* Two other seminal racist works also appeared in 1899: Houston Stewart Chamberlain, Die Grundlagen des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts (translated as Foundations of the Nineteenth Century), and Georges Vacher de Lapouge, L’Aryen: Son rôle social, translated into German in 1939, but not English. A now forgotten, then aspiring American racist scholar, Carlos C. Closson, translated Lapouge’s shorter work on the Aryan.