Actuarial science, 7–8, 12, 19, 36, 94; black criminality, 22; narratives of race suicide, 31, 33, 42; racial labor division, 14–16, 18, 30, 37–38, 41. See also Race suicide
African Americans, 10, 13, 43, 54, 55, 66, 122, 125, 128, 133, 157, 165, 169–170; actuarial definitions of (see also Great Migration), 18, 36; incarceration rates, 23, 26, 171–172; insurance companies, 33–34; “in the way peoples,” (Baker), 42; participation in World War I, 82–93; postwar critiques of military service, 148–150; proletarianization of, 5–6, 14, 37, 41, 67, 70, 90, 105, 171; sexuality, 22, 62; support for and against war effort, 83; transition from bondage to contract, 14; wealth, 174n18
African American women: “daughters and mothers of race,” 57; and sexuality, 25–26; wartime employment, 58–59
American Dilemma, An (Myrdal), 32, 170
American Expeditionary Force (AEF), 85, 147
American Federation of Labor (AFL), 60, 101
American Indians, 10, 42, 139–141; race suicide of, 7, 14, 19, 37
American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 96, 143
American Journal of Sociology, 42–43
American Nervousness (Beard), 106
American Red Cross, 123, 126, 128–131, 153
Anthropology: anthropometry and, 94; Army Anthropology, 95, 104–105; Committee on Anthropology (COA), 6, 9, 73, 94–95, 145; race and physical anthropology, 2, 73–74, 81, 88, 90, 92–93, 96, 101, 138, 140–141, 143, 158, 170
Anthropometry: in Civil War, 85, 93; postwar uses, 104–105; racial dynamics of, 9, 96, 108, 170, 177n47; sartorial aspects, 102–103. See also Anthropology; World War I
Armstrong, Samuel, 14–15, 178n4
Atavism, 98, 132; racial dynamics of, 3, 13, 23, 35, 85, 135
Bailey, Ben, 1–3, 5; boxing career, 7, 180n34
Biology, 5, 37, 143, 145, 147; and crime, 151; racial dynamics of, 4, 10–11, 16, 20–22, 30, 42, 44, 133, 135, 140, 152, 165, 167, 174n17
Biometrics, 75
Black Lives Matter, 172
Black Worker in the City, The (Johnson), 152
Boer War, 80
Bourne, Randolph, 71–72
Boxing, 1
Bureau of War Risk Insurance (BWRI) 67, 115, 118, 125
Canada: blacks in, 146; vocational rehabilitation, 114
Capitalism, 11, 15; racial dynamics and, 4–6, 70, 144, 154, 169, 170–172
Carnegie Institute, 74–75, 142–143, 159, 161
Caucasian, 35, 155; census category, 95, 148; racial type, 66, 99, 138, 164–165
Chicago Defender, 118–119
Chicago School sociology, 9, 41, 43, 45, 47. See also Sociology
Cities, 21, 23, 59, 114, 171; African American migration, 22, 40, 46, 60, 144, 150–151, 154; disease, 24, 28–29. See also Great Migration
Civilization: corporeal dynamics of, 2, 4, 22, 28; industrial and labor aspects, 7, 14, 31, 79–80, 93, 111, 159, 165, 169–170; racial aspects of, 15, 19–20, 40, 43–45, 70, 75, 106, 135–138, 144, 146, 155, 160
Civil rights, 34, 64–65, 90, 170
Climatology, 146–147
Cobb, Irvin, 72
Colonialism, 2–3, 30–31, 78–79, 129, 136, 140, 144, 144–145, 160–161; anti-colonialism, 112, 155. See also Imperialism
Conscription, 8, 72, 79, 83–85, 90–91; industrial conscription, 80. See also Selective Service
Contract labor, 14, 37, 52; temporal dynamics of, 90
Crisis, The (NAACP), 84, 119, 122, 126
Darwin, Charles, 16, 77; social Darwinism, 24, 38, 181n57
Davenport, Charles, 73–75, 88, 92–95, 99, 143, 147, 156, 158; Army anthropometry, 102–104, 107–108, 148; Race Crossing in Jamaica (with Steggerda), 159–165
Degeneration: class, 80; criminality, 98; race, 3–4, 11, 17, 20, 22, 37, 162
Department of Labor (DOL), 51–53, 62–65, 67
Department of Negro Economics (DNE), 6, 9, 41, 51–70
Dewey, John, 110
Disability: blackness as, 7, 10, 131; category of historical analysis, 7, 175–176n31; monetization of, 118–122; Negro flat feet, 12, 77, 87, 92, 98; rehabilitation, 109, 111, 115–116, 118, 123, 127
Disease: hookworm, 161; malaria, 31,79; respiratory, 8, 14, 24, 27–31, 77, 86, 104, 160; tuberculosis, 22, 27–29, 36, 88, 95, 106, 109, 120, 123, 127–129, 154, 160; venereal, 8, 22, 24–26, 35, 88, 95, 106, 120, 193. See also Vital capacity
DuBois, W. E. B: “The African Roots of War,” 166; and Boas, 140; “Close Ranks” editorial (Crisis), 84; Conservation of the Races, 44; critiques of Hoffman’s Race Traits, 32–34; eugenics and, 74, 77, 155; The Philadelphia Negro, 17, 44, 46, 151; postwar race relations, 112, 131, 139, 144, 148; on race, 1, 4, 11, 29, 51, 140; on race and capitalism, 70; racial mixture, 157; and World War I, 60, 84
East St. Louis Race Riot (1917), 39–40, 87
Efficiency, 3–4, 8, 10, 15, 31; racial and labor imperatives, 41, 47–49, 52–56, 59, 66, 69, 138, 142, 154, 162, 165; rehabilitation, 115, 117, 121, 123, 126; wartime campaigns, 57, 64, 75, 82, 85–89, 91, 98–99, 101–103
Ergonomics, 102
Eugenics, 10, 16, 76, 139, 143, 147, 151, 156, 162; popular understandings of, 94, 194n96; wartime draft, 92–95. See also Eugenics Record Office
Eugenics Record Office (ERO), 74–75, 95, 147
Expertise, 5–6, 8–10, 72; actuarial forms of, 19; critiques of, 11, 177–178n55; mode of racial inquiry; 111, 123, 127, 137, 142; racial uplift, 44, 50–52, 54, 61–62, 67–70, 154; wartime forms of, 40–41, 80, 82, 88, 92
Federal Board of Vocational Education (FBVE), 6, 10, 110–118, 120–126, 129–133
Fisk University, 45, 49–50, 53, 151, 185n29
Foucault, Michel, 7
Galton, Francis, 16
Galton Society, 95
Garvey, Marcus, 144, 156; on racial death, 154
Gender: actuarial narratives of, 14, 19, 21, 31; American empire, 78; military norms, 84, 89, 109; prewar labor economies, 57, 74; rehabilitation, 109–111, 116–117; wartime labor, 58
Germany, 13, 82; transatlantic reform, 32
Gilman, Charlotte Perkins, 1, 43; race management, 80
Gilroy, Paul, 170
Gompers, Samuel, 101
Grant, Madison, 90–92, 95, 141; The Passing of the Great Race (1915), 93
Great Migration, 6, 44, 48, 84, 99, 117, 144, 148, 152; evolutionary characterizations, 154. See also African Americans
Hampton Institute, 14, 51, 124, 161, 178
Harding, Warren G., 66, 128; on “our race problem,” 144
Harlem Hell Fighters, 85
Harrison, Hubert, 144
Hawaii, 14–15, 36–37, 97, 178; mixed race character of, 159–160. See also Hoffman, Frederick
Haynes, George, 45, 52, 66, 68, 153
Heredity, 5, 11, 43, 76, 104, 151, 159; anthropometry, 94, 96; history, 93; IQ testing, 108. See also Intelligence testing
Hilo Boarding School (Hawaii), 14, 178n4
Hoffman, Frederick, 8, 13–16, 38, 42, 44, 45, 153; Canada, 146–147; Hawaii, 36–37; Jamaica, 160; Race Traits and Tendencies of the American Negro (1896), 22–35; Vital Statistics of the Negro (1892), 19–22; World War I, 74, 77, 81, 88, 94–101
Hog Island, 9, 55–56, 74, 97–102
Houston Race Riot, (1917), 87
Hrdlicka, Ales, 73–74, 83, 92, 96, 103, 143, 156
Human motor, metaphor of, 27, 174n16. See also Vital capacity
Hurston, Zora Neale, 141
Hybridity, 141, 155, 158–160, 162–163, 165
Immigration, 4, 19, 41, 48, 50, 63, 73, 93, 99, 138, 144–145, 150; anti-immigration, 66, 136; Bureau of Immigration, 100; race and, 146–148, 157, 164
Industrial History of the Negro Race of the United States (Jackson), 51–52
Industry, 6, 9, 14, 16–19, 32–35, 43, 54, 57, 61, 66–67, 80; racial dynamics, 4, 117, 119–120, 132–138, 145–156; service industry, 171; World War I, 40, 59, 71, 76, 86, 102–103, 108, 113, 115. See also Modernity: industrial
Institute for Crippled and Disabled Men, 114
Insurance: African American insurance companies, 32–35; American origins, 17–19; ideology, 14–16
Intelligence testing (IQ), 107, 108, 116, 147–148, 158. See also Yerkes, Robert
Jackson, Giles, 51–53
Jamaica, 159–165
Jewish Americans, 39, 66; racial typologies, 29, 47, 85, 142, 203n29
Jim Crow, 5, 87, 124, 130, 148
Johnson, Charles, 67, 138; The Black Worker in the City, 152
Johnson-Reed Immigration Restriction Act (1924), 11, 111, 147, 163
Klineberg, Otto, 165
Ku Klux Klan (KKK): 124, 137
Labor management, 12, 48, 82, 94, 102, 178n62. See also Contract labor
Lombroso, Cesare, 23
Mahan, Admiral Alfred Thayer, 189n9
Malingering, 6, 89, as medical condition, 90–91
Manpower, 83, 90, 105; racial and gendered dynamics of, 117
Marx, Karl, 179n22
Medical Advisory Boards (World War I), 91–92
Miller, Kelly, 33, 150, 155, 172
Modernity, 7, 42, 76, 141, 165, 174–175, 177–178, 184; industrial modernity, 5–6, 9, 12, 19, 37, 40, 45–47, 68–71, 145, 151, 164, 170. See also Industry
Moton, Dr. Robert R., 119, 127
Mulattoes, 1, 21, 26–28; intelligence testing, 158; “marginal men” (Park), 158; physiologies, 77, 94, 100, 103, 141, 155, 157, 159–161, 163, 165
Muybridge, Eadweard, 1, 3, 7, 12; Animal Locomotion: An Electro-Photographic Investigation of Consecutive Phases of Animal Movements (1887), 2
Myrdal, Gunnar, 170
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), 45, 52, 65, 68, 120, 127
National Research Council (NRC), 9, 10, 73, 76, 78, 96, 97, 98, 100; postwar racial knowledge, 136–143, 145–147, 155–161, 163–166
National Urban League (NUL), 49–50, 52–53, 65, 68, 143, 149–150, 152, 163; efficiency campaigns, 54, 154; “National Negro Health Week,” 153–154; scientific philanthropy, 48
Native American. See American Indians
Negro(es): Americanization of, 47; “America’s metaphor” (Wright), 170; flat feet, 12, 77, 87, 92, 98; as “lady of the races” (Park), 80; “tropical race,” 89
“Negro problem,” 1, 8, 31, 35, 38, 40, 43, 45, 48, 51–52, 123, 132, 156, 165–166, 169; global dimensions of, 15, 79, 139; labor, 11, 140; sociological dynamics, 9, 41. See also African Americans
Negro Workers Advisory Committees (NWAC) 59–60
Nutrition: labor, 85; military requirements, 104–106
Obama, Barack, 171
Pan-African Congress (1921), 144
Park, Robert 42–43, 80, 138, 150. See also Negro(es)
Passing of the Great Race, The (Grant), 93
Pearson, Karl, 16
Pershing, General John, 149
Philippines, 78; African American colonization of, 79
Poverty, 22, 28, 36, 106, 151, 153
Progressive Era: labor/political economies, 4, 15, 19, 30, 65, 74; racial thought, 5, 8, 12, 25, 31, 33, 36–37, 42, 71, 92, 131, 156, 164, 170
Prosthetics, 108
Prudential Life Insurance Company, 7, 14, 74, 96, 160
Race/racial: function of labor process, 169–170; identity, “changing same” (Cha-Jua), 171; labor fitness, 4, 9–11, 14, 52, 64, 68, 76, 101, 104, 111, 117, 119, 132, 138, 165–166, 170; passing, 101–102
Race suicide, 31, 33, 42. See also Actuarial science
Racial Integrity Act (Virginia, 1924), 11, 111
Randolph, A. Phillip, 84
“Red summer” (1919), 145
Rising Tide of Color against White World-Supremacy, The (Stoddard), 110
Rockefeller Foundation, 142–143
Russo-Japanese War, 136
Sartorial ergonomics, 102–103. See also Anthropometry
Selective Service, 73, 75, 82–83, 87–88, 91, 107. See also Anthropometry
Slavery, 12, 15, 37, 78, 90, 170–171; crime and, 23; as salutary force, 7, 14, 20, 23, 29, 30, 33, 35, 151
Smith-Hughes Act (1917), 114–115
Social Science Research Council (SSRC), 143
Sociology, 39–40, 44, 48, 76, 170; “folkways” of development, 42, 47. See also Chicago School sociology
Standard Life Insurance, 34
Statistics, 18, 23, 26, 32, 37, 76, 81, 88, 96, 118, 166; origins, 15; science of numbers, 8; state numbers, 16; technology of distance, 38
Steggerda, Morris, 159–160
Surgeon General’s Office, 94, 96, 103, 126
Taylorism, 4; as industrial narrative, 8; and race, 69, 188n24
Toomer, Jean, 169
Tuberculosis. See Disease: tuberculosis
Tuskegee Institute, 43, 66, 71, 119, 150, 161
Tuskegee Veterans Hospital. See United States Veterans Hospital No. 91
United States Employment Service (USES), 54
United States Sanitary Commission, 30
United States Veterans Hospital No. 91 (1923), 125–129; staffing, 130–131
Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA), 154–155
Veterans Bureau, 109, 118, 123–124, 129, 131
Vital capacity, 8, 28, 30–31, 35, 97, 163; defined, 14, 27
Vocational rehabilitation, 70, 72–73, 110, 116, 123, 129, 131, 133, 170; “aggressive normalization,” 113; American roots, 113–114; medical models of, 120; monetization, 118, 121–122, 126; racial labor division, 123–125, 132; Vocational Rehabilitation Act of 1918, 115
Wage contract, 49
“Wages of whiteness,” 68, 73–74, 150
Walker, Francis Amasa, 147
War Risk Insurance Act, 115, 118, 125
Wartime testing, 11–12, 103, 137, 139, 148–149; agent of state authority, 136, 142; racial fitness, 165–167. See also Intelligence testing (IQ)
Washington, Booker T., 38, 44, 47, 119, 137, 154
Weber, Max, 176n37
West, Cornel, 69, 177n48, 188n123
“White man’s graveyard,” tropics as, 31, 78
Wilson, Woodrow, 51, 82–83, 90, 97, 142; racial views, 60, 144
Women, 2; in evolutionary theory, 31, 73; industrial labor, 116–117, 120–121; and sexuality, 79. See also African American women
Woodson, Carter, 154
World War I, 12, 39, 131; African American participation, 82–93; American entry into, 51; causalities, 109; draft, 72–79, 81–82, 86, 94, 101, 106–107, 140; dysgenic affects, 82, 113, 132, 136, 151; state surveillance, 71; as white civil war (Stoddard), 136. See also African Americans
Wright, Richard, 170
Yerkes, Robert, 105–106. See also Intelligence testing