memorandum, Smith to the author, October 23, 1963.
Chapter 17
“JAPAN’S FOREIGN POLICY WILL NOT BE CHANGED”
1. Stimson Diary, June 23, 1941.
2. Stark described this interview in a letter, July 31, 1941, to Capt. Charles H. Cooke, Jr., copy to Kimmel. PHA, Part 16, p. 2175.
3. Honolulu Star-Bulletin, June 26, 1941.
4. PHA, Part 20, p. 3993.
5. Unpublished diary of Admiral Kichisaburo Nomura, June 29, 1941, in the author’s files, courtesy of Nomura (cited hereafter as Nomura Diary).
6. A number of translations exist of this document, which is entitled “An Outline of the Policy of the Imperial Government in View of Present Developments.” The author has used the version reproduced in PHA, Part 20, pp. 4018–19.
7. PHA, Part 12, p. 1.
8. Ibid., Part 14, p. 1396.
9. Ibid., Part 16, p. 2171.
10. Ibid., Part 7, p. 2932.
11. Nomura Diary, July 3, 1941.
12. Hull Papers, Box 72–73.
13. Stimson Diary, July 5, 1941.
14. Ibid.
15. Ibid., July 8, 1941.
16. Diary of Marquis Koichi Kido, July 17, 1941 (cited hereafter as Kido Diary).
17. PHA, Part 20, pp. 3997–98.
18. Ibid., Part 12, p. 3.
19. State Department Memorandum of Conversation, July 17, 1941, Hull Papers, Box 60.
20. PHA, Part 12, p. 2.
21. The Undeclared War, p. 642.
Chapter 18
“AS IF HE WERE BEYOND PENALTY”
1. For a detailed account of this journey, see PHA, Part 35, pp. 360–62; 378–79.
2. Interview with Yoshikawa, September 11, 1955. However, no messages from Tokyo to Honolulu to this effect appear in PHA.
3. Interview with Genda, December 25, 1947.
4. PHA, Part 35, p. 356.
5. Interview with Yoshikawa, July 14, 1950.
6. PHA, Part 35, p. 386; interview with Yoshikawa, July 14, 1950.
7. PHA, Part 12, p. 260.
8. Ibid., Part 35, p. 363.
9. Interview with Yoshikawa, July 15, 1950.
10. PHA, Part 35, p. 371.
11. Hull Memoirs, Vol. II, p. 1011.
12. Interview with Capt. Itaru Tachibana, August 19, 1950 (hereafter Tachibana).
13. Interview with RADM. Edwin T. Layton, May 20, 1958 (hereafter Layton).
14. Hull Memoirs, Vol. II, pp. 1011–12; Nomura Diary, June 18, 1941.
15. Interview with Tachibana, August 19, 1950.
16. Interviews with RADM. Kanji Ogawa, February 9 and March 30, 1949 (hereafter Ogawa).
17. Don Whitehead, The FBI Story: A Report to the People (New York, 1956) (cited hereafter as The FBI Story).
18. Interview with Tucker, August 22, 1964.
19. PHA, Part 23, p. 858.
20. Ibid., p. 869.
21. Ibid., Part 35, pp. 538–39.
22. Ibid., Part 23, pp. 860–61.
23. Ibid., p. 861.
24. Ibid., p. 862.
25. Ibid., p. 866.
26. Ibid., p. 880.
27. Ibid., p. 863.
28. Ibid., Part 10, pp. 5093–94.
29. Walter Davenport, “Impregnable Pearl Harbor,” Collier’s (June 14, 1941), p. 77.
30. PHA, Part 35, pp. 217–18.
31. Ibid., p. 218.
32. Ibid.
33. Ibid., p. 153.
34. Ibid., p. 531.
35. Interview with Yoshikawa, July 16, 1950.
36. PHA, Part 35, p. 531.
37. Ibid., p. 555.
38. Ibid., p. 531.
Chapter 19
“WE WANT HUSTLERS!”
1. Hawai Sakusen, p. 130.
2. Japan Times and Advertiser, May 28, 1941.
3. Hawai Sakusen, p. 130.
4. Rengo Kantai, p. 10.
5. Sento Hen, p. 35.
6. Interview with Genda, April 6, 1947.
7. PHA, Part 33, p. 1318. A fathom measures six feet.
8. Ibid., Part 32, p. 255.
9. Shikan: Shinjuwan Kogeki, p. 212.
10. Ibid., p. 213.
11. Ibid., p. 214; interviews with Aiko, December 21 and 28, 1964.
12. Hawai Sakusen, p. 143. See also Shinjuwan Sakusen Keikoroku, pp. 217–18.
13. Interview with Genda, April 6, 1947.
14. Rengo Kantai, p. 9.
15. Sento Hen, pp. 37, 43–44. See also Shinjuwan Sakusen Kaikoroku, p. 21.
16. Shikan: Shinjuwan Kogeki, p. 210. See also Shinjuwan Sakusen Kaikoroku, p. 232.
17. Hawai Sakusen, pp. 135–36.
18. Sento Hen, p. 44. See also Shinjuwan Sakusen Kaikoroku, p. 231.
19. Interview with Genda, December 28, 1947.
20. Sento Hen, p. 44.
21. Ibid., p. 45.
22. Interview with Genda, April 7, 1947. See also Hawai Sakusen, p. 136.
23. Sento Hen, p. 45.
24. Ibid., p. 47. See also Shinjuwan Sakusen Kaikoroku, pp. 231–32.
25. Shikan: Shinjuwan Kogeki, p. 203.
26. Hawai Sakusen, p. 137.
27. Shikan: Shinjuwan Kogeki, p. 203.
28. Interview with Genda, April 7, 1947.
29. Sento Hen, p. 46.
30. Interview with Genda, April 7, 1947. See also Shinjuwan Sakusen Kaikoroku, pp. 231, 238–39. CPO Akira Watanabe should not be confused with Capt. Yasuji Watanabe of Yamamoto’s staff.
31. Interview with Ishiguro, May 1, 1948.
32. Hawai Sakusen, p. 96.
33. Unpublished notes of Cmdr. Shigeshi Uchida, April 10, 1941 (cited hereafter as Uchida Notes).
34. Hawai Sakusen, p. 96.
35. Interview with Genda, March 15, 1948. This historic report was probably lost with Akagi at Midway.
36. Ibid., April 7, 1947.
37. Interview with Kuroshima, May 5, 1948.
38. Hawai Sakusen, p. 121.
39. Interview with Kuroshima, May 5, 1948.
40. Ibid.
41. Hawai Sakusen, p. 121.
Chapter 20
“PLENTY OF POTENTIAL DYNAMITE”
1. PHA, Part 16, p. 2173.
2. Nomura Diary, July 24, 1941.
3. PHA, Part 5, p. 2383.
4. Ibid., Part 16, pp. 2173–74.
5. Ibid., Part 14, pp. 1344–45.
6. State Department Memorandum of Conversation, July 23, 1941, Hull Papers, Box 60. See also Hull Memoirs, Vol. II, pp. 1013–14, and Memorandum for the Files, July 24, 1941, of telephone conversation between Hull and Welles on July 23, Hull Papers, Box 72–73.
7. State Department Memorandum of Conversation, July 24, 1941, Hull Papers, Box 60.
8. PHA, Part 20, p. 4373.
9. Nomura Diary, July 24, 1941.
10. Interview with Capt. Sutegiro Onoda, October 13, 1949 (hereafter Onoda).
11. Interview with Miyo, May 10, 1949.
12. Interview with Ishiguro, May 1, 1948.
13. Interview with Suzuki, May 29, 1948.
14. The Secret Diary of Harold L. Ickes, Vol. III, The Lowering Clouds 1939–1941 (New York, 1954), p. 588 (cited hereafter as Ickes Secret Diary).
15. PHA, Part 14, p. 1327.
16. Interview with Nomura, May 7, 1949.
17. PHA, Part 20, pp. 4038–40.
18. Quoted in Japan Times and Advertiser, July 29, 1941.
19. Ten Years in Japan, pp. 411–12.
20. Ibid., pp. 413–14.
21. Interview with Tomioka, July 16, 1947.
22. Nomura Diary, July 30, 1941.
23. PHA, Part 12, p. 8.
24. Roosevelt Papers, PSF, Box 67.
25. Takushiro Hattori, The Complete History of the Greater East Asia War (Tokyo, 1953), Vol. 1, p. 166. Translation by 500th Military Intelligence Service Group. Colonel Hattori was a member of the Operations Section of the Army General Staff (cited hereafter as Complete History).
26. Interview with Tomioka, July 16, 1947.
27. PHA, Part 20, p. 4034.
28. Louis Morton, United States Army in World War II: The War in the Pacific: The Fall of the Philippines (Washington, D.C., 1953), pp. 9–30 (cited hereafter as Fall of the Philippines).
29. Interview with Tomioka, July 16, 1947.
30. Interview with Admiral Koshiro Oikawa, April 10, 1949 (hereafter Oikawa).
Chapter 21
“A CUNNING DRAGON SEEMINGLY ASLEEP”
1. PHA, Part 16, p. 2174.
2. Ibid., p. 2242.
3. Ibid., p. 2239.
4. Ibid., p. 2175.
5. Ibid., p. 2176.
6. Ibid., p. 2177.
7. Ibid., Part 14, p. 1346.
8. Ibid., Part 12, p. 9.
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid.
11. Ibid., p. 10.
12. Stimson Diary, August 8, 1941.
13. Nomura Diary, August 4, 1941.
14. PHA, Part 20, p. 4000.
15. Nomura Diary, August 6, 1941; State Department Memorandum of Conversation, August 6, 1941, with attached Proposal by the Japanese Government, Hull Papers, Box 60.
16. PHA, Part 12, pp. 12–13.
17. Ibid., pp. 13–14.
18. Ibid., Part 14, pp. 1254, 1273–74.
19. Ibid., p. 1279.
20. Interview with Nomura, May 7, 1949.
21. Stimson Diary, August 9, 1941.
22. Complete History, p. 154.
23. Interview with Tomioka, February 17, 1948.
24. Interview with Watanabe, November 25, 1947.
25. Honolulu Star-Bulletin, August 13; Honolulu Advertiser, August 14, 1941.
26. Honolulu Star-Bulletin, August 6, 1941.
27. Interview with Yoshikawa, September 10, 1955.
28. Stimson Diary, August 12, 1941.
29. PHA, Part 16, p. 2244.
30. Ibid., Part 14, p. 1401.
31. Uchida Notes, August 14 and 16, 1941.
32. PHA, Part 14, pp. 1346–47.
33. Ibid., Part 12, pp. 17–18.
Chapter 22
“PROPHETIC IN ITS ACCURACY”
1. Interview with Kuroshima, May 5, 1948.
2. Ibid., May 3, 1948.
3. Ibid., May 5, 1948.
4. Uchida Notes, August 7, 1941.
5. Interview with Kuroshima, May 5, 1948.
6. Hawai Sakusen, p. 97.
7. Ibid., pp. 97–98.
8. Ibid.
9. Ibid., p. 99. These arguments were much the same as those which Fukudome, Tomioka, Miyo, Sanagi, and Uchida gave the author in numerous interviews.
10. Ibid., interview with Kuroshima, May 5, 1948.
11. Interviews with Admiral Zengo Yoshida, March 18 and 20, 1950 (hereafter Yoshida).
12. The full title of this study is “Some Considerations Concerning the Basic Defense Doctrine of Oahu.” It is filed at the Air Force Historical Section, Maxwell AFB, Montgomery, Ala. Courtesy of Dr. Frank Futrell.
13. PHA, Part 14, p. 1019.
14. Interview with Maj. Gen. William E. Farthing, August 17, 1955 (hereafter Farthing).
15. PHA, Part 14, p. 1021.
16. Ibid., p. 1022.
17. Ibid., pp. 1022–23.
18. Ibid., p. 1024.
19. Ibid.
20. Ibid.
21. Ibid., p. 1025.
22. Ibid., pp. 1025–26.
23. Ibid., p. 1026.
24. Ibid., p. 1027.
25. Ibid., p. 1028.
26. Ibid., p. 1030.
27. Ibid.
28. Ibid., p. 1031.
29. Ibid.
30. Ibid., Part 39, p. 75.
31. Ibid., Part 27, p. 88. In his testimony Marshall gave the figure of 148 B-17s. Ibid., Part 3, p. 1120. In all probability Arnold’s figure is the more accurate.
32. Ibid., p. 438.
Chapter 23
“PRESENT ATTITUDE AND PLANS”
1. PHA, Part 15, p. 1626.
2. Arnold Papers.
3. Interviews with Mollison, April 13 and 15, 1961.
4. Interview with Maj. Gen. Howard C. Davidson, July 6, 1962 (hereafter Davidson).
5. Ten Years in Japan, pp. 416–17.
6. Ibid., pp. 417–21.
7. Foreign Relations, pp. 559–65.
8. State Department Memorandum of Conversation, August 17, 1941, Hull Papers, Box 60; Foreign Relations, p. 554 ff.; Hull Memoirs, Vol. II, pp. 1018–20. The original draft proposal is reproduced in PHA, Part 14, pp. 1255–68.
9. PHA, Part 16, pp. 2179, 2182–83.
10. State Department Memorandum of Conversation, Hull Papers, Box 60; Nomura Diary, August 28, 1941.
11. Complete History, pp. 170–71.
12. Uchida Notes. Unfortunately Uchida did not date this entry within the month.
13. Ibid., July 28–29, 1941.
14. Complete History, pp. 170–71.
15. Uchida Notes, August 19 and 20, 1941.
16. Ibid., August 23, 1941.
17. For an excellent explanation of the influential position of these officers, see Robert J. C. Butow, Tojo and the Coming of the War (Princeton, N.J., 1961), pp. 170–71, 243–44 (cited hereafter as Tojo and the Coming of the War).
18. Complete History, pp. 171–72.
Chapter 24
“A VERY STRONG FIGHTING SPIRIT”
1. Mitsuo Fuchida, Shinjuwan Sakusen No Shinso: Watakushi Wa Shinjuwan Joku Ni Ita (Nara, Japan, 1949), pp. 36–37 (cited hereafter as Shinjuwan Sakusen No Shinso).
2. Interviews with Genda, December 28, 1947, and September 5, 1955.
3. The biographical and character sketch of Fuchida that follows is based upon many interviews with him as well as the recollections of his former associates and his official career brief.
4. Interview with Genda, December 28, 1947.
5. Ibid. See also Shinjuwan Sakusen Kaikoroku, p. 224.
6. While Murata’s former colleagues agree on his character and abilities, this sketch is based mainly on an interview with Fuchida, December 10, 1963.
7. Some Japanese naval officers believe Murata joined Akagi later in the autumn. But both Genda and Fuchida stated that Murata trained with the First Air Fleet in August.
8. Interview with Genda, December 28, 1947; Shinjuwan Sakusen Kaikoroku, pp. 187–202, 246, 248, 251.
9. Interview with Fuchida, December 10, 1963.
10. Interview with Genda, December 28, 1947.
11. Sento Hen, p. 42.
12. Interview with Genda, December 28, 1947.
13. Interview with Fuchida, December 10, 1963.
14. Shikan: Shinjuwan Kogeki, pp. 198, 207.
15. Ibid., p. 206.
16. PHA, Part 13, p. 644.
17. Shikan: Shinjuwan Kogeki, p. 195. For an interesting account of this unique plane, see Masatake Okumiya and Jiro Horikoshi with Martin Caidin, Zero! (New York, 1956).
18. Interview with Ishiguro, May 1, 1948.
19. Interview with Lt. Cmdr. Heita Matsumura, January 8, 1945 (hereafter Matsumura).
20. Interview with Ishiguro, May 1, 1948.
21. Shikan: Shinjuwan Kogeki, pp. 194–95.
22. Rengo Kantai, p. 15.
23. Interview with Genda, September 5, 1955.
24. Interview with Ohashi, October 25, 1949.
25. Interview with VADM. Chuichi Hara, September 6, 1955 (hereafter Hara); statement dated December 26, 1951, which Hara submitted to the author through Chihaya.
Chapter 25
“RESOLVED TO GO TO WAR”
1. Interview with Adm. Mitsumi Shimizu, November 5, 1948 (hereafter Shimizu); written statement of Shimizu to the author through Chihaya, July 21, 1969 (cited hereafter as Shimizu Statement).
2. Interview with Fuchida, August 27, 1967.
3. PHA, Part 32, p. 234; Part 39, p. 305.
4. Interview with RADM. Hisashi Mito, September 21, 1947 (hereafter Mito).
5. Kazuo Sakamaki, I Attacked Pearl Harbor (New York, 1949), p. 33 (cited hereafter as I Attacked Pearl Harbor); interview with Lt. Kazuo Sakamaki, October 17, 1947 (hereafter Sakamaki); Anthony J. Watts and Brian G. Gordon, The Imperial Japanese Navy (Garden City, N.Y., 1971), pp. 362–64 (cited hereafter as Imperial Japanese Navy).
6. The New York Times, September 2, 1941.
7. Quoted in Japan Times and Advertiser, September 3, 1941.
8. PHA, Part 12, p. 25.
9. The quotations from this document are taken from Nobutake Ike, ed. and trans., Japan’s Decision for War: Records of the 1941 Policy Conferences (Stanford, Calif., 1967), pp. 135–36 (cited hereafter as Japan’s Decision.) See also PHA, Part 20, p. 4022; Complete History, pp. 172–76; and Far East Mil. Trib., Defence Document 1579. There are some differences in the various translations of this program.
10. Uchida Notes, September 3, 1941.
11. Boston Sunday Globe, September 7, 1941.
12. Honolulu Star-Bulletin, September 6, 1941.
Chapter 26
“WAVES AND WINDS SO UNSETTLED”
1. In his book Journey to the Missouri (New Haven, Conn., 1950), p. 43, Toshikazu Kase termed Konoye “a shy squirrel sheltered in the deep forests. . . .” (cited hereafter as Journey to the Missouri).
2. Kido Diary, September 5, 1941.
3. PHA, Part 20, p. 4004. See also Tojo and the Coming of the War, pp. 253–54.
4. Kido Diary, September 5, 1941. A number of accounts exist of the imperial conference of September 6 and this meeting which preceded it. The author has attempted to reconcile these discrepancies and present the events by fusing fact and probability.
5. Complete History, p. 176.
6. Ibid.
7. PHA, Part 20, p. 4004.
8. Shikan: Shinjuwan Kogeki, pp. 82–83, n. 7. See also Tojo and the Coming of the War, p. 255; PHA, Part 20, p. 4004.
9. PHA, Part 20, p. 4005.
10. Complete History, p. 176.
11. Shikan: Shinjuwan Kogeki, pp. 82–83, n. 7. Almost a year later, on August 23, 1942, Nagano gave Nomura a blow-by-blow account of this audience. Interview with Nomura, May 11, 1949.
12. Nomura Diary, September 4, 1941.
13. Hull Memoirs, Vol. II, p. 1023 ff. See also PHA, Part 2, pp. 424–26.
14. Japan Times and Advertiser (morning edition), September 6, 1941.
15. Kido Diary, September 6, 1941; Complete History, p. 177 ff., Japan’s Decision, p. 138 ff.
16. Complete History, p. 182.
17. PHA, Part 20, p. 4005.
18. Complete History, p. 182.
19. PHA, Part 20, p. 4005.
20. The title of this poem comes from the Kido Diary, September 6, 1941; the translation, from Complete History, p. 182. Several translations of the poem exist, but this version conveys most closely the form and spirit of the original as well as the atmosphere of the hour.
21. PHA, Part 20, p. 4005.
22. Ibid.
23. Complete History, p. 182.
24. PHA, Part 20, p. 4005.
25. Ten Years in Japan, p. 425. See also Joseph C. Grew, Turbulent Era: A Diplomatic Record of Forty Years, 1904–1945, Part II (Boston, Mass., 1952), pp. 1324–33 (cited hereafter as Turbulent Era); Foreign Relations, pp. 604, 645.
26. PHA, Part 2, p. 663.
27. Ten Years in Japan, p. 426.
28. Ibid.
29. Ibid., p. 427.
30. Turbulent Era, p. 1329.
31. Ibid., pp. 1332–33.
32. PHA, Part 2, p. 663, corrected by Part 5, p. 2482.
33. For an interesting exposition of this triumvirate, see Hugh Byas, Government by Assassination (New York, 1942), pp. 134–36.
34. PHA, Part 12, p. 27.
35. Ibid., Part 20, p. 4214. Roosevelt sent Grew’s letter to Hull for suggested reply under date of October 29, 1941.
36. Ibid., Part 2, p. 717.
Chapter 27
“A SERIOUS STUDY”
1. The exact date of this meeting is in question. Hawai Sakusen, p. 100, states that the First Air Fleet completed its draft of Operation Hawaii on August 28, but both Kusaka and Genda recall this meeting as taking place in early September.
2. Interview with Kusaka, December 2, 1947. The author has also depended on Genda and Sakagami for the mood and atmosphere of this meeting.
3. Interview with Kusaka, December 2, 1947.
4. Ibid., August 23, 1947.
5. Ibid., June 29, 1947; Rengo Kantai, pp. 8–9.
6. Rengo Kantai, p. 12.
7. Interview with Kusaka, December 2, 1947.
8. Interview with Genda, April 6, 1947. See also Shinjuwan Sakusen Kaikoroku, pp. 112–14.
9. Strangely enough, Hawai Sakusen has nothing to say about Genda’s work on the prospective routes to Pearl Harbor.
10. The exposition of the southern route is based on interview with Genda, June 10, 1947.
11. Interview with Genda, September 3, 1955.
12. The exposition of the central route is based upon interview with Genda, June 6, 1947.
13. The exposition of the northern route is also based upon interview with Genda, June 6, 1947.
14. Hawai Sakusen, p. 174.
15. Interview with Watanabe, August 16, 1969.
16. Interview with Kusaka, June 29, 1947.
17. Interviews with Genda, April 6 and June 6, 1947; Kusaka, August 24, 1947, and March 7, 1949. See also Shinjuwan Sakusen Kaikoroku, p. 113.
18. Interviews with Genda, June 6 and 10, 1947.
19. Interviews with Genda, April 6, June 6 and 10, 1947; Kusaka, August 24, 1947, and March 7, 1949.
20. Interviews with Genda, November 4, 1950; Fuchida, December 10, 1963.
21. Interview with Cmdr. Chuichi Yoshioka, September 21, 1949 (hereafter Yoshioka).
22. Ibid.
23. Interview with Genda, December 28, 1947.
24. Interview with Fuchida, December 10, 1963.
25. Interview with Fukudome, May 2, 1950.
26. Hawai Sakusen, p. 100.
27. Interview with Genda, March 15, 1948.
Chapter 28
“THE WAR GAMES”
1. The material in this chapter is based on all the pertinent publications in English and Japanese, but the author’s best source of information has been a series of intensive interviews with virtually every surviving ex-naval officer who attended the war games of September 1941.
2. Interview with Watanabe, April 12, 1948.
3. Hawai Sakusen, p. 101.
4. Interview with Fukudome, May 2, 1950.
5. Interviews with Miyo, May 10, 1948; Sanagi, August 23, 1949.
6. Interview with VADM. Nobutake Kondo, December 18, 1948 (hereafter Kondo).
7. Interview with Tsukahara, May 6, 1949.
8. Interview with Kondo, December 18, 1948.
9. Interview with RADM. Shikazo Yano, February 21, 1950 (hereafter Yano).
10. Interview with Kusaka and Genda, August 24, 1947.
11. Hawai Sakusen, p. 101.
12. Interviews with Kusaka and Genda, August 24, 1947; Tomioka, July 23, 1947.
13. Interview with VADM. Gunichi Mikawa, January 12, 1949 (hereafter Mikawa).
14. Interview with RADM. Sentaro Omori, March 26, 1949 (hereafter Omori).
15. Interview with Watanabe, April 21, 1948.
16. Exactly when Nagano first heard about Yamamoto’s plan remains something of a mystery. Several Japanese ex-naval officers interviewed thought he might have known by the end of July 1941. Fukudome tells us that he informed Nagano of the venture right after the September war games. (Shikan: Shinjuwan Kogeki, p. 154.) Certainly his invitation to the Secret Room strongly hints that he was in the know.
17. Interview with Fukudome, May 2, 1950.
18. Interview with Sasaki, July 19, 1949.
19. Interview with Kusaka and Genda, August 24, 1947, as well as testimony of those officers, Sasaki, and others over numerous interviews. See also Shinjuwan Sakusen Kaikoroku, p. 115.
20. Interview with Genda, March 11, 1948.
21. Hawai Sakusen, pp. 102–03.
22. Interview with Genda, March 11, 1948. The games followed tactical plans which Genda had prepared aboard Akagi. Shinjuwan Sakusen Kaikoroku, p. 161.
23. Interview with Genda, March 11, 1948.
24. Hawai Sakusen, p. 103.
25. Interview with Sanagi, August 16, 1949.
26. Hawai Sakusen, p. 103.
27. Interview with Genda, March 11, 1948.
28. Hawai Sakusen, p. 103.
29. Ibid., p. 103. This source states that the first wave consisted of 54 fighters, 63 torpedo planes, and 72 bombers—a total of 189 aircraft. These figures are open to question because they exceed the number used in the first wave against Pearl Harbor originating from six carriers.
30. Interview with Sasaki, July 19, 1949.
31. Interview with Watanabe, April 21, 1948.
32. Interview with Genda, March 11, 1948. See also Hawai Sakusen, p. 104. The latter lists a second practice wave of 36 fighters, 54 bombers and 81 torpedo planes—a total of 171. Again, these figures are questionable because they slightly exceed the number actually used in the second wave against Pearl Harbor originating from six carriers.
33. Testimony of Kusaka and Genda; Hawai Sakusen, p. 104.
34. Interview with Genda, March 11, 1948.
35. Interview with Tomioka, August 7, 1947.
36. Testimony of Kusaka and Genda.
37. Interview with Tomioka, August 7, 1947.
38. Hawai Sakusen, p. 104.
39. Interviews with Sasaki, July 19, 1941; Sanagi, August 16, 1949.
40. Hawai Sakusen, p. 104.
41. Interview with Kusaka and Genda, August 24, 1947.
42. Interview with Sasaki, July 19, 1949.
43. Testimony of Kusaka, Mikawa, Tomioka, and others.
44. Interview with Sasaki, July 19, 1949.
45. Interview with Kuroshima, May 10, 1949.
46. Interviews with Watanabe, July 15, 1947, and January 8, 1948.
47. Interview with Mikawa, January 12, 1949.
48. Interview with Sanagi, August 16, 1949.
49. Hawai Sakusen, pp. 101, 104.
50. Interviews with Genda, March 11, 1948; Sanagi, August 16, 1949; Ogawa, February 16, 1951.
51. Extract from Sanagi’s diary. This entry is undated, but it covers the Pearl Harbor war games critique. See also Hawai Sakusen, p. 104.
52. Hawai Sakusen, p. 101.
Chapter 29
“TIME WAS RUNNING OUT”
1. Interview with Yoshioka, September 21, 1949.
2. Interview with Mikawa, January 12, 1949. See also Shinjuwan Sakusen Kaikoroku, pp. 115, 118, 122.
3. Interview with Ogawa, April 13, 1949.
4. Interview with Maeda, March 12, 1949.
5. Interview with Shimizu, November 5, 1948.
6. Interview with Fukudome, May 2, 1950.
7. Interview with Tomioka, December 8, 1947.
8. Interview with Miyo, May 24, 1949.
9. Interview with Tsukahara, May 6, 1949.
10. Interview with Kusaka, August 24, 1947.
11. Interview with Yoshioka, September 21, 1949.
12. Interview with Genda, September 3, 1955.
13. Interview with Miyo, May 24, 1949. See also Japan’s Decision, p. 142, and Complete History, p. 180, for thoughts on a potential war with the Soviet Union.
14. This account of the conference follows in general the Sanagi diary. Inasmuch as he did not record all the discussion, the diary has been supplemented by interviews with Fukudome, Tomioka, Miyo, Uchida, Sanagi, Kuroshima, Sasaki, Kusaka, and Genda. See also Hawai Sakusen, pp. 105–07, which relies heavily on the Sanagi diary, and Shinjuwan Sakusen Kaikoroku, pp. 151–54.
15. Interview with Genda, August 25, 1947.
16. Sanagi diary, September 24, 1941; Hawai Sakusen, p. 105.
17. Interview with Miyo, May 17, 1949.
18. Sanagi diary, September 24, 1941; interview with Genda, August 25, 1947; Hawai Sakusen, pp. 105–06.
19. Interview with Genda, August 25, 1947; Hawai Sakusen, p. 106; Sanagi diary, September 24, 1941.
20. Sanagi diary, September 24, 1941; Hawai Sakusen, p. 106.
21. Ibid.
22. Interview with Genda, August 25, 1947; Sanagi diary, September 24, 1941; Hawai Sakusen, p. 106.
23. Interview with Miyo, May 17, 1947.
24. Interviews with Genda, August 25, 1947, and March 11, 1948; Sanagi diary, September 24, 1941; Hawai Sakusen, pp. 106–07. See also “Higeki Shinjuwan Kogeki,” p. 205.
25. Interviews with Kuroshima, May 10, 1948; Genda, August 25, 1947, and March 11, 1948. See also Shinjuwan Sakusen Kaikoroku, p. 154; “Higeki Shinjuwan Kogeki,” p. 205.
Chapter 30
“BUT WHAT ABOUT THE PACIFIC?”
1. The New York Times, September 12, 1941.
2. See, for example, Washington Post, September 12, 1941; Miami Herald, September 14, 1941; Detroit Free Press, September 13, 1941.
3. Stimson Diary, September 12, 1941.
4. See, for example, the opinion expressed in the joint congressional committee’s minority report, PHA, Report, pp. 546–47.
5. PHA, Part 3, pp. 1119–20.
6. Ibid., Part 16, p. 2248.
7. Ibid.
8. Ibid., p. 2249.
9. Honolulu Star-Bulletin, September 10, 1941.
10. Ibid., September 16, 1941.
11. September 20, 1941.
12. Honolulu Star-Bulletin, September 18, 1941.
13. PHA, Part 14, p. 1354.
14. For representative comments, see Seattle Post-Intelligencer, Los Angeles Times, Boston Daily Globe, September 12, 1941; Mobile Register, September 13, 1941.
15. September 18, 1941.
16. PHA, Part 18, pp. 3026–27.
17. Ibid., Part 17, p. 2705.
18. Ibid., Part 24, pp. 2010–11.
19. Ibid., Part 16, pp. 2209–10.
20. Stimson Diary, September 23, 1941.
21. PHA, Part 16, pp. 2212–13.
22. Ibid., p. 2213.
23. Ibid., pp. 2213–14.
24. Ibid., Part 12, pp. 32–33.
25. Ten Years in Japan, p. 433.
26. State Department Memorandum of Conversation, August 28, 1941, Hull Papers, Box 60.
27. PHA, Part 12, p. 39.
28. Ibid., p. 41.
29. Ibid., p. 40.