Absenteeism, stress and, 72–73
Absent-mindedness, 156
Academic performance, 32, 75, 221
factors in, 27
marital stress and, 72
Accuracy
learning and, 175
recognition memory and, 192
Action recognition, 251
Acute paranoid psychosis, 40
Acute stress, 63
Adams, Scott, 44
Adaptation to variation, 7–9
Adrenal glands, 63
Adrenaline, 81
stress and, 63
AdSense, 256
Aerobic exercise, 24–25, 26, 33, 35
stress and, 80
Age-related dementia, 25
Aging
exercise and, 22–27
factors predicting, 23
Alcoholics, gender and, 231
Alerting Network, 110–111
Alertness
intrinsic, 111
phasic, 111
surveillance and, 110
Alzheimer’s disease, 26
American fitness movement, 19
American model in sensory integration, 166–167
American Stress Institute, 73
Amnesia, 67. See also Forgetfulness
anterograde, 153
retrograde, 153
gender and, 241
male versus female, 229
Anecdotes, business-related, 122
Animals
comparison of brains in wild versus domestic, 87
learned helplessness and, 59–60
physical differences in, 229–230
Animation
learning from, 176, 190, 195–196
of presentations, 196
Aniston, Jennifer, neuron, 86, 93–95
Anorexia, gender and, 231
Anterior cingulate cortex, learning and, 252
Anterograde amnesia, 153
Antibodies, 64
Antidepressant medications, 26, 52
Anxiety
exercise and, 26
stress and disorders of, 73
Aristotle, 165
Armstrong, Neil, 255
Aroma billboard, 176
Arousal and mood hypothesis, 220
Arousal Network, 110–111
Articulation, 234
Asimov, Isaac, 89
Association cortices, 167, 187
Asthma, 64
Athletes, wiring of brains of, 85–86
awareness and, 109–110
bait the hook and, 121–123
Brain Rule in, 103
culture and, 107–108
details and, 114–115
effect of pictures on, 196–197
emotions in getting, 111–114
getting, 107–110
impact of sleep loss on, 48
interest and, 108
learning and, 106
maintaining, 10
memory and, 107–108
multitasking and, 115–118
need for break and, 118–119
novel stimuli and, 108
pictures in grabbing, 196–197
role of brain in paying, 110–111
rule activation in, 117–118
span of, 106–107
task switching in, 118
10-minute rule and, 120–121
Auditory skills, music training and, 208
Auditory cues, 212
Auditory hallucinations, 40
Auditory information, 142
Auditory stream segregation, 208
Autobiographical events, 233
Autobiographical memories, 146
retrieving, 174
Autoimmune disorders, 64
Automatic processing, 133–134
Awareness, attention and, 109–110
Axon, 89
Axon terminal, 89
B
Babies. See Infants
Baby Einstein music CDs, 216
Bait the hook, attention and, 121–123
Battle of the sexes, gender and, 230
The Beatles, 203
Behavior
genes and, 3
influence of culture on, 237
motor, 251
specific to gender, 230–233
Biases, 156
gender, 225–226
Big Bang, 254
Bilingual people, storage of language skills of, 97
Binding problem, 133
Biochemicals, sex differences and, 229
Birth, brain at, 91–92
Bissell, Gene, 26
Blair, Steven, 26
Blindness, motion, 186
Blind spots, 187–188
Blocking habits, 156
Blood pressure
propranolol in regulating, 232
Bodily/kinesthetic intelligence, 96
The Body Clock Guide to Better Health, 44
Boeing Aircraft Company, 110
Boeing Leadership Center, 239
Boleyn, Anne, 227
Bologna, University of, 256
Bottom-up processing, sensory integration and, 167, 168
adaptiveness of, 192
appetite for energy, 28
at birth, 91–92
connections in, 92
design of, 15
development of, 2
differences in female and male, 229–230
effect of exercise on, 22
effect of music training on, 205–209
evolution of, 12
functional organization and reorganization of, 86
integrative instincts in, 171
job description of, 165–166
mapping, 95–96
muscles and, 87
need for oxygen, 35
performance envelope of, 4, 14
role of, in paying attention, 110–111
sensory integration and, 164
as sequential processor, 120
size of, 9–10
during sleep, 41–42
state of tension in, 55
structure-function map of, 12
visual system of, 184–187
wiring of, 85–101
Brain-activation studies, 27
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), 31
Brain imaging, experiments on, 175
Brain power, exercise in boosting, 3, 19–35
Brain research, advances in, 4
Brain Rules, 2–3
Brain stem, 11
Brand differentiation, use of smell in, 177
Branding, sensory, 176–177
Bransford, John, 115
Bringing Baby Home, 77
British model, sensory integration and, 166
Bryant’s Index of Empathy, 213
Bullying, 221
Business-related anecdotes, 122
C
Calloway, Cab, 202
Camel, visual perception of, 188–189
Cameras, vision and, 184–187
Carbon dioxide, 29
Cardiovascular system, stress and, 63–64, 81
Career, choosing between family and, 79
Catastrophic stress, amnesia as response to, 67
Catwoman, 94
Cell body, 89
Cells
biological structures of, 88–91
nerve, 89
Cerebral akinetopsia, 186
Chandrasekaran, Bharath, 208–209
Charles Bonnet Syndrome, 188
Child care, 79–80
Children. See also Infants
brains in, 92
capacity for learning, 12–13
music lessons in, and empathy, 215–216
Chromosomes
sex, 226
Chronic sleep deprivation, 76
learned helplessness and, 68
Chronotypes, 44
matching to work schedules, 53
Circadian arousal system, 42, 43
Classrooms. See also Learning; Schools
gender arrangements in, 238–239
learning and size of, 99
same-sex, 238–239
Clinton, Bill, neuron, 94
Code, cracking, 135–137
Cognitive neuroscience, 4, 255
Cognitive performance, 47, 48, 206
in infants, 76
music and, 206
physical activity and, 21, 32–33
sleep loss and, 47
Cognitive psychology, 136
Coherence principle, 176
Color vision, 194
Combat as smelly experience, 173
Combat-related disorders, 232
Common fate, principle of, 193
Communication
pictures in, 196–197
verbal, 233–236
Competitive food eaters, 27
Concert for Bangladesh, 203
Conflict, work-family, 75
Congenital amusia, 209–210
Congreve, William, 216
Conscious awareness, 129
Consciousness, 146
neural location of, 109
Context-dependent learning, 178
Control
impulse, 221
productivity and, 74–75
Conversations with Neil’s Brain, 96–97
Cooperation, 13–14
Coordination, music lessons and, 211
auditory, 170
olfactory, 194
prefrontal, 10, 11, 116, 229, 252, 260
visual, 185–186, 187, 194, 197
Counseling, family, 79–80
Creativity, 33
Critical language area, 97
Culture
attention and, 107–108
influence of, on behavior, 237
Curiosity, encouraging, 254–256
Cytoplasm, 88
Darwin, Charles, 87
Declarative memories, 128, 129
encoding in, 128, 131–142, 159
life cycle of, 103
retrieving in, 128, 159, 174–175
DeLoache, Judy, 6
Dement, William, 39–40, 41, 44, 45
Dementia
age-related, 25
exercise in treating, 25–27
music therapy and, 201–202
risk of, 35
Dentate gyrus, 31
Depression, 67
exercise in treating, 25–27
gender and, 231
Details, attention and, 114–115
Diamond, Jared, 107
Dilbert (comic), 44
Discipline, music therapy in teaching, 221
Discovery-based learning models, 257
Disengagement, 117
DNA, 88
gender and, 226
vision and, 194
Donald in Mathmagic Land, 195–196
Dorsal stream, 186
Drug use, gender and, 231
Dryer, Henry, 201–202
theory on, 6
E
Early chronotype, 44
Education. See also Learning
factors in academic performance and, 27
parents in, 78–79
Effortful processing, 134
Egg, size of, 226
Einstein, Albert, 79
Elaborative processing, short-term memory and, 172
Elaborative rehearsal, 149, 156
Electrical stimulation mapping, 95, 98
Emotional impulses, inhibiting, 10
Emotionally charged events, 112, 114
Emotional stability, 70–71
Emotional stress, 81
Emotions
facts on, 237
in getting attention, 111–114
musicians in detecting, 212–213
Empathy, music lessons and, in children, 213–215
Employee turnover, 73
Encoding, 131–142
automatic processing and, 133–134
compelling introduction in, 140–141
cracking the code and, 135–137
creating familiar settings in, 141–142
in declarative memory, 131–142, 159
effortful processing, 134
of information, 106
meaning of information and, 139
pathway for, 137–138
pattern matching in, 140
phonemic, 135
quality of, 138–139
real-world examples in, 139–140
retrieval and, 146–148
semantic, 135
of sensory information, 167
structural, 135
types of, 134–135
Energy, brain’s appetite for, 28
Enjoyment arousal, 216
Environmental instability, 4–5, 8
Epilepsy, 93
Episodic memory, 146
Evolution, 10
Evolutionary biologists, 4
Executive functions
prefrontal cortex in governing, 10
sleep loss and, 55
stress and, 65
working memory as constituent of, 210
Executive Network, 111, 116–117
disengagement in, 117
rule activation in, 117
shift alert in, 116
Executive thinking
problem solving and, 65
self-control and, 65
Exercise, 19–35
aerobic, 24–25, 26, 33, 35, 80
aging and, 22–27
anxiety and, 26
beneficial effects of, 22
benefits of, 32
in boosting brain power, 3, 19–35
brain-specific effect of, 31
cognitive performance and, 24–25, 26–27, 32–33
competitive food eaters and, 27
influence on cognitive skills, 21, 31
integrating, into workday, 33–34
role of, on mood, 27
strengthening, 25
survival of the fittest and, 20–21
Experience-dependent brain wiring, 93, 94, 96
Experience-independent brain wiring, 93, 95
Experimental psychologists, 4
Exploration, 245–260
acquisition of information in, 246
babies testing of, 246–251
Brain Rule in, 243
conclusion in, 260
encouraging curiosity and, 254–256
evolutionary needs and, 258
experimenting in, 260
Google and, 256
hypothesis in, 260
mirror neurons and, 251
newborn imitation and, 247–248
object-permanence and, 249
observation in, 260
pointing game in, 245
sense of wonder in, 259
testing and, 250–251
tongue testing, 247–248
Eyes, light entrance into, 184–185
F
Facebook, 256
Faking it, 187
False information, 147
Familiarity, recognition memory and, 191
Family
choosing between career and, 79
counseling for, 79–80
effects of, life on business life, 188
Fantastic Voyage (Kleiner), 89
Fast consolidation, 151–152
Fatal Familial Insomnia, 40
Fight or flight response, 62
Filling in, 187
Fine-grained discrimination, 212
Fine motor control, sleep loss and, 49
Fischer, Edmond, 252
Flexible schedules, 100
Fluid intelligence
depression and, 67
stress and, 74
Focused attention, measurements of, 219
Fogassi, Leonardo, 251
Forgetfulness, 67, 155–156. See also Amnesia
in declarative memory, 128, 159
memory and, 155–156
stress and, 180
types of, 156
Free radicals, 29
Frontal cortex, gender and, 229
Frontal lobe, 10
Functional magnetic resonance imaging, 150, 170
G
Gage, Phineas, 10
Gammel, 60
Gardner, Howard, 96
Gazing behavior, 190, 196, 247
Gender, 225–241. See also Men; Women
alcoholics and, 231
amygdala and, 241
battle of the sexes and, 230
becoming male or female, 226–229
behaviors specific to, 230–233
bias and, 225–226
Brain Rule in, 223
brain structure and, 229–230, 240
cementing relationships and, 234–235
in classroom, 238–239
dealing with traumatic situations, 233
defined, 226
DNA and, 226
drug use and, 231
emotions and stress and, 232–233, 237
glass ceiling and, 240
mental disorders and, 231
nature or nurture debate and, 237
negotiating status and, 235–236
same-sex classrooms and, 238–239
schizophrenia and, 231
serotonin and, 241
sex versus, 226
verbal communication and, 233–236
workplace teams and, 239–240
Genes, 89
behavior and, 3
purpose of, 229
SRY, 227
Genentech, 256
Genetic mutations, 10
Giffords, Gabrielle, 219
Glass ceiling, 240
Glucocorticoids, 66
brain’s need for, 29
Gmail, 256
Goods, improving access to, 30
Google News, 256
Gould, Stephen Jay, 233
Grades, effects of stress on, 70, 71
Griffey, Ken, Jr., 85–86
Gross motor movements, sleep loss and, 49
Guns, Germs, and Steel (Diamond), 107–108
H
Hackathons, 256
Hallucinations, 39, 172, 187–190, 194
auditory, 40
Harrison, George, 203
“Have You Heard,” 211
Hayden, Steve, 113
Healthy insomnia, 48
Hearing, influence of vision on, 179
Heart as “vital flame of life,” 165
Heavy Media Multitaskers, 116
Hemisphere, verbal communication and, 233
Henry VIII, King of England, 227
brain imaging and, 175
stress and, 62, 65, 66, 67, 81
Hippocrates, 218
Holmes, Sherlock, style of retrieval, 147–148
Home, stress in, 70–73
Homeostatic sleep drive, 42, 43
Homework, 3
need for, 157
Homo erectus, 20
Hormones, stress, 66–67
Horowitz, Seth, 203
How People Learn (Bransford), 115
How the Mind Works (Pinker), 204
Human genome, sequencing of, 228–229
Humor, sense of, 20
Hunger, as drive, 247
Hurdy-Gurdy Har, 215
Hypothesis testing, exploration and, 247
IBM, 114
Identical twins, brain wiring in, 94–95
“I’ll Be Home for Christmas,” 202
Imitation, 251
newborns in, 247–248
Immediate memory, impact of sleep loss on, 48
Immune response, stress and, 64–65
Immune system, stress and, 72–73
Infant Behavior Questionnaire (IBQ), 214
Infants. See also Children
acquisition of information by, 246
brains in, 92
cognitive abilities of, 76
effects of music on premature, 220
hypothesis testing by, 247
music lessons for, 214–215
object analysis by, 248–249
object permanence and, 249
reaction to new information, 250–251
revelation of brain secrets by, 251–252
testing of new information by, 246–251
tongue testing and, 247–248
use of visual cues by, 193–194
Information
auditory, 142
deconstruction of, 190
encoding of, 106
exploration in acquisition of, 246
meaning of, 139
oral, 192
processing of newly acquired, 250–251
testing of new, by infants, 246–251
transfer of, 193
types of, 192
Information purification, 113
Infrared eye-tracking technology, testing of effect of pictures on attention, 196–197
Inhibition, 90–91
Insel, Thomas, 231
Insomnia
Fatal Familial, 40
healthy, 48
Inspiration, sleep and, 49–50
Intellectual dexterity, 74
Intellectual variability, 98
Intelligence, 96
Interest, attention and, 108
International Federation of Competitive Eating, 27
Interpersonal intelligence, 96
Interpretative activity as top-down processing, 169
Intervals, spaced, 149
Intrapersonal intelligence, 96
Intrinsic alertness, 111
Introductions, compelling, 140–141
iPods in music therapy, 201–202
IQ
music training and, 206
size of, 1
Jeopardy!, 114
Johnson, Lyndon Baines, need for nap, 45–46
Jordan, Michael, athletic failures of, 85, 100
Jumping Jack, 20
K
Khan Academy, 100
King, Larry, 20
Kleiner, Harry, 89
Kleitman, Nathaniel, 41–42, 43, 44
Knowledge, desire for, 252–256
Kobayashi, Takeru “Tsunami,” 28
Kraus, Nina, 208
Krebs, Edwin, 252
L
Landers, Ann, 44
Language
acquisition of, 76
mapping of brain and processing of, 97
music training in boosting skills in, 208–209
Late chronotypes, 44–45
Learned helplessness, 59–61, 62
predictability in, 62
stress and, 68
Learning. See also Education; Schools
attention and, 106
capacity for, in children, 12–13
class size and, 99
customized classrooms and, 100
effect of vision on, 191
gaps in, 100
importance of vision in, 191–193
multiple intelligences and, 96
in multisensory environment in enhancing, 171–173
need for homework and, 157
performance gap in, 238
real-world examples in, 139–140
same-sex classrooms and, 238–239
sensory integration in, 164, 175–176, 178
sleep and, 49–50
smell in boosting, 173–174
state-dependent, 137
stress and, 60, 65–66, 67, 70–73
in wiring of brain, 86–87
Learning models
discovery-based, 257
problem-based, 257
Left hemisphere, 109
Levitin, Dan, 217–218
Library model of retrieval, 146–147
Life-threatening events, 78
Light Media Multitaskers, 116
Limbic system, 229
Limitation assessments, 214–215
LinkedIn, 256
Listening skills of musicians, 207–208
Logical/mathematical intelligence, 96
Logical reasoning, sleep loss and, 49, 55
Long-term memories, 130, 144–146, 159
conversion of short-term memory into, 11, 143–144
Long-term potentiation (LTP), 151
early, 152
Lungs, 165
Luther, Martin, 230
M
Macadamization, 30
Maintaining attention, 10
Maintenance rehearsal, 148
Malacarne, Vincenzo, 87
Mammalian brain, 11
Mapping, brain, 95–96
Marital conflict, unresolved, and stress, 71
Marital stress, effect on academic performance, 72
Marriage intervention, 75–77
Mathematics
Donald Duck and, 195–196
gender and, 238
impact of sleep loss on knowledge in, 49
repetition and, 157–158
sleep and skills in, 50
Maugham, W. Somerset, 167, 168
Maze-pattern sequence, 51
McAdam, John Loudon, 30
McEwen, Bruce, 69–70
McGurk effect, sensory integration and, 164, 168
McKeachie, Wilbert, 106
Medical-school model, components of, 257–258
Medical schools, analyzing success of, 257–258
Medina Grump Factor (MGF), 3
Melatonin, 53
Meltzoff, Andy, 247
Memory, 127–159
attention and, 107–108
automatic processing in, 133–134
central executive in, 142, 143
creating familiar settings and, 141–142
declarative, 128, 129, 159, 174–175
depression and, 67
effortful processing in, 134
elaborative rehearsal in, 149, 156
episodic, 146
familiar settings and, 141–142
forgetting, 155–156
hippocampus and, 152, 153, 154
introductions and, 140–141
life span of, 130
long-term potentiation and, 151–155
music and, 130–131
nondeclarative, 129
pattern matching in, 140
photographic, 173
process of, 130–133
reasons for, 128–129
repetition in, 148–151, 157–158
retrieving, 146–148
semantic, 146
smell in evoking memory, 173–175
trivia and, 128
verbal, 234
Memory consolidation, 145–146, 151–155
fast, 151–152
slow, 152–153
Memory degradation, 178
Men. See also Gender
adult ratio of women to, 227
brains in, 229–230
memory and, 233
Mendeleyev, Dimitri Ivanovich, 49
Mental alertness, 23–24
Mental disorders, gender and, 231
Mesulam, Marsel, 109
Meta-analysis, 206
Metheny, Pat, 211
Method acting, 64
stress and, 64–65
Micro-hibernation, 40
Micron, 89
Midazolam, 217
Migration, 21
Mindfulness, 74
Mindfulness training, 74
Mini-retreats, 54
Mirroring, 247
Mirror neurons, exploration and, 251, 260
Misattribution, 156
Mistakes, learning from, 9
Modality principle, 176
Molecular geneticists, 69
Mondo Cane, 118
Montessori schools, 100
Mood
impact of music on, 215–218
retrieval and, 136–137
role of exercise on, 27
Morrow, Barry, 128
Motion blindness, 186
Motivation, smell and, 176
Motor adaptations, 50
Motor behaviors, 251
Motor dexterity, sleep loss and, 55
Motor sequencing, 50
Motor skills, music training and, 208
Movement, music and, 203
Multimedia Learning (Mayer), 175
Multimedia presentations, 175–176
Multimedia principle, 175
Multimodal reinforcement, 170
Multiple Intelligences movement, 96
Multisensory environment in enhancing, learning, 171–173
Multitasking, 5
attention and, 115–118
Muscles, brain and, 87
Music, 201–222
Brain Rule for, 199
defined, 203–205
effect of, on cognition, 202
effects of, on premature infants, 220
impact of, on mood, 215–218
link between speech and, 209–210
memory and, 130–131
movement and, 203
Musical frisson, 216
Musical/rhythmic intelligence, 96
Musicians
in detecting emotion, 212–213
listening skills of, 207–208
Music lessons
coordination and, 211
empathy in children and, 213–214
in improving social skills, 211–215
for infants, 214–215
Music scores, music training and, 206
Music therapy
dementia and, 201–202
iPod in, 201–202
promise of, 218–219
strokes and, 218–219
in teaching discipline, 220
Music training
in boosting language skills, 208–209
effect on brain, 205–209
IQ and, 206
music scores and, 206
reading ability and, 206
working memory and, 208
Mutations, genetic, 10
N
Najdorf, Miguel, 142–143
Naps. See also Sleep
benefits of taking, 2
biological drive for, 55
need for, 45–46
research on, 46–47
Nap zone, 45–47
respecting, 54
Natural selection, 6
Nature, 207
Nature or nurture debate, gender and, 237
Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 208–209
Negotiating status, gender and, 235–236
Nerve cells, 89
Nervous breakdowns, 68
Neural location of consciousness, 109
growth spurt in, 101
learning and, 86–87
mirror, 251
postsynaptic, 90
presynaptic, 90
visual receptor, 169–170
Neurotransmitters, 90
Neurotrophins, stress and, 68
Newborns. See also Infants
imitation by, 247–248
Nietzsche, Friedrich, 254
1984, 113–114
Nitric oxide, 30
Nondeclarative memory, 129
Non-REM sleep, 41
Nonsense words, remembering, 130
Novel, rules for writing, 168
Novel stimuli, attention and, 108
Nowak, Lisa, 73
Nucleus, 89
DNA folding in, 88–89
O
Object analysis by infants, 248–249
Object-oriented research projects, 248–249
Object permanence, 249
Occupational stress, 74
Offer, Daniel, 147–148
Of Human Bondage (movie), 168
Ojemann, George, 96–98
Olfactor region, 169
Olfactory cortex, 194
Olfactory epithelium, 169
Ophir, Eyal, 116
Opponent process model, 42
Optic disk, 187
Optic nerve, 185
Oral presentations, 192
Orientation, paying attention to, 195
Orienting Network, 111
Orwell, George, 114
Oxygen
brain’s need for, 35
function of, 29
Oxygen doping, 33
P
Page, David C., 227
Parentese, 204
Parents in educational system, 78–79
Pattern matching, 114, 122, 147
Patterns, babies preference for high contrast in, 193
Perception, 166–170
visual processing and, 184
Performance
cognitive, 24, 25, 32–33, 47, 48, 204
effect of marital stress on academic, 72
exercise and, 30
gap in, 238
review of, 63
school, 75
Phantom limbs, 190
Phasic alertness, 111
Phonemic encoding, 135
Phonological loop in working memory, 143
Phospholipid bilayer, 89–90
Photographic memory, 173
Physical activity, cognitive effects of, 21, 24–25
Physical education, elimination from curriculum, 32–33
Physical health, stress and, 73
Pictorial information, 192, 196–197
Pictorial superiority effect, 191–192, 195, 197
Pictures
in communication, 196–197
in grabbing attention, 196–197
value of, 191–193
Pitocin, 217
Plaques, 63–64
Pointing game, playing, 245
Postsynaptic neurons
memory and, 151
wiring of brain and, 90
Potts, Richard, 9
PowerPoint, 197
Prefrontal cortex, 10, 11, 116
exploration and, 260
gender and, 229
learning and, 252
Premature infants, effects of music on, 220
Presentations
animating, 196–197
dividing into 10-minute segments, 120–121
oral, 192
Presynaptic neurons, wiring of brain and, 90
memory and, 151
Problem-based learning models, 257
evolutionary pressure and, 253
improvements in, 172
mini-retreats and, 54
stress and, 74
Process C, 42–43
Process S, 42
Productivity
control and, 74–75
effect of turnover on, 74–75
Propranolol, 232
Prosocial skills, music lessons and, 211–215
Proust effect, sensory integration and, 173
Prozac, 229
Puberty, brains at, 92
Q
Quality of encoding, 138–139
Quantitative reasoning
depression and, 67
impact of sleep loss on, 49
stress and, 74
Quantitative skills, sleep loss and, 55
Quantitative tasks, 100
Quiroga, Quian, 94
R
Rabinowitch, Tal-Chen, 213
Rain Man (film), 128
Ramachandran, Vilayanur, 188
Rap, 203
Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, 41–42, 52
Reaction times, exercise and, 24
Reading ability, music training and, 206
Recess, elimination of, from school day, 32–33
Reconsolidation, 146
Rehearsal
maintenance, 148
timing of, 149
Relationships, gender in cementing, 234–235
Remembrance of Things Past (Proust), 173
Repetition
in fixing memories, 148–151
over many years, 157–158
relationship between memory and, 150–151
spacing out, 150–151
Repetition cycles, 150
Rest, 41–42. See also Naps; Sleep
images appearing on, 189
tracks in, 185
visual receptor neurons in, 169–170
Retrieval of memories, 146–148
in declarative memory, 128, 159
familiar settings and, 141–142
Holmes, Sherlock, model of, 147–148
library model of, 146–147
in long-term memory, 127–128
separation of memory from, 100–101
spacing out input in, 150–151
Retrograde amnesia, 153
Reuptake, 91
Rhythm, 211
Right brain, left brain versus, 232
Right hemisphere, 109
RNA polymerase II, 177
Rosekind, Mark, 54
Routing, 167
Russian Academy of Sciences, 49
R value, 205–207
S
Sacks, Oliver, 109, 201, 202, 219
Schedules, matching to chronotypes, 53
Schizophrenia, gender and, 231
Schools. See also Education; Learning
class size and, 99
customized classrooms in, 100
learning and, 98–99
learning of the job at, 256–259
performance at, 75
stress at, 70–73
Theory of Mind testing and, 99
truancy and absenteeism and, 72–73
School uniforms, 33
Science, gender and, 238
Scoville, William, 144
Self-control, 65
Semantic encoding, 135
Semantic memory, 146
Senses. See also Hearing; Smell; Vision
encoding and, 133
pairing of, 170–171
Sensing, 167
Sensory branding, 176–177
encoding, 167
Sensory integration, 163–164
American model in, 166–167
association cortices and, 167
bottom-up processing, 167, 168
brain and, 164
Brain Rule in, 161
branding in, 176–177
British model of, 166
coherence principle in, 176
effect on learning, 164, 175–176, 178
Mayer, Richard, and, 171
modality principle in, 176
multimedia presentations in, 175–176
multimodal reinforcement and, 170
multisensory environment in, 171–173
pairing of senses in, 170–171
perception in, 166–170
problem solving and, 172
Shereshevskii, Solomon, and, 172–173
sights and sounds in, 165–166
smell and, 169–170, 173–175, 177–178, 179
sound in, 170–171
spatial contiguity principle in, 175
temporal contiguity principle in, 175
top-down processing and, 167, 168
touch in, 170
Sequential actions, 117
Serotonin
gender and, 241
in regulating emotion and mood, 229
Services, improving access to, 30
The Seven Sins of Memory (Schacter), 156
Sex, 226. See also Gender as drive, 247
Sex assignment, male control of, 227
Sex chromosomes, 226
Shankar, Ravi, 203
Shapiro, Alyson, 76–77
Shaw, George Bernard, 193
Shereshevskii, Solomon, 155–156, 172–173
Short-term memory, 130, 142, 191. See also Working memory
converting to long-term memory, 11, 143–144
elaborative processing and, 172
exercise and, 24
Siestas, 46
benefits of solid night’s, 49–50
brain during, 41–42
Brain Rule in, 37
dreaming and, 41
effects of not getting enough, 47–49
inspiration and, 49–50
non-REM, 41
rapid eye movement (REM), 41–42, 52
reasons for, 50–52
slow-wave, 51
Sleep cycle, 41
Sleep debt, 47
accumulation of, 45
chronic, 76
effects of, 52
research on, 39–40
Sleep hormones, 53
Sleepiness, transient, 45–46
Sleep loss
cognitive performance and, 47
effect on body, 48–49
executive function and, 55
logical reasoning and, 55
mood and, 55
motor dexterity and, 55
quantitative skills, 55
working memory and, 55
Slow consolidation, 152–153
Slow-wave sleep, 51
Smell, 169–170
in boosting memory, 173–175
in brand differentiation, 177
in evoking memory, 173–175, 179
motivation and, 176
recall and, 175
at work, 177–178
Smithsonian’s National Museum of Natural History, Human Origins Program at, 9
Social bonding, oxytocin and, 217
Social cooperation, 14
Social sensitivity, differences in, 236
Social skills, music lessons in improving, 211–215
Software
animation, 196
PowerPoint, 197
Sound, 170–171
Spaced intervals, 149
Spacing out repetitions, 150–151
Spangenberg, Eric, 176–177
Spatial contiguity principle, 175
Spatial intelligence, 96
Spatial perception, depression and, 67
Spatiotemporal reasoning, 206
Speech, link between music and, 209–210
Sperm, size of, 226
Squire, Larry, 136
SRY gene (sex-determining region Y gene), 227
Starbucks, 176
Status, gender in negotiating, 235–236
Stimulation detection, learning and, 175
Stimuli
multiple senses in detecting, 170–171
universal emotional, 114
Storage in declarative memory, 128, 159
Strengthening exercises, 25
Stress, 59–81
absenteeism and, 72–73
allostatic load and, 69, 70, 72
anxiety disorders and, 73
brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and, 68, 80
Brain Rule in, 57
cardiovascular system and, 63–64, 81
catastrophic, 67
control and, 61–62, 68, 72, 80
defined, 60–62
desire to avoid situation and, 61
effect on learning, 67
emotional, 81
emotional stability and, 70–71
executive function and, 65
fight or flight response and, 62
fluid intelligence and, 74
Gammel and, 60
grades and, 70
hippocampus and, 65, 66, 67, 81
in home, 70–73
immune response and, 64–65, 72–73
job performance and, 75
learned helplessness and, 59–61, 62, 68
learning and, 60, 65–66, 67, 70–73
loss of control and, 61–62
marriage intervention and, 75–77
memory formation and, 65–66, 74
Method acting and, 64–65
mindfulness and, 74
neurotrophins and, 68
occupational, 74
physical health and, 73
physical responses to, 62–66
predictability and, 61
problem-solving abilities and, 74
quantitative reasoning and, 74
school performance and, 75
subjective nature of, 61
surgery and, 217
truancy and, 72–73
Stress hormones, 66–67
Strokes
cutting risks of, 26
music therapy and, 219–220
risk of, 34
Structural encoding, 135
Structure-function map of the brain, 12
Suboptimal productivity, 53
Subway fast-food restaurants, 177
Suggestibility, 156
Summers, Larry, 230
Superior temporal gyrus, 98
Suprachiasmatic nucleus, 43–44
Surgery
smell and, 173
stress and, 217
Surveillance, alertness and, 110
Survival of the fittest, 20–21
Suzuki methodology, 214
adapting to variation and, 9
Synapse, 90
Synaptic cleft, 90
Synaptic consolidation, 153
Synesthesia
sensory integration and, 163–164, 172–173
types of, 163–164
Talk therapy, 219
Tannen, Deborah, 233–237
Task switching, 118
Teachers. See also Learning; Schools
good versus bad, 119
Theory of Mind skills for, 99
Teaching in cycles, 157
Teaching Tips (McKeachie), 106
Teamwork, 13–14
in workplace, 239–240
Television advertising, emotionally charged events and, 113
Temporal contiguity principle, 175
10-minute rule, attention and, 120–121
“Tend and befriend” tendency in females, 233
Terrible twos, 3
Testing, exploration and, 250–251
Thalamus, 11
sensory integration and, 167
vision and, 185
Theory of Mind, 13–14, 69, 213
testing and, 99
Thirst as drive, 247
3M, 256
Timbre, 203
Time, free, at work, 256
Timing principle, 141
Tip-of-the-tongue issues, 156
“Toddler’s Creed,” 250
Tongue testing, 247–248
Toolmaking, 7
Top-down processing
interpretative activity as, 169
sensory integration and, 167, 168
Touch, 170
vision in trumping, 190
Tracks in retina, 185
Transient sleepiness, 45–46
Traumatic situations, dealing with, 233
Trinity Model, 110
Trivia, 128
Truancy, stress and, 72–73
Turnover, effect on productivity, 74–75
Twilight of the Idols (Nietzsche), 254
U
Unification of thought, 113
Unisensory environment, 171
learning in, 171
Universally emotional stimuli, 114
The Universal Sense (Horowitz), 203
USA Today, readership of, 196
V
Variation, adaptation to, 7–9
Venn diagram, showing music processing in the brain in, 209–210
Ventral stream, 186
Verbal communication, gender and, 233–236
Verbal fluency, 234
Verbal/linguistic intelligence, 96
Verbal memory, 234
Video, learning from, 195–196
Viorst, Judith, 176
Vision, 183–197
animating of presentations and, 196
in babies, 193–194
blind spots and, 187–188
Brain Rule for, 181
cameras and, 184–187
Charles Bonnet Syndrome and, 188
communication with pictures, 196–197
DNA and, 194
as dominant sense, 197
dreaming and, 188
effect on learning, 191
hallucinations and, 189–190, 194
influence on hearing, 179
pictorial superiority effect and, 191–192, 195, 196–7
PowerPoint presentation and, 197
recognition memory and, 191
synesthesia and, 163–164
touch and, 190
use of visual cues by babies in, 193–194
value of pictures and, 191–193
working memory and, 191
Visual analysis, steps in, 197
Visual cortex, 185–186, 187, 194, 197
Visual cues, use of, by babies, 193–194
Visual information, 142
Visual perception, creation of single, 188–189
Visual processing
importance of, 193–194
perception and, 184
Visual receptor neurons, 169–170
Visuals in learning, 195
Visual system as bottom-up processor, 168
Visual texture discrimination, sleep and, 50
Visuospatial sketch pad, 143
Vocal affective discrimination skills, 212
W
Wagner, Anthony, 150
Walker, Alice, 209
Walking, 35
Wallace, Mike, 22
White blood cells, stress and, 64
Whitehead, Barbara, 72
Whitehead Institute, 227
Wine tasting, vocabulary of, 183–184
Wiring of brain, 85–101
Aniston, Jennifer, neuron and, 86, 93–95
athletic failures and, 85–86
cells in and, 88–91
class size and, 99
customized classrooms and workplaces and, 100
differences in, 101
DNA and, 88–89
electrical stimulation mapping and, 96, 98
experience-dependent, 93, 94, 96
experience-expectant, 93
experience-independent, 93, 95
in identical twins, 94–95
language processing and, 97
learning in, 86–87
multiple intelligences and, 96
neuron growth and pruning in, 91–93, 101
road map for, 95–98
Theory of Mind testing and, 99
Women. See also Gender
adult ratio of men to, 227
brains in, 229–230
child care and, 79–80
memory and, 233
“tend and befriend” tendency in, 233
Wonder, sense of, 259
Word recognition, music training and, 208
Work
child care and, 79–80
customized places for, 100
free time at, 256
gender teams at, 239–240
matching schedules and chronotypes to, 53
mini-retreats and, 54
Theory of Mind testing and, 99
Workday, integrating exercise into, 33–34
Worker compensation, 73
Work-family conflict, 75
central executive in, 142, 143
defined, 191
music training and, 208
phonological loop in, 143
visuospatial sketch pad in, 143
Wrangham, Richard, 21
Wright, Frank Lloyd, 22–23
X
mental disorders and, 231
X inactivation, 228
Y
You Just Don’t Understand (Tannen), 236
Z
Zatorre, Robert, 216