Index

Note: Figures and tables are indicated by “f” and “t” respectively, following page numbers.

Adequate housing, 269–270

Affordability

in China, 230–231, 230f, 293–300, 297f

demand side subsidies in, 260–263, 262f, 267–268

Demographia International Housing Affordability Survey for, 224–225, 225f

for developing countries, 372–373

economics of, 341–342

in Gauteng (South Africa), 268–271, 270f, 272f, 273–275, 275f

government for, 220–221, 231–235, 232f–233f, 301–302, 304–306

household income in, 219–220, 222–224, 239, 240f, 242–244, 243f, 247, 248f, 249–251, 251f, 254–256, 255f

housing policy and, 249–250, 252

housing typology in, 244–247, 245f, 302–303

incentives in, 283–284

in Indonesia, 288–292, 291f

informal housing for, 256–260, 258f

in land use, 334

minimum standards for, 235–236

in New York, 275–281, 278f, 280f–281f

PIR in, 224–230, 225f, 227f–228f, 231

policy for, 267–268, 300–301, 328–329, 356–357, 357f

poverty and, 236–239, 238f, 287–288

in South Africa, 366–367, 388n26

subletting in, 282–283

subsidies in, 303–304

supply side subsidies in, 264–267, 265f

tax incentives in, 284–285

technology and, 345–346, 346f

theory of, 49, 219, 301

trickle-down theory for, 240–241, 391n10

urban land supply in, 252–254, 253f

zoning in, 281–282, 285–287

Affordable housing, 276–277, 281–282, 285–287

Agricultural land

in Hanoi (Vietnam), 135–136

land price and, 135–136

land readjustment for, 385n7

spatial distribution of, 114–116, 115t, 118, 119f, 120–122, 121f–122f

in urban economics, 122–124, 125f

urban land compared to, 115–118, 117f, 119f, 122f

Algeria, 4–6

Alonso, William, 95

Alterman, Rachelle, 367–368

Alternative urban shapes

containment policy in, 334–335, 340–341

demographic projection in, 341–344

density and, 339–340, 340f

economics of, 329–330, 330f

government and, 332–333

markets and, 335–337

New York as, 317–326

Paris as, 310–317, 311f, 316f

politics of, 337–339, 346–347

theory of, 307–310, 329–330, 333, 346–347

zoning for, 326–332, 328f, 330f

Amsterdam, 338–339

Anas, Alex, 95

Angel, Shlomo, 21–22, 110, 116, 147–148, 339–340

Antifragile (Taleb), 308–309

Apple (company), 308, 351

Art Deco building (New York), 326

Asia. See specific cities; specific countries

Asian Development Bank, 365

Atlanta, 353

Atlas of Urban Expansion (Angel), 116, 339–340, 340f

Auckland (New Zealand), 228

Auditing, 365, 367–369

Banking

Asian Development Bank, 365

Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo, 365

equity loans in, 305

for land development, 364–367

mortgages in, 226–227, 254–255, 255f, 356

in urban economics, 318

Barcelona (Spain), 66–67

Barker, Kate, 18, 305–306, 337

Barr, Jason, 318–319

Beaune (France), 120–122, 121f–122f

Beijing (China)

transit in, 173–175, 174f

transport in, 162–165, 163f, 166–168, 167t

urban planning in, 73–77, 74t, 75f–76f, 352

Bertaud, Marie-Agnes, 10–11, 101

Bibliothèque Nationale de France (Paris), 310

Blinking light indicators, 355–358, 357f

Brazil, 77–78, 77f

Brexit, 375

BRT. See Bus rapid transit

Brueckner, Jan, 18, 335–336, 339

Bruegmann, Robert, 116

Buenos Aires (Argentina), 156–158, 158f, 389n12

Building permits, 4–7

Building the Skyline (Barr, Jason), 318

Bulk regulations, 393n8

Bus rapid transit (BRT), 274–275. See also Transit

congestion pricing and, 185, 212

dwell time and, 186, 192, 195

headways for, 191–197, 192f, 194f, 196f

for mobility, 191–197, 192f, 194f, 196f

urban planning for, 155, 160–162, 162f

Cairncross, Frances, 150–152

Canada, 375

Carbon Dioxide. See CO2 equivalent

Cars. See Transit; Transport

Çatalhöyük, 22

Central business districts (CBDs), 384n12

congestion pricing in, 217

data for, 42–45, 44f–45f, 195–196, 196f

density and, 105–108, 106f–107f

environment and, 80–81, 80f

floor area consumption in, 52–53

for labor markets, 96–97

for municipal governments, 315, 316f

in Paris, 71–73, 72f

as residential areas, 318, 327–328, 328f

transit in, 311

in urban planning, 36, 36f, 37–42, 38f–39f

Cerdà, Ildefons, 66–68

Cervero, Robert, 168

Chambres de bonnes (maids’ rooms), 385n20

Cheshire, Paul, 18, 306, 337

Chicago, 335

Chile, 261

China. See also Beijing

affordability in, 230–231, 230f, 293–300, 297f

demographic projection in, 242–243, 243f, 295

design in, 4

economics and, 54, 295–296

France compared to, 79–80

government in, 82, 114–115, 246, 299–300

growth in, 380

Guangzhou in, 73–77, 74t, 75f–76f

handshake buildings in, 296–300, 297f

Hauxinzhou in, 54

health in, 388n20

household income in, 239, 240f, 242–244, 243f

India compared to, 59–60, 339, 346

Indonesia compared to, 288

informal settlements in, 230–231, 230f

Kaifeng in, 22

Kowloon in, 296–297

Land use in, 11–13, 15, 381

low-income housing in, 294

Ningbo in, 73–77, 74t, 75f–76f

Pudong in, 54, 78–81, 78f, 80f, 386n10

residential areas in, 73–77, 74t, 75f–76f

Shenzhen in, 22, 295–300, 297f, 300

South Africa compared to, 299

technology in, 386n11

Tianjin in, 114–115, 115t, 339

urban planning in, 73–77, 74t, 75f–76f, 309

US compared to, 189–190

villages in, 293

Chrysler building (New York), 326

Cities, 28–32, 32f

as labor markets, 19–27, 33–41, 35f–36f, 38f–39f, 48–49

Planet of Cities (Henderson), 21–22

“Size, Sprawl, Speed and the Efficiency of Cities” (Prud’homme/Lee), 33–34

City Planning Departments, 369–372, 371f

City-states, 366

Clean energy, 345–346

CO2 equivalent (CO2-e), 205–211, 206f–207f, 209f–210f, 390n29

Coase, Ronald, 15

Codes

for congestion, 390n20

for design, 5

engineering in, 312–313, 313f

for preservation, 312

in Shanghai (China), 386n10

for zoning, 324, 329

Command economies, 14

Commercial districts, 330, 330f

Communism, 4, 15–16, 26–27, 56, 73–74, 246

Communist Manifesto (Marx), 56

Commuting. See Transport; Travel time

Commuting routes, 384n13

Commuting trips, 384n17

Compact City Policies: A Comparative Assessment (OECD), 338

Complex zoning, 331–332

Composite model (transport), 39f, 40

Congestion

codes for, 390n20

data for, 168–175, 169f, 170t, 174f

for environment, 148–149, 152–154

GHG emissions from, 165

mobility and, 172–175, 174f

Mobility First (Staley/Moore), 176

policy for, 154–158, 158f, 190–199, 192f, 194f, 196f, 198f

theory of, 201

Congestion pricing, 191

BRT and, 185, 212

in CBDs, 217

for government, 23–24, 30

mobility and, 357f

policy for, 170–172

in Singapore, 184, 197–199, 198f

tolls as, 23–24, 49, 201, 217

Containment policy

in alternative urban shapes, 334–335, 340–341

Compact City Policies: A Comparative Assessment (OECD), 338

demographic projection in, 339–340, 340f

for government, 337

theory of, 337–339, 341–344

Cordoba (Spain), 22

Costa, Lúcio, 4

Culture

cultural politics, 327–329

of economics, 18

of household income, 282

housing typology and, 231

of informal subdivisions, 235–236

of Kampungs, 288–289, 385n21

of New York, 262

of NIMBY, 337–338

politics of, 5–6, 367–368

of poverty, 256–257, 296–300

preservation of, 326–327

technology and, 384n6

of urban planning, 18

of US, 335

of welfare, 284–285

Curitiba (Brazil), 191–196, 192f, 194f, 196f

Data. See also Spatial data

for CBDs, 42–45, 44f–45f, 195–196, 196f

for congestion, 168–175, 169f, 170t, 174f

Demographia International Housing Affordability Survey for, 224–225, 225f

for demographic projection, 178–180, 178t, 179f, 180t, 373–374, 374f

for density, 13–15, 46t, 110–111, 111f, 245, 271, 272f, 273, 296–297, 297f, 386n12

for economics, 12

for FAR, 83, 84f, 85–86

for floor area consumption, 252–253, 253f

Free Flow Speeds, 390n16

for GHG emissions, 159

of growth, 378–380, 379f

GTFS data, 156, 389n10

for housing policy, 242

income distribution as, 239, 240f

income distribution curve for, 280–281, 281f

for indicators, 354–355

for informal subdivisions, 235

for migration, 294

for mobility, 152–158, 158f, 168–172, 169f, 170t, 185t, 186–190, 188f–189f

for motorcycles, 162–164, 162f–163f

PIR data, 225–228, 227f–228f

quantitative models for, 94–95

from Seoul (Korea), 45f, 46t

spatial data, 11, 30, 39–45, 39f, 44f–45f, 46t, 212–216, 214f–215f, 216t

Strategic Community Investment Report Data, 353

technology for, 3, 101–102, 102f, 145, 156–158, 158f

theory of, 146–147

for transit, 361–362

on transport, 31–33, 32f, 355

for transport modes, 157f, 161–162, 162f, 184t–185t, 188–191, 188f–189f

for travel time, 165–171, 166f, 167t, 168f–169f, 170t

for urban economics, 171–172, 229–230

for urban planning, 84f, 90, 305, 353, 355–358, 357f

Deadwood regulations, 368–369

The Death of Distance (Cairncross), 150

Deaton, Angus, 220, 277, 353, 364

La Defense (Paris), 315, 316f

Degentrification, 246–247

Demand-driven land use, 291

Demand side subsidies, 260–263, 262f, 267–268, 286, 303–304

Demographic projection, 24–25, 86, 370–373, 385n1. See also Density

in alternative urban shapes, 341–344

in China, 242–243, 243f, 295

in containment policy, 339–340, 340f

data for, 178–180, 178t, 179f, 180t, 373–374, 374f

Demographia International Housing Affordability Survey, 224–225, 225f

in design, 93

for government, 91–92, 262, 358

growth in, 372–376, 374f

infrastructure and, 137–138

for labor markets, 150–152, 151f

mobility and, 147–148

spatial distribution and, 110–111, 111f

theory of, 212–213

transport and, 169–170, 170t

for urban planning, 109–110, 160–161, 175–176

Demographics. See Density

Deng Xiaoping, 15, 26, 384n6

Density, 386n14

alternative urban shapes and, 339–340, 340f

CBDs and, 105–108, 106f–107f

data for, 13–15, 46t, 110–111, 111f, 245, 271, 272f, 273, 296–297, 297f, 386n12

density profiles, 102f, 104f, 106f, 109f, 111f, 342–343

FAR and, 84f, 88–90

in floor area consumption, 355

for Kampung Improvement Program (KIP), 292

labor markets and, 114–115, 115t

land price and, 140

land use and, 387n17

markets and, 242–244, 243f

in master plans, 105

maximum density, 235–236

policy for, 336

RDP for, 273–274

science of, 20–28

spatial data and, 46t

tax incentives and, 377–378

in theory, 108–109, 109f

topography, 84f

in urban economics, 356

in urban planning, 93–94, 100–101, 110–111, 111f, 372–376, 374f

in US, 59

vehicle density, 182–183, 182f–183f

Density gradients

reverse density gradients, 273, 344

theory of, 97–100, 98f–99f, 103t, 107–111, 111f

Department of Housing And Development (HUD), 18

Design. See also Alternative urban shapes

in China, 4

codes for, 5

demographic projection in, 93

economics in, 140–141

environment in, 312

of Garden Cities, 335

government and, 175–176, 315, 316f, 369

greenbelts in, 336–337

in Hanoi (Vietnam), 17

headways in, 186–190, 188f–189f

manufacturing and, 23–24

markets compared to, 1–2, 81–90, 84f

in New York, 319–321

objective functions for, 307–309

policy for, 223–224, 322–324, 346–347, 359–361, 360f

of Port-au-Prince, 4

in Russia, 4

of skylines, 78, 78f

theory of, 8–9

urban economics and, 61, 150–152, 151f

urban planning compared to, 385n1

for urban spatial structures, 71–78, 72f, 74t, 75f–77f

for urban village model, 297–300

zoning in, 321–322, 322f

Detroit, 373

Developing countries, 372–373

Development Projects Observed (Hirschman), 3–4

Dispersed model (transport), 39–40, 39f

Dreiser, Theodore, 335

Duvalier, Jean-Claude, 9–10

Dwell time, 186, 192, 195

Dynamic cities, 378–380, 379f

Echenique, Martial, 337

Economics. See also Poverty; Urban economics

of affordability, 341–342

of alternative urban shapes, 329–330, 330f

China and, 54, 295–296

command economies, 14

of communism, 26–27

of congestion pricing, 30

culture of, 18

data for, 12

in design, 140–141

economic rate of return, 363—364

economies of scale, 20–21

of engineering, 326

of FAR, 84f, 86, 330, 330f

of floor area consumption, 324

of France, 47

government and, 111–113, 112f

growth and, 310–311, 311f

of health, 376–378, 378f

of height regulations, 313–315

housing policy and, 260–263, 261f

of housing supply, 302–303

of Indonesia, 47

of investments, 362–363

of Kombinats, 383n4

of labor markets, 155–156, 381

of land development, 120–125, 125f, 283–284, 302–303

of land markets, 12–13

of land price, 8–9

of land use, 236–239, 238f, 329–330

for London, 178–180, 178t, 179f, 180t

market economies, 14

mobility and, 45, 46t, 47–48, 158–160, 190–191, 196–199, 198f, 201

of mortgages, 226–227

for New York, 178–180, 178t, 179f, 180t, 284–285

path dependency in, 384n16

of PIR, 229, 244

policy and, 25, 152–154, 287

politics and, 375

of Port-au-Prince, 8–9

of poverty, 242–243

in Pudong (China), 54

of real estate, 27–28, 112f, 304, 331–332

of rentals, 317, 391n4

scale economy, 10

of Shenzhen (China), 295–296

of Singapore, 374, 376

of spatial distribution, 93–97, 98f–99f, 99, 109–110, 120–125, 134f

of subsidies, 100–101

technology and, 367–368

theory in, 240–241, 253–254

of transit, 158–160, 362

of transport, 19–20

trickle-down theory in, 240–241, 391n10

Urban Economics and Urban Policy (Cheshire/Nathan/Overman), 306

urban planning and, 1–4, 8–9, 16–18, 144–146

of urban-rural boundaries, 118, 119f

of urban spatial structures, 81–90, 84f

in US, 338–339, 356

World Bank for, 11–12

World Trade Organization for, 132

Eiffel Tower, 309

Electric cars. See Technology

Emergency shelter, 302

Emirates, 374

Engineering

clean energy in, 345–346

in codes, 312–313, 313f

economics of, 326

FAR in, 342–343

in France, 309–310

theory of, 322–323

urban planning compared to, 307–308, 354

Environment. See also Sustainability

CBDs and, 80–81, 80f

CO2-e for, 205–208, 206f–207f

congestion for, 148–149, 152–154

in design, 312

GHG emissions and, 40, 204–205, 334–335, 338

grid carbon content for, 207–209, 207f, 209f, 212

for Le Corbusier (architect), 298

mobility and, 201–204, 204f, 206–208, 207f

policy for, 222

politics of, 337–339

preservation of, 312

technology and, 204–208, 206f–207f

topography of, 202

in US, 208–211, 209f–210f

zoning and, 153–154

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 203–206

Equity loans, 305

Europe. See specific cities; specific countries

Evans, Alan, 18

Externalities

government and, 317–319

negative externalities, 18, 55, 73, 86, 159–161, 165, 171, 199, 284, 318–321, 324–327, 331–332, 349

traditional externalities, 311–312, 317–319

Facebook, 151

Fansler, David, 335–336

FAR. See Floor area ratio

Farmers, 135–137, 296

Ferguson, Adam, 1

Firms, 83–85, 84f

Fischel, William A., 18

Fixed capital, 28

Flat Iron building (New York), 326

Floor area consumption, 52–53, 342

data for, 252–253, 253f

density in, 355

economics of, 324

in Hanoi (Vietnam), 247, 248f, 249

in incentives, 321–322, 325

land supply and, 339–340, 340f

land use and, 320

policy for, 243

in urban economics, 331–332, 341–342

Floor area ratio (FAR), 342, 386n13, 386n18

data for, 83, 84f, 85–86

density and, 84f, 88–90

economics of, 84f, 86, 330, 330f

in engineering, 342–343

for government, 321–322, 322f, 325–326, 330f

as incentives, 329, 332–333

in land development, 276–277

in land use, 84f, 88, 297–298

minimum standards for, 256–260, 258f

as policy, 323

politics of, 283–284, 286

poverty and, 284–285

TOD and, 70–71

in urban economics, 321–322, 322f

in urban planning, 296–297, 297f

in urban spatial structures, 54–56

France. See also Paris

Beaune in, 120–122, 121f–122f

Bibliothèque Nationale de France, 310

China compared to, 79–80

economics of, 47

engineering in, 309–310

transport in, 31–33, 32f

urban economics in, 25

Free Flow Speeds, 390n16

Functions

in markets, 329–330

objective functions, 307–310, 317–319, 334, 344–346, 345f–346f

Garden Cities, 335, 385n2

Gauteng (South Africa), 31–33, 32f, 392n17

affordability in, 268–271, 270f, 272f, 273–275, 275f

government in, 300

GDP. See Gross domestic product

General Transit Feed Specification (GTFS), 156, 389n10

Gentrification, 246–247

Germany, 203–204, 204f

GHG emissions. See Greenhouse gas emissions

Gibrat’s law, 21–22

Giuliano, G., 152–153

Glaeser, Edward, 7, 18, 337

Global Warming. See Environment; Greenhouse gas emissions

Good neighbor rules, 349

Google, 151

Government, 276. See also Municipal governments

for affordability, 220–221, 231–235, 232f–233f, 301–302, 304–306

in Algeria, 4–6

alternative urban shapes and, 332–333

auditing of, 367–368

building permits and, 4–6

in China, 82, 114–115, 246, 299–300

congestion pricing for, 23–24, 30

containment policy for, 337

deadwood regulations for, 368–369

demographic projection for, 91–92, 262, 358

design and, 175–176, 315, 316f, 369

economics and, 111–113, 112f

for emergency shelter, 302

externalities and, 317–319

FAR for, 321–322, 322f, 325–326, 330f

in Gauteng (South Africa), 300

household income and, 219–220, 256–260, 258f, 356–357

housing consumption and, 256–260, 258f, 366–367

in housing policy, 301

housing supply for, 302–306

in India, 25–26, 241, 288

in Indonesia, 300

informal settlements and, 288, 290

in land development, 285

land use and, 15–16, 146, 196–200, 198f, 318–319, 368–369, 388n25

markets and, 249–250, 252, 301–302, 316–317

master plans and, 47

mobility and, 64, 65f, 66–70, 69f

Monetary Policy Committee (UK), 305

in New York, 176, 230, 231–235, 232f–233f, 267, 283–284, 300, 376–377

in Paris, 315–317, 316f

for plot size, 256, 274

in policy, 9–11, 118–120, 138–139, 141, 162–163, 252–254, 253f, 255–256

politics of, 259–260, 314–315, 319–321

poverty for, 290–292, 291f

for public housing, 264–267, 265f

regulations and, 6–7

for rentals, 277–278, 278f

rent control by, 264–267, 265f

in Russia, 26–27

in Shenzhen (China), 300

in Singapore, 386n15

for social housing, 302

in South Africa, 222–223, 268–269, 274

in supply mechanisms, 325

supply mechanisms for, 302–304

tax credits from, 267

technology for, 369

transport modes and, 148, 152, 274–275

TTI for, 172–175, 174f

in UK, 18

urban economics for, 283–284, 312–313, 313f

for urban planning, 16–17, 319–321

in US, 18, 375

in voucher systems, 260–263, 261f

in zoning, 91–92, 235–236, 264–267, 265f, 310–312, 311f, 324–325

The Great Escape (Deaton), 220

Green, Richard, 280

Greenbelts, 335–337

Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, 207, 207f, 212, 390n29

from congestion, 165

data for, 159

mobility and, 204–206, 206f, 208–211, 209f–210f

theory of, 40, 201–202, 334–335, 338

urban economics and, 338–339

urban expansion and, 334–335

in urban planning, 202–204, 204f

Grid carbon content, 207–209, 207f, 209f, 212

Gross domestic product (GDP), 219, 290–291

Growth

in China, 380

data of, 378–380, 379f

in demographic projection, 372–376, 374f

economics and, 310–311. 311f

growth rates, 378–379, 379f

in Japan, 376–378, 378f

markets and, 314–315, 340–344

mobility and, 28–29

policy for, 113–114

science of, 21–22

in Shenzhen (China), 22

skylines and, 317–319

smart growth, 334

theory of, 27–28

transport and, 49

urban growth, 372–376, 374f

urban growth boundaries, 344

for urban planning, 24–27

GTFS. See General Transit Feed Specification

Guangzhou (China), 73–77, 74t, 75f–76f

Haiti. See Port-au-Prince

les Halles (Paris), 310

handshake buildings, 296–300, 297f

Hanoi (Vietnam)

agricultural land in, 134–135

design in, 17

floor area consumption in, 247, 248f, 249

housing typology for, 245–246, 245f

master plans for, 110, 130–136, 134f

plot size in, 246

politics of, 138–139

theory for, 138–139

transport in, 162–165, 163f

Harari, Yuval, 347

Haussmann, Georges-Eugène, 66–68, 175–177, 309

Hauxinzhou (China), 54

Hayek, Friedrich, 1

Headways

for BRT, 191–197, 192f, 194f, 196f

in design, 186–190, 188f–189f

Health, 360, 376–378, 378f, 388n20

Height regulations, 311–315, 311f, 313f

Henderson, Vernon, 21

Hewlett Packard, 351

Hill, Morris, 367–368

Hippodamus, 64–66

Hirschman, Albert, 3–4, 260

Historical preservation, 60–61

Homeless population, 302

Hong Kong, 59–60. See also China

Household income

in affordability, 219–220, 222–224, 239, 240f, 242–244, 243f, 247, 248f, 249–251, 251f, 254–256, 255f

in China, 239, 240f, 242–244, 243f

culture of, 282

government and, 219–220, 256–260, 258f, 356–357

mobility for, 285

theory of, 221

Housing consumption

government and, 256–260, 258f, 366–367

housing consumption profiles, 261–262

income distribution and, 247, 248f, 249, 250–252, 251f

land development and, 252–254, 253f

minimum housing consumption, 256–260, 258f

mortgages for, 254–256, 255f

policy for, 252

theory of, 302–303

Housing flow, 240–241

Housing policy

affordability and, 249–250, 252

data for, 242

economics and, 260–263, 261f

government in, 301

politics of, 262

RDP as, 274

Housing pools, 281–282

Housing stock, 240–241, 246–247

Housing subdivisions, 230–231, 230f

Housing supply, 271, 272f, 273–274, 287, 302–306. See also Housing consumption; Subsidies

Housing typology, 231, 244–247, 245f, 302–303

HOV lanes, 196–197

Howard, Ebenezer, 53, 298, 335, 385n2

Hsieh, Chang-Tai, 219

HUD. See Department of Housing And Development

Hudson Yards (New York), 333, 350

Hybrid cars. See Technology

Illegal settlements, 257–258, 258f

Immigration, 374–376, 374f

Impact indicators, 358–361, 360f, 361, 364–365

Incentives

in affordability, 283–284

FAR as, 329, 332–333

floor area consumption in, 321–322, 325

for land development, 320–321

in New York, 282–283, 319

property taxes in, 393n16

tax incentives, 284–285, 377–378

theory of, 328–329

transit bonuses as, 333

Incentive zoning, 322–325, 329–330

Inclusionary zoning

in New York, 275–276, 279–281, 281f

theory of, 276–278, 278f, 282–287

Inclusive zoning, 264–267, 265f

Income-consumption relation, 249

Income distribution

as data, 239, 240f

housing consumption and, 247, 248f, 249, 250–252, 251f

income distribution curve, 280–281, 281f

shelter consumption and, 244–247, 245f

India. See also Mumbai

China compared to, 59–60, 339, 346

government in, 25–26, 241, 288

informal settlements in, 238f

policy in, 383n5, 385n3

urban economics in, 17, 237–239, 238f, 308–309

urban planning in, 77–78, 77f, 236

Indicators

blinking light indicators, 355–358, 357f

data for, 354–355

impact indicators, 358–361, 360f, 364–365

Input indicators, 362–365

in low-income housing, 366–367

monitoring of, 352–353

outcome indicators, 361–362, 364–365

output indicators, 362, 364–365

for policy, 363

for transport, 361

for urban planning, 361–365

Indonesia

affordability in, 288–292, 291f

China compared to, 288

economics of, 47

government in, 300

Kampungs in, 288–292, 291f

KIP in, 267–268, 290–292, 291f

road networks in, 292

urban planning in, 128–129, 129f

Informal housing, 235–236, 256–260, 258f

Informal sector, 125–130, 127f, 129f

Informal settlements, 6, 16, 125

in China, 230–231, 230f

GDP and, 290

government and, 288, 290

in India, 238f

poverty in, 257

theory of, 128–130, 129f, 288

urban planning for, 236–239, 238f

Informal subdivisions, 235–236

Infrastructure, 137–138, 260, 290–292, 291f

Input indicators, 362–365

Integration policy, 292

Internet, 383n2

Investments, in transit, 362–363

Jacobs, Jane, 22, 383n4

Japan

growth in, 376–378, 378f

Russia compared to, 373

Toyama in, 373, 376–379, 378f

Jeanneret, Charles-Édouard. See Le Corbusier

Jobs. See Labor markets

Johnson, Philip, 323

Joint Living-Work Quarters for Artists rule, 326–329, 328f

Kahn, Matthew E., 337

Kaifeng (China), 22

Kampung Improvement Program (KIP), 267–268, 290–292, 291f

Kampungs, 288–292, 291f, 385n21, 392n24

Keyi, Sheng, 392n25

Keynes, John Maynard, 305

KIP. See Kampung Improvement Program

Kombinats, 383n4

Kowloon (China), 296–297

Kubitschek, Juscelino, 26, 384n6

Labor markets

CBDs for, 96–97

cities as, 19–27, 33–41, 35f–36f, 38f–39f, 48–49

commuting trips in, 384n17

The Death of Distance (Cairncross), 150

demographic projection for, 150–152, 151f

density and, 114–115, 115t

economics of, 155–156, 381

for farmers, 134–135

housing supply and, 271, 272f, 273–274, 287

labor participation rates, 386n17

metropolitan labor markets, 274–275, 275f

in Seoul (Korea), 43

spatial distribution and, 126

theory of, 45, 46t, 47–48, 219–220, 314–315

transport and, 34, 35f–36f, 36–41, 38f–39f

in urban economics, 359–360, 360f

urban planning and, 11–15, 57–59, 58f, 84f, 85, 106–107, 107f, 143, 220–221

in US, 42–43

Labor mobility, 30

Land development

banking for, 364–367

containment-driven planning in, 342

economics of, 120–124, 125f, 283–284, 302–303

FAR in, 276–277

government in, 285

housing consumption and, 252–254, 253f

incentives for, 320–321

market-driven planning in, 342

markets for, 388n26

municipal governments in, 358–361, 360f

policy for, 233–234, 303–304, 365–367

politics of, 364–365

RDP for, 268–269

technology for, 380–381

theory of, 383n4

urban economics of, 273

of urban land, 335–337

in US, 236–237

Land markets, 12–13, 96

Land price

agricultural land and, 135–136

complex zoning for, 331–332

density and, 140

economics of, 8–9

land price gradients, 104, 104f

profile for, 104f

in spatial distribution, 100–101, 111–113, 112f

theory of, 304–305

tolls and, 97, 100

for Wall Street, 317–318

Land readjustment, 385n7

Land supply, 305–306, 339–340, 340f, 344

Land use

affordability in, 334

in China, 11–13, 15, 381

demand-driven land use, 291

density and, 387n17

economics of, 236–239, 238f, 329–330

FAR in, 84f, 88, 297–298

floor area consumption and, 320

government and, 15–16, 146, 196–200, 198f, 318–319, 368–369, 388n25

in Hong Kong, 59–60

markets for, 333

in Paris, 310–312, 311f

policy for, 304–306, 326–329, 328f, 330, 330f, 344, 367–368

politics of, 337–338

in Russia, 11, 13–15

technology for, 10–11

for urban economics, 336

urban planning and, 48

in US, 7, 59

Latin America. See also specific cities; specific countries

Buenos Aires (Argentina), 156–158, 158f, 389n12

Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), 102f, 103–104, 103t

urban planning in, 339–340, 340f

Le Corbusier (architect), 4

environment for, 298

for Paris, 71–74, 72f, 74t, 335

skylines for, 317

Lee, Chang-Woon, 28, 33, 38

L’Enfant, 66–68

Levittown, 335

Line agencies, 369–370

London, 335

economics for, 178–180, 178t, 179f, 180t

greenbelts in, 337

markets in, 53

transit in, 176–177

transport modes in, 147–148

Los Angeles, 105–108, 106f–107f

Low-income housing, 249–250, 267, 294, 302–303, 366–367. See also Poverty

Luxury rentals, 279–281, 280f–281f, 282–283

Maids’ rooms, 385n20

Malaysia, 263, 368

Malpezzi, Stephen, 18, 99, 101, 280, 316, 357

Manufacturing, 23–24

Maps, 353–354

Markets. See also Labor markets

alternative urban shapes and, 335–337

command economies, 14

density and, 242–244, 243f

design compared to, 1–2, 81–90, 84f

functions in, 329–330

government and, 249–250, 252, 301–302, 316–317

growth and, 314–315, 340–344

for land development, 388n26

land markets, 12–13, 96

for land use, 333

in London, 53

market-driven planning, 342

market economies, 14

market equilibrium, 228

in New York, 330, 330f

parallel markets, 126–130, 127f, 129f

policy for, 302

“Size, Sprawl, Speed and the Efficiency of Cities” (Prud’homme/Lee), 33–34

theory of, 303–304

of urban economics, 369–370

urban spatial structures in, 53, 56–57, 60–63, 91–92

Marx, Karl, 56

Marxism, 4, 56, 73–74

Master plans

density in, 105

government and, 47

for Hanoi (Vietnam), 110, 130–136, 134f

models for, 39–41, 39f, 108–109, 109f

in Silicon Valley, 351–352

spatial distribution in, 131–140, 134f

theory of, 4, 8, 11, 394n2

for transport, 28–30

for urban planning, 353–354

Maximum density, 235–236

Mayo, Stephen, 357

Mayors. See Municipal governments

McNamara, Robert, 364–365

Mehndiratta, Shomik, 156

Merriam-Webster’s Dictionary, 350, 388n18

Metropolitan labor markets, 274–275, 275f

Mexico City, 129–130, 129f, 162–165, 163f

Middle East, 22

Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig, 322–323

Migration, 289, 294

Miletus (Greece), 64–65

Mills, Edwin, 95

Minimum housing consumption, 256–260, 258f

Minimum standards

for affordability, 235–236

for FAR, 256–260, 258f

for plot size, 274–276, 275f

in standard urban model, 288–289

theory of, 222–224

in zoning, 231–235, 232f–233f

Mobility

BRT for, 191–197, 192f, 194f, 196f

commuting and, 146–147

congestion and, 172–175, 174f

congestion pricing and, 357f

data for, 152–158, 158f, 168–172, 169f, 170t, 185t, 186–190, 188f–189f

demographic projection and, 147–148

economics and, 45, 46t, 47–48, 158–160, 190–191, 196–199, 198f, 201

environment and, 201–204, 204f, 206–208, 207f

GHG emissions and, 204–206, 206f, 208–211, 209f–210f

government and, 64, 65f, 66–70, 69f

growth and, 28–29

for household income, 285

labor mobility, 30

parking and, 200

technology and, 149–152, 151f, 214–216, 215f, 216t

theory of, 48–49

tolls and, 357f

transit and, 165–168, 166f–168f, 191–196, 192f, 194f, 196f

transport and, 143–149, 160–165, 162f–163f, 175–185, 178t, 179f, 180t, 182f–183f, 185t, 211–214, 214f

transport modes and, 92, 143, 160–165, 162f–163f

in urban planning, 48–49, 216–218, 217f, 337

Mobility First (Staley/Moore), 176

Models

descriptive model, 101–105, 102f, 103t, 104f

Los Angeles as, 105–108, 106f–107f

for master plans, 39–41, 39f, 108–109, 109f

quantitative models, 94–95

standard urban model, 95–97, 98f–99f, 99, 101, 113–114, 115–118, 117f, 129–130, 140–141, 288–289

Monetary Policy Committee (UK), 305

Monitoring, of indicators, 352–353

Monocentric model (city). See Standard urban model

Monocentric model (transport), 39, 39f

Moore, Adrian, 176

Moretti, Enrico, 219

Mortgages, 226–227, 254–256, 255f, 356

Moses, Robert, 176

Motorcycles, 126, 135, 148, 190, 275

data for, 162–165, 162f–163f

policy for, 211

travel time and, 167–168

Mumbai (India), 17, 57–59, 58f, 308–309, 384n12

Municipal governments, 276–277, 304

CBDs for, 315, 316f

in land development, 358–361, 360f

policy for, 352, 364–365

urban economics for, 314–315, 354–355

in urban planning, 349–351, 369–372, 371f

Muth, Richard, 95

NASA, 3

Nathan, Max, 306

Negative externalities

theory of, 18, 55, 73, 86, 159–161, 165, 171, 199, 284

in zoning, 318–321, 324–327, 331–332, 349

New York, 63f

affordability in, 275–281, 278f, 280f–281f

affordable housing in, 281–282, 285–287

Art Deco building in, 326

Chrysler building in, 326

culture of, 262

design in, 319–321

economics for, 178–180, 178t, 179f, 180t, 284–285

Flat Iron building in, 326

government in, 176, 230, 231–235, 232f–233f, 267, 283–284, 300, 376–377

height regulations in, 315

historical preservation in, 60–61

Hudson Yards in, 333, 350

incentives in, 282–283, 319

incentive zoning in, 322–325

inclusionary zoning in, 275–276, 279–281, 281f

Independent Budge Office for, 284–285

informal housing in, 235–236

markets in, 330, 330f

objective functions in, 317–319

Paris compared to, 334

policy in, 200, 208–209, 209f

poverty in, 287–288

private space in, 321–322, 322f

Rockefeller Center in, 326

Seagram building in, 322–326, 331

Silicon Valley compared to, 351

South Africa compared to, 275–276

tolls in, 170–172

transit in, 186–188, 188f

transport modes in, 165–167, 166f, 167t

urban planning in, 54–55, 144, 326–329, 328f, 393n8

Vanderbilt Corridor in, 333

Wall Street in, 317–318

Woolworth building in, 326, 331

zoning in, 318–319, 326–329, 328f, 349–350, 389n2

New Zealand, 228, 386n16

Niemeyer, Oscar, 4

NIMBY, 333, 337–338, 393n18

Ningbo (China), 73–77, 74t, 75f–76f

Nissan Leaf, 208–210, 209f

Northern Girls (Keyi), 392n25

Not In My Back Yard. See NIMBY

Objective functions, 307–310, 317–319, 334, 344–346, 345f–346f

OECD. See Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

OED. See Operations Evaluation Department

Old Law Tenements, 231–235, 232f–233f

Open spaces, 84f, 87–88

Operational applications, 140–141

Operations Evaluation Department (OED), 365

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 337–338, 353, 384n9

Outcome indicators, 361–362, 364–365

Output indicators, 362, 364–365

Overman, Henry, 306

Parallel markets, 126–130, 127f, 129f

Paris, 63f, 104f, 392n3, 393n5

Bibliothèque Nationale de France in, 310

CBDs in, 71–73, 72f

Chambres de bonnes (maids’ rooms) in, 385n20

La Defense in, 315, 316f

Eiffel Tower in, 309

government in, 315–317, 316f

les Halles in, 310

height regulations in, 312–314, 313f

land use in, 310–312, 311f

Le Corbusier for, 71–74, 72f, 74t, 335

New York compared to, 334

objective functions in, 309–310

Pompidou Museum in, 310

Tour Montparnasse in, 310

transit in, 176–177

transport in, 44, 44f, 164–165

transport modes in, 165–167, 166f, 167t

urban economics in, 314–315

Parking, 200

Park spaces, 84f, 87–88

Path dependency, 384n16

People’s Republic of China. See China

Permits. See Building permits

Phatak, V. K., 17

PIR. See Price income ratio

Pisarski, Alan, 28, 42–43

Planet of Cities (Angel), 21–22

Plot size, 246, 256, 274–276, 275f, 289

Policy. See also Containment policy

for affordability, 267–268, 300–301, 328–329, 356–357, 357f

bulk regulations as, 393n8

Compact City Policies: A Comparative Assessment (OECD), 338

for congestion, 154–158, 158f, 190–199, 192f, 194f, 196f, 198f

for congestion pricing, 170–172

deadwood regulations as, 368–369

for density, 336

for design, 223–224, 322–324, 346–347, 359–361, 360f

economics and, 25, 152–154, 287

for environment, 222

FAR as, 323

for floor area consumption, 243

Good neighbor rules as, 349

government in, 9–11, 118–120, 138–139, 141, 162–163, 252–254, 253f, 255–256

for growth, 113–114

for housing consumption, 252

housing policy, 242, 249–250, 252, 260–263, 261f, 274, 301

for housing pools, 281–282

housing stock and, 246–247

for immigration, 375–376

income-consumption relation for, 249

in India, 383n5, 385n3

indicators for, 363

integration policy, 292

Joint Living-Work Quarters for Artists rule in, 326–329, 328f

for land development, 233–234, 303–304, 365–367

for land use, 304–306, 326–329, 328f, 330, 330f, 344, 367–368

for markets, 302

for motorcycles, 211

for municipal governments, 352, 364–365

in New York, 200, 208–209, 209f

NIMBY as, 333

OECD for, 337–338

for poverty, 366–367

real estate and, 229–230

reform for, 304–306

for road networks, 180–185, 182f–183f, 185t

in Russia, 279

Sierra Club for, 337–338

subletting as, 266–267

for taxes, 279–280, 280f

technology for, 97–198, 208–211, 209f–210f, 214–218, 215f, 216t, 217f

theory of, 332–333

for transport modes, 211–213

travel time in, 363

by UN, 234

UN Habitat for, 337–338

for urban economics, 111–113, 112f

Urban Economics and Urban Policy (Cheshire/Nathan/Overman), 306

for urban planning, 358–361, 360f

World Bank for, 337–338, 364–365

for zoning, 277–278, 278f, 283–284

Politics

of alternative urban shapes, 337–339, 346–347

of building permits, 6–7

of communism, 15–16, 246

cultural politics, 327–329

of culture, 5–6, 367–368

economics and, 375

of environment, 337–339

of FAR, 283–284, 286

of government, 259–260, 314–315, 319–321

of Hanoi (Vietnam), 138–139

of health, 360

of housing policy, 262

of Kampungs, 290–292, 291f

of KIP, 290–291, 291f

of land development, 364–365

of land use, 337–338

Marxism, 4

of migration, 289

of poverty, 220–221, 287–288, 301–302, 361

of preservation, 316–317

of public space, 1–2, 25–27, 323–324

of South Africa, 101

in UK, 375

of urban economics, 303–304, 320–321

of urban planning, 306

in US, 350–351

for world Bank, 365–367

Pompidou Museum (Paris), 310

Population. See Density

Port-au-Prince (Haiti), 4, 8–11

Portland (Oregon), 344, 388n24

Poverty

affordability and, 236–239, 238f, 287–288

culture of, 256–257, 296–300

economics of, 242–243

FAR and, 284–285

gentrification and, 246–247

for government, 290–292, 291f

homeless population in, 302

in informal settlements, 257

infrastructure and, 260

in New York, 287–288

plot size for, 289

policy for, 366–367

politics of, 220–221, 287–288, 301–302, 361

rentals for, 279–281, 280f–281f

section 8 for, 286

in South Africa, 47–48

subsidies and, 273

theory of, 16

in urban economics, 82, 141, 362

urban planning for, 53, 223–224, 249–250

welfare for, 284–285

zoning for, 277

Preservation, 312, 313–314, 316–319, 326–327

Price/income ratio (PIR)

in affordability, 224–230, 225f, 227f–228f, 231

data from, 225–228, 227f–228f

economics of, 229, 244

theory of, 224–228, 225f, 227f–228f, 244

topography in, 224–225, 225f

Private space, 63–64 63f, 321–322, 322f

Property taxes, 355, 393n16

Proportionate effect, 21–22

Prud’homme, Rémy, 28, 33, 38

Psychology, in urban planning, 367–368

Public housing, 250, 264–267, 265f

Public space

politics of, 1–2, 25–27, 323–324

for transport, 311–312

in urban planning, 61–63, 332–333

zoning for, 319–320

Pudong (China), 54, 78–81, 78f, 80f, 386n10

Quantitative models, 94–95

Quigley, John M., 356

Quirós, Tatiana, 156

RDP. See Reconstruction and Development Program

Real estate

economics of, 27–28, 112f, 304, 331–332

low-income housing and, 302–303

policy and, 229–230

urban planning and, 319

Reconstruction and Development Program (RDP), 268–271, 270f, 272f, 273–275, 275f

Reform, for policy, 304–306

Regulations. See Building permits; Codes; Government

Regulatory leverage, 320–321

RELU-TRAN (transportation model), 95

Rentals

economics of, 317, 391n4

for government, 277–278, 278f

luxury rentals, 279–283, 280f–281f

rent control, 264–267, 265f

section 8 for, 286

subletting of, 266–267, 282–283

supply mechanisms for, 314

taxes for, 283–284

Research, 21, 263

Residential areas

CBDs as, 318, 327–328, 328f

in China, 73–77, 74t, 75f–76f

Reverse density gradients, 273, 344

Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), 102f, 103–104, 103t

Road networks

commuting routes and, 384n13

in Indonesia, 292

policy for, 180–185, 182f–183f, 185t

topography and, 61

urban economics of, 175–180, 178t, 179f, 180t

urban spatial structures and, 63–64, 63f, 65f, 66–70

Vanderbilt Corridor (New York), 333

Rockefeller Center (New York), 326

Rural areas, 126–129, 127f, 129f, 134–135

Russia

design in, 4

government in, 26–27

Japan compared to, 373

Kombinats in, 383n4

land use in, 11, 13–15

policy in, 279

Sanctuary cities, 376

San Francisco, 227–228, 227f, 227f–228f

Scale economy, 10

Science, 2–3, 9, 13–15, 20–28, 40

Seagram building (New York), 322–326, 331

Section 8, 286

Seoul (Korea), 38, 43, 45f, 46t, 384n18

Shanghai (China). See China; Pudong

Shelter consumption, 244–247, 245f

Shenzhen (China), 22, 295–300, 297f, 392n25

Sierra Club, 337–338

Silicon Valley, 351–352

Singapore, 184, 197–198, 198f, 374, 376, 386n15, 387n6

“Size, Sprawl, Speed and the Efficiency of Cities” (Prud’homme/Lee), 33–34

Skylines, 78, 78f, 317–319, 318

Smart growth, 334

Smith, Adam, 305

Social housing, 302

South Africa, 386n16. See also Gauteng

affordability in, 366–367, 388n26

China compared to, 299

government in, 222–223, 268–269, 274

New York compared to, 275–276

politics of, 101

poverty in, 47–48

RDP in, 268–271, 270f, 272f, 273–275, 275f

spatial distribution in, 271, 272f, 273

supply side subsidies in, 268–269

transit in, 274–275

transport modes in, 167–168, 168f

Soviet Union (USSR). See Russia

Spatial data, 11, 46t

theory of, 30, 39–45, 39f, 44f–45f

for urban planning, 212–216, 214f–215f, 216t

Spatial distribution

of agricultural land, 114–116, 115t, 118, 119f, 120–122, 121f–122f

density and, 110–111, 111f

descriptive model for, 101–105, 102f, 103t, 104f

economics of, 93–97, 98f–99f, 99, 109–110, 120–124, 134f

labor markets and, 126

land price in, 100–101, 111–113, 112f

in Los Angeles, 105–108, 106f–107f

in master plans, 131–140, 134f

in South Africa, 271, 272f, 273

standard urban model for, 101, 113–114, 115–118, 117f, 130–131, 140–141

theory of, 126–130, 127f, 129f

of urban land, 118–120

for urban planning, 108–109, 109f

Sprawl. See Standard urban model

Sprawl (Bruegmann), 116

Staff agencies, 369–370

Staley, Samuel, 176

Standard of living, 290–291

Standard urban model, 388n18

minimum standards in, 288–289

for spatial distribution, 101, 113–114, 115–118, 117f, 129–130, 140–141

Sprawl (Bruegmann), 116

theory of, 95–97, 98f–99f, 99, 335–336

“Urban Sprawl: Lessons from Urban Economics” (Brueckner), 336

Stanford University, 351

Stockholm, 385n22

St. Petersburg (Russia), 373, 384n6

Strategic Community Investment Report Data, 353

Streetscapes, 331–332

Street space. See Road networks

Subdivisions, 230–231, 230f

Subletting, 266–267, 282–283

Subsidies

in affordability, 303–304

demand side subsidies, 260–263, 262f, 267–268, 286, 304

economics of, 100–101

for infrastructure, 290–292, 291f

poverty and, 273

supply side subsidies, 264–269, 265f, 285–286

Subways. See Transit; Transport

Supply mechanisms, 277–278, 278f, 302–304, 314, 325, 391n10

Supply side subsidies, 264–269, 265f, 303–304

Surabaya. See Indonesia; Kampungs

Sustainability

in Amsterdam, 338–339

as objective functions, 344–346, 345f–346f

sustainable cities for, 113–114, 131–133, 134f

theory of, 326–329, 328f, 345–346, 345f–346f

Sustainable cities, 113–114, 131–133, 134f

Taleb, Nassim Nicholas, 308–309

Taxes

congestion pricing, 23–24, 30

policy for, 279–280, 280f

property taxes, 355, 393n16

for rentals, 283–284

tax credits, 267

tax incentives, 284–285, 377–378

in urban economics, 349

Technology

affordability and, 345–346, 346f

in Buenos Aires (Argentina), 389n12

in China, 386n11

culture and, 384n6

for data, 3, 101–102, 102f, 145, 156–158, 158f

economics and, 367–368

environment and, 204–208, 206f–207f

for government, 369

Internet as, 383n2

for land development, 380–381

for land use, 10–11

microcomputers, 21

mobility and, 149–152, 151f, 214–216, 215f, 216t

Nissan Leaf for, 208–210, 209f

for policy, 97–198, 208–211, 209f–210f, 214–218, 215f, 216t, 217f

sustainable cities as, 113–114, 131–133, 134f

for transport, 51–52, 161–162, 162f, 176

in urban economics, 352

in urban planning, 239–240, 380–381

in US, 199–200

Telecommuting, 42

Thailand, 256

Theory

of adequate housing, 269–270

of affordability, 49, 219, 301

of affordable housing, 276–277

of alternative urban shapes, 307–310, 329–330, 333, 346–347

of city-states, 366

of congestion, 201

of containment policy, 337–339, 341–344

of data, 146–147

of demographic projection, 212–213

of density gradients, 97–100, 98f–99f, 103t, 107–111, 111f

density in, 108–109, 109f

of design, 8–9

in economics, 240–241, 253–254

of engineering, 322–323

of GHG emissions, 40, 201–202, 334–335, 338

Gibrat’s law, 21–22

of growth, 27–28

for Hanoi (Vietnam), 138–139

of height regulations, 311–312, 311f

of household income, 221

of housing consumption, 302–303

of incentives, 328–329

of incentive zoning, 329–330

of inclusionary zoning, 276–278, 278f, 282–287

of income-consumption relation, 249

of informal settlements, 127–130, 129f, 288

KIP, 267–268

of labor markets, 45, 46t, 47–48, 219–220, 314–315

of land development, 383n4

of land markets, 96

of land price, 304–305

of markets, 303–304

of master plans, 4, 8, 11, 394n2

of minimum standards, 222–224

of mobility, 48–49

of negative externalities, 18, 55, 73, 86, 159–161, 165, 171, 199, 284

of PIR, 224–228, 225f, 227f–228f, 244

of policy, 332–333

of poverty, 16

proportionate effect, 21–22

of regulatory leverage, 320–321

of sanctuary cities, 376

science and, 2–3

of smart growth, 334

of spatial data, 30, 39–45, 39f, 44f–45f

of spatial distribution, 126–130, 127f, 129f

of standard urban model, 95–97, 98f–99f, 99, 335–336

of sustainability, 326–329, 328f, 345–346, 345f–346f

of telecommuting, 42

for transport modes, 212–217, 216t

trickle-down theory, 240–241, 391n10

of urban economics, 2–3, 13, 17

of urban planning, 27–33, 32f

of urban spatial structures, 52–53

of wasteful use, 344

Tianjin (China), 114–116, 115t, 339

TOD. See Transit-oriented development

Tolls, 387n6

as congestion pricing, 23–24, 49, 201, 217

land price and, 97, 100

mobility and, 357f

in New York, 170–172

in Singapore, 387n6

in urban planning, 61–62, 349–350

Topography

density, 84f

of environment, 202

in land supply, 344

in PIR, 224–225, 225f

in Rio de Janeiro, 103–104

road networks and, 61

in urban planning, 43–44, 44f

in zoning, 308, 312

Tourism, 313–314

Tour Montparnasse (Paris), 310

Toyama (Japan), 373, 376–379, 378f

Toyota, 216–217, 217f

Traditional externalities, 311–312, 317–319

Trains. See Transit; Transport

Transit, 390n21

in Beijing (China), 173–175, 174f

in CBDs, 311

data for, 361–362

economics of, 158–160, 362

GTFS for, 156, 389n10

investments in, 362–363

in London, 176–177

mobility and, 165–168, 166f–168f, 191–196, 192f, 194f, 196f

in New York, 186–188, 188f

in Paris, 176–177

in South Africa, 274–275

transit bonuses, 333

transport modes and, 156, 158, 160–161, 209f, 211–212

travel time and, 358–359

Transit-oriented development (TOD), 70–71

Transport. See also Bus rapid transit

in Beijing (China), 162–165, 163f, 166–168, 167t

CO2-e and, 208–211, 209f–210f

composite model, 39f, 40

data on, 31–33, 32f, 355

demographic projection and, 169–170, 170t

dispersed model for, 39–40, 39f

economics of, 19–20

in France, 31–33, 32f

growth and, 49

in Hanoi (Vietnam), 162–165, 163f

indicators for, 361

labor markets and, 34, 35f–36f, 36–41, 38f–39f

master plan for, 28–30

in Mexico City, 162–165, 163f

mobility and, 143–149, 160–165, 162f–163f, 175–185, 178t, 179f, 180t, 182f–183f, 185t, 211–214, 214f

monocentric model for, 39, 39f

in Paris, 44, 44f, 164–165

public space for, 311–312

RELU-TRAN for, 95

in Seoul (Korea), 38

technology for, 51–52, 161–162, 162f, 176

telecommuting and, 42

travel time and, 184–185, 185t, 384n17

urban village model for, 39f, 40–41

Transport modes

BRT as, 191–196, 192f, 194f, 196f

data for, 157f, 161–162, 162f, 184t–185t, 188–191, 188f–189f

government and, 148, 152, 274–275

in London, 147–148

mobility and, 92, 143, 160–165, 162f–163f

in New York, 165–167, 166f, 167t

in Paris, 165–167, 166f, 167t

policy for, 211–213

in South Africa, 167–168, 168f

theory for, 212–217, 216t

transit and, 156, 158, 160–161, 209f, 211–212

urban economics of, 176–181, 178t, 179f, 180t

Travel time

data for, 165–171, 166f, 167t, 168f–169f, 170t

motorcycles and, 167–168

in policy, 363

transit and, 358–359

transport and, 184–185, 185t, 384n17

urban planning for, 213–214, 214f

Travel time index (TTI), 172–175, 174f

Trickle-down theory, 240–241, 391n10

TTI. See Travel time index

Tunneling. See Road networks

UK. See United Kingdom

UN. See United Nations

United Kingdom (UK), 18, 305–306, 375. See also London

United Nations (UN)

policy by, 234

UN Habitat, 337–338

United Nations Development Programme, 8–9, 68–70, 69f

in urban planning, 345–346, 346f

for Yemen, 364

United States (US), 231. See also specific cities

Canada compared to, 375

China compared to, 189–190

culture of, 335

density in, 59

economics in, 338–339, 356

environment in, 208–211, 209f–210f

EPA in, 203–206

GDP in, 219

government in, 18, 375

HUD in, 18

labor markets in, 42–43

Land development in, 236–237

land use in, 7, 59

politics in, 350–351

technology in, 199–200

urban economics in, 238–239

voucher system in, 261

Urban containment. See Containment policy

Urban economics. See also Price/income ratio

agricultural land in, 122–124, 125f

banking in, 318

data for, 171–172, 229–230

density in, 356

design and, 61, 150–152, 151f

economic rate of return for, 363—364

FAR in, 321–322, 322f

floor area consumption in, 331–332, 341–342

in France, 25

GHG emissions and, 338–339

for government, 283–284, 312–313, 313f

in India, 17, 237–239, 238f

labor markets in, 359–360, 360f

of land development, 273

land supply in, 305–306

land use for, 336

markets of, 369–370

Marxism in, 56

in Mumbai (India), 308–309

for municipal governments, 314–315, 354–355

in Paris, 314–315

policy for, 111–113, 112f

politics of, 303–304, 320–321

in Port-au-Prince, 9–11

poverty in, 82, 141, 362

of road networks, 175–180, 178t, 179f, 180t

in Singapore, 197–198, 198f

supply mechanisms for, 391n10

taxes in, 349

technology in, 352

theory of, 2–3, 13, 17

of Toyama (Japan), 373, 376–379, 378f

of transport modes, 176–181, 178t, 179f, 180t

urban planning and, 354–355

“Urban Sprawl: Lessons from Urban Economics” (Brueckner), 336

in US, 238–239

of villages, 294

villages in, 126–130, 127f, 129f

Urban Economics and Urban Policy (Cheshire/Nathan/Overman), 306

Urban expansion, 334–335, 339–340

Urban growth, 372–376, 374f

Urban growth boundaries, 344

Urbanization. See specific topics

Urban land

agricultural land compared to, 115–118, 117f, 119f, 122f

land development of, 335–337

spatial distribution of, 118–120

urban land supply, 252–254, 253f

Urban model. See Standard urban model

Urban planning

Atlas of Urban Expansion (Angel), 116, 339–340, 340f

auditing for, 368–369

in Beijing (China), 73–77, 74t, 75f–76f, 352

in Brazil, 77–78, 77f

for BRT, 155, 160–162, 162f

CBDs in, 36, 36f, 37–42, 38f–39f

in China, 73–77, 74t, 75f–76f, 309

City Planning Departments for, 369–372, 371f

containment-driven planning, 342

culture of, 18

data for, 84f, 90, 305, 353, 355–358, 357f

demographic projection for, 109–110, 160–161, 175–176

density in, 93–94, 100–101, 110–111, 111f, 372–376, 374f

density profiles in, 342–343

design compared to, 385n1

economics and, 1–4, 8–9, 16–18, 144–146

engineering compared to, 307–308, 354

FAR in, 296–297, 297f

GHG emissions in, 202–204, 204f

goods in, 83–87, 84f

government for, 16–17, 319–321

growth for, 24–27

immigration in, 374–375, 374f

in India, 77–78, 77f, 236

indicators for, 361–365

in Indonesia, 128–129, 129f

informal housing in, 256–260, 258f

for informal settlements, 236–239, 238f

labor markets and, 11–15, 57–59, 58f, 84f, 85, 106–107, 107f, 143, 220–221

land use and, 48

in Latin America, 339–340, 340f

maps for, 353–354

market-driven planning, 342

Marxism in, 73–74

master plans for, 353–354

mobility in, 48–49, 216–218, 217f, 337

municipal governments in, 349–351, 369–372, 371f

NASA for, 3

in New York, 54–55, 144, 326–329, 328f, 393n8

objective functions in, 309

operational applications for, 140–141

policy for, 358–361, 360f

politics of, 306

for poverty, 53, 223–224, 249–250

preservation in, 317–319

of private space, 321–322, 322f

private space in, 63–64 63f

psychology in, 367–368

public space in, 61–63, 332–333

real estate and, 319

Silicon Valley in, 351–352

spatial data for, 212–216, 214f–215f, 216t

spatial distribution for, 108–109, 109f

for streetscapes, 331–332

technology in, 239–240, 380–381

theory of, 27–33, 32f

tolls in, 61–62, 349–350

topography in, 43–44, 44f

for travel time, 213–214, 214f

UN in, 345–346, 346f

United Nations Development Programme for, 8–9

urban economics and, 354–355

Urban Economics and Urban Policy (Cheshire/Nathan/Overman), 306

villages in, 126

World Urbanization Prospects (2014) for, 378–380, 379f

Urban road standards, 84f, 87

Urban-rural boundaries, 118, 119f

Urban spatial structures

design for, 71–78, 72f, 74t, 75f–77f

economics of, 81–90, 84f

FAR in, 54–56

in markets, 53, 56–57, 60–63, 91–92

in Mumbai, 57–59, 58f

in Pudong, 78–81, 78f, 80f

road networks and, 63–64, 63f, 65f, 66–70

theory of, 52–53

“Urban Sprawl: Lessons from Urban Economics” (Brueckner), 336

Urban village model, 39f, 40–41, 296–300, 297f

US. See United States

USSR. See Russia

Utopias. See Alternative urban shapes

Vanderbilt Corridor (New York), 333

Vehicle density, 182–183, 182f–183f

Vietnam. See Hanoi

Villages, 293–294

as rural areas, 126–130, 127f, 129f

urban village model, 39f, 40–41, 296–300, 297f

Voucher systems, 260–263, 261f

Wall Street, 317–318

Wang, Ning, 15

Washington, D.C., 66–67

Wasteful use, 344

Welfare, 284–285

Wheaton, William, 95

Woolworth building (New York), 326, 331

Workers. See Labor markets

World Bank, 11–12, 21, 263, 337, 364–367

World Trade Organization (WTO), 132

World Urbanization Prospects (2014), 378–380, 379f

Wright, Jim, 8–11, 18

WTO. See World Trade Organization

Yemen, 68–70, 69f, 364

Zoning. See also Inclusionary zoning

in affordability, 281–282, 285–287

for alternative urban shapes, 326–332, 328f, 330f

codes for, 324, 329

for commercial districts, 330, 330f

complex zoning, 331–332

in design, 321–322, 322f

environment and, 153–154

government in, 91–92, 235–236, 264–267, 265f, 310–312, 311f, 324–325

incentive zoning, 322–325, 329–330

inclusive zoning, 264–267, 265f

minimum standards in, 231–235, 232f–233f

negative externalities in, 318–321, 324–327, 331–332, 349

in New York, 318–319, 326–329, 328f, 349–350, 389n2

policy for, 277–278, 278f, 283–284

for poverty, 277

for public space, 319–320

for rural areas, 133–135

supply mechanisms for, 277–278, 278f

topography in, 308, 312