Chapter 61
“TORA! TORA! TORA!”
1. Interviews with Fuchida, December 10, 1963; Genda, December 27, 1947.
2. PHA, Part 27, pp. 530–32; Part 10, p. 5064.
3. Ibid., Part 10, pp. 5029, 5046. See also Record of Readings opp. p. 5058.
4. Ibid., Part 29, p. 2122; Part 10, p. 5041.
5. Interview with Lt. Col. Kermit Tyler, August 21, 1964 (hereafter Tyler); PHA, Part 32, p. 342.
6. Interview with Tyler, August 21, 1964; PHA, Part 27, p. 568.
7. Interview with Tyler, August 21, 1964; PHA, Part 18, p. 3015; Part 32, p. 342.
8. Interview with Tyler, August 21, 1964; PHA, Part 27, p. 532; Part 29, p. 2122.
9. Interview with Tyler, August 21, 1964: PHA, Part 27, p. 569; Part 22, p. 223.
10. PHA, Part 10, Record of Readings opp. p. 5058, pp. 5028, 5033; Part 18, p. 3015.
11. Interview with Tyler, August 21, 1964.
12. PHA, Part 7, p. 3075: Part 23, p. 1162.
13. Log of Ward, December 7, 1941.
14. Interview with Genda, December 26, 1946; “I Led the Air Attack,” p. 947.
15. PHA, Part 35, p. 211; Part 10, Record of Readings opp. p. 5058; Walter Lord, Day of Infamy (New York, 1957), p. 174 (cited hereafter as Day of Infamy); Broken Seal, pp. 380–81.
16. “‘Treachery’ of Pearl Harbor.”
17. This account of the initiation of the attack is based upon interview with Fuchida, December 10, 1963; “I Led the Air Attack,” p. 947.
18. Ugaki Diary, December 8, 1941.
19. Interview with Fuchida, December 10, 1963.
20. Rengo Kantai, p. 35.
Chapter 62
“SOUND GENERAL QUARTERS”
1. PHA, Part 26, p. 210; interview with Fuchida, December 10, 1963.
2. Interview with RADM. William R. Furlong, November 16, 1962 (hereafter Furlong); log of Oglala, December 7, 1941; PHA, Part 16, p. 2257; Part 22, pp. 594–95.
3. Rising Sun in the Pacific, p. 104.
4. Interview with Matsumura, January 19, 1951; Statement by Lt. Tamotsu Nakajima, January 28, 1951. The logs of most of the nearby ships give the account of Utah’s fate. Her own log was lost.
5. Logs of Raleigh and Detroit, December 7, 1941; PHA, Part 23, pp. 746–50; interview with Capt. John R. Beardall, Jr., November 17, 1970 (hereafter Beardall); “Supplementary Battle Report, Captain R. B. Simons, USN, Commanding USS RALEIGH, 7 December, 1941” (cited hereafter as Simons Report).
6. Interview with Fuchida, March 4, 1948; logs of Oglala and Helena, December 7, 1941: PHA, Part 22, p. 596.
7. Interview with Kimmel, December 1, 1963; PHA, Part 26, p. 210; Part 23, p. 898.
8. Interviews with Mrs. John B. Earle, September 22, 1970 (hereafter Mrs. Earle); Kimmel, December 1, 1963; letter, Mrs. Earle to the author, October 16, 1964.
9. Interview with RADM. Lawrence A. Ruff, July 28, 1964 (hereafter Ruff).
10. PHA, Part 10, pp. 5098, 5118; Part 27, p. 741.
11. Interview with Goto, January 17, 1950; Rengo Kantai, p. 35.
12. Interview with Genda, November 30, 1950; Shinjuwan Sakusen Kaikoroku, p. 280.
13. Statement by Matsumura, January 19, 1951.
14. PHA, Part 23, pp. 696–97.
15. Interview with Hesser, August 10, 1964; log of Vestal, December 7, 1941.
16. Interviews with Goto, January 19 and 24, 1950.
17. Interview with Thesman, August 12, 1964.
18. PHA, Part 23, pp. 723–24.
19. Interview with Beck, August 6, 1964.
20. Statement by Cmdr. J. L. Kenworthy, December 16, 1941, contained in Action Report, Commander in Chief, United States Pacific Fleet, Serial 0479, 15 February 1942, Report of Japanese Raid on Pearl Harbor, 7 December 1941. (Vol. 3) Enclosure E, Classified Operational Archives Branch, Naval History Division, Washington Navy Yard, Washington, D.C. (cited hereafter as Action Report).
21. Interview with John Crawford, August 8, 1964 (hereafter Crawford).
22. Interview with Lt. Gen. Alan Shapley, October 11, 1967 (hereafter Shapley); William H. Ewing, “High Dive Off the Mainmast,” Honolulu Star-Bulletin, December 7, 1961.
23. Statement by Ens. H. D. Davidson, Vol. 2, Encl. E, Part 1, Action Report.
24. Interview with Kimmel, December 1, 1963; log of California, December 7, 1941.
25. Interview with Adm. Harold C. Train, November 27, 1962 (hereafter Train).
26. Rising Sun in the Pacific, pp. 111–12.
27. Interview with Fuchida, March 4, 1948; “I Led the Air Attack,” pp. 948–49.
28. Statements by Cmdr. H. R. Hillenkoetter and Lt. Cmdr. T. T. Beattie, Vol. 3, Encl. F, Action Report; Rising Sun in the Pacific, pp. 104–06.
29. Interview with Kimmel, December 1, 1963.
30. Interviews with Smith, November 14, 1962, and June 15, 1964.
31. Interview with Davis, January 30, 1963.
32. Interview with Layton, July 22, 1964.
33. PHA, Part 24, p. 1365; Part 26, p. 210.
34. Interview with Curts, November 16, 1962.
35. PHA, Part 23, p. 725.
36. Letter from Mrs. Earle, op. cit.
37. Interview with Thesman, August 12, 1964.
38. Log of Nevada, December 7, 1941. Arizona’s log was lost.
39. PHA, Part 23, pp. 634–36.
40. Interview with Shoemaker and Coe, January 31, 1963.
41. PHA, Part 23, pp. 634–36.
42. Interviews with Hesser, August 10, 1964; Smart, August 21, 1964.
43. Rising Sun in the Pacific, p. 109.
44. Statements by Beattie, op. cit.; Lt. (j.g.) C. V. Ricketts, Vol. 3, Encl. E, Action Report; interview with Johnson, July 25, 1964; statement by Abe, October 14, 1950.
45. Log of Nevada, December 7, 1941; statement by Lt. Ichiro Kitajima, October 18, 1950 (hereafter Kitajima); letter from Capt. Joseph K. Taussig, Jr., January 8, 1963.
46. Letter from Taussig, op. cit.; action report of Nevada, contained in Action Report, Vol. 3; Capt. Joseph K. Taussig, Jr., “I Remember Pearl Harbor,” United States Naval Institute Proceedings (December 1972), p. 20.
47. Interview with Ruff, July 28, 1964.
48. Shinjuwan Sakusen Kaikoroku, p. 266.
49. Interview with Davis, January 30, 1963.
50. Interviews with Curts, November 16, 1962; Kimmel, December 1, 1963; PHA, Part 23, p. 899.
Chapter 63
“THEY CAUGHT THEM ASLEEP, BY GOD!”
1. Interview with Ramsey, December 6, 1962; PHA, Part 32, p. 444.
2. Report of Patrol Wing Two, Action Report, Vol. I.
3. Interview with Ramsey, December 6, 1962.
4. Interview with Coe, January 23, 1963; PHA, Part 22, p. 565.
5. Interview with Shoemaker, January 31, 1963; PHA, Part 37, p. 1270; log of Neosho, December 7, 1941.
6. Interview with Shoemaker, January 31, 1963; log of Neosho, December 7, 1941; Charles Rawlings and Isabel Leighton, “Fat Girl,” Saturday Evening Post (February 6, 1943), p. 10.
7. Interview with Ramsey, December 6, 1962.
8. Letters to the author from Guy C. Avery, December 16, 1953, and November 4, 1963 (hereafter Avery).
9. Honolulu Advertiser, December 6, 1966. This newspaper printed highlights of Commander Martin’s report to Bloch of the activities at Kaneohe on December 7, 1941.
10. Interview with Adm. Harold M. Martin, November 10, 1970 (hereafter Martin); PHA, Part 23, pp. 738–39.
11. Interview with RADM. Cecil D. Riggs, January 14, 1964 (hereafter Riggs).
12. Interview with Ramsey, December 6, 1962.
13. PHA, Part 26, p. 330.
14. Interview with Shoemaker, January 31, 1963.
15. Admiral Halsey’s Story, p. 77; PHA, Part 26, p. 330.
16. PHA, Part 23, p. 611; interview, with Shoemaker, January 31, 1963: Rising Sun in the Pacific, p. 121.
17. Interview with Farthing, August 17, 1955.
18. Interview with Mollison, April 15, 1963; PHA, Part 22, p. 124.
19. Interview with Col. Vernon H. Reeves, October 27, 1969 (hereafter Reeves).
20. Interview with Mollison, April 15, 1961; PHA, Part 22, p. 134.
21. Interview with Mollison, April 15, 1961.
22. PHA, Part 22, p. 194.
23. Interview with Maj. Gen. Brooke E. Allen, July 17, 1962 (hereafter Allen).
24. Interview with Lt. Col. Francis. Gutzak, October 19, 1953 (hereafter Gutzak).
25. Day of Infamy, pp. 80, 111, 113.
26. Interview with Allen, July 17, 1962.
27. Interview with Lt. Yoshio Shiga, December 21, 1964 (hereafter Shiga).
28. PHA, Part 12, p. 323.
29. Interview with CPO Harry Rafsky, August 11, 1964 (hereafter Rafsky).
30. Interview with Landon, December 15, 1969.
31. PHA, Part 22, p. 194.
32. Statement by 1st PO Kazuo Muranaka, December 17, 1941 (hereafter Muranaka).
33. Interview with Ema, May 27, 1950.
34. Interview with Brig. Gen. William J. Flood, July 11, 1962 (hereafter Flood); PHA, Part 12, p. 323.
35. Interview with Ema, May 27, 1950.
36. Interview with Davidson, July 6, 1962.
37. PHA, Part 22, pp. 117–18.
38. Ibid., Part 28, p. 1487.
39. Ibid., Part 22, pp. 249–50.
40. Statement by Muranaka, December 17, 1949.
41. Interview with Flood, July 11, 1962.
42. PHA, Part 12, p. 323.
43. Chigusa Diary, December 8, 1941; Rengo Kantai, p. 35.
44. Interview with Duane W. Shaw, November 19, 1970 (hereafter Shaw).
45. Interview with Shiga, December 21, 1964.
46. PHA, Part 12, pp. 351–52; Part 13, p. 410.
47. Ibid., Part 22, pp. 304–07.
48. Ibid., pp. 57, 25.
49. Interview with Col. Russell C. Throckmorton, September 11, 1967 (hereafter Throckmorton).
50. Interviews with Dunlop, October 11 and 23, 1963.
51. Interview with Bicknell, September 8, 1967.
52. PHA, Part 22, pp. 299–300.
53. Ibid., pp. 262–64.
54. Ibid., pp. 265–66.
55. Ibid., pp. 273–76, 279.
56. Ibid., p. 47.
57. Ibid., Part 8, pp. 3819, 3835–38.
Chapter 64
“OH, HOW POWERFUL IS THE IMPERIAL NAVY!”
1. Interview with Grannis, July 24, 1964.
2. Log of Helm; Theodore Roscoe, United States Destroyer Operations in World War II (Annapolis, 1953), p. 49 (cited hereafter as Destroyer Operations).
3. Interview with Sakamaki, October 19, 1947.
4. Capt. Burdick H. Brittin, USN (Ret.), “We Four Ensigns,” United States Naval Institute Proceedings (December 1966), pp. 106–09: log of Aylwin, December 7, 1941.
5. Interview with RADM. Harold F. Pullen, September 12, 1964 (hereafter Pullen).
6. Interview with RADM. Allen G. Quynn, December 30, 1963 (hereafter Quynn).
7. Interview with Rafsky, August 11, 1964.
8. PHA, Part 1, p. 51; Part 22, pp. 293–94.
9. Ibid., Part 23, pp. 742–43; Part 28, p. 1570.
10. Interviews with Genda, December 27, 1947; Fuchida, December 10, 1963; interview with and statement from Chihaya, June 10, 1951; Hawai Sakusen, p. 339.
11. Interviews with Genda, December 28, 1947; Fuchida, December 10, 1963; Hawai Sakusen, p. 339.
12. Statement by Shindo, January 17, 1951.
13. Statement by Ofuchi, January 19, 1950.
14. Interview with Fujita, February 2, 1951.
15. Interview with Burford, August 18, 1964; Simons Report; PHA, Part 32, p. 309; logs of Monaghan and Curtiss, December 7, 1941.
16. PHA, Part 13, p. 494.
17. Interviews with Fuchida, March 4, 1948; January 6, 1949.
18. PHA, Part 1, p. 51; Part 22, pp. 293–96; Part 28, p. 1571.
19. Ibid., Part 23, p. 740.
20. Letters from Avery, November 4 and December 1, 1963.
21. Interview with Fujita, February 2, 1951.
22. Letter from Avery, November 4, 1963.
23. Ibid., November 4 and December 1, 1963.
24. Interview with Fujita, February 2, 1951.
25. Letter from Avery, November 4, 1963.
26. Interview with Fujita, February 2, 1951. Genda perpetuates this legend in his book Shinjuwan Sakusen Kaikoroku, p. 282.
27. PHA, Part 23, p. 740; Rising Sun in the Pacific, p. 122.
28. Interview with Fujita, February 2, 1951.
29. PHA, Part 22, pp. 249–51, 254.
30. Interview with Fujita, February 2, 1951.
31. PHA, Part 22, p. 250.
32. Ibid., p. 254.
33. Interview with Fujita, February 2, 1951.
34. Statement by Shindo, January 17, 1951.
35. Statement by Lt. Takemi Iwami, October 20, 1950 (hereafter Iwami).
36. PHA, Part 1, p. 50; interview with Allen, July 17, 1962.
37. Statement by Lt. Cmdr. Zenji Abe, October 19, 1950 (hereafter Z. Abe).
38. Interview with Genda, December 29, 1947.
39. Statement by Ofuchi, January 19, 1950.
40. Interview with Capt. Ruth Erickson, September 7, 1971. Hereafter Erickson.
41. Log of Nevada, December 7, 1941; Rising Sun in the Pacific, pp. 109–10; Day of Infamy, p. 133.
42. Interviews with Ruff, July 28, 1964; Coe, January 23, 1963.
43. Interview with Fuchida, December 10, 1963.
44. Interview with Ruff, July 28, 1964; log of Nevada, December 7, 1941.
45. Rising Sun in the Pacific, p. 110.
46. Log of Oglala, December 7, 1941; PHA, Part 22, p. 598; interviews with Crawford, August 8, 1964; Rafsky, August 11, 1964.
47. PHA, Part 23, p. 635; log of Vestal, December 7, 1941; interviews with Smart, August 21, 1963; Hesser, August 14, 1964.
48. PHA, Part 22, pp. 590–91.
49. Log of Blue, December 7, 1941; PHA, Part 23, pp. 693–94, 698.
50. Log of Pennsylvania, December 7, 1941; Rising Sun in the Pacific.
51. PHA, Part 22, p. 596; Rising Sun in the Pacific, p. 118.
52. Log of California, December 7, 1941; interview with Train, November 27, 1962; PHA, Part 22, pp. 533–34.
53. Letter from Harlan E. Eisnangle to the author, November 24, 1964 (hereafter Eisnangle).
54. Log of Raleigh, December 7, 1941; Simons Report.
55. Log of Honolulu, December 7, 1941.
56. Log of St. Louis, December 7, 1941; interviews with Rood, July 24, 1964; RADM. Carl K. Fink, November 17, 1970 (hereafter Fink).
57. Statement by Ofuchi, January 19, 1950.
58. PHA, Part 22, p. 250; Part 1, p. 55.
59. Ibid., Part 22, p. 125; interview with Allen, July 17, 1962.
60. Interview with Reeves, October 27, 1969.
61. “I Led the Air Attack,” pp. 951–52.
62. PHA, Part 22, pp. 60–61; Part 7, pp. 3069–70; Part 12, pp. 357–58.
Chapter 65
“THE CHANCE OF A LIFETIME”
1. Rengo Kantai, p. 37; 3d BB Division Diary, December 8, 1941.
2. Interviews with Amagai, October 12, 1949; Genda, June 4, 1947.
3. Interview with Ema, May 27, 1950.
4. Interview with Fuchida, December 11, 1963.
5. Interview with Goto, January 24, 1950; Shinjuwan Sakusen Kaikoroku, pp. 280–81.
6. This account of Fuchida’s briefing and questioning is based upon interview with him, December 11, 1963.
7. Interview with Genda, November 28, 1949; Shinjuwan Sakusen Kaikoroku, pp. 304–05.
8. PHA, Part 22, p. 584.
9. Ibid., p. 57.
10. Interview with Genda, June 4, 1947.
11. Rengo Kantai, pp. 37–38; interview with Kusaka, May 16, 1948.
12. Interview with Goto, January 24, 1950.
13. Statement by Shindo, January 17, 1951.
14. Interview with Goto, January 24, 1950, Minoru Genda, “Shinjuwan Kishu to Sannin no Teitoku” (The Surprise Attack Against Pearl Harbor and Three Admirals), Bungei Shunju (May 1968), p. 187 (cited hereafter as “Shinjuwan Kishu”).
15. Statement by Lt. Cmdr. Takashi Hashiguchi. The statement is undated, but it was obtained in 1950, when the author secured a number of such statements from Japanese participants in the attack (hereafter Hashiguchi).
16. Interview with Suzuki, June 12, 1948.
17. Statement by Lt. Cmdr. Heijno Abe, October 14, 1950 (hereafter Abe).
18. Statement by Sublt. Iwakichi Mifuku, March 6, 1951 (hereafter Mifuku).
19. Interview with Shimoda, November 21, 1949.
20. Interview with Fuchida, December 11, 1963.
21. Rengo Kantai, p. 21; interview with Kusaka, May 16, 1948.
22. Interview with Fuchida, December 11, 1963.
23. Ugaki Diary, December 9, 1941.
24. This account of the discussion in the Combined Fleet staff is based upon interviews with Watanabe, November 7 and 14, 1949; Kuroshima, June 14, 1948.
25. This account of the discussions in the Naval General Staff is based upon Sanagi Diary and interviews with Fukudome, Tomioka, Ogawa, and Sanagi.
26. Interview with Sawamoto, April 10, 1949.
27. Rengo Kantai, p. 38.
28. Statement by Genda, November 16, 1961.
29. Interview with Fleet Adm. Chester W. Nimitz, September 4, 1964 (hereafter Nimitz).
30. PHA, Part 6, p. 2812.
31. Interview with Furlong, December 1, 1962.
32. Interview with Adm. Raymond A. Spruance, September 5, 1964 (hereafter Spruance).
33. Interview with Tomioka, December 8, 1947.
34. Ugaki Diary, December 9, 1941.
35. Statement by Ozawa, December 22, 1948.
Chapter 66
“AN EXCITEMENT INDEED”
1. PHA, Part 11, pp. 5272, 5275, 5286–88.
2. VADM. Ross T. McIntire, White House Physician (New York, 1946), pp. 136–37.
3. Robert E. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins: An Intimate History (New York, 1948), pp. 430–31 (cited hereafter as Roosevelt and Hopkins).
4. State Department Memorandum of Conversation, December 7, 1941, Hull Papers, Box 60; Hull Memoirs, Vol. II, pp. 1096–97.
5. Interviews with Nomura, May 7 and 9, 1949.
6. Stimson Diary, December 7, 1941.
7. PHA, Part 14, p. 1411.
8. Letter, Safford to Lt. Cmdr. Charles C. Hiles, March 29, 1967. Papers of Lt. Cmdr. Charles C. Hiles, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wy., Box 14 (cited hereafter as Hiles Papers). In a telephone conversation on November 9, 1972, Mr. X told virtually the same story to the author.
9. Hull Memoirs, Vol. II, p. 1097.
10. Grace Tully, F.D.R., My Boss (New York, 1949), pp. 254–55 (cited hereafter as F.D.R., My Boss).
11. Roosevelt and Hopkins, p. 432; Stimson Diary, December 7, 1941.
12. “Conference in the Office of the Secretary of State, 4:00 to 6:00 P.M.,” December 7, 1941, Hull Papers, Box 72–73.
13. Washington Post and Washington Star, December 8, 1941.
14. Interview with Grace Tully, December 15, 1970.
15. Stimson Diary, December 7, 1941.
16. Frances Perkins, The Roosevelt I Knew (New York, 1946), p. 379.
17. PHA, Part 19, pp. 3503–04.
18. Stimson Diary, December 7, 1941.
19. Hull Memoirs, Vol. II, pp. 1099–100.
20. PHA, Part 20, p. 4523.
21. Ibid., pp. 4517–18.
22. Stimson Diary, December 7, 1941.
23. PHA, Part 19, pp. 3504–06. The transcript of Roosevelt’s remarks at the Cabinet and congressional meetings of December 7 does not make a clear demarkation between the two.
24. Thomas T. Connally, My Name is Tom Connally (New York, 1954), p. 249.
25. PHA, Part 19, pp. 3506–07.
26. Washington Times-Herald, Washington Post, December 8, 1941.
27. Diaries of Henry Morgenthau, Jr., Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, Hyde Park, New York, December 7, 1941, Box 470 (cited hereafter as Morgenthau Diaries).
Chapter 67
“OUR FLAG WAS STILL THERE”
1. This is a well-remembered incident. See Day of Infamy, p. 160; Honolulu Star-Bulletin, December 7, 1966; Honolulu Advertiser, December 9, 1941.
2. PHA, Part 16, p. 2257.
3. Ibid., Part 35, p. 338; interview with Shoemaker, January 31, 1963; San Francisco Chronicle, December 31, 1941.
4. PHA, Part 28, pp. 1620–21.
5. Ibid., Part 35, p. 372.
6. Captain Benjamin Van Kuren, “Report of Police Activities in Connection with the Japanese Consulate Subsequent to December 7th, 1941 and Up to February 8th, 1942,” February 13, 1943, courtesy of Fielder (cited hereafter as Van Kuren Report); interview with Yoshikawa, September 14, 1955; Day of Infamy, p. 170.
7. Interviews with Bicknell, September 8 and 12, 1967.
8. PHA, Part 23, pp. 873–74.
9. Van Kuren Report.
10. PHA, Part 23, p. 192; Part 27, p. 740; Van Kuren Report.
11. PHA, Part 35, pp. 371–72.
12. Interview with Train, November 26, 1962.
13. Log of California, December 7, 1941.
14. Interview with Train, November 26, 1962.
15. Log of Tennessee, December 7, 1941.
16. Rising Sun in the Pacific, pp. 106–07.
17. Interview with Thesman, August 12, 1964.
18. PHA, Part 24, p. 1371.
19. Ibid., Part 23, p. 683; interview with Capt. Thomas E. Dyer, December 9, 1970.
20. PHA, Part 22, p. 529.
21. Ibid., Part 24, p. 1371.
22. Interview with Coe, January 23, 1963.
23. Interview with Landon, December 15, 1959.
24. PHA, Part 22, p. 205.
25. Ibid., Part 23, p. 1162.
26. Ibid., Part 22, p. 194.
27. Ibid., Part 12, p. 345; Part 32, p. 426.
28. Rising Sun in the Pacific, p. 215.
29. PHA, Part 32, pp. 426–27.
30. Interview with Allen, July 17, 1962.
31. PHA, Part 22, p. 195.
32. Interviews with Smith, November 14, 1962; Kimmel, December 1, 1963.
33. Interview with Mollison, April 15, 1961.
34. Interview with Curts, November 16, 1962.
35. PHA, Part 37, pp. 1251–55; Part 32, p. 426; Simons Report.
36. Letter from Avery, December 1, 1963.
37. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, December 18, 1941.
38. Interview with Dunlop, October 10, 1963.
39. Interview with Erickson, September 7, 1971.
40. Roosevelt Papers, BF Box 64.
41. Interview with Quynn, December 30, 1963.
42. PHA, Part 22, p. 217; Part 35, pp. 211–12.
43. Interviews with Dunlop, October 10 and 23, 1963.
44. Taped reminiscences of Maj. Gen. Robert J. Fleming, Jr., March 7 and 31, 1975, Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace, Stanford, Calif. 94305, (cited hereafter as Fleming Tapes); reply dated January 11, 1977, to questionnarie which the author submitted to Fleming (cited hereafter as Fleming Questionnaire).
45. PHA, Part 22, pp. 46–47; Part 23, p. 977.
46. Interview with Kimmel, December 1, 1963; PHA, Part 35, p. 212.
47. Interview with Davis, January 30, 1963.
48. Interview with Crawford, August 8, 1964.
49. Interview with Beck, August 8, 1964.
50. Interview with Quynn, December 30, 1963.
51. Interview with Brig. Gen. George P. Sampson, October 18, 1963 (hereafter Sampson).
52. Interview with Guzak, October 19, 1953.
53. Interview with Curts, November 16, 1962.
54. Notes by Fielder for a talk which he delivered before the Rotary Club in Honolulu on December 7, 1966. Courtesy of Fielder (cited hereafter as Fielder Notes).
55. Letter from Avery, December 1, 1963.
56. Interview with Mrs. Frank Cooper, March 6, 1966.
57. Interview with Dunlop, October 10, 1963.
58. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, December 8, 1941.
59. Interview with Dunlop, October 10, 1963.
60. Interview with Mrs. Durward S. Wilson, January 22, 1963.
61. PHA, Part 22, p. 591.
62. Interview with Shoemaker, January 31, 1963.
63. Interview with French, August 11, 1964.
64. PHA, Part 23, p. 612; Day of Infamy, pp. 206–07.
65. Interview with Shoemaker, January 11, 1963.
66. Interview with Stout, August 12, 1964; log of Breese, December 7, 1941.
67. Interviews with Shibuya, August 7 and 21, 1948; PHA, Part 13, pp. 495–96, 409. A report of I-69’s post-Pearl Harbor actions may be found in Part 13, pp. 505–11.
68. Interview with Sakamaki, October 19, 1947; I Attacked Pearl Harbor, pp. 44–46; Day of Infamy, p. 234.
69. Interview with Quynn, December 30, 1963.
Chapter 68
“CLOUDS OVER MOUNTAINS”
1. 1st DD Division Diary, December 8, 1941.
2. Chigusa Diary, December 8, 1941.
3. Fifth Carrier Division Diary, December 8, 1941.
4. Shinjuwan Sakusen Kaikoroku, pp. 305–06.
5. Interview with Fuchida, June 24, 1949.
6. 1st DD and Fifth Carrier Division diaries, December 9, 1941.
7. Ibid.; Chigusa Diary, December 9, 1941; interviews with Genda, December 30, 1947; S. Yamamoto, March 23, 1950; Cmdr. Toshio Hashimoto, April 20, 1950; Rengo Kantai, p. 41.
8. Interview with Omori, March 26, 1949.
9. Interviews with Amagai, October 19, 1949; Kitajima, October 18, 1950.
10. Statement by Z. Abe, October 19, 1950.
11. 1st DD and Fifth Carrier Division diaries, December 9, 1941; Rengo Kantai, p. 42.
12. PHA, Part 24, pp. 1559–61; Lt. Col. Robert D. Heinl, Jr., USMC, Marines at Midway (Washington, D.C., 1948), pp. 11–15.
13. Ugaki Diary, December 8, 1941.
14. Rengo Kantai, p. 42.
15. “Shinjuwan Kishu,” p. 188; Chigusa Diary, December 11, 1941.
16. Interviews with Genda, August 26, 1947; March 10 and 26, 1948; February 3, 1950. See also “Shinjuwan Kishu,” p. 188.
17. This account of the discussions in the Naval General Staff is based upon interviews with Maeda, March 12, 1948; Ogawa, March 30, 1949; Tomioka, April 2, 1949; Mikawa, March 5, 1949; Oikawa, April 1, 1949.
18. Chigusa Diary, December 12 and 13; Shinjuwan Sakusen Kaikoroku, p. 122.
19. Ugaki Diary, December 12 and 16, 1941; interview with Yano, February 3, 1950; Lt. Col. Robert D. Heinl, Jr., USMC, The Defense of Wake (Washington, D.C., 1947).
20. 1st DD Division Diary, December 16, 1941.
21. Interviews with Suzuki, June 12, 1948; S. Yamamoto, March 23, 1950.
22. Statement by Z. Abe, October 19, 1950.
23. 1st DD Division Diary, December 17, 1941.
24. Watanabe Private Papers, December 18, 1941. Courtesy of Watanabe.
25. Rising Sun in the Pacific, pp. 253–54.
26. Chigusa and Fifth Carrier Division diaries, December 21, 1941.
27. Rengo Kantai, p. 46.
28. Ugaki Diary, December 23, 1941.
29. The account of the receptions aboard Nagato and Akagi is based upon interviews with Kusaka, Mikawa, Genda, Fuchida, Kuroshima, and Watanabe; Ugaki Diary, December 24, 1941.
30. The story of the imperial briefing is based upon numerous interviews with Fuchida, especially that of July 29, 1947, which was devoted almost entirely to that subject.
31. Shinjuwan Sakusen No. Shinso, pp. 209–11; interviews with Kusaka, June 29, 1947, and Kuroshima, May 17, 1948.
32. January 1, 1942.
Chapter 69
“NOT ON THE ALERT”
1. Tacoma (Wash.) News Tribune, December 8, 1941.
2. Little Rock, December 8, 1941.
3. Alexandria (Va.) Gazette, December 8, 1941.
4. Both December 8, 1941.
5. December 8, 1941.
6. The New York Times, December 8, 1941.
7. Sioux City Journal, December 9, 1941.
8. See, for example, Tacoma News Tribune, December 8, 1941.
9. Both December 8, 1941.
10. December 8, 1941.
11. See, for example, Richmond Times-Dispatch, December 11, 1941; San Antonio Express, December 12, 1941.
12. Bangor (Me.) Daily Commercial, December 8, 1941.
13. See, for example, Bismarck Tribune; Boise Capital News, both December 9, 1941.
14. VADM. Frank E. Beatty, USN (Ret.), unpublished essay, “Secretary Knox and Pearl Harbor,” 21953, (cited hereafter as “Knox and Pearl Harbor.”) In the author’s files. Courtesy of Dr. Harry E. Barnes. Beatty’s article appeared in National Review (December 13, 1966) under the title “The Background of the Secret Report.” This version differs in several respects from the manuscript in the author’s possession. All quotations from Beatty’s essay used in this study are from the unpublished manuscript.
15. Knox Papers, Box 1.
16. “Knox and Pearl Harbor”; interview with Martin, September 14, 1971.
17. “Knox and Pearl Harbor”; interview with Smith, November 28, 1962.
18. Interview with Col. William E. Donegan, April 15, 1972 (hereafter Donegan).
19. Fleming Questionnaire.
20. Letter, Safford to Harry E. Barnes, with attached message, OPNAV to CinCPAC, 091812 December 1941, Papers of Harry Elmer Barnes, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyo., Box 61 (cited hereafter as Barnes Papers).
21. Stimson Diary, December 14, 1941.
22. “Knox and Pearl Harbor.”
23. PHA, Part 22, p. 94; Part 5, pp. 2338, 2340.
24. Ibid., Part 5, p. 2341.
25. Ibid., Part 22, pp. 376–77; Part 5, p. 2344.
26. See, for example, Robert A. Theobald, The Final Secret of Pearl Harbor (New York, 1954), pp. 108–09; George Morgenstern, Pearl Harbor: The Story of the Secret War (New York, 1947), pp. 271–72.
27. PHA, Part 6, pp. 2835–37.
28. Ibid., Part 7, p. 3360.
29. Ibid., Part 5, p. 2338.
30. Knox Papers, Box 1.
31. Roosevelt Papers, Map File, Box 36.
32. “Knox and Pearl Harbor.”
33. PHA, Part 22, p. 95; Part 7, p. 3165.
34. “Knox and Pearl Harbor.” The original Knox Report is in the Roosevelt Papers, PSF, Box 64. It is reproduced in PHA, Part 5, pp. 2338–45, and Part 24, pp. 1749–56.
35. Morgenthau Diaries, Book 473.
36. “Knox and Pearl Harbor.”
37. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, December 15–16, 1941. Every American newspaper examined for this study gave much coverage to this story.
38. See, for example, Atlanta Constitution, Washington Post, both December 17, 1941.
39. See, for example, Chicago Tribune, December 17, 1941.
40. PHA, Part 3, p. 1530; Part 7, p. 3260.
41. Stimson Diary, December 15, 1941.
42. Ibid., December 17, 1941; Nevada State Journal (Reno), December 18, 1941.
43. PHA, Part 7, p. 3260.
44. Interviews with Gen. J. Lawton Collins, Setpember 22, 1976 (hereafter Collins); Fielder, March 29, 1972.
45. Interview with Donegan, April 15, 1972.
46. Fleming Tapes, March 7 and 31, 1972; Fleming Questionnaire.
47. Interview with Fielder, March 29, 1972.
48. Interview with Donegan, April 15, 1972.
49. Interview with Draemel, January 17, 1963.
50. Interviews with Smith, December 9, 1962; Ramsey, December 6, 1962; DeLany, November 2, 1962.
51. The Accused, p. 138.
52. PHA, Part 17, p. 2733.
53. Interviews with Sampson, October 18, 1963; Johnson, July 25, 1963; Collins, September 22, 1976, among others.
54. Interview with Layton, July 22, 1964.
55. Letter, Mrs. Earle to the author, October 16, 1964.
56. Honolulu Star-Bulletin, January 29, 1942.
57. Interview with Shoemaker, January 31, 1963.
Chapter 70
“DERELICTION OF DUTY”
1. Stimson Diary, December 15–16, 1941.
2. Congressional Record, Vol. 87, Part 9, December 19, 1941, p. 9992.
3. PHA, Part 7, p. 3283; Stimson Diary, December 17, 1941.
4. PHA, Part 7, p. 3300.
5. Letter, Safford to Hiles, February 1, 1962, Hiles Papers, Box 9.
6. Interview between Adm. William H. Standley and Harry E. Barnes, June 1, 1962. Courtesy of Dr. Barnes (cited hereafter as Standley-Barnes interview).
7. Letter, Kimmel to Barnes, July 12, 1962, Barnes Papers, Box 61.
8. Letter, Stimson to Roosevelt, December 16, 1941, Roosevelt Papers, PSF, Box 85, quoted in PHA, Part 7, p. 3260.
9. Standley-Barnes interview.
10. Letter, Kimmel to Barnes, July 12, 1962, op. cit.
11. Letter, Stimson to Roosevelt, December 16, 1941, op. cit.
12. Stimson Diary, October 20, 1944; PHA, Part 3, pp. 1438, 1204.
13. Interview with Kimmel, November 30, 1963.
14. Fleming Questionnaire.
15. A number of press comments about the Roberts Commission are quoted in PHA, Part 24, pp. 1289–300.
16. Honolulu Star-Bulletin, December 17, 1941.
17. For further opinions on this subject see PHA, Part 24, pp. 1297–99.
18. PHA, Part 7, pp. 3261–62. 3269–80, 3272; Part 22, pp. 1–3.
19. Ibid., pp. 3278–80, 3262. Roberts did not know the full story of Magic when he testified before the congressional committee. Ibid., p. 3274.
20. Interview with Allen, July 17, 1962.
21. Letter, Lavender to Kimmel, July 4, 1944, papers of RADM. Husband E. Kimmel, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyo., Box 4 (cited hereafter as Kimmel Papers).
22. Letter, Safford to Hiles, February 1, 1962, Hiles Papers, Box 9.
23. Fleming Tape, March 31, 1975; Fleming Questionnaire.
24. Interview with Allen, July 17, 1962.
25. Letter, Bloch to Richardson, March 3, 1942, Bloch Papers, Box 3.
26. PHA, Part 7, p. 3155.
27. Ibid., p. 3009; Fleming Tape, March 31, 1975; Fleming Questionnaire.
28. Ibid., Part 22, pp. 32–33. Short’s full testimony before the Roberts Commission appears in PHA, Part 22, pp. 31–106; Part 23, pp. 975–92.
29. Ibid., Part 23, p. 987.
30. Ibid., Part 22, pp. 70–72.
31. Ibid., Part 6, p. 2602.
32. Comments by Theobald, March 20, 1944, to a questionnaire which Kimmel submitted to him, Kimmel Papers, Box 31 (cited hereafter as Theobald comments).
33. Kimmel submitted a prepared statement of seventeen typed pages. PHA, Part 23, p. 894. His full testimony is covered in PHA, Part 22, pp. 317–459; Part 23, pp. 893–901, 931–47, 1049–51. His revised testimony appears in Part 23, pp. 1123–244.
34. PHA, Part 22, p. 390.
35. Ibid., pp. 373, 379, 418.
36. Ibid., pp. 416, 424.
37. Ibid., Part 23, p. 897; Part 6, p. 2816; letter, Kimmel to Barnes, op. cit.
38. Ibid., Part 7, p. 3268; Part 23, p. 1121.
39. Ibid., Part 23, pp. 1075–114, 1271–74; Part 7, pp. 3262–63; Stimson Diary, January 15, 1942.
40. PHA, Part 7, pp. 3265–66, 3282.
41. Ibid., Part 39, pp. 1–21.
42. Fleming Tapes, March 7 and 31, 1974.
43. PHA, Part 23, pp. 1247–48.
44. Washington Post, February 17, 1946.
45. See, for example, Cleveland Plain Dealer, San Antonio Express, January 26, 1942; Daily Worker, January 27, 1946.
46. “The Political Mill,” Washington Star, January 27, 1942.
47. January 26, 1942.
48. Washington Post, January 25, 1942.
49. Congressional Record, Vol. 88, Part 1, January 27, 1942, pp. 735, 744.
50. Ibid., p. 744.
51. See, for example, The New York Times, Washington Post, Chicago Tribune, all January 26, 1942.
52. January 28, 1942.
53. See, for example, Tucson Daily Citizen, January 31, 1942; Louisville Courier-Journal, January 26, 1942.
54. Denver Post, January 25, 1942.
55. Arizona Republic (Phoenix), January 25, 1942.
56. Stimson Diary, January 25, 1942.
57. See, for example, Denver Post, Washington Times-Herald, January 26, 1942.
58. January 26, 1942.
59. See, for example, article by Percy L. Greaves, Jr., “The Pearl Harbor Investigations,” which appears in Perpetual War for Perpetual Peace, pp. 407–81. Greaves’s discussion of the Roberts Commission appears on pp. 413–19.
Chapter 71
“THE ASHES OF A BITTER PAST”
1. Interviews with Train, November 27, 1962; Kimmel, December 1, 1963.
2. Fleming Questionnaire; PHA, Part 19, p. 3795.
3. PHA, Part 19, p. 3797.
4. Ibid., pp. 3799, 3789.
5. Interview with Kimmel, November 29, 1963.
6. Tulsa Daily Oklahoman, January 25, 1942.
7. Interview with Fielder, March 29, 1972.
8. PHA, Part 7, pp. 3133–36, 3139.
9. Stimson Diary, January 26, 1942.
10. PHA, Part 7, p. 3139.
11. Kimmel Papers, Box 3.
12. PHA, Part 17, p. 2732.
13. Ibid., pp. 2727–28.
14. January 27, 1942.
15. January 28, 1942.
16. PHA, Part 17, p. 2728.
17. Ibid., Part 5, p. 2431.
18. Stimson Diary, January 28, 1942.
19. The New York Times, February 8, 1942.
20. Memorandum, Hornbeck to Welles, February 12, 1942, Papers of Stanley K. Hornbeck, Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace, Stanford, Calif., 94305, Box 309 (cited hereafter as Hornbeck Papers).
21. PHA, Part 17, pp. 2730–31.
22. Interview with David W. Richmond, May 27, 1977 (hereafter Richmond).
23. PHA, Part 17, pp. 2729–30.
24. Interview with Kimmel, December 1, 1963.
25. Stimson Diary, February 25 and March 6, 1942.
26. PHA, Part 19, pp. 3800–01, 3805, 3814.
27. Stimson Diary, February 18, 20, and 25, 1942.
28. PHA, Part 19, pp. 3809–10.
29. Baltimore Sun, January 26, 1942.
30. Stimson Diary, February 26, 1942.
31. The New York Times, Los Angeles Times, March 1, 1942.
32. Tulsa Daily Oklahoman, March 1, 1942.
33. PHA, Part 17, p. 2728.
34. San Francisco Examiner, March 1, 1942; Evansville (Ind.) Press, December 7, 1966.
35. See, for example, Los Angeles Times, March 2, 1942.
36. March 2, 1942.
37. The New York Times, September 20, 1942.
38. The Accused, p. 150; The New York Times, July 15 and August 11, 1942.
Chapter 72
“SOMETHING OUGHT TO BE DONE”
1. PHA, Part 19, p. 3822; Washington Post, May 30, 1944.
2. Ibid., pp. 3818, 3825; Stimson Diary, September 11, 1943.
3. Papers of Fleet Adm. Ernest J. King, Operational Archives, U.S. Naval History Division, Washington, D.C., Box 4 (cited hereafter as King Naval Papers).
4. Stimson Diary, December 7, 1943.
5. Ibid., December 10, 1943.
6. Memorandum, January 24, 1944, Kimmel Papers, Box 33.
7. PHA, Part 19, p. 3858; The New York Times, February 26, 1944.
8. PHA, Part 26, p. 9.
9. Ibid., Part 10, pp. 4824–25, 4801.
10. The New York Times, April 29, 1944.
11. Washington Post, The New York Times, May 30, 1944.
12. Kimmel Papers, Box 4.
13. Washington Post, The New York Times, May 30, 1944.
14. PHA, Part 19, p. 3917.
15. The New York Times, May 28, 1945.
16. Kimmel Papers, Box 4.
17. PHA, Part 10, pp. 4801–02; Part 26, pp. 2–4.
18. Congressional Record, Vol. 104, Appendix, August 5, 1958, p. A6997.
19. Interview with Kimmel, December 1, 1963.
20. Papers of Adm. Harold R. Stark, Operational Archives, U.S. Naval History Division, Washington, D.C., Box 2 (cited hereafter as Stark Papers).
21. PHA, Part 19, p. 3931; Part 29, pp. 2239, 2248.
22. Letter, Hanify to Kimmel, February 2, 1967, Kimmel Papers, Box 14.
23. Who’s Who in America, 1944–1945 (Chicago, 1944), pp. 843, 1936, 717; interview with Mollison, April 13, 1961.
24. Forrest C. Pogue, George C. Marshall: Ordeal and Hope 1939–1942 (New York, 1966), p. 429 (cited hereafter as Ordeal and Hope).
25. Interview between Henry C. Clausen and Harry E. Barnes, January 3, 1964, courtesy of Barnes (cited hereafter as Clausen-Barnes interview).
26. Interview with Clausen, November 16, 1976.
27. Kimmel Papers, Box 4.
28. Interviews with Richmond, May 27 and November 1, 1977; PHA, Part 10, p. 4818.
29. Official Navy biography, courtesy of Navy Department; Who’s Who in America, 1944–1945, p. 1532.
30. Interview with Richmond, May 27, 1977.
31. Official Navy biography; Who’s Who in America, 1944–1945, p. 1112; On the Treadmill, p. 7.
32. Interview with Richmond, May 27, 1977.
33. Written comments of VADM. Charles Wellborn, Jr., to the author, August 10, 1977 (cited hereafter as Wellborn Comments).
34. Official Navy biography; Who’s Who in America, 1944–1945, p. 44; “Washington Merry-Go-Round,” Louisville Courier-Journal, March 2, 1942; Stimson Diary, December 27, 1942.
35. Wellborn Comments.
36. Record of interview between Murfin and Lavender which took place “in the latter part of July 1945.” Kimmel wrote it up on July 27, 1945, on the basis of a conversation with Lavender in New York City on July 26, 1945. Kimmel Papers, Box 33 (cited hereafter as Murfin-Lavender interview).
37. Admiral Kimmel’s Story, p. 131.
38. Interview with Kimmel, December 1, 1963.
39. Admiral Kimmel’s Story, pp. 123–24.
Chapter 73
“FULL AND FAIR DISCLOSURE”
1. Interview with Richmond, November 1, 1977; PHA, Part 32, p. 16.
2. PHA, Part 32, p. 19.
3. Papers of Robert A. Taft, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C., Box 657 (cited hereafter as Taft Papers); letter, Kimmel to Rugg, June 7, 1944, Kimmel Papers, Box 4.
4. PHA, Part 32, p. 21.
5. Ibid., pp. 50–52.
6. Ibid., Part 33, p. 727.
7. Ibid., Part 32, p. 56.
8. Memorandum, December 8, 1944, of Kimmel’s interview with King, December 7, 1944, Kimmel Papers, Box 33.
9. PHA, Part 32, p. 73.
10. Ibid., p. 103.
11. Ibid., p. 119.
12. Ibid., pp. 130–31.
13. Murfin-Lavender interview.
14. Interview with Richmond, November 1, 1977.
15. Wellborn Comments.
16. PHA, Part 32, p. 169.
17. Ibid., pp. 172–75.
18. Ibid., p. 222.
19. Ibid., p. 259.
20. Ibid., p. 267.
21. Ibid., p. 272.
22. Congressional Record, Vol. 90, Part 10, Appendix, pp. A3711–12.
23. Washington Post, August 10, 23, 24, 1944.
24. PHA, Part 33, p. 735; interview with Richmond, November 1, 1977.
25. The Accused, p. 157.
26. PHA, Part 33, pp. 771, 780–81.
27. Interview with Richmond, November 1, 1977.
28. PHA, Part 32, pp. 557, 554–55.
29. Ibid., Part 33, pp. 820–21, 826, 828–29.
30. Congressional Record, Vol. 90, Part 10, Appendix, p. A3870; Part 6, pp. 7573–676.
31. Letter, Smith to Taft, September 11, 1944, Taft Papers, Box 657; Washington Post, September 10, 1944.
32. Taft Papers, Box 657.
33. Honolulu Star-Bulletin, September 6, 1944; San Francisco Examiner, September 7, 1944.
34. PHA, Part 32, p. 574.
35. Interview with Richmond, May 27, 1977.
36. PHA, Part 33, pp. 853–54, 866.
37. Ibid., p. 781.
38. Ibid., pp. 859–60.
39. San Francisco Examiner, September 17, 1944.
40. Honolulu Star-Bulletin, September 18, 1944.
41. PHA, Part 32, p. 627.
42. Ibid., p. 649.
43. The New York Times, September 24, 1944.
44. PHA, Part 32, pp. 653–60.
45. Ibid., Part 33, pp. 921–22; Part 32, p. 670.
46. Ibid., Part 32, p. 663.
47. Ibid., Part 33, pp. 687–90.
48. Ibid., pp. 696–97, 707, 710.
49. Ibid., pp. 712, 715, 719, 726.
50. Ibid., Part 32, p. 685.
Chapter 74
“WE HAVE A JOB TO DO”
1. PHA, Part 7, pp. 3149–50.
2. Minutes of meeting, July 20, 1944, Record Group 107, Materials Pertaining to Army Pearl Harbor Board, National Archives, Washington D.C., Box 8 (cited hereafter as Army PHB Materials).
3. PHA, Part 27, pp. 11–12.
4. Ibid., p. 13; Part 35, p. 104; Part 3, p. 1330; Part 29, pp. 2308–09; Part 9, p. 4427.
5. Ibid., Part 27, pp. 37–41, 51–53.
6. Ibid., pp. 92–95.
7. Ibid., pp. 125, 130.
8. Ibid., p. 139.
9. Ibid., pp. 157, 200, 205–06.
10. Ibid., p. 210.
11. Ibid., p. 227.
12. Ibid., pp. 243–44, 287.
13. Ibid., pp. 414–15.
14. Ibid., pp. 509–11.
15. Ibid., p. 551.
16. Ibid., pp. 570–72.
17. Ibid., pp. 576–78.
18. Ibid., pp. 583–84.
19. Ibid., pp. 587–88.
20. Ibid., p. 734.
21. Ibid., pp. 784, 788.
22. Ibid., Part 28, p. 829.
23. Ibid., pp. 910–11.
24. Ibid., pp. 946–47.
25. Ibid., Part 29, pp. 2330, 2279–85; Record Group 165, Army PHB Materials, Box 4.
26. PHA, Part 28, pp. 960–61.
27. Ibid., pp. 1014, 1017.
28. Ibid., pp. 1356–61.
29. Ibid., pp. 1454–57.
30. Ibid., Part 29, pp. 1668–70, 1672.
31. Stimson Diary, September 21, 1944.
32. PHA, Part 29, p. 2064.
33. Stimson Diary, September 26, 1944.
34. Memorandum for the President, September 22. 1945, Papers of Gen. of the Army George C. Marshall, George C. Marshall Research Foundation, Lexington, Va., Box 42 (cited hereafter as Marshall Papers).
35. PHA, Part 3, pp. 1125, 1132–33.
36. Philadelphia Record, September 22, 1945.
37. PHA, Part 29, pp. 2148, 2151–53.
38. Ibid., pp. 2151–53.
39. Ibid., p. 2434.
40. Ibid., pp. 2251, 2258–59.
41. Ibid., pp. 2269–70.
42. Ibid., p. 2313.
43. Ibid., pp. 2435–37.
Chapter 75
“ERRORS OF JUDGMENT”
1. PHA, Part 3, pp. 1331–32, 1345.
2. Ibid., Part 39, pp. 25–27.
3. Ibid., p. 28.
4. Ibid., p. 137.
5. Ibid., p. 38.
6. Ibid., p. 100.
7. Ibid., p. 102.
8. Ibid., pp. 43–44.
9. Ibid., pp. 175–76.
10. Ibid., pp. 144–45.
11. Ibid., Part 29, pp. 2155–214.
12. Ibid., Part 39, p. 143.
13. Ibid., pp. 221–22.
14. Ibid., pp. 228–29.
15. Ibid., p. 225.
16. Stimson Diary, October 21–22, 1944, a double entry for Saturday and Sunday.
17. PHA, Part 39, pp. 299, 301.
18. Ibid., p. 303.
19. Ibid., p. 304.
20. Ibid., pp. 306, 308.
21. Ibid., p. 317.
22. Ibid., p. 318.
23. Ibid., p. 330.
24. Ibid., pp. 321, 308.
25. The New York Times, October 22, 1944.
26. PHA, Part 39, pp. 331–32.
27. Ibid., pp. 332–34.
28. Ibid., pp. 343–45.
29. Stimson Diary, November 11, 14, 1944.
30. Ibid., November 20, 1944; May 25, 1943.
31. Ibid., November 21, 1944.
32. Ibid., November 24, 1944.
33. PHA, Part 39, p. 241.
34. Ibid., p. 244.
35. Ibid., pp. 253–54.
36. Ibid., pp. 264, 267.
37. Ibid., pp. 267–69.
38. Stimson Diary, November 30, 1944.
39. PHA, Part 39, p. 354.
40. New York Herald Tribune, December 2, 1944.
41. PHA, Part 35, p. 4.
42. Chicago Tribune, December 2, 1944.
43. Cleveland Plain Dealer, Dallas Morning News, December 2, 1944.
44. The New York Times, Dallas Morning News, December 2, 1944.
45. Memorandum, December 8, 1944, of Kimmel’s interviews with Andrews and Kalbfus, December 6, 1944, Kimmel Papers, Box 33.
46. Gatch-Kimmel interview.
47. PHA, Part 39, pp. 385–96.
48. Memorandum, December 8, 1944, of Kimmel’s interview with King, December 7, 1944, Kimmel Papers, Box 33.
49. December 3, 1944.
Chapter 76
“WE WANT THE TRUTH”
1. Letter, Kimmel to Rugg, March 14, 1945, Kimmel Papers, Box 5.
2. Official Navy biography, courtesy of Navy Department; Who’s Who in America, 1944–1945, p. 950; The New York Times, May 9, 1945.
3. Reminiscences of Adm. H. Kent Hewitt, Oral History Research Office, Columbia University, New York, pp. 24–53, 24–33, 13–6, 13–7 of transcript in Operational Archives, U.S. Naval History Division, Washington, D.C. (cited hereafter as Hewitt Reminiscences).
4. Kimmel Papers, Box 5.
5. Memorandum, May 22, 1945, of Kimmel’s interview with King, May 18, 1945, Kimmel Papers, Box 33.
6. Hewitt Reminiscences, pp. 24–57, 24–53, 24–55, 24–56.
7. Letter, Forrestal to Truman, September 26, 1944, Papers of James V. Forrestal, Princeton University Library, Princeton, N.J., Box 57 (cited hereafter as Forrestal Papers).
8. PHA, Part 36, p. 13.
9. Ibid., pp. 16–17.
10. Ibid., p. 24.
11. Ibid., Part 18, pp. 3345, 3349; Part 10, p. 5011.
12. Ibid., Part 36, pp. 71–74.
13. Ibid., p. 81.
14. Ibid., p. 128.
15. Ibid., pp. 230–31.
16. Ibid., p. 235.
17. Ibid., pp. 312–18.
18. Ibid., pp. 339–40.
19. Ibid., pp. 355–57.
20. Washington Post, February 3, 1946.
21. Hewitt Reminiscences, p. 24–5.
22. PHA, Part 39, pp. 355–83.
23. Ibid., p. 526.
24. Ibid., p. 524.
25. Ibid., p. 526.
26. Ibid., p. 523.
27. Ibid., p. 388.
28. Ibid., pp. 388–89.
29. Ibid., pp. 387–88.
30. Exchange of letters between Kimmel and Hewitt, March 12 and 17, 1967, Kimmel Papers, Box 15.
31. PHA, Part 39, pp. 382–83.
32. Ibid., Part 35, p. 5; Part 9, p. 4304.
33. Ibid., Part 9, p. 4421.
34. Biographical sketch contained in Clausen’s book, Clausen’s Commentaries on Morals and Dogma (Washington, D.C., 1974), pp. 213–16; interview with Clausen, November 16, 1976.
35. PHA, Part 9, pp. 4312–13.
36. Ibid., Part 35, p. 5; interview with Clausen, November 16, 1976.
37. PHA, Part 9, pp. 4307–08.
38. Ibid., Part 35, pp. 1–2; Part 9, p. 4309.
39. Ibid., Part 9, pp. 4425–26; interview with Clausen, November 16, 1976.
40. PHA, Part 34, pp. 1–2, 8.
41. Ibid., Part 3, pp. 1332–36.
42. Ibid., Part 34, pp. 3, 76.
43. Ibid., Part 19, p. 3815; Part 7, p. 3142; interview with Smith, November 29, 1962.
44. Letter, Kimmel to Barnes, September 2, 1963, Barnes Papers, Box 66. See also Admiral Kimmel’s Story, pp. 127–28.
45. PHA, Part 8, pp. 3858–59; Mr. X Notes. Mr. X tells us that to protect Safford, Kimmel made no mention of him in his account of this incident.
46. Letter, Kimmel to Barnes, op. cit.
47. Letter, Kimmel to Rugg, April 12, 1945, Kimmel Papers, Box 5; Admiral Kimmel’s Story, p. 127. Kimmel also discussed the SB-805 incident in an interview with the author, December 1, 1963.
48. Letter, Green to Short, April 12, 1945, Papers of Maj. Gen. Walter C. Short, Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace, Stanford, Calif., 94305 (cited hereafter as Short Papers).
49. Undated memorandum, “STATEMENT REFERENCE SECRET DOCUMENTS PERTAINING TO PEARL HARBOR AND NOT KNOWN TO ME UNTIL THE SUMMER OF 1944,” Short Papers.
50. Stimson Diary, April 12, 1945.
51. Forrestal Diaries, August 17, 18, 29, 1945.
52. The New York Times, August 30, 1945.
53. See, for example, The New York Times, Washington Evening Star, August 30, 1945.
54. September 1, 1945.
55. August 31, 1945.
56. Interview with Kimmel, November 30, 1963; PHA, Part 19, pp. 2943–44.
Chapter 77
“A PARTISAN MATTER”
1. Taft Papers, Box 657.
2. Congressional Record, Vol. 91, Part 6, pp. 8338–44.
3. September 7, 1945.
4. Congressional Record, Vol. 91, Part 7, pp. 8499–8507.
5. Washington Post, The New York Times, September 15, 1945.
6. Who’s Who in America, 1944–1945, p. 103; Congressional Directory, 79th Congress, First Session, August 1945 (Washington, D.C., 1945), p. 3 (cited hereafter as Congressional Directory); Congressional Record, Vol. 91, Part 7, September 27, 1945, p. 9069.
7. Who’s Who in America, 1944–1945, p. 765; Congressional Directory, pp. 20, 162; Current Biography, June 1955, pp. 29–31.
8. Who’s Who in America, 1944–1945, p. 1298; Congressional Directory, p. 24.
9. Who’s Who in America, 1944–1945, p. 233; Congressional Directory, p. 43; Current Biography, May 1947, pp. 4–6.
10. Who’s Who in America, 1944–1945, p. 644; Congressional Directory, p. 50.
11. Congressional Record, Vol. 91, Part 8, November 9, 1945, p. 10589.
12. September 15, 1945.
13. Who’s Who in America, 1944–1945, p. 430; Congressional Directory, p. 11; Current Biography, March 1955, pp. 11 14.
14. Who’s Who in America, 1944–1945, pp. 378, 1535; Congressional Directory, pp. 89, 103; The New York Times, September 15, 1945.
15. Who’s Who in America, 1944–1945, p. 760; Congressional Directory, pp. 10–11; Washington Post, October 13, 1955.
16. Who’s Who in America, 1944–1945, p. 1121; Congressional Directory, p. 131; The New York Times, September 15, 1945.
17. The New York Times, Washington Post, September 15, 1945.
18. The New York Times, September 27, 1945; PHA, Part 4, p. 1587; Congressional Record, Vol. 91, Part 8, November 2, 1945, pp. 10355, 10347.
19. Interview with Judge Gerhard A. Gesell, October 1, 1976 (hereafter Gesell).
20. Congressional Record, Vol. 91, Part 8, November 2, 1945, pp. 10341–43.
21. Ibid., 10341–42; Washington Post, November 3, 1945.
22. Congressional Record, Vol. 91, Part 8, November 2, 1945, pp. 10343, 10346, 10348, 10355.
23. Ibid., pp. 10444–48.
24. Ibid., November 14, 1945, p. 10684.
25. November 9, 1945.
26. Congressional Record, Vol. 91, Part 8, November 14, 1945, p. 10684; New York Daily News, November 10, 1945; Milwaukee Sentinel, November 10 and 13, 1945.
27. Interview with Richmond, May 27, 1977.
28. PHA, Part 1, p. 1.
29. Milwaukee Journal, November 15, 1945; Lansing State Journal, November 16, 1945; Time (November 26, 1945), p. 23.
30. PHA, Part 1, p. 23; Topeka Capital, November 23, 1945; interview with Gesell, October 1, 1976.
31. PHA, Part 1, pp. 26–231.
32. Ibid., pp. 253–341; Philadelphia Record, November 21, 1945.
33. Milwaukee Journal, November 24, 1945; San Francisco Chronicle, December 2, 1945.
34. PHA, Part 2, pp. 452, 455.
35. The New York Times, Washington Post, November 24, 1945.
36. PHA, Part 2, pp. 541 ff.
37. Ibid., pp. 614–15; Washington Post, Mobile Register, November 28, 1945; Washington Star, November 27, 1945.
38. PHA, p. 591.
39. Honolulu Advertiser, December 1, 1945.
40. PHA, Part 1, p. 300.
41. December 7, 1945.
42. The New York Times, December 1, 1945.
43. December 3, 1945.
Chapter 78
“THE EVIDENCE PILES UP”
1. PHA, Part 2, p. 819; Honolulu Advertiser, December 2, 1945.
2. PHA, pp. 879, 901; The New York Times, New York Daily News, New York Herald Tribune, December 4, 1945.
3. PHA, Part 3, pp. 1019, 1031, 1033, 1036.
4. December 7, 1945.
5. December 6, 1945.
6. December 7, 1945.
7. Washington Post, December 7, 1945.
8. Honolulu Advertiser, December 8, 1945; Des Moines Register, December 7, 1945.
9. PHA, Part 3, pp. 1052 ff.
10. Ibid., pp. 1124–25; Mobile Register, December 10, 1945.
11. PHA, p. 1141.
12. December 14, 1945.
13. PHA, Part 3, pp. 1183–347.
14. Ibid., pp. 1347–49.
15. Ibid., pp. 1347 ff.
16. Milwaukee Journal, December 12, 1945.
17. PHA, Part 3, p. 1539; Des Moines Register, December 14, 1945.
18. Memorandum of Conference in the Office of the Secretary of War, 9:15 A.M., July 21, 1941, Marshall Papers, Box 29.
19. Marshall Papers, Box 51.
20. Interview with Gesell, October 1, 1976; PHA, Part 4, pp. 1585–87.
21. PHA, Part 4, pp. 1587–91; The New York Times, Washington Post, December 15, 1945.
22. PHA, pp. 1728–35, 1741–47; New York Herald Tribune, December 18, 1945.
23. Ibid., pp. 1756–57.
24. Ibid., pp. 1884–89, 1911.
25. February 22, 1946.
26. Albany (N.Y.) Knickerbocker News, December 17, 1945.
27. Interview with Gesell, October 1, 1976.
28. PHA, Part 4, pp. 1911–18, 1959–60, 1963.
29. Dallas Morning News, December 22, 1945.
30. PHA, Part 4, pp. 1991–2001.
31. Ibid., pp. 1962–63, 2006–09, 2016–32.
32. Ibid., pp. 2037–40.
33. Honolulu Advertiser, Washington Post, December 25, 1945; Washington Star, December 24 and 26, 1945.
34. Interviews with Richmond, May 27 and November 1, 1977; James E. Webb, June 27, 1977 (hereafter Webb); letter, Webb to the author, June 24, 1977.
35. PHA, Part 5, pp. 2097–101.
36. Ibid., pp. 2101–05.
37. Ibid., pp. 2105–08.
38. Ibid., pp. 2134, 2097.
39. Ibid., p. 2133.
40. January 1, 1946.
41. Honolulu Advertiser, San Francisco Chronicle, January 2, 1946; “The News of the World in Review,” The New York Times, January 6, 1946.
42. PHA, Part 5, pp. 2175–77.
43. Ibid., pp. 2203, 2222.
44. Ibid., pp. 2278–92.
45. San Francisco Chronicle, The New York Times, Milwaukee Sentinel, January 3, 1946.
46. Interview with Edward P. Morgan, October 26, 1976 (hereafter Morgan); Congressional Record, Vol. 98, Part 8, January 15, 1952, p. A140.
47. PHA, Part 5, pp. 2332–34, corrected by Part 6, p. 2673.
48. Ibid., pp. 2441–45, 2450, 2451.
49. Ibid., pp. 2460–61.
50. Ibid., pp. 2475–77.
Chapter 79
“A FIGHTING CHANCE”
1. Louisville Courier-Journal, January 16, 1946; Baltimore Evening Sun, January 15, 1946.
2. PHA, Part 6, pp. 2498, 2518.
3. Ibid., pp. 2541–43.
4. Ibid., pp. 2551–52.
5. Ibid., p. 2554; Washington Post, January 16, 1946.
6. Christian Science Monitor, January 16, 1946.
7. January 16, 1946.
8. PHA, Part 6, p. 2572.
9. Ibid., pp. 2579–80, 2583, 2587.
10. Ibid., pp. 2582, 2590–92, 2630.
11. Ibid., pp. 2634–40, 2647–49; Honolulu Advertiser, January 18, 1946.
12. PHA, pp. 2707, 2711–24.
13. Ibid., pp. 2729–30.
14. Ibid., p. 2729.
15. Ibid., Part 21, Exhibit 16 following p. 4780; interview with Morgan, October 26, 1976.
16. PHA, Part 6, pp. 2720, 2723.
17. Ibid., p. 2752.
18. Ibid., pp. 2752–56, 2802.
19. Ibid., p. 2834.
20. San Francisco Examiner, January 20, 1946.
21. PHA, Part 6, pp. 2844, 2906.
22. Ibid., p. 2876.
23. Ibid., p. 2893; Part 7, p. 2947; Dallas Morning News, San Francisco Chronicle, January 22, 1946; Kimmel Papers, Box 6. This letter also appeared in the Chicago Tribune, July 21, 1946.
24. PHA, Part 6, p. 2659.
25. Honolulu Star-Bulletin, January 15, 1946; Newsweek (February 4, 1946), p. 29; Washington Star, January 22, 1946; Louisville Courier-Journal, Christian Science Monitor, Washington Post, January 23, 1946; San Francisco Chronicle, January 23 and 27, 1946; PHA, Part 7, pp. 2921–22.
26. PHA, Part 7, p. 2922.
27. Ibid., pp. 2954–57.
28. Ibid., pp. 2951, 2959.
29. Ibid., p. 2964.
30. Washington Post, The New York Times, San Francisco Chronicle, January 23, 1946.
31. Des Moines Register, Miami Herald, January 24, 1946.
32. PHA, Part 7, p. 2978.
33. Ibid., p. 2972.
34. Ibid., p. 2984.
35. Ibid., p. 3012.
36. Ibid., pp. 3010–11.
37. Ibid., pp. 3026–29.
38. Ibid., p. 3049.
39. Ibid., p. 3053.
40. Ibid., p. 3070.
41. Ibid., pp. 3098–105; Honolulu Star-Bulletin, January 25, 1946.
42. PHA, pp. 3168–69.
43. Ibid., p. 3173.
44. Ibid., pp. 3222–24.
45. Ibid., p. 3231; Dallas Morning News, Houston Post, January 27, 1946.
Chapter 80
“FIXING THE BLAME”
1. Dallas Morning News, January 29, 1946; PHA, Part 7, pp. 3278, 3261–63.
2. PHA, Part 7, p. 3317.
3. Ibid., pp. 3235, 3237–40, 3329.
4. Ibid., Part 6, pp. 2604, 2639, 2642; Part 7, p. 3356.
5. Ibid., Part 8, pp. 3380–81, 3416–42.
6. Ibid., pp. 3488, 3504.
7. Ibid., pp. 3525–26.
8. Washington Post, February 2, 1946; San Francisco Chronicle, February 10, 1946; PHA, Part 8, p. 3579.
9. San Francisco Chronicle, February 10, 1946.
10. PHA, Part 8, pp. 3632–33, 3666, 3635, 3638, 3640.
11. Mr. X Notes.
12. PHA, Part 8, pp. 3814–38.
13. Mr. X Notes.
14. PHA, Part 9, p. 3965.
15. Ibid., pp. 3932–33, 3942.
16. Ibid., p. 3947.
17. Honolulu Advertiser, February 14, 1946.
18. PHA, Part 9, p. 4053.
19. Ibid., p.4148.
20. Ibid., pp. 4231, 4247, 4249, 4257, 4268.
21. Ibid., p. 4302.
22. Ibid., pp. 4517–20.
23. Ibid., pp. 4522, 4528, 4534, 4563.
24. Ibid., pp. 4464–65; Washington Post, February 15 and 16, 1946; The New York Times, February 16, 1946.
25. Honolulu Advertiser, February 14, 1946.
26. “Washington Merry-Go-Round,” Dallas Morning News, February 15, 1946.
27. PHA, Part 10, pp. 4628–59.
28. Ibid., pp. 4659–72.
29. Ibid., pp. 4672–4710.
30. Ibid., pp. 4729, 4731–32, 4740–43.
31. Ibid., pp. 4793–4829.
32. Ibid., p. 4855.
33. Ibid., p. 4909.
34. Ibid., pp. 4916–20.
35. Ibid., pp. 4936–37.
36. Ibid., p. 4938.
37. Ibid., pp. 5009–27.
38. Ibid., pp. 5027–75.
39. Ibid., pp. 5080–89.
40. Ibid., pp. 5100–01, 5103.
41. Ibid., pp. 5150–51.
42. Ibid., Part 11, pp. 5175–200.
43. Ibid., Part 10, p. 4664.
44. Ibid., p. 5154.
45. Ibid., Part 9, p. 4471.
46. Ibid., Part 11, p. 5238.
47. Ibid., pp. 5269–91.
48. Ibid., pp. 5365, 5535, 5541–42.
49. Ibid., pp. 5543–45, 5556, 5548, 5550.
50. Ibid., pp. 5552, 5560.
51. Ibid., p. 5555.
52. Interview with Morgan, October 26, 1976.
53. Letter, Morgan to the author, November 4, 1976.
54. The New York Times, July 7 and 16, 1946; Washington Post, Milwaukee Journal, July 21, 1946.
55. PHA, Part 6, pp. 2581–82.
56. Ibid., Report, pp. 251–52.
57. Ibid., pp. 266–66A, 266E-66F, 266H-66I, 266S-66T.
58. Letter, Greaves to Hiles, June 15, 1962, Hiles Papers, Box 9.
59. PHA, Report, pp. 497–502, 504–06, 573.
Chapter 81
“THE VERDICT OF HISTORY”
1. All newspapers reviewed for this study covered the congressional report. For representative sampling, see Washington Evening Star, New York Herald Tribune, Nashville Tennesseean, Chicago Tribune, July 21, 1946; Chicago Times, Christian Science Monitor, Milwaukee Journal, July 22, 1946.
2. Evidence that these individuals assisted in preparing the minority report is contained in letters, Flynn to Barnes, February 26, 1946, Greaves to Barnes, July 2, 1946, Barnes Papers, Box 32; and Greaves to Hiles, June 15, 1962, Hiles Papers, Box 9.
3. Milwaukee Sentinel, July 21, 1946.
4. July 21, 1946.
5. Interview with Morgan, October 26, 1976.
6. San Francisco Chronicle, July 21, 1946.
7. Kimmel Papers, Box 6.
8. Washington Star, Washington Post, San Francisco Chronicle, July 21, 1946.
9. Washington Post, September 4, 1949; Dallas Morning News, December 2, 1944; Honolulu Advertiser, September 5, 1949.
10. Interviews with Wilson, January 22, 1963; Mollison, November 8, 1963.
11. Honolulu Advertiser, September 4 and 5, 1949; Houston Post, Dallas Morning News, The New York Times, September 4, 1949; San Antonio Express, September 5, 1949; Dallas Morning News, September 8, 1949.
12. Honolulu Star-Bulletin, May 15, 1968 and December 6, 1966.
13. For other representative accounts, see Louisville Courier-Journal, Hartford Times, Washington Post, Washington Evening Star, May 15, 1968.
14. Fleming tape, March 31, 1975.
15. Interview with Bicknell, September 7, 1967.
16. Congressional Record, Vol. 87, Part 9, December 19, 1941, p. 10051.
17. PHA, Report, p. 126.
18. Ibid., Part 28, pp. 1359–60.
19. Ibid., Part 22, p. 168.
20. Ibid., p. 103.
21. Ibid., p. 474.
22. Ibid., Part 7, p. 3032.
23. Ibid., Part 11, p. 5425; Part 7, p. 3039.
24. Ibid., Part 26, pp. 375–82.
25. Ibid., Part 22, p. 35.
26. Fleming tape, March 31, 1975.
27. PHA, Part 6, pp. 2894–95; Part 22, pp. 461–62.
28. Ibid., Part 22, p. 468; Part 26, pp. 28, 20–21.
29. Ibid., Part 22, pp. 490–91.
30. Ibid., p. 473; Part 26, p. 19.
31. Ibid., Part 27, pp. 769–70, 793.
32. Ibid., Part 32, p. 307; Part 15, p. 1432.
33. Ibid., Part 27, pp. 774–76.
34. Ibid., Part 33, p. 715; Report, pp. 86–87.
35. Ibid., Part 32, p. 504.
36. Ibid., Part 26, pp. 18, 23; Part 22, p. 464.
37. Ibid., Part 18, p. 3296.
38. Ibid., Part 5, p. 2350; Part 23, p. 1092.
39. Ibid., Part 39, p. 368.
40. Ibid., Part 22, p. 487.
41. Ibid., Part 12, p. 323; Part 3, p. 1085; Part 27, p. 423.
42. Ibid., Part 8, pp. 3455, 3525–26, 3504.
43. Ibid., Part 9, p. 4241.
44. Ibid., Part 28. p. 919.
45. Ibid., Part 29, p. 2312.
46. Ibid., Part 4, p. 1962.
47. Ibid., Part 39, pp. 144–45.
48. Ibid., Part 32, p. 99.
49. Ibid., Part 39, p. 365.
50. Capt. Gilvin M. Slonim, USN, “Have We Learned the Lesson of Pearl Harbor?” Navy (December 1966), p. 15.
51. Interview with Bloch, November 28, 1962.
52. For an interesting account of the salvage and reclamation of the ships, see VADM. Homer N. Wallin, USN (Ret.), Pearl Harbor: Why, How, Fleet Salvage and Final Appraisal (Washington, D.C., 1969).
Afterword
“PEARL HARBOR NEVER DIES”
1. Letter, Hanify to Kimmel, August 30, 1953.
2. London Times, January 21, 1982.
3. For Popov’s account, see his book Spy Counter-Spy (New York, 1974).
4. Ronald Lewin, The American Magic: Codes, Ciphers and the Defeat of Japan (New York, 1982), pp. 52–56.
5. The Popov questionnaire appears as Appendix 7 of Pearl Harbor: The Verdict of History.
6. John F. Bratzel and Leslie B. Rout, Jr., “Pearl Harbor, Microdots and J. Edgar Hoover,” American Historical Review, Vol. 87, No. 5 (December 1982), pp. 1342–51.
7. John Estin (Associated Press), “Hoover Shared Spy’s Disclosure on Pearl Harbor,” Pittsburgh Post Gazette, April 1, 1982, p. 2.
8. Infamy, pp. 260–61.
9. PHA, Part 35, pp. 368, 370.
10. Infamy, pp. 291–93, 298, 332.
11. Pratte’s interest in the Lurline’s log was in connection with another matter. The Department of Defense advised the Honolulu Star-Bulletin that “the log was destroyed after being transferred to the Federal Communications Commission.”
12. Infamy, p. 233.
13. “Study of the Sea Battle Off Hawaii,” Battle-lessons Investigating Committee, Air Branch Committee, Yokosuka Naval Air Corps. This study, a copy of which is in the Prange files, was prepared in the summer of 1942, probably in August.
14. Shinjuwan Sakusen No Shinso, pp. 128–29; Shinjuwan Sakusen Kaikoroku, p. 263.
15. Rengo Kantai, p. 22.
16. Letter, Chihaya to Dillon, March 30, 1982.
17. Infamy, p. 294.
18. Oral History Interview with Mr. Robert D. Ogg, NA, RG 457, Records of the National Security Agency, SRH 255, pp. 52, 27, 14, 20–21.
19. Ibid., pp. 35–36.
20. Ibid., pp. 53–54, 58, 68–69.
21. Ibid., p. 43.
22. See for example Chigusa Diary, November 27 through December 6, 1941.
23. Letter, Chihaya to Dillon, March 30, 1982.
24. Infamy, pp. 344–45.
25. Ibid., pp. 295–96, 299.
26. Log of Enterprise, reproduced in PHA, Part 16, pp. 2054–57.
27. PHA, Part 15, p. 1896.
28. Infamy, p. 312.
29. PHA, Part 12, pp. 154–55.
30. NSA interview with Mr. Ralph T. Briggs, January 13, 1977, MacArthur Archives, NA, RG 457, Record of National Security Agency SRH 051; also NSA/CSS Cryptologic Department.
31. 3rd BB Div. Diary, December 5, 1941.
32. Chigusa Diary, December 5, 1941.
33. Interview, Prange with Uchida, April 20, 1951. Chihaya was present.
34. PHA, Part 12, p. 261.
35. Ibid., Part 9, pp. 4195–96.
36. See for example Infamy, pp. 58–60. A number of revisionist works cite this theory.
37. Letter, Hiles to Safford, Hiles Papers, Box 15.
38. Hawaiian Department, “Joint Army and Navy Maneuvers, Raid Phase, Jan. 29–31, 1933,” p. 4. Classified Operational Archives Branch, Naval History Division, Washington Navy Yard, Washington, D.C.
39. Honolulu Advertiser, February 1, 1933.
40. Burke Davis, The Billy Mitchell Affair (New York, 1967), pp. 173–74.
41. PHA, Part 2, pp. 868–69.
42. Ibid., pp. 869–70.
43. Shikan: Shinjuwan Kogeki, p. 151; interview, Prange with Fukudome, May 4, 1950.
44. Letter, McCollum to Prange, September 20, 1969.
45. London Observer, October 21, 1990.
46. Pittsburgh Press, December 21, 1990.
47. Prange interview with Rochefort, August 26, 1954.