abacus, 260
abduction, of women, 69. See also gender, feminine
abortion, 71
accounting, 260
Acosta, Jose de, 6
Afonso, King, 152
Agrippa, Camillo, 149
Akio, Morita, 84
alcohol consumption, 78, 100–1, 138, 140–1. See also drinking; eating
Almeida, Luis de, 10, 101, 177
alphabet, 183. See also letters and writing
Amaterasu-Omikami, 58, 140. See also religion
anger, 270
Anno Domini, 189. See also letters; time reckoning; writing
apothecaries, 177, 181. See also health and medicine
Aquinas, Thomas, 22, 113, 114, 248
Aramata, Hiroshi, 205
art, 114–15, 124, 198, 209. See also religion
Aubrey, John, 251
Augustine of Hippo, 248
auto, 227, 230, 231, 233. See also theater; Nô
Avila Giron, Bernardino de, 84
Bacon, Elizabeth M., 261
Bird, Isabella, 111, 133, 211, 235, 248
Bishop of Nidros, 226
Bitõ, Masahide, 28
Blackmore, Howard, 259
blood-letting. See health and medicine
body. See physical features; nudity
Book of Gomorrah, 93
books, 193. See also paper; printing
Boy’s Day, 89
bulls, 173
bullfighting, 173
Bungo consultation, 16. See also Valignano
burial customs, 106, 107, 120–2. See also religion
Cabral, Francisco, 14
Camões, Luis de, 8
candles, 119. See also religion
cantiga, 235. See also music; poetry
Carpentry/carpenters, 207–9. See also houses
Castiglione, Baldesar, 239
Chamberlain, Basil, 194, 222, 236
chanoyu, 17. See also Sen Rikyu
chastity. See gender, feminine
childbirth, 73
children and child-rearing, 83–92
China, 197
Chion-in, 117
chukei, 104
clocks, 117. See also time reckoning
clothing, 272; birth robe (ubugi), 83; changing fashions, 38–9; colors and fabrics, 38, 48; fitting, 40; folding, 43; formal attire, 41; linings, 41; men’s, 33–57; mending, 57; patching, 50–1; tailoring, 51; women’s, 60–2, 64–6, 72, 78, 80; and pockets, 53; and purses, 54; and the seasons, 37; of paper, 52; washing, 53, 203. See also gender, head covering, and footwear
Coelho, Gaspar de, 12
Cohn, Bernard, 24
Columbus, Christopher, 163
coming of age (genbuku), 90. See also children and child-rearing
commedia dell’Arte, 231. See also theater; Nô
communication, style of, 193; etiquette governing, 266
containers (furoshiki), 207
contrition, expression of, 271
cormorants, 137
counting, 118. See also abacus and soroban
cremation. See burial customs
crime, and punishment of, 246–52; beheading, 251; capital punishment, 159; corporal punishment, 85; cropping (removal of ear(s), 251–2; crucifixion, 250–1; executioners, 160; hanging, 251–2; murder, 103, 246–7; whipping, 251–2. See also justice; theft
Cruz, Gaspar da, 197
cutlass. See swords
dachen, 255–6. See also weighing
Dade, William, 171
Damian, Peter, 93
deceit, 99
Diamond, Jared, 219
De civilitate morum puerilum, 134
defecation, 204. See also waste
dentistry, 180. See also teeth
diplomats, 97
disease. See health and medicine
distich, Frois use of, 19
Distichs of Cato, 18
doctors. See health and medicine
Dominicans, 108. See also religion
drinking, 125–46; vessels, 138–40; water, 139; wine, 137, 138, 144, 269, 272; wine storage, 267–8. See also alcohol consumption; drinking; eating
eating, 17, 125–46; banquets, 107, 128; chopsticks, 84–5, 125; courses, 127; fan–cai principle; and gender, 125; handwashing, 134; and manners, 142, 146; seating, 126–7, 137; and servants, 134; serving, 133; and singing and dancing, 142; tablecloths, 127; table-service, 129; and teeth cleaning, 140, 143. See also food; drinking
Edo, 245
education, 83–6; humanist, 184. See also children and child-rearing
Envelopes, 189–91. See also letters; writing
Europe, notions of, 21
Fabian, Fukan, 26
falconry, 265
family relations, 91
feet, use in performing work, 265–6. See also footwear; walking
fencing, 36, 162. See also swords and weapons and warfare
fictive kin, 89. See also children and child-rearing
fishing, 143
flags, 156
Flemish painters, 113
flies, catching of, 259
food, 125–46; boar, 145; bread, 125, 133; condiments, 132; dairy, 141; dog, 135, 141; figs, 272; fish, 130–1, 136–7, 142, 143, 144; fowl, 129, 144; fruit, 131, 132, 272; and great chain of being, 132; meat, 126, 141; monkey, 136; noodles, 135; pickling, 131–3; rice, 125, 126, 133, 139; salt, 145–6; seaweed, 136; soup, 128, 129, 146; spices, 135, 141; sweets, 133–4, 145; verjuice, 132. See also eating; drinking
footwear, 49, 54–6; removing as courtesy, 49; and walking, 56
fortifications, 152. See also weapons and warfare
Foucault, Michel, 23, 25. See also governmentality
Francis, Saint, 106. See also religion
Franciscans, 106, 108. See also religion
Frazer, Mrs. Hugh, 168
funerals. See burial customs
furniture, 198–207. See also houses
gardens, 213–16; fountains vs ponds, 213, absence of grass, 211; scent of flowers, 215; trees, 210, 213, 215; pine-nuts, 214–15
Gama, Vasco da, 7
gender, masculine, 33–57; and chastity, 58–9; confinement of, 69–70, 73; and drinking, 81; and eating, 77–8; education of, 74; fetishization of, 58, 64; and footwear, 64, 75; letters of, 75; names, 75; riding posture, 76; sitting posture, 80–1; and speaking, 78; and teeth color alteration, 63; and travel, 69–70; violence against, 270–1; and walking, 65–6; and writing, 74–5. See also makeup; clothing, women’s
Gill, Robin, 173
Girl’s Day, 89
gloves, 55. See also clothing; swords
Goa, 8
godparents. See fictive kin
Golownin, Captain R. N., 202, 203, 212
Gonçalves, Nuno, 113
governmentality, 23–26. See also Foucault
grammar, inflections in, 257–8
great chain of being, 173. See also food
Greenblatt, Stephen, 23
guns. See weapons and warfare
Gutenberg, Johannes, 184
gypsies, 239
Hagoromo, 228
hair, 34, 35, 42, 100; cutting, 272; facial, 34,; placing (kami–oki), 83; shaving, 161; See also head covering
Hakodate (Hokkaido), 237
hands, warming of, 266
hand-washing, 258
handkerchief, use of, 18
handwriting, 192. See also letters; writing
Harris, Ambassador, 171
hats. See head covering
head covering, 100, 242, 264–5. See also clothing, men’s; clothing, women’s health and medicine, 175–82, bandages, 178–9; beds and sickness, 179; doctors, 104, 181; enemas, 177; illness, 175–82; medicine as a gift, 260–1; moxibustion, 91–2, 175–6; phlebotomy, 175–4; and pearls, 180; pulse taking, 177; smallpox, 36; and spices, 180; and stones (bezoars) 180; treatment of wounds, 178–9
Heike-monogatari, 239
Henriques, Francisco, 113
Herodotus, 265
Hideyoshi, Toyotomi, 27, 28, 189, 221, 229, 236
Hirota, Dennis, 17
hoes, 271
homo monstrum, 6
horses, 163–74; bells and rattles, 172–3; behavior, 166; bloodletting, 171; bridles, 165; cleaning, 168; farriers, 165; feeding, 168; halter, 165; loading, 173; manes, 164, 272; mounting, 165; moxibustion, 176; ownership, 167; reins, 165, 172; restraint, 169; riding, 164, 170–2, 242; saddles, 166–7, 170, 172, 174; and Shinto, 164; shoes, 165; sleeping, 169; stables, 167–9; stalls, 168; stirrups, 166; spurs, 166; tails, 164; tack, 167; urination, 170. See also mules
hospitality, 208. See also gifting and eating
houses, 194–216; basins vs tubs, 214; beds, bedding, bed-curtains and mosquito nets, 202; ceiling, 197; cleaning, 203; clutter or lack there-of, 200–1; closets, 200; doors, 195–6; entrance to the street, 212; foundations, 195; hashira, 195; heating, 210; height, 199; interior, 196–7; construction material, 195; mobility, 195; natural finish of wood, 197; ornaments, 198; partitions/screens, 198–9; roofs, 196; roofs for storage, 214; screens, 198–9; Shoin style, 194; shutters, 253; sukiya (tea-hut) 197; and sunlight, 194; tapestries, 198–9; tatami, 199–200; toilets, 203–4; ventilation, 194; windows or lack there-of, 197; walls, 194, 195, 197. See also carpentry; furniture
hugging, 262
humanism,
Rennaisance, 22
Hyland, Ann, 163
ikebana, 269
inheritance, 91
ink, 185–6, 191; inkwells, 186. See also writing
intoxication. See alcohol consumption
Japanese ambassadors to Europe, 16
Jesuits, attitude toward pagans, 22; conversions in Japan, 2; ethnography, 24; Loyola, Ignatius, 9; indigenous languages, 24; missionary texts, 3, 22; missionary work, 9, 25; Spiritual Exercises, 9; Thomism, 22; “way of proceeding,” 24, 25. See also religion
João II, King, 205
João III, King, 8
justice, systems of, 251–2. See also crime and punishment
kabuki, 231
Kaempfer, Englebert, 103, 121, 172, 176, 197, 205, 206, 215, 220, 222, 224
Kagoshima Gulf, 237
Kaibara, Ekiken, 68
kanbun, 193
Kano, Eitoku, 210
kaõ, 187. See also notary; writing
kappa, 253
katana. See swords
kemari, 263
kendo, 149. See also martial arts
keys, 65. See also home security; locks
killing. See crime and punishment
kiribi, 244
Kobo Daishi, 183
Kochi Prefecture, 191
Korea, 237
Kwan-wai So, 224
Lebra, Takie Sugiyama, 89
Lee O-young, 207
letters (correspondence), 188–92. See also writing
Levathes, Louise, 219
Libro de Buen Amor, 101
lice, 61
Life of Lazarillo de Tormes, 107
locks, on containers, 207; houses, 65, 206. See also keys
Lowell, Percival, 207
Luis de Leon, Fray, 60
lying, 246
mago, 173
makeup, 62–3, 81–2, 92. See also gender, feminine
Manuel of Portugal, King, 218
Manyoshu, 265
Marques, Antonio Henrique de Oliveira, 29, 200, 201
marriage, 67–70. See also divorce; gender
martial arts, 96
mask, 232
Medici, Fernando de, 220
medicine. See health and medicine
men. See gender, masculine; clothing, men’s
Meroavaeus, 126
Miller, Roy Andrew, 184
mills, 263
mirror, 99
Morse, Edward, 189, 194, 195, 196, 201, 205–6, 222, 226, 237, 245, 248, 271
moxibustion. See health and medicine
Mr. Ed, 168
Musashi, Miyamato, 148
mules, 170, 172, 173. See also horses
music, 227–43; ballads, 192; instruments, 232–4, 236, 238–9, 271–2; polyphonic, 235, 236–8; singing, 101, 233, 236–8. See also dance
Nagasaki, 251
nao. See ships
natsu–yase, 136
night crawling (yobai), 59. See also sex, premarital
Nobunaga, Oda, 11, 28, 106, 152–3, 236
nodobotoke, 121
nose picking, 267
notary, 187
obedience, 94
obeisance, 50
Õhuchi, Yoshitaka, 117
Okakura, Kakuzo, 228
opera, 231
origami, 189
Organtino, Gnecchi-Soldo, 11, 19, 236
origami, 269
outhouses, 204. See also defecation; waste
pack animals, 158. See also horses; weapons and warfare
paper, 184–91; and wounds, 179
payment, for services rendered, 261
pederastry, 86
Phillip Sparrow, 265
Phillip II, King, 105
Philippines, 198
physical features, 33–7. See also hair; nudity
pilgrimage, 69–70. See also walking; religion
poetry, 192
poverty, 94
powder flask, 153
precious objects, 198
printing, 185, 187. See also letters; paper; writing
pronunciation of R and L, 200
property, of spouses, 67. See also marriage
prostitution, 74; and veneral disease/syphilis, 181–2
quarreling, 87
raku, 196
rape, 69. See also gender, feminine
Reinoso, André, 83
relative heights of people and things, 112
religion, matters of, 93–124, 234, 237, 247, 259; alms, 95; apostasy, 97, 122; asceticism, 98, 102; baptism, 89, 122; catechism, 86; celibacy, 97; churches, 111–24; confirmation, 89; cult of the saints, 121, 123; demons, 115, 116; devil, 103; ecclesiastical vestments, 105, 107; Emma, 103; Enryaku-ji, 96; fasting, 130–1; Fudômyô-ô, 116; hatred between religious orders, 108; heaven, 102; hell, 102, 104; Ikkõ-shû, 108; images, 113–14, 116, 121–2, 124; immortality of the soul, 102; incense, 270; indulgences, 105; Jemma O, 103; Jizo (boddhisatva), 115; Lotus Sutra, 97; martyrdom, 251; monks of Mount Hiei, 108; monks of Mount Negoro, 96; Nichiren, 97, 108; nuns, 73–74; prayers, 110; prayer beads, 110, 119–120, 150; preaching, 105; proselytizing, 65; pulpits, 105; Pure Land, 103; relics, 121, 181; religious life, 93; religious succession, 98; religious undergarments, 106; remuneration for priests, 99; sacraments, 111; scripture, 113; shamanism, 108; Shingon of Nogoro, 14; Shinto, 253; shrines, 106; sorcery, 108; statues, 114, 115; “Sutra on the Lotus of the Wonderful Law,” 106; temples, 111–24; temporal possessions of religious, 94–5; Tendai, 11, 14, 97, 108; tonsuring, 100; True Word, 96; vows, 94–8, 99; “wheel of the law,” 99; Yama, 103; yamabushi, 108; Zen, 93
Rennyo, 108
responsibility, collective, 247, 249–50
Ribadeniera, Marcelo de, 177
Ricci, Mateo, 24
Rodrigues, João, 184, 195, 197, 198, 209–10, 225
rosewater, 269
Russia, 237
Rutherford Alcock, 131, 168, 169, 187–8, 202, 213, 250
sacks, making of, 266
sake. See drinking
salt. See food
samurai, 233
sandals. See footwear
Sande, Duarte de, 24
santeros (of New Mexico), 151
scars, 36. See also fencing; smallpox
Schütte, Joseph Franz, S.J., 6
Scidmore, Eliza, 107, 200–1, 213, 221–2, 229, 253
screens, folding. See byôbu
secrecy, 246
self-control, 270
Sen Rikyu, 17. See also chanoyu
sex, non-marital, 72. See also night crawling; sodomy
sewer systems, 100. See also waste
Shakespeare, 107
Shikibu, Murasaki, 74
Shimoda, 244
Shimbara Rebellion, 27
ships and seafaring, 217–26; anchors, 220; bills of lading, 225; bows and sterns, 219–20; Chinese junk, 219; fire aboard, 223; flags, 219; hiring, 224; masts, 223; and nobles, 223; oars, 222; officers, 225; prows and bowsprits, 220; ribs and decks, 218–19; rowing, 221–2; sails and rigging, 220–6; sea-worthiness, 223–4; ship variety, 217–18; superstitious belief, 225–6; turtle-boats, 221; waterproofing, 219
shishimai, 234
shoes. See footwear
shôgi, 265
Shoken, Empress, 151
shouting, 154, 162. See also kiai
Shozaemon, 102
sickness. See health and medicine
silk, 13, 40. See also clothing
Skelton, John, 265
snakes, perceptions of, 253
sodomy, 94, 99. See also non-marital sex
soroban, 260
spitting, 48
stoicism, 244
stole, 104
street design, 212
strolling, 46–7. See also walking; pilgrimage
sugoroku, 265
suicide (hari-kari), 87, 109, 158
surrogacy, 89
swaddling, 83. See also children and child-rearing
swords, 44–9, 87, 147–50, 258–9; baldrics, 148; handles, 147; handling, 150; history of, 150; gloves, 148; obi, 148; scabbards, 149; swordplay, 147–9; testing, 45; tubular (shinai), 149. See also weapons and warfare; gender, masculine
taiko, 233
tailors, 77
Tale of Genji, 74
Tamba, Akira, 235
tarento, 92
teeth. See dentistry
Tenchi, Emperor, 118
tengakari, 166
time reckoning, 117–18, 190. See also clocks
Tea ceremony. See chanoyu
Tintoretto, 209
theft, 248, 252. See also crime and punishment
Tokyo, 248
torches, 51
Torres, Cosme de, 101
towels, use of, 267
transportation, 124. See also horses
umbrellas, 71
Valignano, Alessandro, S.J., 3, 11–27, 177, 209, 213
Vasco, Grão, 114
venereal disease (syphilis), 181–2
versification, 229. See also poetry
vibrato, 235–6. See also music
Vicente, Gil, 227
vihuela (smallpox), 238. See also health and medicine
Vilela, Gaspar de, 10, 70, 109
Vivero y Velasco, Rodrigo de, 115
Vogel, Ezra, 84
water, 100
Way of Tea. See chanoyu
weighing, instruments for, 255–6
weapons and warfare, 13, 96, 147–62; adaga, 148; archery, 148, 153–4; armor, 154–6; bombards, 152; cannon, 152; daggers, 148; dueling, 147; guns, 161; halberds, 152; helmets, 155–6; knife, 149, 150; long bow, 148; lances, 151; naginata, 152; military divisions, 157; military ranks, 156–7; military salaries, 157; military service, 87; military, and musical instruments, 156; shields, 154; shinge-to-shumi, 153; tsukuridachi, 149; wakizashi, 148; warfare and crops, 158; warfare and pack animals, 158; warfare on horseback, 157; wari–kôgai, 150; yari, 151. See also swords
waste, 205–6. See also defecation
witch craze, 108
whittling, 151
women. See gender, feminine; clothing, women’s
writing, 183–93; between the lines, 188; instruments, 185–6, 191–3. See also letters
Xavier, Francis, xxi, 97, 99, 104, 117, 184, 248
Yi Sun, Admiral, 221