3. Kapitel: THAT BITCH OF A WAR: DER VIETNAMKRIEG UND DIE SPALTUNG DER AMERIKANISCHEN GESELLSCHAFT

[1]

PPPUS: Lyndon B. Johnson 1968, I, S. 469–476; Chester J. Pach, Jr., TV News, the Johnson Administration, and Vietnam, in: Marilyn B. Young/Robert Buzzanco (Hrsg.), A Companion to the Vietnam War. Malden, MA, 2002, S. 450–469, 461–462; zur Tet-Offensive vgl. Marc Frey, Geschichte des Vietnamkriegs. Die Tragödie in Asien und das Ende des amerikanischen Traums. München 2000, S. 160–170.

[2]

Goodwin, Lyndon Johnson and the American Dream, S. 251–253.

[3]

Pressekonferenz Eisenhowers am 7. 4. 1954, in: PPPUS: Dwight D. Eisenhower 1954, S. 381–390, 383; Interview Kennedys am 9. 9. 1963, in: PPPUS: John F. Kennedy 1963, S. 658–661; zur Rolle der USA in Vietnam bis 1963 vgl. Frey, Geschichte des Vietnamkriegs, S. 11–98; Edwin Moise, JFK and the Myth of Withdrawal, in: Young/Buzzanco, A Companion to the Vietnam War, S. 162–173; Gary R. Hess, Kennedy, Johnson, and the Question of Escalation or Disengagement, in: David L. Anderson (Hrsg.), The Columbia History of the Vietnam War. New York 2010, S. 143–167, 148–153.

[4]

McNamaras Bericht vom 16. 3. 1964, in: Foreign Relations of the United States (FRUS), 1964–1968, Bd. I, Vietnam 1964. Washington, D. C., 1992, S. 153–167.

[5]

Golf-von-Tonkin-Resolution vom 7. 8. 1964, in: Robert J. McMahon (Hrsg.), Major Problems in the History of the Vietnam War. Lexington, MA, 1995, S. 209–210; Frey, Geschichte des Vietnamkriegs, S. 103–105; Robert S. McNamara, In Retrospect: The Tragedy and Lessons of Vietnam. New York 1995, S. 127–143.

[6]

Melvin Small, At the Water’s Edge: American Politics and the Vietnam War. Chicago 2005, S. 23–42, 27, 29; PPPUS: Lyndon B. Johnson 1963–1964, S. 1387–1393, 1390–1391.

[7]

Frey, Geschichte des Vietnamkriegs, S. 114–125; Hess, Kennedy, Johnson, and the Question of Escalation or Disengagement, S. 146; Spencer C. Tucker, Casualties, in: ders. (Hrsg.), Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social, and Military History, Bd. 1. Santa Barbara 1998, S. 186.

[8]

McNamara, In Retrospect, S. 169–174, passim.

[9]

Vgl. McNamaras Memorandum vom 1. 7. 1965, in: FRUS, 1964–1968, Bd. III, Vietnam June-December 1965, S. 97–104; vgl. George W. Ball, The Past Has Another Pattern: Memoirs. New York 1983, S. 360–403.

[10]

Ebd., S. 366–367, 380–384; 393–397; Memoranda vom 28. 6. 1965, in: FRUS, 1964–1968, Bd. III, Vietnam June-December 1965, S. 62–66; undatiert, in: ebd., S. 106–109, 107–108; Sitzungsprotokoll vom 21. 7. 1965, in: ebd., S. 189–197, 192–193.

[11]

Ball, The Past Has Another Pattern, S. 393–395; Johnson, Vantage Point, S. 147–148; FRUS, 1964–1968, Bd. III, Vietnam June-December 1965, S. 196.

[12]

FRUS, 1964–1968, Bd. III, Vietnam June-December 1965, S. 193; Bundys Memorandum vom 30. 6. 1965, ebd., S. 79–85.

[13]

Small, At the Water’s Edge, S. 43–62, 58; Barbara Tischler, The Antiwar Movement, in: Young/Buzzanco, A Companion to the Vietnam War, S. 384–402, 386–387; Berg, Guns, Butter, and Civil Rights, S. 213–238, 216–217.

[14]

Johnsons Pressekonferenz vom 28. 7. 1965, in: PPPUS: Lyndon B. Johnson 1965, Bd. II, S. 794–803.

[15]

Ebd., S. 797, 800, 801; Hess, Kennedy, Johnson, and the Question of Escalation or Disengagement, S. 163–164.

[16]

Vgl. James Burnham, What Is the President Waiting For?, 28. 6. 1966, in: Schulman, Lyndon B. Johnson and American Liberalism, S. 256–258.

[17]

Small, At the Water’s Edge, S. 54, 63–69; J. William Fulbright, The Arrogance of Power. New York 1966, S. 15, 106–119, 188–197.

[18]

Vgl. Paul Potter, The Incredible War, 17. 4. 1965, in: Schulman, Lyndon B. Johnson and American Liberalism, S. 259–262; SDS States Opposition to War, in: McMahon, Major Problems in the History of the Vietnam War, S. 467–468; Carl Oglesby Denounces the »Liberals War«, 27. 11. 1965, ebd., S. 468–470.

[19]

Berg, Guns, Butter, and Civil Rights, S. 216–217; Clyde Taylor (Hrsg.), Vietnam and Black America: An Anthology of Protest and Resistance. Garden City, NJ, 1973, S. 279, 290–295, passim.

[20]

Kings Rede, A Time to Break Silence, 4. 4. 1967, in: Washington, A Testament of Hope, S. 231–244, 233, 236, 240; David J. Garrow, Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. New York 1986, S. 552–556.

[21]

Ball, The Past Has Another Pattern, S. 395; zur Brutalisierung des Krieges und den US-Kriegsverbrechen in Vietnam siehe Bernd Greiner, Krieg ohne Fronten. Die USA in Vietnam. Hamburg 2007; Nick Turse, Kill Anything that Moves: The Real American War in Vietnam. New York 2013; zur Strategie Nordvietnams vgl. Pierre Asselin, Vietnam’s American War: A History. New York 2018.

[22]

Charles DeBenedetti/Charles Chatfield, An American Ordeal: The Antiwar Movement of the Vietnam Era. Syracuse, NY, 1990, S. 163, 173–175, 195–199; einen Überblick bietet Simon Hall, Rethinking the American Anti-War Movement. New York 2012; vgl. auch Melvin Small/William D. Hoover (Hrsg.), Give Peace a Chance: Exploring the Vietnam Antiwar Movement. Syracuse, NY, 1992.

[23]

Todd A. Gitlin, The Sixties: Years of Hope, Days of Rage. New York 1987, S. 261–263.

[24]

Isserman/Kazin, America Divided, S. 231–235, DeBenedetti/Chatfield, An American Ordeal, S. 223–228, 302–306.

[25]

DeBenedetti/Chatfield, An American Ordeal, S. 279–280; Tom Wells, The War Within: America’s Battle over Vietnam. Berkeley, CA, 1994, S. 424–430; Hall, Rethinking the American Anti-War Movement, S. 47.

[26]

Kenneth J. Heineman, Put Your Bodies Upon the Wheel: Student Revolt in the 1960s. Chicago 2001, S. 72–78; Jack Foner, Blacks and the Military in American History. New York 1974, S. 202–204; Christian G. Appy, Working-Class War: American Combat Soldiers and Vietnam. Chapel Hill 1993.

[27]

Vgl. DeBenedetti/Chatfield, An American Ordeal, S. 282–282, 387–408, 394, 400; Small, At the Water’s Edge, S. 102–104; David P. Kuhn, The Hardhat Riot: Nixon, New York City, and the Dawn of the White Working-Class Revolution. New York 2020.

[28]

Vgl. Hall, Rethinking the American Anti-War Movement, S. 93–118, 138.

[29]

DeBenedetti/Chatfield, An American Ordeal, S. 401–402; Hall, Rethinking the American Anti-War Movement, S. 133–136.

[30]

Small, At the Water’s Edge, S. 120–127.

[31]

Nixons Ansprache vom 3. 11. 1969, in: Rick Perlstein (Hrsg.), Richard Nixon: Speeches, Writings, Documents. Princeton, NJ, 2008, S. 170–190; Frey, Geschichte des Vietnamkriegs, S. 200, 205.

[32]

Vgl. die Beiträge zu: The Military and the Antiwar Movement, in: Small/Hoover, Give Peace a Chance, S. 91–154, insbesondere: Terry H. Anderson, The GI Movement and the Response from the Brass, S. 93–115, 111; Hall, Rethinking the American Anti-War Movement, S. 51–53; DeBenedetti/Chatfield, An American Ordeal, S. 264–265, 308–309; zu My Lai und ähnlichen Verbrechen vgl. Greiner, Krieg ohne Fronten, S. 335–356, 480–494, passim.

[33]

Small, At the Water’s Edge, S. 164–170.

[34]

Patterson, Grand Expectations, S. 760–762.

[35]

Nixon an Nguyen Van Thieu, 20. 12. 1973; Pariser Abkommen, beide in: McMahon, Major Problems in the History of the Vietnam War, S. 564–569; Frey, Geschichte des Vietnamkriegs, S. 208–213; Small, At the Water’s Edge, S. 195–197.

[36]

Small, At the Water’s Edge, S. 202–204; Kissingers Botschaft an den Kongress, 15. 4. 1975, in: McMahon, Major Problems in the History of the Vietnam War, S. 569–572.

[37]

Michael J. Allen, Until the Last Man Comes Home: POWs, MIAs, and the Unending Vietnam War. Chapel Hill 2009; Christian G. Appy, American Veterans and the Antiwar Movement, in: McMahon, Major Problems in the History of the Vietnam War, S. 511–518.

[38]

Hall, Rethinking the American Anti-War Movement, S. 138–142; Melvin Small, The Impact of the Antiwar Movement, in: McMahon, Major Problems in the History of the Vietnam War, S. 487–494; Robert D. Schulzinger, The Legacy of the Vietnam War, in: Anderson, The Columbia History of the Vietnam War, S. 385–408.

[39]

Patrick Hagopian, The Vietnam War in American Memory: Veterans, Memorials, and the Politics of Healing. Amherst, MA, 2009; Ronald Reagans Rede vom 11. 11. 1988, in: McMahon, Major Problems in the History of the Vietnam War, S. 614–615; zur Einweihung des Vietnam Memorials 1982, vgl. ebd., S. 617–619.

[40]

George Herring, The Vietnam Syndrome, in: Anderson, The Columbia History of the Vietnam War, S. 409–429.

[41]

McGovern, Foreword, in: Small/Hoover, Give Peace a Chance, S. XII; Patterson, Grand Expectations, S. 761–762.

[42]

James Fallows (1975), in: McMahon, Major Problems in the History of the Vietnam War, S. 477–480; Appy, American Veterans and the Antiwar Movement, S. 511.

[43]

Wallace’ Rede am 24. 10. 1968, in: Schulman, Lyndon Johnson and American Liberalism, S. 267–271.