* There was a gap. Fredrick Jackson Turner’s election in 1910 signaled a hiatus in the Teutonist idea. Turner espoused a “frontier thesis,” making the American frontier, not medieval Germans in their forests, the wellspring of American identity. Like Crèvecoeur, Turner envisioned Americans as a mixture of northern Europeans—still only northern Europeans—but as a mixture occurring in the Western Hemisphere rather than in Emerson’s version of England. Such views placed Turner outside the club of pure Teutonists.