1. Vaishnav, Milan, and D.C. Danielle. ‘A devil called policy paralysis’, India Today, 18 May 2014. See http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/policy-paralysis-upa-ii-corruption/1/362386.html.
2. Apart from the deceleration in GDP growth (5.7 per cent in Q1 of FY 18 as against 7.9 per cent in Q1 of FY 2017), the Centre for Monitoring of the Indian Economy (CMIE) estimated a loss of 1.5 million jobs during January to April in 2017.
3. India received wheat supplies under the US PL-480—a food aid programme of the United States administered in the sixties by president(s) John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson. See https://history.state.gov/milestones/1961-1968/pl-480.
4. ‘People practicing open defecation (percentage of population)’, World Bank. See https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.STA.ODFC.ZS.
1. Under that modus vivendi, India and China discussed their differences, like the boundary question, but did not allow the absence of a settlement to inhibit other cooperation such as trade, etc.
2. The proportion of merchandise trade in GDP has since dropped as world trade has shrunk.
1. A shorter and slightly abridged version of this essay was also submitted to the Lok Sabha Secretariat for their publication to commemorate seventy years of India’s independence.
2. Economic Reforms: Discussion Paper. Ministry of Finance, Government of India, July 1993, p.1.
3. Mexico’s sudden decision in 1994 to devalue the peso vis-a-vis the US dollar triggered abrupt capital flight and deep convulsions in the Mexican economy. The ‘Tequila’ effect is the informal moniker for the knock-on impact of the peso devaluation on other currencies of the region (Southern Cone and Brazil). The Tequila crisis was the first international crisis set off by capital volatility.
4. Reserve Bank of India, database on Indian economy. See https://dbie.rbi.org.in/DBIE/dbie.rbi?site=home.
5. All data in this paragraph estimated from: Reserve Bank of India, database on Indian economy. See https://dbie.rbi.org.in/DBIE/dbie.rbi?site=home.
6. All data in this paragraph estimated from: Reserve Bank of India, database on Indian economy. See https://dbie.rbi.org.in/DBIE/dbie.rbi?site=home.
7. Reserve Bank of India, database on Indian economy. See https://dbie.rbi.org.in/DBIE/dbie.rbi?site=home.
8. See: ‘Competitive Monetary Easing—Is It Yesterday Once More?’ Remarks by Raghuram Rajan, former governor of the Reserve Bank of India, at Brookings Institution, Washington, D.C., 10 April 2014. See http://www.bis.org/review/r140414b.htm.
9. External Sector is the portion of a country’s economy that interacts with the economies of other countries. In the goods market, the external sector involves exports and imports. In the financial market it involves capital flows. Source: Wikipedia.
10. Monetary policy consists of the actions of a central bank, currency board or other regulatory committee that determine the size and rate of growth of the money supply, which in turn affects interest rates. Source: Investopedia.
1. Quraishi, S.Y. An Undocumented Wonder: The Great Indian Election. New Delhi: Rainlight, Rupa Publications, 2014.
2. Sen, A. ‘Democracy as a Universal Value’, Journal Of Democracy, 10(3), 3–17. See http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jod.1999.0055.
3. Quraishi, S.Y. An Undocumented Wonder: The Great Indian Election. New Delhi: Rainlight, Rupa Publications, 2014.
1. Gopal, Sarvepalli. Jawaharlal Nehru. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1979, vol. 2, p. 162. India: A Reference Annual, 1953. New Delhi: Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, 1953, pp. 4, 315–16. Butler, David, and Ashok Lahiri and Prannoy Roy eds., India Decides: Elections 1952–1989. New Delhi: Living Media India, 1989, p. 56.
2. Annual Reports 2014-15. New Delhi: Telecom Regulatory Authority of India, 2015, p. 15.
3. ‘Narendra Modi’s Electoral Milestone: 437 rallies, 3 lakh km’ Times of India, 30 April 2014. ‘Fleet of 3 aircraft ensures Modi is home every night after day’s campaigning’, Times of India, 22 April 2014.
4. India: A Reference Annual, 1953. p. 317.
5. Annual Report of the Registrar of Newspapers for India, 1958. New Delhi: Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, 1959, p. 38.
6. Daily circulation figures are from the annual Press in India, published by the Registrar of Newspapers for India.
7. India: A Reference Annual, 1953. New Delhi: Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, 1953, p. 316.
8. Mass Media in India, 1980–81. New Delhi: Publications Division, 1982, p. 201.
9. MMII, 1980–81, p. 97.
10. MMII, 1980–81, p. 90. India: A Reference Annual, 1964. New Delhi: Publications Division, 1964, p. 125.
11. Jeffrey, Robin. ‘The Mahatma Didn’t Like the Movies and Why It Matters: Indian Broadcasting Policy, 1920–1990’, Global Media and Communication. 2006, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 207–27.
12. Times of India Directory and Yearbook, 1979. Mumbai: Times of India Press, 1979, p. 203. India: A Reference Annual 1953, pp. 330 and 204.
13. Jeffrey, Robin. India’s Newspaper Revolution. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2010, third edition, p. 64.
14. Jeffrey. India’s Newspaper Revolution. pp. 41–42.
15. Statistical Outline of India, 1984. Bombay: Tata Services Ltd, 1984, p. 94.
16. Mehta, Nalin. India on Television. New Delhi: HarperCollins, 2008, p. 42. India 1990: A Reference Annual. New Delhi: Publications Division, 1990, p. 279.
17. In 2015, India was estimated to have more than 60,000 cable providers. TRAI Annual Report 2014–15, p. 6.
18. Mehta. India on Television, for the contortions of governments confronted with irresistible pressures from impossible to control satellite-based TV.
19. Press in India for relevant years.
20. Kohli–Khandekar, Vanita. The Indian Media Business. New Delhi: SAGE Publications, 2013, fourth edition, p. 135.
21. Mehta, India on Television, p. 157.
22. Desai, Ashok V. India’s Telecommunications Industry. New Delhi: SAGE Publications, 2006. It tells much of this story. See also: Jeffrey and Doron, Great Indian Phone Book, pp. 39–62.
23. Annual Report, 2014–15. New Delhi: Telecom Regulatory Authority of India, 2015, p. 4.
24. ‘Indian Telecom Service Performance Indicator Report’, press release no. 27/2017. 7 April 2017, p. 5.
25. Bamzai, Sandeep. ‘A Network of Reliance’, India Today, 14 January 2012.
26. See for example, the financial analysis of the Kolkata group—Ananda Bazar: ‘ABP Group: a tale of contrasts’, The Hoot, 10 April 2017.
27. Kohli–Khandekar, Indian Media Business, pp. 263–98.
28. Robin Jeffrey and Assa Doron. ‘Mobile-izing: Democracy, Organization and India’s First “Mass Mobile Phone” Elections’, Journal of Asian Studies. February, 2012, vol. 71, no. 1 pp. 63–80.
29. Jeffrey, India’s Newspaper Revolution, pp. 1–2.
1. ‘India in an Asian Renaissance’: speech by minister mentor Lee Kuan Yew at the thirty-seventh Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Lecture, 21 November 2005.
2. Quoted in C.A. Bayly and T.N. Harper, Forgotten Armies. London, 2007, p. 324.
3. Ibid.
4. See Kripa Sridharan: ‘India–ASEAN Relations: Evolution, Growth and Prospects’ in Chandran Jeshurun (ed.), China, India, Japan and the Security of Southeast Asia. Singapore, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1993, p. 118.
5. Sridharan, The ASEAN Region in India’s Foreign Policy, p. 120
6. Ibid.
7. Kaul, M.M. ‘ASEAN–India Relations during the Cold War’, in Gordon and Henningham (eds.), India Looks East: An Emerging Power and its Asia-Pacific Neighbours, 2001, p. 54.
8. Southeast Asia underwent a period of ‘Indianization’, in which the nations of Southeast Asia were culturally suffused with Indian culture and civilization.
9. Sridharan, The ASEAN Region in India’s Foreign Policy, p. 120
10. Satu P. Limaye, quoted in Michael Richardson, ‘ASEAN Nations and India Warm Up’, International Herald Tribune, 29–30 January 1994, as cited by Ishtiaq Hossain, ‘Singapore–India Relations in the Post-Cold War Period’, in M.C. Yong and Bhanoji Rao (eds.), Singapore–India Relations: A Primer. Singapore, 1995, p. 42.
11. See Sandy Gordon, ‘India and Southeast Asia: A Renaissance in Relations?’, in Sandy Gordon and Stephen Henningham (eds.), India Looks East: An Emerging Power and its Asia-Pacific Neighbours. Canberra, 1995, pp. 207–29.
12. India’s re-engagement with Southeast Asia began in earnest in the 1990s after a lengthy period of ‘benign neglect’ during the Cold War. This strategic shift was first outlined as India’s Look East policy by then Prime Minister Narasimha Rao in his Singapore lecture in 1994. Singapore remains a strong advocate of India’s engagement and integration with ASEAN.
13. India Today, 15 January 1997.
14. Muni, S.D. ‘India’s Growing Identity with ASEAN’. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, trends, 31 August–1 September 1996, no. 72, p. 1.
15. Figures from Sridharan, The ASEAN Region in India’s Foreign Policy, pp. 209–10.
16. Ibid., p. 207.
17. Nath, Ashok K. ‘The Larger Emerging Economies of Asia – Quo Vadis’, in Asia 21, Singapore, January 1997, p. 59.
18. The Hindu, 21 January 1997.
19. Cited in Prime Minister Manmohan Singh’s speech at the fifth ASEAN–India Summit in Cebu, Philippines, 14 January 2007.
20. Rajiv Sikri, ‘India’s Foreign Policy Priorities in the Coming Decade’, ISAS, NUS, Singapore.
21. 2015 statistics show that China’s share of total ASEAN trade is 15.2 per cent while India’s share is 2.6 per cent. See http://asean.org/storage/2016/06/table20_as-of-30-Aug-2016-2.pdf
22. Bhatia, Rajiv. ‘India–ASEAN Relations: Progress and possibilities’, Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies. Article no. 5296, 15 June 2017.
23. Sajjanhar, Ashok. ‘Taking Stock of India’s “Act East Policy”’. Observer Research Foundation, 2016. Web. 12 August. 2017. Issue brief no. 142, p. 2.
24. Bart Gaens and Olli Ruohomaki, ‘India’s “Look East”—“Act East” Policy: Hedging as a Foreign Policy Tool’, The Finnish Institute of International Affairs, 2017. Web. 12 August. 2017. FIIA Briefing paper 222, p. 5.
25. New Delhi has recently proposed to further extend the Myanmar–Thailand link to Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam, and shorten travel from the Mekong river to India using water transport. This can be seen as an effort by India to further align itself with ASEAN and the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC). See ‘India revives highway plan amid China’s Belt and Road push’, The Straits Times, 14 August 2017. See http://www.straitstimes.com/asia/south-asia/india-revives-highway-plan-amid-chinas-belt-and-road-push.
26. See Isabelle St. Mezard, Eastward Bound. India’s New Positioning in Asia. Delhi, 2006.
1. Dumont, Louis. Homo Hierarchicus: The Caste System and Its Implications. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
2. It is believed by those who abide by the caste order that people are made up of different bodily substances. While these are intangible at the phenomenal level, they supposedly determine how pure a person is and where that person should be placed on the purity/ritual hierarchy. See McKim Marriot, ‘Multiple References in Indian Caste System’, in J. Silverberg, ed., Social Mobility and the Caste System in India: An Interdisciplinary Symposium. The Hague: Mouton, 1968.
3. Purusha Shukta is one of the hymns of the Rig Veda. It is thought that Purusha Shukta is interpolation into the Rig Veda, as it is different from other hymns.
4. Bougle, Celestin. Essays on the Caste System. Cambridge University Press, 1971. See also: ‘The Essence and Reality of the Caste System’, in Contributions to India Sociology. 1968, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 7–30.
5. Ghurye, G. S. ‘Features of the Caste System’, in Dipankar Gupta, ed., Social Stratification. New Delhi, Oxford University Press, 1991, pp. 35–48.
6. This origin myth and the ones following it are from Dipankar Gupta, ‘Continuous Hierarchies and Discrete Castes’, in Dipankar Gupta, ed., Social Stratification. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1991.
7. The Balaji myth refers to the offsprings of the celestial coupling between Balaji or Srinivasa (another name for Vishnu in Andhra Pradesh) and Padmavati.
8. Jat numbers are from 1931 Census. Since then there has been no caste-specific census.
1. https://www.un.org/development/desa/publications/world-population-prospects-the-2017-revision.html.
2. Level and Pattern of Consumer Expenditure 2011–12. Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, National Sample Survey Office, Government of India, 2014.
3. The Falkenmark Water Stress Indicator marks a country water-stressed when annual per capita water availability is less than 1700 cubic metre and water scarce if it is less than 1000 cubic metre. See http://environ.chemeng.ntua.gr/WSM/Newsletters/Issue4/Indicators_Appendix.htm.
4. Water and Related Statistics. Water Resources Information System Directorate, Water Planning and Project Wing, Central Water Commission. Government of India, 2013, 2015.
5. Guidelines for Improving Water Use Efficiency in Irrigation, Domestic and Industrial Sectors. Ministry of Water Resources, Central Water Commission. Government of India, 2014.
6. http://eands.dacnet.nic.in/LUS_1999_2004.htm.
7. http://indiabudget.nic.in/ub2017-18/bh/bh1.pdf.
8. http://wrmin.nic.in/forms/list.aspx?lid=1279.
9. Gross Cropped Area (GCA) is the total area sown once and more than once in a particular year. When the crop is sown on a piece of land twice, the area is counted twice in GCA.
10. http://punenvis.nic.in/index2.aspx?slid=5814&sublinkid=995&langid=1&mid=1.
11. Dynamic Ground Water Resources in India (As on 31st March 2011). Ministry of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation, Central Ground Water Board. Faridabad: Government of India, 2014.
12. Agricultural Statistics at a Glance. Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Agriculture and Cooperation, Government of India, 2014.
13. Agricultural Statistics at a Glance. Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Agriculture and Cooperation, Government of India, 2016.
14. One hectare is 10,000 square metres. It is a common unit of measurement in agricultural production.
15. Price Policy for Kharif Crops. Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, Department of Agriculture Cooperation and Farmers Welfare, Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices, Government of India, 2017–18.
16. NSSO. (2013–14). Consolidated Results of Crop Estimation Survey on Principal Crops. Ministry of Statistical and Programme Implementation, National Sample Survey Office, National Statistical Organisation. Government of India.
CACP. (2013–14). Price Policy for Kharif Crops. Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, Department of Agriculture, Cooperation and Farmers Welfare, Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices. Government of India.
17. http://agripb.gov.in/abt_deptt/pdf/Pb%20preservation%20of%20Subsoil%20Act,2009.pdf.
18. http://k-learn.adb.org/system/files/materials/2012/04/201204-drip-irrigation-and-fertigation-technology-rice-cultivation.pdf.
19. Gulati, A., R. Roy, and S. Hussain. Getting Punjab Agriculture Back on High Growth Path: Sources, Drivers and Policy Lessons. New Delhi: Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations (ICRIER), 2017.
20. Feed mill is any plant or factory that processes grains, vegetables or meat into animal feed.
21. Silage is fodder for cattle, sheep or other animals. A silage unit will be where it is prepared and stored. In starch factories, corn starch will be produced as part of the food processing industry.
22. http://eands.dacnet.nic.in/LUS_1999_2004.htm.
23. http://mahaagri.gov.in/level3detaildisp.aspx?id=6&subid=11&sub2id=1.
24. http://eands.dacnet.nic.in/APY_96_To_06.htm.
25. Price Policy for Sugarcane. Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Agriculture and Cooperation, Commission on Agricultural Costs and Prices. Government of India, 2015–16.
26. http://eands.dacnet.nic.in/APY_96_To_06.htm.
27. CACP, 2015–16.
28. http://eands.dacnet.nic.in/LUS_1999_2004.htm.
29. Price Policy for Sugarcane. Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Agriculture and Cooperation, Commision on Agricultural Costs and Prices. Government of India, 2016–17.
30. Based on data collected from micro-irrigation scheme implementation, department of agriculture, Pune. Government of Maharashtra (Note: data is from 1986 to March 2015).
31. https://www.maharashtra.gov.in/Site/upload/CabinetDecision/English/18-07-2017%20Cabinet%20Decision%20(Meeting%20No.138).pdf. Pp. 5–6. Marathi version: http://www.livemint.com/Politics/gLv0fWy012FI6Su0D5lQvJ/Maharashtra-makes-drip-irrigation-mandatory-for-sugar-cane-c.html.
32. http://pmksy.gov.in/microirrigation/Archive/MIAllocation201718.pdf.
1. Before this, national planning was confined mainly to the communist countries. Post the Second World War, the demands of reconstruction led many developed market economies to also adopt planning.
2. Although the model used for the Second Plan is now known as the Feldman–Mahalanobis Model, acknowledging its similarity to the model developed by G.A. Feldman in 1928, the two were developed independently. Nevertheless, while there are commonalities between the Soviet and the early Indian planning models, their modes of implementation were quite different.
3. The spectacular success stories of Taiwan and South Korea, which followed an overtly ‘export-led’ strategy began only about five years later.
4. The Third Plan saw the involvement of several eminent economists in developing and refining the original Mahalanobis model. The theoretical basis of this plan foreshadowed the ‘two-gap’ model of growth by Chenery and Strout developed in 1966.
5. There was a four-year ‘Plan holiday’ between the Third and Fourth Plans enabling recalibration of strategy. This was a political decision that planners had to incorporate into the plan model.
6. Roughly translated as: abolish poverty.
7. By the mid-seventies, savings rate in India had doubled compared with the early fifties and had surpassed that of the US.
8. In the Mahalanobis model, aggregate savings is related both to overall GDP and its sectoral composition. In the Harrod–Domar model it is related only to GDP. The Mahalanobis model could generate higher savings at lower GDP growth rates than the Harrod–Domar by manipulating sectoral composition.
9. Rajiv Gandhi is on public record as describing the then Planning Commission as ‘a pack of jokers’.
10. The Eighth Plan, like the two previous plans, was ‘realistic’ with GDP growth target set at 5.5 per cent. The plan model remained the same as the two earlier plans, despite the change in the economic system.
11. In the earlier Plans, fiscal side was taken into account to the extent it affected availability of resources.
12. Planning Commission (2001), Approach Paper to the Tenth Five Year Plan, Government of India.
13. Three notable interventions of this plan were the National Highway Development Programme (NHDP), the Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY), a rural roads programme, and the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA), a universal primary education programme. The latter two interventions were again encroachments in the domain of states.
14. The Tenth Plan provided a consistent state-wise breakdown of the principal targets of the Plan in consultation with the state governments.
15. ‘Inclusive growth’ is first mentioned in the approach paper to the Eleventh Plan and has since become the dominant catchphrase in international development discourse.
16. The Eleventh Plan consolidated infrastructure initiatives of the Tenth under the rubric of ‘Bharat Nirman’. Its other major innovation was the push to public–private partnerships (PPPs), particularly in power, roads and ports.
17. The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS), the world’s largest work-fare programme, was the principal intervention to address this issue.
18. A rough indication of this expansion is given by the fact that the Second Plan document was only 140 pages long whereas the Twelfth is nearly 1400.
19. Reacting to the charges of politicization of allocations during the Second and Third Plans, the Central government began allocating block grants on the basis of the Gadgil formula adopted by the NDC from the Fourth Plan onwards.
20. The states were to contribute a particular proportion of total funds in order to access the Centre’s share.
21. NITI being the acronym for ‘National Institution for Transforming India’.
22. Some form of a plan is necessary for accessing International Development Agency (IDA) funds that require a nationally owned Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP), which is nothing but a national plan under a different rubric.
23. The author’s personal experience over the fifteen years he spent in the Planning Commission was that the most active users of the Plans were the private corporate sector, which saw the utility of a consistent economy-wide strategy for its own strategic planning.
1. Nayar, Baldev Raj. The Modernization Imperative and Indian Planning. New Delhi: Vikas, 1972.
2. On the myriad challenges that she confronted on the domestic front, see Francine Frankel, India’s Political Economy: 1947–2004. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2009.
3. The rationale for the Indian position is spelled out in K.B. Lall, ‘India and the New International Economic Order’, International Studies, 17, 3–4, 1978, pp. 435–61.
4. For a discussion of the factors that led to the Indian nuclear tests, see Sumit Ganguly, ‘India’s Pathway to Pokhran II: The Prospects and Sources of New Delhi’s Nuclear Weapons Program’, International Security, 23:4, Spring 1999, pp. 148–77.
5. Huntington, Samuel P. Political Order in Changing Societies. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1968.
6. Doshi, Vidhi. ‘India’s Long Wait for Justice: 27m Court Cases in Legal Logjam’, Guardian, 5 May 2016.
7. Human Rights Watch, Broken System: Dysfunction, Abuse, and Impunity in the Indian Police. New York: Human Rights Watch, 2009.
8. ‘50 per cent of police posts vacant in UP; national average at 24 per cent’, Press Trust of India, 2 April 2017.
9. Mohan, Vishwa. ‘3 cops to protect each VIP, just 1 policeman for 761 citizens’, Times of India, 8 February 2013.
10. Chakravarti, Sudeep. Red Sun: Travels in Naxalite Country. New Delhi: Penguin Books, 2008.
11. Roy, Shubhajit. ‘Why the Indian Foreign Service has a Quality and Quantity Dilemma’, Indian Express, 4 August 2016.
12. Ramachandran, Sudha. ‘The Indian Foreign Service: Worthy of an Emerging Power?’ Diplomat, 12 July 2013. See http://thediplomat.com/2013/07/the-indian-foreign-service-worthy-of-an-emerging-power/.
13. Amarnath K. Menon and Gaurav C. Sawant. ‘The Missile that Cannot Fire’, India Today, 13 April 2012.
14. For a detailed discussion, see Sumit Ganguly and William R. Thompson, Ascending India and Its State Capacity. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2017.
1. Overview of Civil Society Organizations: India. Civil Society Briefs, Asian Development Bank, 2009.
2. In this paper, the terms non-governmental organizations and civil society organizations have been used interchangeably.
3. Edelman Trust Barometer: India, Edelman Trust Barometer Annual Global Study, 2017, vol. 1, no. 50.
4. See Rob Jenkins, ‘NGOs and Indian Politics’, in The Oxford Companion to Indian Politics, eds., Niraja Gopal Jayal and Pratap Bhanu Mehta. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, pp. 409–26. Tandon, Rajesh. ‘The Hidden Universe of Non-profit Organisations in India’, Economic and Political Weekly, 2017, vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 79–84.
5. Baviskar, B. S. ‘NGOs and Civil Society in India’, Sociological Bulletin, 2001, vol. 50, no. 1, pp. 3–15.
6. Sen, Siddhartha. ‘Some Aspects of State-NGO Relationships in India in the Post-Independence Era’, Development and Change. The Hague: International Institute of Social Studies, 1999, vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 327–55. See Rob Jenkins, ‘NGOs and Indian Politics’, in The Oxford Companion to Indian Politics, eds., Niraja Gopal Jayal and Pratap Bhanu Mehta. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, pp. 409–26.
7. Sampath, G. ‘Time to Repeal the FCRA’, The Hindu, 27 December 2016. http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/Time-to-repeal-the-FCRA/article16946222.ece. Last accessed 4 July 2017. Balakrishnan, Ajit. ‘Indian NGOs’ Long March’, Business Standard, 8 March 2012. See http://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/ajit-balakrishnan-indian-ngos-long-march-112030800051_1.html Last accessed, 4 July 2017.
8. Chipko Movement is a non-violent forest conservation movement that was started in the seventies in the hilly regions of Kumaon and Garhwal to protest against tree felling. Under the leadership of Chandi Prasad Bhatt, a Gandhian social worker, Chipko, literally meaning embrace, was led by local villagers, particularly women, who would embrace trees to prevent their felling. The activists outlined that rampant tree felling would lead to environmental degradation of the hills, increasing risks of landslides and flooding in the region.
9. Guha, Ramchandra. ‘Environmentalist of the Poor’, Economic and Political Weekly, 2002, vol. 37, no. 3, pp. 204–07.
10. The Jan Lokpal Bill, also referred to as the Citizen’s Ombudsman Bill, is an anti-corruption bill drawn up by civil society activists in India seeking the appointment of a Jan Lokpal, an independent body to investigate corruption cases. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Lokpal_Bill.
11. See Rob Jenkins, ‘NGOs and Indian Politics’, in The Oxford Companion to Indian Politics, eds., Niraja Gopal Jayal and Pratap Bhanu Mehta. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, pp. 409–26.
12. Chandhoke, Neera. The Conceits of Civil Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003. See Rob Jenkins, ‘NGOs and Indian Politics’, in The Oxford Companion to Indian Politics, eds., Niraja Gopal Jayal and Pratap Bhanu Mehta. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, pp. 409–26.
13. Tandon, Rajesh. ‘The Hidden Universe of Non-profit Organisations in India’, Economic and Political Weekly, 2017, vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 79–84. Jalali, Rita. ‘International Funding of NGOs in India: Bringing the State Back In’, Voluntas, 2008, vol. 19, pp. 161–88.
14. ‘Centre orders filing of cases against four NGOs’, The Hindu, 28 February 2012. See http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/centre-orders-filing-of-cases-against-four-ngos/article2942708.ece. ‘Kudankulam row: Cases against NGOs; German expelled’, Economic Times, 29 February 2012. See https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/kudankulam-row-cases-against-ngos-german-expelled/articleshow/12077009.cms.
15. Haidar, Suhasini. ‘US, Germany Slam India For New Funding Norms’, The Hindu. 5 May 2017. See http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/us-germany-slam-india-for-new-funding-norms/article18385902.ece. Last accessed, 4 July 2017.
16. Baviskar, B.S. ‘NGOs and Civil Society in India’, Sociological Bulletin, 2001, vol. 50, no. 1, pp. 3–15.
17. PFI has also provided technical assistance for the roll out and implementation of the National Urban Health Mission (NUHM) across states and cities. Through its edutainment serial, ‘Main Kuch Bhi Kar Sakti Hoon’ (I, a Woman, Can Do Anything) that tackles social determinants of health and family planning, PFI provided a popular serial to Doordarshan, the Government of India’s television channel. To spread awareness on the Union government’s national adolescent health programme, Rashtriya Kishor Swasthya Karyakram (RKSK), PFI contributed to developing behaviour change communication materials for peer educators in every village.
18. Naidu, M. Venkaiah. ‘Seeking Synergy, Not Ideology: Government should Partner Civil Society, But the Latter’s Advocacy should be Evidence-Based’, Times of India, 1 June 2016. See http://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/toi-edit-page/seeking-synergy-not-ideology-government-should-partner-civil-society-but-the-latters-advocacy-should-be-evidence-based/. Last accessed, 4 July 2017.
1. See D.R. Gadgil, The Industrial Evolution of India in Recent Years. Oxford University Press, 1938. Chatterjee, Basudev. Trade, tariffs and empire: Lancashire and British policy in India 1919–1939. Oxford University Press, 1992. Mukherjee, Aditya. ‘Empire: How Colonial India Made Modern Britain’, Economic and Political Weekly, vol. 45, no. 50, December 2010, pp.73–82.
2. Eckaus, Richard S. ‘Planning in India’, National Economic Planning, ed. Max F. Millikan. Cambridge: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1967. pp. 305–78.
3. Bhagwati, Jagdish N., and T.N. Srinivasan. Foreign Trade Regimes and Economic Development—India. Columbia University Press, 1975.
4. Wolf, Martin. ‘Indian Exports’, in ‘Export Promotion Policies’, World Bank staff working paper, no. 313. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, January 1979, pp. 68–70.
5. N. Swapna and N. Sujatha. ‘Trends of IT Industry in Indian Economy—An Analysis’, Special Issue of International Journal of Computer Science & Informatics (IJCSI). 2012, vol. II, issue-1- 2, pp. 196-198. Annual Report 2005–06 and Annual Report 2015–16. Ministry of Communications and IT, Government of India.
6. Rostow’s economic model explains five stages of economic development. It moves from a traditional society to a transitional society, followed by take-off, drive to maturity and finally high mass consumption.
7. Amrit, Amirapu and Arvind Subramanian. ‘Manufacturing or Services? An Indian Illustration of a Development Dilemma’, working paper no. 409. Washington, D.C.: Centre for Global Development, June 2015. Rodrik, Dani. ‘Premature deindustrialization’, working paper no. 20935. Cambridge: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER), February 2015.
8. Kelkar, Vijay L., and Rajiv Kumar. ‘Industrial Growth in the Eighties: Emerging Policy Issues’, Economic and Political Weekly, vol. 25, no. 4, January 1990, pp. 209–22.
9. Author’s computation from various government data sources and reports.
1. The Maoist insurgency is a conflict between radical Leftists and the Indian state in parts of Adivasi-majority regions in Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, and Telangana that began around 2002. Its origins are traced to the older Naxalite movement of the sixties and the seventies.
2. The figures in this section are compiled from different sources for cultivation and ownership. They differ slightly because not all privately owned land is cultivated. The cultivation data are from ‘Agricultural Statistics at a Glance, 2010’. See http://eands.dacnet.nic.in/. The data on operational holdings or ownership are from the ‘Agricultural Census of 2010–11’. See http://agcensus.nic.in/document/agcensus2010/agcen2010rep.htm.
3. Irrigated or ‘wet’ land is roughly twice as productive as dry land in the same region.
4. This argument is made by many scholars, including Sukhamoy Chakravarty (Development Planning: The Indian Experience, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1987) and Sanjoy Chakravorty (The Price of Land: Acquisition, Conflict, Consequence, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2013).
5. Marginal farms are up to 1 hectare (2.5 acres) or less, whereas small farms are between 1 to 2 hectares.
6. Chakravorty, Sanjoy. The Price of Land. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2013, p. xxiii.
7. See Walter Fernandes, ‘Sixty Years of Development-Induced Displacement in India: Scale, Impacts, and the Search for Alternatives’, in India Social Development Report 2008: Development and Displacement, ed. H.M. Mathur. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2008, pp. 89–102.
8. Chakravorty, Sanjoy. The Price of Land, pp. xxiii–xxiv.
9. ‘Rahul Gandhi kickstarts Congress’s 2014 campaign in Uttar Pradesh’, NDTV, 9 October 2013. See https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/rahul-gandhi-kickstarts-congresss-2014-campaign-in-uttar-pradesh-537167.
1. Economic Survey, 2015–16, economic division, Ministry of Finance, Government of India, 2016. Accessed at http://indiabudget.nic.in/budget2016-2017/survey.asp.
2. Economic Survey, 2016–17. Accessed at http://indiabudget.nic.in/es2016-17/echapter.pdf.
3. See, for instance, K. Srinath Reddy, Vikram Patel, Prabhat Jha, Vinod K. Paul, A.K. Shiva Kumar, Lalit Dandona: ‘Towards achievement of universal health care in India by 2020: a call to action’, Lancet, 26 February 2011, vol. 377, pp. 760–68.
4. ‘State of the World’s Children 2016’. accessed on 24 June at https://www.unicef.org/publications/files/UNICEF_SOWC_2016.pdf. Data on per capita incomes are from the World Bank accessed on 24 June 2017 at http://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/GNIPC.pdf.
5. ‘Situation Analyses—Backdrop to the National Health Policy 2017’. New Delhi: Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, 2017.
6. Drèze, J., and A. K. Sen. An Uncertain Glory: India and Its Contradictions, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2013.
7. Shiva Kumar, A.K., Lincoln C. Chen, Mita Choudhury, Shiban Ganju, Vijay Mahajan, Amarjeet Sinha and Abhijit Sen. ‘Financing health care for all: challenges and opportunities’, Lancet, 19 February 2011, vol. 377, no. 9766, pp. 668–79.
8. ‘Situation Analyses—Backdrop to the National Health Policy 2017’. New Delhi: Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, 2017.
9. Patel, Vikram, Rachana Parikh, Sunil Nandraj, Priya Balasubramaniam, Kavita Narayan, Vinod K. Paul, A.K. Shiva Kumar, Mirai Chatterjee and K. Srinath Reddy. ‘Assuring health coverage for all in India’, Lancet, 12 December 2015, vol. 386, no. 10011, pp. 2422–35.
10. ‘Assuring health coverage for all in India’, Lancet, 12 December 2015, vol. 386, no. 10011, pp. 2422–35.
11. ‘Financing health care for all: challenges and opportunities’, Lancet, 19 February 2011, vol. 377, no. 9766, pp. 668–79.
12. The beneficiaries under RSBY are entitled to hospitalization coverage up to Rs 30,000 per annum on family floater basis, for most of the diseases that require hospitalization.
13. See http://www.cci.gov.in/sites/default/files/022014S.pdf.
14. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/BHRC-directs-govt-to-pay-compensation-for-703-uterus-removals/articleshow/52095795.cms.
15. As in 13 earlier.
16. See presentation by vice-chairman, NITI Aayog: ‘India 2031–32: Vision, Strategy and Action Agenda’. New Delhi, 21 April 2017.
17. Drèze, Jean and Amartya Sen. An Uncertain Glory: India and its Contradictions. New Delhi: Allen Lane, 2013.
18. http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/24-lakh-people-have-income-above-rs-10-lakh-but-25-lakh-cars-bought-every-year/articleshow/56201138.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst.
19. http://indiabudget.nic.in/budget2016-2017/survey.asp.
20. http://indiabudget.nic.in/es2015-16/echapvol2-01.pdf.
1. World Population Prospects 2017, United Nations.
2. Speech by former president Pranab Mukherjee at the inaugural session of the visitor’s conference 2016, 16 November 2016. See http://presidentofindia.nic.in/speeches-detail.htm?568.
3. ‘India will become the world’s most populous country by 2022, UN says’, Time, 30 July 2015. See http://time.com/3978175/india-population-worlds-most-populous-country/.
4. CSO national account statistics.
5. India Labour Marker Update, ILO Country Office for India, July 2016; http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---asia/---ro-bangkok/---sro-new_delhi/documents/publication/wcms_496510.pdf.
6. Economic Survey, 2015–16, Ministry of Finance, Government of India. Chapter 7, vol. II, pp. 153–54. See http://indiabudget.nic.in/es2015-16/echapvol2-07.pdf.
7. Ibid.
8. LFPR is number of persons in the labour force per 1000 persons. Report on Employment-Unemployment Survey, Labour Bureau, India.
9. Ibid.
10. Report on Employment-Unemployment Survey, 2015–16, Government of India. Chandigarh: Ministry of Labour and Employment, Labour Bureau, vol. 1. See http://labourbureau.nic.in/EUS_5th_Vol_1.pdf
11. ‘This is the most dangerous time for our planet’, Guardian, 1 December 2016. See http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/dec/01/stephen-hawking-dangerous-time-planet-inequality. Accessed on 15 February 2017.
12. ‘Automation to replace lakhs of entry, mid-level IT execs: TV Mohandas Pai’, Economic Times, 31 July 2016. See http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/ites/automation-to-replace-lakhs-of-entry-mid-level-it-execs-tv-mohandas-pai/articleshow/53475940.cms
13. ‘Which IT jobs will survive automation? Find out’, Economic Times, 11 July 2016. See https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/earn/which-it-jobs-will-survive-automation-find-out/articleshow/53127553.cms
14. As in 24 above.
15. Quarterly Report on Changes in Employment in Selected Sectors (July 2015–September 2015); Government of India. Chandigarh: Ministry of Labour and Employment, Labour Bureau, March 2016.
16. World Bank, 2016, chapter 2, p. 126.
1. All India Survey on Higher Education, 2015–16. MHRD, GoI.
2. Laha, Rozelle. ‘IITs, IIMs think beyond govt funds and tuition fee’, Hindustan Times. New Delhi, 13 May 2016. See http://www.hindustantimes.com/education/iits-iims-think-beyond-govt-funds-and-tuition-fee/story-0Xq5rfA7EWaJbyCXivxaWM.html.
3. Daniels, Ronald. ‘Free the Public Universities’, The Chronicle is Higher Education, 5 May 2016. See http://www.chronicle.com/article/Free-the-Public-Universities/236372.
4. https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings.
5. National Employability Survey Engineers, Aspiring Minds, 2016. See http://www.aspiringminds.com/sites/default/files/National%20Employability%20Report%20-%20Engineers%20Annual%20Report%202016.pdf.
6. ‘40 per cent shortage of faculty at IITs, central varsities: Prakash Javadekar’, Times of India, 9 April 2017. See http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/40-shortage-of-faculty-at-iits-central-varsities-prakash-javadekar/articleshow/58097774.cms.
7. ‘Gujarat to get six new universities; Assembly clears bills’, Outlook. Gandhinagar, 22 March 2017. See http://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/gujarat-to-get-six-new-universities-assembly-clears-bills/1012566.
8. ‘Removing constraints in higher education: The argument that foreign investment benefits only a minority is flawed’, LiveMint, 4 February 2016. See http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/i80yTtxj9xNIlhATWiIMIK/Removing-constraints-in-higher-education.html.
9. ‘Higher Education in India: Twelfth Five Year Plan (2012–17) and beyond’. FICCI Higher Education Summit 2012. See http://learnos.files.wordpress.com/2012/11/ey-ficc_higher_education_report_nov12.pdf.
1. This paper is based on Ronojoy Sen’s Nation at Play: A History of Sport in India. New York/New Delhi: Columbia University Press/Penguin, 2015.
2. Ashwini Kumar, quoted in Mihir Bose’s The Magic of Indian Cricket: Cricket and Society in India. Abingdon: Routledge, 2006, p. 45.
3. Times of India, 13 August 1948.
4. Mellow, Melville de. Reaching for Excellence: The glory and decay of sports in India. New Delhi: Kalyani Publishers, 1979, pp. 48–49.
5. The Economist, 17 March 2012.
6. Courier-Mail, 13 November 1947.
7. Courier-Mail, 13 November 1947.
8. http://www.bharatiyahockey.org/granthalaya/hattrick/.
9. Kapadia, ‘Rahim, Amal Dutta, P.K. and Nayeem: The Coaches Who Shaped Indian Football’, Football Studies, October 2002, vol. 5, no. 2, p. 41.
10. Goswami, Chuni. Khelte. Calcutta: Ananda Publishers, 1982, p. 19.
11. Majumdar, Boria and Nalin Mehta. Olympics: The India Story. New Delhi: HarperCollins, 2008, p. 172.
12. Kapadia, p. 42.
13. The Times, 25 August 1971.
14. Times of India, 25 August 1971.
15. Times of India, 26 August 1971
16. Hindustan Times, 16 March 1975.
17. Guha, India After Gandhi: The History of the World’s Largest Democracy. London: Picador, 2008, p. 736.
18. Times of India, 5 December 1982.
19. Gupta, Shekhar. ‘Hockey just isn’t cricket’, Indian Express, 7 September 2002.
20. Haigh, Gideon. Spheres of Influence: Writings on Cricket and Its Discontents. London: Simon and Schuster, 2011, p. 4.
1. Lord Cornwallis, governor general of India, had all the lands surveyed and rental fixed according to soil and crop classifications and awarded titles to the owners for the land.
2. In the ryotwari system, the title holder was responsible for payment of annual revenues. In the zamindari areas, the zamindar or feudal owner was responsible for collection of revenues from all his farmers, and he had to pay a fixed rental to the crown. It led to considerable oppression of the small farmers by the zamindar, as the crown would not interfere, and would only insist on its share of revenues
3. Lord Curzon; Public A; August 1899, nos. 51–54, sourced from the National Archives.
4. Amitabh Kant, member secretary, NITI Aayog.
5. Mulayam Singh Yadav, former chief minister of UP, when the IAS in that state protested against the suspension of a young woman IAS officer.
1. http://niti.gov.in/writereaddata/files/document_publication/NEP-ID_27.06.2017_0.pdf.
2. http://garv.gov.in/garv2/dashboard/garv.
3. Per capita energy or electricity consumption is the metric to monitor improvements in living standards, socioeconomic growth, etc. While it increased in transitioning economies such as India, it is still much less compared with high-income countries such as the US.
4. Bhattacharjee, Subhomoy. India’s Coal Story: From Damodar to Zambezi. New Delhi: SAGE Publications, 2017.
5. Bhattacharjee, Subhomoy. India’s Coal Story. New Delhi: SAGE Publications, 2017, chapter 2.
6. http://niti.gov.in/writereaddata/files/document_publication/NEP-ID_27.06.2017_0.pdf.
7. Chapter 18, para 15, Second Five Year Plan, Planning Commission. See http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/planrel/fiveyr/welcome.html.
8. Right from the mid-fifties as the nations of the Middle East began to get independence, demands to nationalize their oil fields became strident. Egypt with hardly any reserves also made the additional demand to nationalize the largely French-run Universal Suez Canal Company, which it eventually did in July 1956. It led to a joint attack by Israel, British and French forces, which retook the Canal Zone. The stand-off brought Soviet Union to support the Arab nation and was finally resolved in a UN-led resolution the next year. The Six Day war of 1967 was a watershed moment in the Middle East, where the Israeli forces won decisively against the combined Arab forces of Egypt, Syria and Jordan. It has defined the politics, economics and life of the region like nothing else.
9. An anna was a currency unit used in India, equivalent to one-sixteenth Indian rupee.
10. http://www.cci.gov.in/sites/default/files/Indicus_20090420152009.pdf.
11. Trivedi, Prajapati. Administered Price Policy for Public Enterprises. See http://nacwc.nic.in/sites/writereaddata/cna/select-papers/1990-05-Administered_Price_Policy_for_Public_Enterprises.pdf.
12. Draft Energy Policy, NITI Aayog, Version June 2017.
13. Report No. 7 of 2012–13. Performance Audit of Allocation of Coal Blocks and Augmentation of Coal Production, Ministry of Coal. See http://www.cag.gov.in/content/report-no-7-2012-13-%E2%80%93-performance-audit-allocation-coal-blocks-and-augmentation-coal.
14. http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/committee/nep/nep_dec.pdf.
15. https://www.iea.org/Textbase/npsum/MTCMR2016SUM.pdf.
16. http://www.iea.org/newsroom/news/2016/november/world-energy-outlook-2016.html.
17. CRISIL Ratings Report. Top fifty stressed assets need haircut_19Jul2017.pdf.
18. Draft Energy Policy, NITI Aayog, Version June 2017.
1. Diamond, Larry. Development Democracy: Towards Consolidation. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1999, p. 218.
2. Ibid., p. 10.
3. Diamond’s Development Democracy: Towards Consolidation is a seminal contribution that has generated a new branch of scholarship on the role of civil society in democracy transition and consolidation.
4. Champaran and Kheda Satyagraha (1917–18) are iconic examples of Gandhian civil society activism in action.
5. The Economist, 18 February 2017, p. 5.
6. Diamond. Development Democracy: Towards Consolidation. p. 221.
7. Ibid., p. 222.
8. ‘The Rational Politics of Cultural Nationalism: Subnational Movements of South Asia in Comparative Perspective’, British Journal of Political Science. 1995, vol. 25, pp. 57–78.
9. The Hindu, 28 August 2015.
10. Mitra. Subrata K. ‘The Quota Movement in Gujarat: Implications for Modi and India’s Democracy’, ISAS Insights No. 289, 2 September, 2015 (ISAS, NUS), Singapore.
11. Subrata Mitra, Studies in Indian Politics, 2016, vol. 4, no. 1.
12. Diamond, 1999. Also see Sumit Ganguly and William Thompson, Ascending India and its State Capacity: Extraction, Violence and Legitimacy. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2017, p. 65.
13. Tilly, Charles. The Formation of Nation-States in Western Europe. Princeton: Princeton University Press,1975.
1. See, for example, John Keay, The Honourable Company: A History of the English East India Company, London: HarperCollins, 1991; Nicola Cooper, France in Indochina: Colonial Encounters, New York: Bloomsbury, 2001; Catia Antunes and Jos Gommans, Exploring the Dutch Empire: Agents, Networks and Institutions, 1600–2000, New York: Bloomsbury, 2015; S.C.M. Paine, The Japanese Empire: Grand Strategy from the Meiji Restoration to the Pacific War, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017; Peter Hopkirk, The Great Game: On Secret Service in High Asia, London: Hachette, 1990; Stuart Creighton Miller, Benevolent Assimilation: The American Conquest of the Philippines, 1899–1903, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982.
2. Silbey, David J. The Boxer Rebellion and the Great Game in China: A History. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2012. Raghavan, Srinath. India’s War: The Making of Modern South Asia, 1939–1945. New Delhi: Penguin Books, 2016.
3. Reid, Anthony. A History of Southeast Asia: Critical Crossroads. West Sussex: Wiley Blackwell, 2015, p. 415.
4. Ramachandra Guha, ed., Makers of Modern India. New Delhi: Viking, 2010, p. 341.
5. Dayal, Shiv. India’s Role in the Korean Question: A Study in the Settlement of International Disputes under the United Nations. S. Chand, 1959. Halberstam, David. The Coldest Winter: America and the Korean War. London: Pan Macmillan, 2011. Hailey, Foster. ‘Japan and India Drawing Closer’, New York Times, 17 October, 1957.
6. Widyatmadja, Josef Purnama. ‘The Spirit of Bandung’, Yale Global Online, 6 April 2005.
7. Schell, Orville. ‘Lee Kuan Yew, The Man Who Remade Asia’, Wall Street Journal, 27 March 2015. Barr, Michael D. ‘Lee Kuan Yew and the “Asian Values” Debate’, Asian Studies Review, vol. 24, no. 3, September 2000, pp. 309–34.
8. Zakaria, Fareed. The Post-American World. New York: WW Norton, 2008.
9. World Economic Outlook Database, International Monetary Fund, April 2017.
10. Man Mohini Kaul, ‘ASEAN-India Relations during the Cold War’, in Frederic Grare and Amitabh Mattoo, eds., India and ASEAN: The Politics of India’s Look East Policy. New Delhi: Manohar, 2001, p. 41.
11. Sitapati, Vinay. Half-Lion: How P.V. Narasimha Rao Transformed India. New Delhi: Penguin India, 2016, pp. 265–68.
12. Pandit, Rajat. ‘India, Indonesia to host first air combat exercise with an eye on China’, Times of India, 8 February 2017.
1. On 17 February 1898, Hearst’s New York Journal carried the unequivocal banner headline, ‘Destruction of the War Ship Maine was the Work of an Enemy’. The World, on the same day, carried the more cautious: ‘Maine Explosion Caused by Bomb or Torpedo?’ while The San Fransisco Chronicle went with the factual ‘Battleship Maine Blown Up in the Harbor of Havana’. See James Creelman: On the Great Highway: The Wanderings and Adventures of a Special Correspondent. Boston: Lothrop, 1901, p. 178. Also see http://www.ucpress.edu/content/chapters/11067.ch01.pdf.
2. T.N. Ninan, chairman and chief editor, Business Standard: ‘Indian Media’s Dickensian Age’, CASI Working Paper Series, nos. 11–03, December 2011. www.casi.sas.upenn.edu/khemka/ninan.
3. Media for the Masses: The Promise Unfolds, KPMG India-FICCI Media and Industry Report, March 2017, p. 95.
4. Laghate, Gaurav. ‘TV Viewers in India More than All of Europe’s’, Economic Times, 3 May 2017. See http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/media/tv-viewers-in-india-now-much-more-than-all-of-europes/articleshow/57438521.cms.
5. As in 4 earlier, p. 2. Numbers equalized from rupees to USD at September 2017 exchange rates.
6. Star TV CEO Uday Shankar in Nalin Mehta, Behind a Billion Screens: What Television Tells Us About Modern India. New Delhi: HarperCollins, 2017, p. xix.
7. In the second batch of this phase three auction, only sixty-six frequencies were sold. See http://www.livemint.com/Consumer/GTMw2X88KGjxzMNM0dvKKL/FM-auctions-66-channels-fetch-Rs200-crore-200-remain-unsol.html.
8. Telecom Regulatory Authority of India Consultation Paper on Issues Related to Tariff for Cable TV Services in CAS Notified Areas. New Delhi, 22 April 2010.
9. http://www.forbes.com/sites/quora/2012/09/05/why-doesnt-hbo-allow-non-cable-subscribers-to-subscribe-to-hbo-go-a-la-hulu/http://winteriscoming.net/2012/04/the-finances-of-game-of-thrones/.
10. Roughly about Rs 1500 crore on operating expenditure, Rs 1700 crore on salaries and Rs 300–400 crore on capital equipment. Figures from Jowhar Sircar, CEO, Prasar Bharti.
11. Computed by author on basis of Ministry of Information and Broadcasting records, publicly available information on listed TV companies, media reports and industry interviews in select states. The numbers are accurate as of January 2013.
12. TRAI first issued clear recommendations in this regard on 12 November 2008 and then on 28 December 2012. More followed on 12 August 2014.
13. ‘Prakash Javadekar Wants to Abolish His Own Ministry’, Times of India, 10 June 2014; http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Prakash-Javadekar-wants-to-abolish-his-own-ministry/articleshow/36316749.cms. ‘Wisdom a Bit Too Late: I&B Minister Says Don’t Need I&B’, Indian Express, 14 May 2014. See http://m.indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/wisdom-a-bit-too-late-ib-minister-says-dont-need-ib/2060842/.
14. Bhatt, S.C. Satellite Invasion of India. New Delhi: Gyan Publishing, 1994, p. 86.
15. Swami, Praveen. ‘Beating a Retreat: Why Doordarshan’s New Channels Failed’, Frontline, 14 January 1994.
16. Mehta, India on Television.
17. CII, White Paper on Indian Broadcasting, 2012, p. 5
18. Author’s interview with Nripendra Misra, principal secretary to Prime Minister Narendra Modi and TRAI chairman 2006–09, and secretary, telecom 2004–05. Interview in New Delhi on 26 October 2012.
19. ‘IPL bid aggressive but not outrageous’, interview with Nalin Mehta, Times of India, 8 Sep 2017. See http://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/academic-interest/ipl-bid-aggressive-but-not-outrageous-steep-inflation-in-tender-was-driven-hugely-by-digital-inflation/.
1. National Policy for Skill Development and Entrepreneurship 2015, Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship, Government of India.
2. Department of School Education and Literacy, Ministry of HRD, Government of India.
3. Ministry of Skill Development and Ministry of HRD.
4. All India Survey of Higher Education, 2015–16. Department of Higher Education, Ministry of HRD, Government of India.
5. Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship.
6. MSDE, 2015.
7. Agarwal, Pawan. Indian Higher Education: Envisioning the Future. New Delhi: SAGE Publications, 2009.
1. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 is an act passed by the US Congress in 2002 to protect investors from the possibility of fraudulent accounting by corporations. It was enacted in response to major public scandals such as Enron Corporation and WorldCom that shook investor confidence.
2. The committee laid down some recommendations to strengthen the corporate governance framework. Mandatory measures included audit committees, risk assessment and minimization procedures, code of conduct for all board members and senior management, and a whistle-blower policy for the company. Non-mandatory recommendations included instituting a system of training and evaluating the performance of board members.
3. Non-compete fee is paid to a selling shareholder, so that they do not re-enter the business and pose competition to the acquired company.
4. Consultative Paper on Review of Corporate Governance Norms in India. http://www.sebi.gov.in/sebi_data/attachdocs/1357290354602.pdf.
5. http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploretopics/protecting-minority-investors.
1. Bird, Richard M. and Eric M. Zolt. ‘Introduction to Tax Policy Design and Development’, paper prepared for a course on practical issues in tax policy in developing countries, 28 April– 1 May 2003, World Bank.
2. Report of the Taxation Enquiry Commission, Ministry of Finance, Government of India. New Delhi, 1954.
3. Report of the Direct Taxes Enquiry Committee, Ministry of Finance, Government of India. New Delhi, 1971. See https://www.incometaxindia.gov.in/Pages/about-us/history-of-direct-taxation.aspx for a lucid history of direct taxation in India.
4. Report of the Indirect Taxation Enquiry Committee. Ministry of Finance, Government of India, New Delhi, 1978.
5. As per the origin-based principle, taxes are levied at the point of production while in case of the destination-based principle, taxes are levied at the point of consumption. Due to the origin-based CST, there was significant tax exportation from the richer producing states to poorer consuming states.