Note: Figures and tables are indicated by “f” and “t” respectively, following page numbers.
Adequate housing, 269–270
Affordability
in China, 230–231, 230f, 293–300, 297f
demand side subsidies in, 260–263, 262f, 267–268
Demographia International Housing Affordability Survey for, 224–225, 225f
for developing countries, 372–373
economics of, 341–342
in Gauteng (South Africa), 268–271, 270f, 272f, 273–275, 275f
government for, 220–221, 231–235, 232f–233f, 301–302, 304–306
household income in, 219–220, 222–224, 239, 240f, 242–244, 243f, 247, 248f, 249–251, 251f, 254–256, 255f
housing policy and, 249–250, 252
housing typology in, 244–247, 245f, 302–303
incentives in, 283–284
informal housing for, 256–260, 258f
in land use, 334
minimum standards for, 235–236
in New York, 275–281, 278f, 280f–281f
PIR in, 224–230, 225f, 227f–228f, 231
policy for, 267–268, 300–301, 328–329, 356–357, 357f
poverty and, 236–239, 238f, 287–288
in South Africa, 366–367, 388n26
subletting in, 282–283
subsidies in, 303–304
supply side subsidies in, 264–267, 265f
tax incentives in, 284–285
trickle-down theory for, 240–241, 391n10
urban land supply in, 252–254, 253f
Affordable housing, 276–277, 281–282, 285–287
Agricultural land
in Hanoi (Vietnam), 135–136
land price and, 135–136
land readjustment for, 385n7
spatial distribution of, 114–116, 115t, 118, 119f, 120–122, 121f–122f
in urban economics, 122–124, 125f
urban land compared to, 115–118, 117f, 119f, 122f
Algeria, 4–6
Alonso, William, 95
Alterman, Rachelle, 367–368
Alternative urban shapes
containment policy in, 334–335, 340–341
demographic projection in, 341–344
government and, 332–333
markets and, 335–337
New York as, 317–326
theory of, 307–310, 329–330, 333, 346–347
zoning for, 326–332, 328f, 330f
Amsterdam, 338–339
Anas, Alex, 95
Angel, Shlomo, 21–22, 110, 116, 147–148, 339–340
Antifragile (Taleb), 308–309
Art Deco building (New York), 326
Asia. See specific cities; specific countries
Asian Development Bank, 365
Atlanta, 353
Atlas of Urban Expansion (Angel), 116, 339–340, 340f
Auckland (New Zealand), 228
Banking
Asian Development Bank, 365
Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo, 365
equity loans in, 305
for land development, 364–367
mortgages in, 226–227, 254–255, 255f, 356
in urban economics, 318
Barcelona (Spain), 66–67
Barker, Kate, 18, 305–306, 337
Barr, Jason, 318–319
Beaune (France), 120–122, 121f–122f
Beijing (China)
transport in, 162–165, 163f, 166–168, 167t
urban planning in, 73–77, 74t, 75f–76f, 352
Bertaud, Marie-Agnes, 10–11, 101
Bibliothèque Nationale de France (Paris), 310
Blinking light indicators, 355–358, 357f
Brexit, 375
BRT. See Bus rapid transit
Brueckner, Jan, 18, 335–336, 339
Bruegmann, Robert, 116
Buenos Aires (Argentina), 156–158, 158f, 389n12
Building permits, 4–7
Building the Skyline (Barr, Jason), 318
Bulk regulations, 393n8
Bus rapid transit (BRT), 274–275. See also Transit
congestion pricing and, 185, 212
headways for, 191–197, 192f, 194f, 196f
for mobility, 191–197, 192f, 194f, 196f
urban planning for, 155, 160–162, 162f
Cairncross, Frances, 150–152
Canada, 375
Carbon Dioxide. See CO2 equivalent
Çatalhöyük, 22
Central business districts (CBDs), 384n12
congestion pricing in, 217
data for, 42–45, 44f–45f, 195–196, 196f
density and, 105–108, 106f–107f
floor area consumption in, 52–53
for labor markets, 96–97
for municipal governments, 315, 316f
as residential areas, 318, 327–328, 328f
transit in, 311
in urban planning, 36, 36f, 37–42, 38f–39f
Cerdà, Ildefons, 66–68
Cervero, Robert, 168
Chambres de bonnes (maids’ rooms), 385n20
Chicago, 335
Chile, 261
China. See also Beijing
affordability in, 230–231, 230f, 293–300, 297f
demographic projection in, 242–243, 243f, 295
design in, 4
France compared to, 79–80
government in, 82, 114–115, 246, 299–300
growth in, 380
Guangzhou in, 73–77, 74t, 75f–76f
handshake buildings in, 296–300, 297f
Hauxinzhou in, 54
health in, 388n20
household income in, 239, 240f, 242–244, 243f
India compared to, 59–60, 339, 346
Indonesia compared to, 288
informal settlements in, 230–231, 230f
Kaifeng in, 22
Kowloon in, 296–297
low-income housing in, 294
Ningbo in, 73–77, 74t, 75f–76f
Pudong in, 54, 78–81, 78f, 80f, 386n10
residential areas in, 73–77, 74t, 75f–76f
Shenzhen in, 22, 295–300, 297f, 300
South Africa compared to, 299
technology in, 386n11
Tianjin in, 114–115, 115t, 339
urban planning in, 73–77, 74t, 75f–76f, 309
US compared to, 189–190
villages in, 293
Chrysler building (New York), 326
as labor markets, 19–27, 33–41, 35f–36f, 38f–39f, 48–49
Planet of Cities (Henderson), 21–22
“Size, Sprawl, Speed and the Efficiency of Cities” (Prud’homme/Lee), 33–34
City Planning Departments, 369–372, 371f
City-states, 366
Clean energy, 345–346
CO2 equivalent (CO2-e), 205–211, 206f–207f, 209f–210f, 390n29
Coase, Ronald, 15
Codes
for congestion, 390n20
for design, 5
for preservation, 312
in Shanghai (China), 386n10
Command economies, 14
Commercial districts, 330, 330f
Communism, 4, 15–16, 26–27, 56, 73–74, 246
Communist Manifesto (Marx), 56
Commuting. See Transport; Travel time
Commuting routes, 384n13
Commuting trips, 384n17
Compact City Policies: A Comparative Assessment (OECD), 338
Complex zoning, 331–332
Composite model (transport), 39f, 40
Congestion
codes for, 390n20
data for, 168–175, 169f, 170t, 174f
for environment, 148–149, 152–154
GHG emissions from, 165
Mobility First (Staley/Moore), 176
policy for, 154–158, 158f, 190–199, 192f, 194f, 196f, 198f
theory of, 201
Congestion pricing, 191
in CBDs, 217
mobility and, 357f
policy for, 170–172
in Singapore, 184, 197–199, 198f
Containment policy
in alternative urban shapes, 334–335, 340–341
Compact City Policies: A Comparative Assessment (OECD), 338
demographic projection in, 339–340, 340f
for government, 337
Cordoba (Spain), 22
Costa, Lúcio, 4
Culture
cultural politics, 327–329
of economics, 18
of household income, 282
housing typology and, 231
of informal subdivisions, 235–236
of New York, 262
of NIMBY, 337–338
preservation of, 326–327
technology and, 384n6
of urban planning, 18
of US, 335
of welfare, 284–285
Curitiba (Brazil), 191–196, 192f, 194f, 196f
Data. See also Spatial data
for CBDs, 42–45, 44f–45f, 195–196, 196f
for congestion, 168–175, 169f, 170t, 174f
Demographia International Housing Affordability Survey for, 224–225, 225f
for demographic projection, 178–180, 178t, 179f, 180t, 373–374, 374f
for density, 13–15, 46t, 110–111, 111f, 245, 271, 272f, 273, 296–297, 297f, 386n12
for economics, 12
for floor area consumption, 252–253, 253f
Free Flow Speeds, 390n16
for GHG emissions, 159
for housing policy, 242
income distribution as, 239, 240f
income distribution curve for, 280–281, 281f
for indicators, 354–355
for informal subdivisions, 235
for migration, 294
for mobility, 152–158, 158f, 168–172, 169f, 170t, 185t, 186–190, 188f–189f
for motorcycles, 162–164, 162f–163f
quantitative models for, 94–95
spatial data, 11, 30, 39–45, 39f, 44f–45f, 46t, 212–216, 214f–215f, 216t
Strategic Community Investment Report Data, 353
technology for, 3, 101–102, 102f, 145, 156–158, 158f
theory of, 146–147
for transit, 361–362
for transport modes, 157f, 161–162, 162f, 184t–185t, 188–191, 188f–189f
for travel time, 165–171, 166f, 167t, 168f–169f, 170t
for urban economics, 171–172, 229–230
for urban planning, 84f, 90, 305, 353, 355–358, 357f
Deadwood regulations, 368–369
The Death of Distance (Cairncross), 150
Deaton, Angus, 220, 277, 353, 364
Degentrification, 246–247
Demand-driven land use, 291
Demand side subsidies, 260–263, 262f, 267–268, 286, 303–304
Demographic projection, 24–25, 86, 370–373, 385n1. See also Density
in alternative urban shapes, 341–344
in containment policy, 339–340, 340f
data for, 178–180, 178t, 179f, 180t, 373–374, 374f
Demographia International Housing Affordability Survey, 224–225, 225f
in design, 93
for government, 91–92, 262, 358
infrastructure and, 137–138
for labor markets, 150–152, 151f
mobility and, 147–148
spatial distribution and, 110–111, 111f
theory of, 212–213
for urban planning, 109–110, 160–161, 175–176
Demographics. See Density
Density, 386n14
alternative urban shapes and, 339–340, 340f
data for, 13–15, 46t, 110–111, 111f, 245, 271, 272f, 273, 296–297, 297f, 386n12
density profiles, 102f, 104f, 106f, 109f, 111f, 342–343
in floor area consumption, 355
for Kampung Improvement Program (KIP), 292
labor markets and, 114–115, 115t
land price and, 140
land use and, 387n17
in master plans, 105
maximum density, 235–236
policy for, 336
RDP for, 273–274
science of, 20–28
spatial data and, 46t
tax incentives and, 377–378
topography, 84f
in urban economics, 356
in urban planning, 93–94, 100–101, 110–111, 111f, 372–376, 374f
in US, 59
vehicle density, 182–183, 182f–183f
Density gradients
reverse density gradients, 273, 344
theory of, 97–100, 98f–99f, 103t, 107–111, 111f
Department of Housing And Development (HUD), 18
Design. See also Alternative urban shapes
in China, 4
codes for, 5
demographic projection in, 93
economics in, 140–141
environment in, 312
of Garden Cities, 335
government and, 175–176, 315, 316f, 369
greenbelts in, 336–337
in Hanoi (Vietnam), 17
headways in, 186–190, 188f–189f
manufacturing and, 23–24
markets compared to, 1–2, 81–90, 84f
in New York, 319–321
objective functions for, 307–309
policy for, 223–224, 322–324, 346–347, 359–361, 360f
of Port-au-Prince, 4
in Russia, 4
theory of, 8–9
urban economics and, 61, 150–152, 151f
urban planning compared to, 385n1
for urban spatial structures, 71–78, 72f, 74t, 75f–77f
for urban village model, 297–300
Detroit, 373
Developing countries, 372–373
Development Projects Observed (Hirschman), 3–4
Dispersed model (transport), 39–40, 39f
Dreiser, Theodore, 335
Duvalier, Jean-Claude, 9–10
Echenique, Martial, 337
Economics. See also Poverty; Urban economics
of affordability, 341–342
of alternative urban shapes, 329–330, 330f
command economies, 14
of communism, 26–27
of congestion pricing, 30
culture of, 18
data for, 12
in design, 140–141
economic rate of return, 363—364
economies of scale, 20–21
of engineering, 326
of floor area consumption, 324
of France, 47
of height regulations, 313–315
housing policy and, 260–263, 261f
of housing supply, 302–303
of Indonesia, 47
of investments, 362–363
of Kombinats, 383n4
of labor markets, 155–156, 381
of land development, 120–125, 125f, 283–284, 302–303
of land markets, 12–13
of land price, 8–9
of land use, 236–239, 238f, 329–330
for London, 178–180, 178t, 179f, 180t
market economies, 14
mobility and, 45, 46t, 47–48, 158–160, 190–191, 196–199, 198f, 201
of mortgages, 226–227
for New York, 178–180, 178t, 179f, 180t, 284–285
path dependency in, 384n16
politics and, 375
of Port-au-Prince, 8–9
of poverty, 242–243
in Pudong (China), 54
of real estate, 27–28, 112f, 304, 331–332
scale economy, 10
of Shenzhen (China), 295–296
of spatial distribution, 93–97, 98f–99f, 99, 109–110, 120–125, 134f
of subsidies, 100–101
technology and, 367–368
of transport, 19–20
trickle-down theory in, 240–241, 391n10
Urban Economics and Urban Policy (Cheshire/Nathan/Overman), 306
urban planning and, 1–4, 8–9, 16–18, 144–146
of urban-rural boundaries, 118, 119f
of urban spatial structures, 81–90, 84f
World Bank for, 11–12
World Trade Organization for, 132
Eiffel Tower, 309
Electric cars. See Technology
Emergency shelter, 302
Emirates, 374
Engineering
clean energy in, 345–346
economics of, 326
FAR in, 342–343
in France, 309–310
theory of, 322–323
urban planning compared to, 307–308, 354
Environment. See also Sustainability
congestion for, 148–149, 152–154
in design, 312
GHG emissions and, 40, 204–205, 334–335, 338
grid carbon content for, 207–209, 207f, 209f, 212
for Le Corbusier (architect), 298
mobility and, 201–204, 204f, 206–208, 207f
policy for, 222
politics of, 337–339
preservation of, 312
technology and, 204–208, 206f–207f
topography of, 202
zoning and, 153–154
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 203–206
Equity loans, 305
Europe. See specific cities; specific countries
Evans, Alan, 18
Externalities
government and, 317–319
negative externalities, 18, 55, 73, 86, 159–161, 165, 171, 199, 284, 318–321, 324–327, 331–332, 349
traditional externalities, 311–312, 317–319
Facebook, 151
Fansler, David, 335–336
FAR. See Floor area ratio
Ferguson, Adam, 1
Fischel, William A., 18
Fixed capital, 28
Flat Iron building (New York), 326
Floor area consumption, 52–53, 342
density in, 355
economics of, 324
in Hanoi (Vietnam), 247, 248f, 249
land supply and, 339–340, 340f
land use and, 320
policy for, 243
in urban economics, 331–332, 341–342
Floor area ratio (FAR), 342, 386n13, 386n18
economics of, 84f, 86, 330, 330f
in engineering, 342–343
for government, 321–322, 322f, 325–326, 330f
in land development, 276–277
minimum standards for, 256–260, 258f
as policy, 323
poverty and, 284–285
TOD and, 70–71
in urban economics, 321–322, 322f
in urban planning, 296–297, 297f
in urban spatial structures, 54–56
France. See also Paris
Bibliothèque Nationale de France, 310
China compared to, 79–80
economics of, 47
engineering in, 309–310
urban economics in, 25
Free Flow Speeds, 390n16
Functions
in markets, 329–330
objective functions, 307–310, 317–319, 334, 344–346, 345f–346f
Gauteng (South Africa), 31–33, 32f, 392n17
affordability in, 268–271, 270f, 272f, 273–275, 275f
government in, 300
GDP. See Gross domestic product
General Transit Feed Specification (GTFS), 156, 389n10
Gentrification, 246–247
GHG emissions. See Greenhouse gas emissions
Gibrat’s law, 21–22
Giuliano, G., 152–153
Global Warming. See Environment; Greenhouse gas emissions
Good neighbor rules, 349
Google, 151
Government, 276. See also Municipal governments
for affordability, 220–221, 231–235, 232f–233f, 301–302, 304–306
in Algeria, 4–6
alternative urban shapes and, 332–333
auditing of, 367–368
building permits and, 4–6
in China, 82, 114–115, 246, 299–300
congestion pricing for, 23–24, 30
containment policy for, 337
deadwood regulations for, 368–369
demographic projection for, 91–92, 262, 358
design and, 175–176, 315, 316f, 369
for emergency shelter, 302
externalities and, 317–319
FAR for, 321–322, 322f, 325–326, 330f
in Gauteng (South Africa), 300
household income and, 219–220, 256–260, 258f, 356–357
housing consumption and, 256–260, 258f, 366–367
in housing policy, 301
housing supply for, 302–306
in Indonesia, 300
informal settlements and, 288, 290
in land development, 285
land use and, 15–16, 146, 196–200, 198f, 318–319, 368–369, 388n25
markets and, 249–250, 252, 301–302, 316–317
master plans and, 47
mobility and, 64, 65f, 66–70, 69f
Monetary Policy Committee (UK), 305
in New York, 176, 230, 231–235, 232f–233f, 267, 283–284, 300, 376–377
in policy, 9–11, 118–120, 138–139, 141, 162–163, 252–254, 253f, 255–256
politics of, 259–260, 314–315, 319–321
for public housing, 264–267, 265f
regulations and, 6–7
rent control by, 264–267, 265f
in Russia, 26–27
in Shenzhen (China), 300
in Singapore, 386n15
for social housing, 302
in South Africa, 222–223, 268–269, 274
in supply mechanisms, 325
supply mechanisms for, 302–304
tax credits from, 267
technology for, 369
transport modes and, 148, 152, 274–275
in UK, 18
urban economics for, 283–284, 312–313, 313f
for urban planning, 16–17, 319–321
in voucher systems, 260–263, 261f
in zoning, 91–92, 235–236, 264–267, 265f, 310–312, 311f, 324–325
The Great Escape (Deaton), 220
Green, Richard, 280
Greenbelts, 335–337
Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, 207, 207f, 212, 390n29
from congestion, 165
data for, 159
mobility and, 204–206, 206f, 208–211, 209f–210f
theory of, 40, 201–202, 334–335, 338
urban economics and, 338–339
urban expansion and, 334–335
in urban planning, 202–204, 204f
Grid carbon content, 207–209, 207f, 209f, 212
Gross domestic product (GDP), 219, 290–291
Growth
in China, 380
in demographic projection, 372–376, 374f
mobility and, 28–29
policy for, 113–114
science of, 21–22
in Shenzhen (China), 22
skylines and, 317–319
smart growth, 334
theory of, 27–28
transport and, 49
urban growth boundaries, 344
for urban planning, 24–27
GTFS. See General Transit Feed Specification
Guangzhou (China), 73–77, 74t, 75f–76f
Haiti. See Port-au-Prince
les Halles (Paris), 310
handshake buildings, 296–300, 297f
Hanoi (Vietnam)
agricultural land in, 134–135
design in, 17
floor area consumption in, 247, 248f, 249
housing typology for, 245–246, 245f
master plans for, 110, 130–136, 134f
plot size in, 246
politics of, 138–139
theory for, 138–139
Harari, Yuval, 347
Haussmann, Georges-Eugène, 66–68, 175–177, 309
Hauxinzhou (China), 54
Hayek, Friedrich, 1
Headways
for BRT, 191–197, 192f, 194f, 196f
Health, 360, 376–378, 378f, 388n20
Height regulations, 311–315, 311f, 313f
Henderson, Vernon, 21
Hewlett Packard, 351
Hill, Morris, 367–368
Hippodamus, 64–66
Historical preservation, 60–61
Homeless population, 302
Hong Kong, 59–60. See also China
Household income
in affordability, 219–220, 222–224, 239, 240f, 242–244, 243f, 247, 248f, 249–251, 251f, 254–256, 255f
in China, 239, 240f, 242–244, 243f
culture of, 282
government and, 219–220, 256–260, 258f, 356–357
mobility for, 285
theory of, 221
Housing consumption
government and, 256–260, 258f, 366–367
housing consumption profiles, 261–262
income distribution and, 247, 248f, 249, 250–252, 251f
land development and, 252–254, 253f
minimum housing consumption, 256–260, 258f
policy for, 252
theory of, 302–303
Housing flow, 240–241
Housing policy
affordability and, 249–250, 252
data for, 242
government in, 301
politics of, 262
RDP as, 274
Housing pools, 281–282
Housing stock, 240–241, 246–247
Housing subdivisions, 230–231, 230f
Housing supply, 271, 272f, 273–274, 287, 302–306. See also Housing consumption; Subsidies
Housing typology, 231, 244–247, 245f, 302–303
HOV lanes, 196–197
Howard, Ebenezer, 53, 298, 335, 385n2
Hsieh, Chang-Tai, 219
HUD. See Department of Housing And Development
Hudson Yards (New York), 333, 350
Hybrid cars. See Technology
Illegal settlements, 257–258, 258f
Impact indicators, 358–361, 360f, 361, 364–365
Incentives
in affordability, 283–284
floor area consumption in, 321–322, 325
for land development, 320–321
property taxes in, 393n16
tax incentives, 284–285, 377–378
theory of, 328–329
transit bonuses as, 333
Incentive zoning, 322–325, 329–330
Inclusionary zoning
in New York, 275–276, 279–281, 281f
theory of, 276–278, 278f, 282–287
Inclusive zoning, 264–267, 265f
Income-consumption relation, 249
Income distribution
housing consumption and, 247, 248f, 249, 250–252, 251f
income distribution curve, 280–281, 281f
shelter consumption and, 244–247, 245f
India. See also Mumbai
China compared to, 59–60, 339, 346
government in, 25–26, 241, 288
informal settlements in, 238f
urban economics in, 17, 237–239, 238f, 308–309
urban planning in, 77–78, 77f, 236
Indicators
blinking light indicators, 355–358, 357f
data for, 354–355
impact indicators, 358–361, 360f, 364–365
Input indicators, 362–365
in low-income housing, 366–367
monitoring of, 352–353
outcome indicators, 361–362, 364–365
output indicators, 362, 364–365
for policy, 363
for transport, 361
for urban planning, 361–365
Indonesia
affordability in, 288–292, 291f
China compared to, 288
economics of, 47
government in, 300
KIP in, 267–268, 290–292, 291f
road networks in, 292
urban planning in, 128–129, 129f
Informal housing, 235–236, 256–260, 258f
Informal sector, 125–130, 127f, 129f
Informal settlements, 6, 16, 125
GDP and, 290
in India, 238f
poverty in, 257
urban planning for, 236–239, 238f
Informal subdivisions, 235–236
Infrastructure, 137–138, 260, 290–292, 291f
Input indicators, 362–365
Integration policy, 292
Internet, 383n2
Investments, in transit, 362–363
Japan
Russia compared to, 373
Jeanneret, Charles-Édouard. See Le Corbusier
Jobs. See Labor markets
Johnson, Philip, 323
Joint Living-Work Quarters for Artists rule, 326–329, 328f
Kahn, Matthew E., 337
Kaifeng (China), 22
Kampung Improvement Program (KIP), 267–268, 290–292, 291f
Kampungs, 288–292, 291f, 385n21, 392n24
Keyi, Sheng, 392n25
Keynes, John Maynard, 305
KIP. See Kampung Improvement Program
Kombinats, 383n4
Kowloon (China), 296–297
Kubitschek, Juscelino, 26, 384n6
Labor markets
CBDs for, 96–97
cities as, 19–27, 33–41, 35f–36f, 38f–39f, 48–49
commuting trips in, 384n17
The Death of Distance (Cairncross), 150
demographic projection for, 150–152, 151f
for farmers, 134–135
housing supply and, 271, 272f, 273–274, 287
labor participation rates, 386n17
metropolitan labor markets, 274–275, 275f
in Seoul (Korea), 43
spatial distribution and, 126
theory of, 45, 46t, 47–48, 219–220, 314–315
transport and, 34, 35f–36f, 36–41, 38f–39f
in urban economics, 359–360, 360f
urban planning and, 11–15, 57–59, 58f, 84f, 85, 106–107, 107f, 143, 220–221
in US, 42–43
Labor mobility, 30
Land development
banking for, 364–367
containment-driven planning in, 342
economics of, 120–124, 125f, 283–284, 302–303
FAR in, 276–277
government in, 285
housing consumption and, 252–254, 253f
incentives for, 320–321
market-driven planning in, 342
markets for, 388n26
municipal governments in, 358–361, 360f
policy for, 233–234, 303–304, 365–367
politics of, 364–365
RDP for, 268–269
technology for, 380–381
theory of, 383n4
urban economics of, 273
of urban land, 335–337
in US, 236–237
Land price
agricultural land and, 135–136
complex zoning for, 331–332
density and, 140
economics of, 8–9
land price gradients, 104, 104f
profile for, 104f
in spatial distribution, 100–101, 111–113, 112f
theory of, 304–305
for Wall Street, 317–318
Land readjustment, 385n7
Land supply, 305–306, 339–340, 340f, 344
Land use
affordability in, 334
demand-driven land use, 291
density and, 387n17
economics of, 236–239, 238f, 329–330
floor area consumption and, 320
government and, 15–16, 146, 196–200, 198f, 318–319, 368–369, 388n25
in Hong Kong, 59–60
markets for, 333
policy for, 304–306, 326–329, 328f, 330, 330f, 344, 367–368
politics of, 337–338
technology for, 10–11
for urban economics, 336
urban planning and, 48
Latin America. See also specific cities; specific countries
Buenos Aires (Argentina), 156–158, 158f, 389n12
Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), 102f, 103–104, 103t
urban planning in, 339–340, 340f
Le Corbusier (architect), 4
environment for, 298
for Paris, 71–74, 72f, 74t, 335
skylines for, 317
L’Enfant, 66–68
Levittown, 335
Line agencies, 369–370
London, 335
economics for, 178–180, 178t, 179f, 180t
greenbelts in, 337
markets in, 53
transit in, 176–177
transport modes in, 147–148
Los Angeles, 105–108, 106f–107f
Low-income housing, 249–250, 267, 294, 302–303, 366–367. See also Poverty
Luxury rentals, 279–281, 280f–281f, 282–283
Maids’ rooms, 385n20
Malpezzi, Stephen, 18, 99, 101, 280, 316, 357
Manufacturing, 23–24
Maps, 353–354
Markets. See also Labor markets
alternative urban shapes and, 335–337
command economies, 14
design compared to, 1–2, 81–90, 84f
functions in, 329–330
government and, 249–250, 252, 301–302, 316–317
for land development, 388n26
for land use, 333
in London, 53
market-driven planning, 342
market economies, 14
market equilibrium, 228
parallel markets, 126–130, 127f, 129f
policy for, 302
“Size, Sprawl, Speed and the Efficiency of Cities” (Prud’homme/Lee), 33–34
theory of, 303–304
of urban economics, 369–370
urban spatial structures in, 53, 56–57, 60–63, 91–92
Marx, Karl, 56
Master plans
density in, 105
government and, 47
for Hanoi (Vietnam), 110, 130–136, 134f
models for, 39–41, 39f, 108–109, 109f
in Silicon Valley, 351–352
spatial distribution in, 131–140, 134f
for transport, 28–30
for urban planning, 353–354
Maximum density, 235–236
Mayo, Stephen, 357
Mayors. See Municipal governments
McNamara, Robert, 364–365
Mehndiratta, Shomik, 156
Merriam-Webster’s Dictionary, 350, 388n18
Metropolitan labor markets, 274–275, 275f
Mexico City, 129–130, 129f, 162–165, 163f
Middle East, 22
Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig, 322–323
Miletus (Greece), 64–65
Mills, Edwin, 95
Minimum housing consumption, 256–260, 258f
Minimum standards
for affordability, 235–236
in standard urban model, 288–289
theory of, 222–224
Mobility
BRT for, 191–197, 192f, 194f, 196f
commuting and, 146–147
congestion pricing and, 357f
data for, 152–158, 158f, 168–172, 169f, 170t, 185t, 186–190, 188f–189f
demographic projection and, 147–148
economics and, 45, 46t, 47–48, 158–160, 190–191, 196–199, 198f, 201
environment and, 201–204, 204f, 206–208, 207f
GHG emissions and, 204–206, 206f, 208–211, 209f–210f
government and, 64, 65f, 66–70, 69f
growth and, 28–29
for household income, 285
labor mobility, 30
parking and, 200
technology and, 149–152, 151f, 214–216, 215f, 216t
theory of, 48–49
tolls and, 357f
transit and, 165–168, 166f–168f, 191–196, 192f, 194f, 196f
transport and, 143–149, 160–165, 162f–163f, 175–185, 178t, 179f, 180t, 182f–183f, 185t, 211–214, 214f
transport modes and, 92, 143, 160–165, 162f–163f
in urban planning, 48–49, 216–218, 217f, 337
Mobility First (Staley/Moore), 176
Models
descriptive model, 101–105, 102f, 103t, 104f
Los Angeles as, 105–108, 106f–107f
for master plans, 39–41, 39f, 108–109, 109f
quantitative models, 94–95
standard urban model, 95–97, 98f–99f, 99, 101, 113–114, 115–118, 117f, 129–130, 140–141, 288–289
Monetary Policy Committee (UK), 305
Monitoring, of indicators, 352–353
Monocentric model (city). See Standard urban model
Monocentric model (transport), 39, 39f
Moore, Adrian, 176
Moretti, Enrico, 219
Mortgages, 226–227, 254–256, 255f, 356
Moses, Robert, 176
Motorcycles, 126, 135, 148, 190, 275
policy for, 211
travel time and, 167–168
Mumbai (India), 17, 57–59, 58f, 308–309, 384n12
Municipal governments, 276–277, 304
in land development, 358–361, 360f
urban economics for, 314–315, 354–355
in urban planning, 349–351, 369–372, 371f
Muth, Richard, 95
NASA, 3
Nathan, Max, 306
Negative externalities
theory of, 18, 55, 73, 86, 159–161, 165, 171, 199, 284
in zoning, 318–321, 324–327, 331–332, 349
New York, 63f
affordability in, 275–281, 278f, 280f–281f
affordable housing in, 281–282, 285–287
Art Deco building in, 326
Chrysler building in, 326
culture of, 262
design in, 319–321
economics for, 178–180, 178t, 179f, 180t, 284–285
Flat Iron building in, 326
government in, 176, 230, 231–235, 232f–233f, 267, 283–284, 300, 376–377
height regulations in, 315
historical preservation in, 60–61
incentive zoning in, 322–325
inclusionary zoning in, 275–276, 279–281, 281f
Independent Budge Office for, 284–285
informal housing in, 235–236
objective functions in, 317–319
Paris compared to, 334
poverty in, 287–288
private space in, 321–322, 322f
Rockefeller Center in, 326
Seagram building in, 322–326, 331
Silicon Valley compared to, 351
South Africa compared to, 275–276
tolls in, 170–172
transport modes in, 165–167, 166f, 167t
urban planning in, 54–55, 144, 326–329, 328f, 393n8
Vanderbilt Corridor in, 333
Wall Street in, 317–318
Woolworth building in, 326, 331
zoning in, 318–319, 326–329, 328f, 349–350, 389n2
Niemeyer, Oscar, 4
Ningbo (China), 73–77, 74t, 75f–76f
Northern Girls (Keyi), 392n25
Not In My Back Yard. See NIMBY
Objective functions, 307–310, 317–319, 334, 344–346, 345f–346f
OECD. See Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
OED. See Operations Evaluation Department
Old Law Tenements, 231–235, 232f–233f
Operational applications, 140–141
Operations Evaluation Department (OED), 365
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 337–338, 353, 384n9
Outcome indicators, 361–362, 364–365
Output indicators, 362, 364–365
Overman, Henry, 306
Parallel markets, 126–130, 127f, 129f
Paris, 63f, 104f, 392n3, 393n5
Bibliothèque Nationale de France in, 310
Chambres de bonnes (maids’ rooms) in, 385n20
Eiffel Tower in, 309
les Halles in, 310
height regulations in, 312–314, 313f
Le Corbusier for, 71–74, 72f, 74t, 335
New York compared to, 334
objective functions in, 309–310
Pompidou Museum in, 310
Tour Montparnasse in, 310
transit in, 176–177
transport in, 44, 44f, 164–165
transport modes in, 165–167, 166f, 167t
urban economics in, 314–315
Parking, 200
Path dependency, 384n16
People’s Republic of China. See China
Permits. See Building permits
Phatak, V. K., 17
PIR. See Price income ratio
Planet of Cities (Angel), 21–22
Plot size, 246, 256, 274–276, 275f, 289
Policy. See also Containment policy
for affordability, 267–268, 300–301, 328–329, 356–357, 357f
bulk regulations as, 393n8
Compact City Policies: A Comparative Assessment (OECD), 338
for congestion, 154–158, 158f, 190–199, 192f, 194f, 196f, 198f
for congestion pricing, 170–172
deadwood regulations as, 368–369
for density, 336
for design, 223–224, 322–324, 346–347, 359–361, 360f
economics and, 25, 152–154, 287
for environment, 222
FAR as, 323
for floor area consumption, 243
Good neighbor rules as, 349
government in, 9–11, 118–120, 138–139, 141, 162–163, 252–254, 253f, 255–256
for growth, 113–114
for housing consumption, 252
housing policy, 242, 249–250, 252, 260–263, 261f, 274, 301
for housing pools, 281–282
housing stock and, 246–247
for immigration, 375–376
income-consumption relation for, 249
indicators for, 363
integration policy, 292
Joint Living-Work Quarters for Artists rule in, 326–329, 328f
for land development, 233–234, 303–304, 365–367
for land use, 304–306, 326–329, 328f, 330, 330f, 344, 367–368
for markets, 302
for motorcycles, 211
for municipal governments, 352, 364–365
in New York, 200, 208–209, 209f
NIMBY as, 333
OECD for, 337–338
for poverty, 366–367
real estate and, 229–230
reform for, 304–306
for road networks, 180–185, 182f–183f, 185t
in Russia, 279
Sierra Club for, 337–338
subletting as, 266–267
technology for, 97–198, 208–211, 209f–210f, 214–218, 215f, 216t, 217f
theory of, 332–333
for transport modes, 211–213
travel time in, 363
by UN, 234
UN Habitat for, 337–338
for urban economics, 111–113, 112f
Urban Economics and Urban Policy (Cheshire/Nathan/Overman), 306
for urban planning, 358–361, 360f
World Bank for, 337–338, 364–365
for zoning, 277–278, 278f, 283–284
Politics
of alternative urban shapes, 337–339, 346–347
of building permits, 6–7
cultural politics, 327–329
economics and, 375
of environment, 337–339
of government, 259–260, 314–315, 319–321
of Hanoi (Vietnam), 138–139
of health, 360
of housing policy, 262
of land development, 364–365
of land use, 337–338
Marxism, 4
of migration, 289
of poverty, 220–221, 287–288, 301–302, 361
of preservation, 316–317
of public space, 1–2, 25–27, 323–324
of South Africa, 101
in UK, 375
of urban economics, 303–304, 320–321
of urban planning, 306
in US, 350–351
for world Bank, 365–367
Pompidou Museum (Paris), 310
Population. See Density
Port-au-Prince (Haiti), 4, 8–11
Portland (Oregon), 344, 388n24
Poverty
affordability and, 236–239, 238f, 287–288
economics of, 242–243
FAR and, 284–285
gentrification and, 246–247
homeless population in, 302
in informal settlements, 257
infrastructure and, 260
in New York, 287–288
plot size for, 289
policy for, 366–367
politics of, 220–221, 287–288, 301–302, 361
rentals for, 279–281, 280f–281f
section 8 for, 286
in South Africa, 47–48
subsidies and, 273
theory of, 16
in urban economics, 82, 141, 362
urban planning for, 53, 223–224, 249–250
welfare for, 284–285
zoning for, 277
Preservation, 312, 313–314, 316–319, 326–327
Price/income ratio (PIR)
in affordability, 224–230, 225f, 227f–228f, 231
theory of, 224–228, 225f, 227f–228f, 244
Private space, 63–64 63f, 321–322, 322f
Proportionate effect, 21–22
Psychology, in urban planning, 367–368
Public housing, 250, 264–267, 265f
Public space
politics of, 1–2, 25–27, 323–324
for transport, 311–312
in urban planning, 61–63, 332–333
zoning for, 319–320
Pudong (China), 54, 78–81, 78f, 80f, 386n10
Quantitative models, 94–95
Quigley, John M., 356
Quirós, Tatiana, 156
RDP. See Reconstruction and Development Program
Real estate
economics of, 27–28, 112f, 304, 331–332
low-income housing and, 302–303
policy and, 229–230
urban planning and, 319
Reconstruction and Development Program (RDP), 268–271, 270f, 272f, 273–275, 275f
Reform, for policy, 304–306
Regulations. See Building permits; Codes; Government
Regulatory leverage, 320–321
RELU-TRAN (transportation model), 95
Rentals
luxury rentals, 279–283, 280f–281f
section 8 for, 286
subletting of, 266–267, 282–283
supply mechanisms for, 314
taxes for, 283–284
Residential areas
Reverse density gradients, 273, 344
Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), 102f, 103–104, 103t
Road networks
commuting routes and, 384n13
in Indonesia, 292
policy for, 180–185, 182f–183f, 185t
topography and, 61
urban economics of, 175–180, 178t, 179f, 180t
urban spatial structures and, 63–64, 63f, 65f, 66–70
Vanderbilt Corridor (New York), 333
Rockefeller Center (New York), 326
Rural areas, 126–129, 127f, 129f, 134–135
Russia
design in, 4
government in, 26–27
Japan compared to, 373
Kombinats in, 383n4
policy in, 279
Sanctuary cities, 376
San Francisco, 227–228, 227f, 227f–228f
Scale economy, 10
Science, 2–3, 9, 13–15, 20–28, 40
Seagram building (New York), 322–326, 331
Section 8, 286
Seoul (Korea), 38, 43, 45f, 46t, 384n18
Shanghai (China). See China; Pudong
Shelter consumption, 244–247, 245f
Shenzhen (China), 22, 295–300, 297f, 392n25
Sierra Club, 337–338
Silicon Valley, 351–352
Singapore, 184, 197–198, 198f, 374, 376, 386n15, 387n6
“Size, Sprawl, Speed and the Efficiency of Cities” (Prud’homme/Lee), 33–34
Skylines, 78, 78f, 317–319, 318
Smart growth, 334
Smith, Adam, 305
Social housing, 302
South Africa, 386n16. See also Gauteng
affordability in, 366–367, 388n26
China compared to, 299
government in, 222–223, 268–269, 274
New York compared to, 275–276
politics of, 101
poverty in, 47–48
RDP in, 268–271, 270f, 272f, 273–275, 275f
spatial distribution in, 271, 272f, 273
supply side subsidies in, 268–269
transit in, 274–275
transport modes in, 167–168, 168f
Soviet Union (USSR). See Russia
theory of, 30, 39–45, 39f, 44f–45f
for urban planning, 212–216, 214f–215f, 216t
Spatial distribution
of agricultural land, 114–116, 115t, 118, 119f, 120–122, 121f–122f
descriptive model for, 101–105, 102f, 103t, 104f
economics of, 93–97, 98f–99f, 99, 109–110, 120–124, 134f
labor markets and, 126
land price in, 100–101, 111–113, 112f
in Los Angeles, 105–108, 106f–107f
in master plans, 131–140, 134f
in South Africa, 271, 272f, 273
standard urban model for, 101, 113–114, 115–118, 117f, 130–131, 140–141
theory of, 126–130, 127f, 129f
of urban land, 118–120
for urban planning, 108–109, 109f
Sprawl. See Standard urban model
Sprawl (Bruegmann), 116
Staff agencies, 369–370
Staley, Samuel, 176
Standard of living, 290–291
Standard urban model, 388n18
minimum standards in, 288–289
for spatial distribution, 101, 113–114, 115–118, 117f, 129–130, 140–141
Sprawl (Bruegmann), 116
theory of, 95–97, 98f–99f, 99, 335–336
“Urban Sprawl: Lessons from Urban Economics” (Brueckner), 336
Stanford University, 351
Stockholm, 385n22
St. Petersburg (Russia), 373, 384n6
Strategic Community Investment Report Data, 353
Streetscapes, 331–332
Street space. See Road networks
Subsidies
in affordability, 303–304
demand side subsidies, 260–263, 262f, 267–268, 286, 304
economics of, 100–101
for infrastructure, 290–292, 291f
poverty and, 273
supply side subsidies, 264–269, 265f, 285–286
Subways. See Transit; Transport
Supply mechanisms, 277–278, 278f, 302–304, 314, 325, 391n10
Supply side subsidies, 264–269, 265f, 303–304
Surabaya. See Indonesia; Kampungs
Sustainability
in Amsterdam, 338–339
as objective functions, 344–346, 345f–346f
sustainable cities for, 113–114, 131–133, 134f
theory of, 326–329, 328f, 345–346, 345f–346f
Sustainable cities, 113–114, 131–133, 134f
Taleb, Nassim Nicholas, 308–309
Taxes
for rentals, 283–284
tax credits, 267
tax incentives, 284–285, 377–378
in urban economics, 349
Technology
affordability and, 345–346, 346f
in Buenos Aires (Argentina), 389n12
in China, 386n11
culture and, 384n6
for data, 3, 101–102, 102f, 145, 156–158, 158f
economics and, 367–368
environment and, 204–208, 206f–207f
for government, 369
Internet as, 383n2
for land development, 380–381
for land use, 10–11
microcomputers, 21
mobility and, 149–152, 151f, 214–216, 215f, 216t
Nissan Leaf for, 208–210, 209f
for policy, 97–198, 208–211, 209f–210f, 214–218, 215f, 216t, 217f
sustainable cities as, 113–114, 131–133, 134f
for transport, 51–52, 161–162, 162f, 176
in urban economics, 352
in urban planning, 239–240, 380–381
in US, 199–200
Telecommuting, 42
Thailand, 256
Theory
of adequate housing, 269–270
of affordability, 49, 219, 301
of affordable housing, 276–277
of alternative urban shapes, 307–310, 329–330, 333, 346–347
of city-states, 366
of congestion, 201
of containment policy, 337–339, 341–344
of data, 146–147
of demographic projection, 212–213
of density gradients, 97–100, 98f–99f, 103t, 107–111, 111f
of design, 8–9
in economics, 240–241, 253–254
of engineering, 322–323
of GHG emissions, 40, 201–202, 334–335, 338
Gibrat’s law, 21–22
of growth, 27–28
for Hanoi (Vietnam), 138–139
of height regulations, 311–312, 311f
of household income, 221
of housing consumption, 302–303
of incentives, 328–329
of incentive zoning, 329–330
of inclusionary zoning, 276–278, 278f, 282–287
of income-consumption relation, 249
of informal settlements, 127–130, 129f, 288
KIP, 267–268
of labor markets, 45, 46t, 47–48, 219–220, 314–315
of land development, 383n4
of land markets, 96
of land price, 304–305
of markets, 303–304
of master plans, 4, 8, 11, 394n2
of minimum standards, 222–224
of mobility, 48–49
of negative externalities, 18, 55, 73, 86, 159–161, 165, 171, 199, 284
of PIR, 224–228, 225f, 227f–228f, 244
of policy, 332–333
of poverty, 16
proportionate effect, 21–22
of regulatory leverage, 320–321
of sanctuary cities, 376
science and, 2–3
of smart growth, 334
of spatial data, 30, 39–45, 39f, 44f–45f
of spatial distribution, 126–130, 127f, 129f
of standard urban model, 95–97, 98f–99f, 99, 335–336
of sustainability, 326–329, 328f, 345–346, 345f–346f
of telecommuting, 42
for transport modes, 212–217, 216t
trickle-down theory, 240–241, 391n10
of urban economics, 2–3, 13, 17
of urban spatial structures, 52–53
of wasteful use, 344
Tianjin (China), 114–116, 115t, 339
TOD. See Transit-oriented development
Tolls, 387n6
as congestion pricing, 23–24, 49, 201, 217
mobility and, 357f
in New York, 170–172
in Singapore, 387n6
in urban planning, 61–62, 349–350
Topography
density, 84f
of environment, 202
in land supply, 344
in Rio de Janeiro, 103–104
road networks and, 61
Tourism, 313–314
Tour Montparnasse (Paris), 310
Toyama (Japan), 373, 376–379, 378f
Traditional externalities, 311–312, 317–319
Trains. See Transit; Transport
Transit, 390n21
in Beijing (China), 173–175, 174f
in CBDs, 311
data for, 361–362
investments in, 362–363
in London, 176–177
mobility and, 165–168, 166f–168f, 191–196, 192f, 194f, 196f
in Paris, 176–177
in South Africa, 274–275
transit bonuses, 333
transport modes and, 156, 158, 160–161, 209f, 211–212
travel time and, 358–359
Transit-oriented development (TOD), 70–71
Transport. See also Bus rapid transit
in Beijing (China), 162–165, 163f, 166–168, 167t
demographic projection and, 169–170, 170t
dispersed model for, 39–40, 39f
economics of, 19–20
growth and, 49
in Hanoi (Vietnam), 162–165, 163f
indicators for, 361
labor markets and, 34, 35f–36f, 36–41, 38f–39f
master plan for, 28–30
mobility and, 143–149, 160–165, 162f–163f, 175–185, 178t, 179f, 180t, 182f–183f, 185t, 211–214, 214f
monocentric model for, 39, 39f
public space for, 311–312
RELU-TRAN for, 95
in Seoul (Korea), 38
technology for, 51–52, 161–162, 162f, 176
telecommuting and, 42
travel time and, 184–185, 185t, 384n17
urban village model for, 39f, 40–41
Transport modes
BRT as, 191–196, 192f, 194f, 196f
data for, 157f, 161–162, 162f, 184t–185t, 188–191, 188f–189f
government and, 148, 152, 274–275
in London, 147–148
mobility and, 92, 143, 160–165, 162f–163f
in New York, 165–167, 166f, 167t
policy for, 211–213
in South Africa, 167–168, 168f
transit and, 156, 158, 160–161, 209f, 211–212
urban economics of, 176–181, 178t, 179f, 180t
Travel time
data for, 165–171, 166f, 167t, 168f–169f, 170t
motorcycles and, 167–168
in policy, 363
transit and, 358–359
transport and, 184–185, 185t, 384n17
urban planning for, 213–214, 214f
Travel time index (TTI), 172–175, 174f
Trickle-down theory, 240–241, 391n10
TTI. See Travel time index
Tunneling. See Road networks
UK. See United Kingdom
UN. See United Nations
United Kingdom (UK), 18, 305–306, 375. See also London
United Nations (UN)
policy by, 234
UN Habitat, 337–338
United Nations Development Programme, 8–9, 68–70, 69f
in urban planning, 345–346, 346f
for Yemen, 364
United States (US), 231. See also specific cities
Canada compared to, 375
China compared to, 189–190
culture of, 335
density in, 59
environment in, 208–211, 209f–210f
EPA in, 203–206
GDP in, 219
HUD in, 18
labor markets in, 42–43
Land development in, 236–237
politics in, 350–351
technology in, 199–200
urban economics in, 238–239
voucher system in, 261
Urban containment. See Containment policy
Urban economics. See also Price/income ratio
agricultural land in, 122–124, 125f
banking in, 318
density in, 356
economic rate of return for, 363—364
floor area consumption in, 331–332, 341–342
in France, 25
GHG emissions and, 338–339
for government, 283–284, 312–313, 313f
labor markets in, 359–360, 360f
of land development, 273
land supply in, 305–306
land use for, 336
markets of, 369–370
Marxism in, 56
in Mumbai (India), 308–309
for municipal governments, 314–315, 354–355
in Paris, 314–315
in Port-au-Prince, 9–11
of road networks, 175–180, 178t, 179f, 180t
supply mechanisms for, 391n10
taxes in, 349
technology in, 352
of Toyama (Japan), 373, 376–379, 378f
of transport modes, 176–181, 178t, 179f, 180t
urban planning and, 354–355
“Urban Sprawl: Lessons from Urban Economics” (Brueckner), 336
in US, 238–239
of villages, 294
villages in, 126–130, 127f, 129f
Urban Economics and Urban Policy (Cheshire/Nathan/Overman), 306
Urban expansion, 334–335, 339–340
Urban growth boundaries, 344
Urbanization. See specific topics
Urban land
agricultural land compared to, 115–118, 117f, 119f, 122f
land development of, 335–337
spatial distribution of, 118–120
urban land supply, 252–254, 253f
Urban model. See Standard urban model
Urban planning
Atlas of Urban Expansion (Angel), 116, 339–340, 340f
auditing for, 368–369
in Beijing (China), 73–77, 74t, 75f–76f, 352
CBDs in, 36, 36f, 37–42, 38f–39f
in China, 73–77, 74t, 75f–76f, 309
City Planning Departments for, 369–372, 371f
containment-driven planning, 342
culture of, 18
data for, 84f, 90, 305, 353, 355–358, 357f
demographic projection for, 109–110, 160–161, 175–176
density in, 93–94, 100–101, 110–111, 111f, 372–376, 374f
density profiles in, 342–343
design compared to, 385n1
economics and, 1–4, 8–9, 16–18, 144–146
engineering compared to, 307–308, 354
GHG emissions in, 202–204, 204f
government for, 16–17, 319–321
growth for, 24–27
indicators for, 361–365
informal housing in, 256–260, 258f
for informal settlements, 236–239, 238f
labor markets and, 11–15, 57–59, 58f, 84f, 85, 106–107, 107f, 143, 220–221
land use and, 48
in Latin America, 339–340, 340f
maps for, 353–354
market-driven planning, 342
Marxism in, 73–74
master plans for, 353–354
mobility in, 48–49, 216–218, 217f, 337
municipal governments in, 349–351, 369–372, 371f
NASA for, 3
in New York, 54–55, 144, 326–329, 328f, 393n8
objective functions in, 309
operational applications for, 140–141
politics of, 306
for poverty, 53, 223–224, 249–250
preservation in, 317–319
of private space, 321–322, 322f
psychology in, 367–368
public space in, 61–63, 332–333
real estate and, 319
Silicon Valley in, 351–352
spatial data for, 212–216, 214f–215f, 216t
spatial distribution for, 108–109, 109f
for streetscapes, 331–332
technology in, 239–240, 380–381
for travel time, 213–214, 214f
United Nations Development Programme for, 8–9
urban economics and, 354–355
Urban Economics and Urban Policy (Cheshire/Nathan/Overman), 306
villages in, 126
World Urbanization Prospects (2014) for, 378–380, 379f
Urban-rural boundaries, 118, 119f
Urban spatial structures
design for, 71–78, 72f, 74t, 75f–77f
FAR in, 54–56
in markets, 53, 56–57, 60–63, 91–92
road networks and, 63–64, 63f, 65f, 66–70
theory of, 52–53
“Urban Sprawl: Lessons from Urban Economics” (Brueckner), 336
Urban village model, 39f, 40–41, 296–300, 297f
US. See United States
USSR. See Russia
Utopias. See Alternative urban shapes
Vanderbilt Corridor (New York), 333
Vehicle density, 182–183, 182f–183f
Vietnam. See Hanoi
Villages, 293–294
as rural areas, 126–130, 127f, 129f
urban village model, 39f, 40–41, 296–300, 297f
Voucher systems, 260–263, 261f
Wall Street, 317–318
Wang, Ning, 15
Washington, D.C., 66–67
Wasteful use, 344
Welfare, 284–285
Wheaton, William, 95
Woolworth building (New York), 326, 331
Workers. See Labor markets
World Bank, 11–12, 21, 263, 337, 364–367
World Trade Organization (WTO), 132
World Urbanization Prospects (2014), 378–380, 379f
WTO. See World Trade Organization
Zoning. See also Inclusionary zoning
in affordability, 281–282, 285–287
for alternative urban shapes, 326–332, 328f, 330f
for commercial districts, 330, 330f
complex zoning, 331–332
environment and, 153–154
government in, 91–92, 235–236, 264–267, 265f, 310–312, 311f, 324–325
incentive zoning, 322–325, 329–330
inclusive zoning, 264–267, 265f
minimum standards in, 231–235, 232f–233f
negative externalities in, 318–321, 324–327, 331–332, 349
in New York, 318–319, 326–329, 328f, 349–350, 389n2
policy for, 277–278, 278f, 283–284
for poverty, 277
for public space, 319–320
for rural areas, 133–135