1 Empathy consists of this capacity to recognize another person’s emotions and share. Empathy training activates centers of the brain (the anterior insula and midcingulate cortex) associated with pain and negative mood. See Chapter 10.
2 James K. Rilling et al., “A Neural Basis for Social Cooperation,” Neuron 35, no. 2 (2002): 395–405.
3 Dacher Keltner, Born to Be Good: The Science of a Meaningful Life (New York: Norton, 2009), 6.
CHAPTER 1: COMPASSION HASTENS HEALING
1. Michael Balint, The Doctor, His Patient and the Illness: Vol. 1 (New York: International Universities Press, 1957).
2. Frank Moriarty et al., “Trends and Interaction of Polypharmacy and Potentially Inappropriate Prescribing in Primary Care over 15 Years in Ireland: A Repeated Cross-Sectional Study,” BMJ Open 5, no. 9 (2015): e008656.
3. Shelly L. Gray et al., “Cumulative Use of Strong Anticholinergics and Incident Dementia: A Prospective Cohort Study,” JAMA Internal Medicine 175, no. 3 (2015): 401–7.
4. Martin Makary and Michael Daniel, “Medical Error—The Third Leading Cause of Death in the US,” BMJ 353 (2016): i2139.
5. Keltner, Born to Be Good, 53–54.
6. See imconsortium.org.
7. Luana Colloca et al., “Overt versus Covert Treatment for Pain, Anxiety, and Parkinson’s Disease,” Lancet Neurology 3, no. 11 (2004): 679–84.
8. Tetsuo Koyama et al., “The Subjective Experience of Pain: Where Expectations Become Reality,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102, no. 36 (2005): 12950–955.
9. Jodi Halpern, “What Is Clinical Empathy?’ Journal of General Internal Medicine 18, no. 8 (2003): 670–74. doi:10.1046/j.1525-1497.2003.21017.x.
10. William Osler, The Quotable Osler, ed. Charles S. Bryan and Mark E. Silverman (Philadelphia: American College of Physicians, 2003).
11. Stefano Del Canale et al., “The Relationship between Physician Empathy and Disease Complications: An Empirical Study of Primary Care Physicians and Their Diabetic Patients in Parma, Italy,” Academic Medicine 87, no. 9 (2012): 1243–49.
12. Ronald M. Epstein et al., “Patient-Centered Communication and Diagnostic Testing,” Annals of Family Medicine 3, no. 5 (2005): 415–21.
13. Mohammadreza Hojat et al., “Physicians’ Empathy and Clinical Outcomes for Diabetic Patients,” Academic Medicine 86, no. 3 (2011): 359–64.
14. Bruce Barrett et al., “Echinacea for Treating the Common Cold: A Randomized Trial,” Annals of Internal Medicine 153, no. 12 (2010): 769–77.
15. Bruce Barrett et al., “Placebo, Meaning, and Health,” Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 49, no. 2 (2006): 178–98.
16. David P. Rakel, “Number 406, ‘Standard’,” Family Medicine 41, no. 4 (2009): 289–90.
17. David Rakel et al., “Perception of Empathy in the Therapeutic Encounter: Effects on the Common Cold,” Patient Education and Counseling 85, no. 3 (2011): 390–97; David P. Rakel et al., “Practitioner Empathy and the Duration of the Common Cold,” Family Medicine 41, no. 7 (2009): 494–501.
CHAPTER 2: THE MIND AND THE BODY—CONNECTED
1. Bruno Klopfer, “Psychological Variables in Human Cancer,” Journal of Projective Techniques, no. 21 (1957): 331–40.
2. John A. Astin et al., “Barriers to the Integration of Psychosocial Factors in Medicine: Results of a National Survey of Physicians,” Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine 19, no. 6 (2006): 557–65; Marianna Virtanen et al., “Psychological Distress and Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes in High-Risk and Low-Risk Populations: The Whitehall II Cohort Study,” Diabetes Care 37, no. 8 (2014): 2091–97; Kieran C. Fox et al., “Is Meditation Associated with Altered Brain Structure? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Morphometric Neuroimaging in Meditation Practitioners,” Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 43 (2014): 48–73.
3. http://vault.sierraclub.org/john_muir_exhibit/writings/misquotes.aspx.
4. David L. Sackett et al., “Evidence Based Medicine: What It Is and What It Isn’t,” BMJ 312, no. 7023 (1996): 71–72.
5. David Spiegel et al., “Effect of Psychosocial Treatment on Survival of Patients with Metastatic Breast Cancer,” Lancet 2, no. 8668 (1989): 888–91.
6. Barbara L. Andersen et al., “Biobehavioral, Immune, and Health Benefits Following Recurrence for Psychological Intervention Participants,” Clinical Cancer Research 16, no. 12 (2010): 3270–78.
7. In 2016 the name changed from the Institute of Medicine to Health and Medicine Division of the National Academies: http://www.nationalacademies.org/hmd/
8. Institute of Medicine, Cancer Care for the Whole Patient: Meeting Psychosocial Health Needs, ed. Nancy E. Adler and Ann E. K. Page (Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2008).
9. See www.cancersupportcommunity.org for more information on the “patient active” concept.
10. Gray et al., “Use of Strong Anticholinergics.”
11. Paul W. Andrews et al., “Blue Again: Perturbational Effects of Antidepressants Suggest Monoaminergic Homeostasis in Major Depression,” Frontiers in Psychology 2 (2011): 159.
12. Michal Granot and Irit Weissman-Fogel, “The Effect of Post-Surgical Neuroplasticity on the Stability of Systemic Pain Perception: A Psychophysical Study,” European Journal of Pain 16, no. 2 (2012): 247–55; Lucy Chen et al., “Altered Quantitative Sensory Testing Outcome in Subjects with Opioid Therapy,” Pain 143, no. 1–2 (2009): 65–70.
13. Anna Niklasson et al., “Dyspeptic Symptom Development after Discontinuation of a Proton Pump Inhibitor: A Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial,” American Journal of Gastroenterology 105, no. 7 (2010): 1531–37.
14. Benjamin Lazarus et al., “Proton Pump Inhibitor Use and the Risk of Chronic Kidney Disease,” JAMA Internal Medicine 176, no. 2 (2016): 238–46; Willy Gomm et al., “Association of Proton Pump Inhibitors with Risk of Dementia: A Pharmacoepidemiological Claims Data Analysis,” JAMA Neurology 73, no. 4 (2016): 410–16; Nigam H. Shah et al., “Proton Pump Inhibitor Usage and the Risk of Myocardial Infarction in the General Population,” PLoS One 10, no. 6 ( 2015): e0124653.
15. Inbal Golomb et al., “Long-Term Metabolic Effects of Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy,” JAMA Surgery 150, no. 11 (2015): 1051–57.
16. Nicola Wiles et al., “Cognitive Behavioural Therapy as an Adjunct to Pharmacotherapy for Primary Care Based Patients with Treatment Resistant Depression: Results of the CoBalT Randomised Controlled Trial, Lancet 381, no. 9864 (2013): 375–84; Keith S. Dobson et al., “Randomized Trial of Behavioral Activation, Cognitive Therapy, and Antidepressant Medication in the Prevention of Relapse and Recurrence in Major Depression,” Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 76, no. 3 (2008): 468–77.
17. Jacob Piet and Esben Hougaard, “The Effect of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Prevention of Relapse in Recurrent Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis,” Clinical Psychology Review 31, no. 6 (2011): 1032–40.
18. Marcelo M. Demarzo et al., “The Efficacy of Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Primary Care: A Meta-Analytic Review,” Annals of Family Medicine 13, no. 6 (2015): 573–82; Rinske A. Gotink et al., “Standardised Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Healthcare: An Overview of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses of RCTs,” PLoS One 10, no. 4 (2015): e0124344.
19. Jon Kabat-Zinn et al., “Influence of a Mindfulness Meditation-Based Stress Reduction Intervention on Rates of Skin Clearing in Patients with Moderate to Severe Psoriasis Undergoing Phototherapy (UVB) and Photochemotherapy (PUVA),” Psychosomatic Medicine 60, no. 5 (1998): 625–32.
20. Thomas Jefferson, The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Paul Leicester Ford, vol. 9, 1799–1803 (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1898).
21. Brian Olshansky, “Placebo and Nocebo in Cardiovascular Health: Implications for Healthcare, Research, and the Doctor-Patient Relationship,” Journal of the American College of Cardiology 49, no. 4 (2007): 415–21.
22. Raveendhara R. Bannuru et al., “Effectiveness and Implications of Alternative Placebo Treatments: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis of Osteoarthritis Trials,” Annals of Internal Medicine 163, no. 5 (2015): 365–72, doi:10.7326/M15-0623.
23. Larry Dossey, “Telecebo: Beyond Placebo to an Expanded Concept of Healing,” Explore, 12, no. 1 (2016): 1–12.
24. Kevin M. McKay, Zac E. Imel, and Bruce E. Wampold, “Psychiatrist Effects in the Psychopharmacological Treatment of Depression,” Journal of Affective Disorders 92, no. 2–3 (2006): 287–90.
25. Pepijin D. Roelofs et al., “Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs for Low Back Pain: An Updated Cochrane Review,” Spine 33, no. 16 (2008): 1766–74.
26. Jørgen Eriksen et al., “Critical Issues on Opioids in Chronic Non-Cancer Pain: An Epidemiological Study,” Pain 125, no. 1–2 (2006): 172–79.
27. Cláudia Carvalho et al., “Open-Label Placebo Treatment in Chronic Low Back Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial,” Pain 157, no. 12 (2016): 2766–72.
28. Fabrizio Benedetti, Elisa Carlino, and Antonella Pollo, “How Placebos Change the Patient’s Brain,” Neuropsychopharmacology 36, no. 1 (2011): 339–54.
29. Tetsuo Koyama et al., “The Subjective Experience of Pain: Where Expectations Become Reality,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102, no. 36 (2005): 12950–55.
CHAPTER 3: THE BIOLOGY OF CONNECTION
1. Jacobo Grinberg-Zylberbaum et al., “The Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Paradox in the Brain: The Transferred Potential,” Physics Essays 7, no. 4 (1994): 422–28; Jacobo Grinberg-Zylberbaum et al., “Human Shared Potential and Activity of the Brain,” Subtle Energies 3, no. 3 (1993): 25–43.
2. Jeanne Achterberg et al., “Evidence for Correlations between Distant Intentionality and Brain Function in Recipients: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Analysis,” Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 11, no. 6 (2005): 965–71.
3. Rita Pizzi et al., Non-Local Correlation between Separated Neural Networks, ed. E. Donkor, A. R. Pirick, and H. E. Brandt (Orlando, FL: Quantum Information and Computation II, 2004), 107–17.
4. Ashkan Farhadi et al., “Evidence for Non-Chemical, Non-Electrical Intercellular Signaling in Intestinal Epithelial Cells,” Bioelectrochemistry 71, no. 2 (2007): 142–48.
5. Rollin McCraty et al., “The Electricity of Touch: Detection and Measurement of Cardiac Energy Exchange between People,” in Brain and Values: Is a Biological Science of Values Possible? ed. Karl H. Pribram (Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1998), 359–79.
6. Tiffany Field, “Relationships as Regulators,” Psychology 3, no. 6 (2012): 467–79.
7. David C. McClelland and Carol Kirshnit, “The Effect of Motivational Arousal through Films on Salivary Immunoglobulin A,” Psychology & Health 2, no. 1 (1988): 31–52.
8. Ella A. Cooper et al., “You Turn Me Cold: Evidence for Temperature Contagion,” PLoS One 9, no. 12 (2014): e116126.
9. Vittorio Gallese, Morris N. Eagle, and Paolo Migone, “Intentional Attunement: Mirror Neurons and the Neural Underpinnings of Interpersonal Relations,” Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 55, no. 1 (2007): 131–75.
10. Giacomo Rizzolati and Laila Craighero, “The Mirror-Neuron System,” Annual Review of Neuroscience 27 (2004): 169–92; Marco Iacoboni et al., “Cortical Mechanisms of Human Imitation,” Science 286, no. 5449 (1999): 2526–28.
11. Guillaume Dumas et al., “Inter-Brain Synchronization during Social Interaction,” PLoS ONE 5, no. 8 (2010): e12166, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0012166.
12. Pier Francesco Ferrari and Giacomo Rizzolatti, “Mirror Neuron Research: The Past and the Future,” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 369, no. 1644 (2014): 20130169, doi:10.1098/rstb.2013.0169.
13. Pier Francesco Ferrari, “The Neuroscience of Social Relations: A Comparative-Based Approach to Empathy and to the Capacity of Evaluating Others’ Action Value,” Behaviour 151, no. 2–3 (2014): 297–313, doi:10.1163/1568539X-00003152.
14. Paula M. Niedenthal et al., “Embodiment in Attitudes, Social Perception, and Emotion,” Personality and Social Psychology Review 9, no. 3 (2005): 184–211.
15. Nicholas A. Christakis and James H. Fowler, Connected: The Surprising Power of Our Social Networks and How They Shape Our Lives (New York: Back Bay Books, 2011).
16. Maria Blackburn, “Shockney Therapy,” Johns Hopkins Magazine 60, no. 2 (2008), http://pages.jh.edu/jhumag/0408web/shockney.html.
17. Dana R. Carney, Amy J. C. Cuddy, and Andy J. Yap, “Power Posing: Brief Nonverbal Displays Affect Neuroendocrine Levels and Risk Tolerance,” Psychological Science 21, no. 10 (2010): 1363–68, doi:10.1177/0956797610383437.
18. Sarah Blaffer Hrdy and C. Sue Carter, “Hormonal Cocktails for Two,” Natural History 104, no. 12 (1995): 34.
19. Izelle Labuschangne et al., “Oxytocin Attenuates Amygdala Reactivity to Fear in Generalized Social Anxiety Disorder,” Neuropsychopharmacology 35, no. 12 (2010): 2403–13; Deborah Brauser, “Intranasal Oxytocin: The End of Fear?” Medscape, November 7, 2014, http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/834585.
20. Kathleen C. Light, Karen M. Grewen, and Janet A. Amico, “More Frequent Partner Hugs and Higher Oxytocin Levels Are Linked to Lower Blood Pressure and Heart Rate in Premenopausal Women,” Biological Psychology 69, no. 1 (2005): 5–21, Epub December 29, 2004.
21. James McIntosh, “ ‘Love Hormone’ Nasal Spray Could Reduce Calorie Intake in Men,” Medical News Today, March 9, 2015.
22. Shelley E. Taylor, “Tend and Befriend: Biobehavioral Bases of Affiliation under Stress,” Current Directions in Psychological Science 15, no. 6 (2006): 273–77.
23. Simon Kessner et al., “Effect of Oxytocin on Placebo Analgesia: A Randomized Study,” JAMA 310, no. 16 (2013): 1733–34.
24. Sheldon Cohen et al., “Sociability and Susceptibility to the Common Cold,” Psychological Science 14, no. 5 (2003): 389–95.
25. Sheldon Cohen et al., “Does Hugging Provide Stress-Buffering Social Support? A Study of Susceptibility to Upper Respiratory Infection and Illness,” Psychological Science 26, no. 2 (2015): 135–47, doi:10.1177/0956797614559284.
26. Richard J. Davidson and Sharon Begley, The Emotional Life of Your Brain: How Its Unique Patterns Affect the Way You Think, Feel, and Live—and How You Can Change Them (New York: Plume, 2012), 167.
27. Edward Taub et al., “A Placebo-Controlled Trail of Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy for Upper Extremity after Stroke,” Stroke 37, no. 4 (2007): 1045–49.
28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1738559/,http://www.cogneurosociety.org/brain-rewire-after-surgery/, and http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/strange-but-true-when-half-brain-better-than-whole/.
29. Alvaro Pascual-Leone et al., “The Plastic Human Brain Cortex,” Annual Review of Neuroscience 28 (2005): 377–401.
30. A. Vania Apkarian et al., “Chronic Back Pain Is Associated with Decreased Prefrontal and Thalamic Gray Matter Density,” Journal of Neuroscience 24, no. 46 (2004): 10410–15.
31. Floris P. de Lange et al., “Increase in Prefrontal Cortical Volume Following Cognitive Behavioural Therapy in Patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome,” Brain 131, pt. 8 (2008): 2172–80.
32. Davidson and Begley, Life of Your Brain, 172.
33. Richard J. Davidson et al., “Alterations in Brain and Immune Function Produced by Mindfulness Meditation,” Psychosomatic Medicine 65, no. 4 (2003): 564–70.
34. Tait D. Shanafelt et al., “Changes in Burnout and Satisfaction with Work-Life Balance in Physicians and the General US Working Population between 2011 and 2014,” Mayo Clinic Proceedings 90, no. 12 (2015): 1600–1613.
35. “Epigenetics: What Makes a Queen Bee?” Nature 468, no. 348 (November 18, 2010): 348, doi:10.1038/468348a.
36. Danielle L. Champagne et al., “Maternal Care and Hippocampal Plasticity: Evidence for Experience-Dependent Structural Plasticity, Altered Synaptic Functioning, and Differential Responsiveness to Glucocorticoids and Stress,” Journal of Neuroscience 28, no. 23 (2008): 6037–45.
37. Tie-Yuan Zhang and Michael J. Meany, “Epigenetics and the Environmental Regulation of the Genome and Its Function,” Annual Review of Psychology 61 (2010): 439–66.
38. Dean Ornish et al., “Intensive Lifestyle Changes May Affect the Progression of Prostate Cancer,” Journal of Urology 174, no. 3 (2005): 1065–70, doi:10.1097/01.ju.0000169487.49018.73.
39. Evadnie Rampersaud et al., “Physical Activity and the Association of Common FTO Gene Variants with Body Mass Index and Obesity,” Archives of Internal Medicine 168, no. 16 (2008): 1791–97.
40. James Niels Rosenquist et al., “Cohort of Birth Modifies the Association between FTO Genotype and BMI,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 112, no. 2 (2014): 354–59.
41. Keltner, Born to Be Good, 228.
42. J. Kiley Hamlin, Karen Wynn, and Paul Bloom, “Three-Month-Olds Show a Negativity Bias in Their Social Evaluations,” Developmental Science 13, no. 6 (2010): 923–29.
43. Rilling, “Basis for Social Cooperation,” 395–405.
44. Stephen W. Porges, “Orienting in a Defensive World: Mammalian Modifications of Our Evolutionary Heritage. A Polyvagal Theory,” Psychophysiology 32, no. 4 (1995): 301–18.
45. Jennifer E. Stellar et al., “Affective and Physiological Responses to the Suffering of Others: Compassion and Vagal Activity,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 108, no. 4 (2015): 572–85.
46. Keltner, Born to Be Good, 239–40.
CHAPTER 4: MAKE HEALTH PRIMARY
1. Viktor Frankl, Man’s Search for Meaning (Boston: Beacon Press, 2006).
2. Aaron Antonovsky et al., “Twenty-Five Years Later: A Limited Study of the Sequelae of the Concentration Camp Experience,” Social Psychiatry 6, no. 4 (1971): 186–93.
3. Philip Brickman, Dan Coates, and Ronnie Janoff-Bulman, “Lottery Winners and Accident Victims: Is Happiness Relative? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 36, no. 8 (1978): 917–27.
4. Rehab medicine/strong spiritual beliefs.
5. Vincent J. Felitti et al., “Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults: The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study,” American Journal of Preventive Medicine 14, no. 4 (1998): 245–58.
6. Rosalynn Carter, Susan K. Golant, and Kathryn E. Cade, Within Our Reach: Ending the Mental Health Crisis (New York: Rodale, 2010).
7. Karen Rodham, Nicola Rance, and David Blake, “A Qualitative Exploration of Carers’ and ‘Patients’ Experiences of Fibromyalgia: One Illness, Different Perspectives,” Musculoskeletal Care 8, no. 2 (2010): 68–77.
8. Ibid.
9. Antoine Louveau et al., “Structural and Functional Features of Central Nervous System Lymphatic Vessels,” Nature 523, no. 7560 (2015): 337–41.
10. Kristen B. Thomas, “General Practice Consultations: Is There Any Point in Being Positive? British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Edition) 294, no. 6581 (1987): 1200–1202.
11. Robert Rosenthal and Lenore Jacobson, “Pygmalion in the Classroom,” Urban Review 3, no. 1 (1968): 16–20.
12. Robert Rosenthal and Donald B. Rubin, “Interpersonal Expectancy Effects: The First 345 Studies,” Behavioral and Brain Sciences 1, no. 3 (1978): 377–86.
13. Joseph Jastrow, Fact and Fable in Psychology (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1900).
CHAPTER 5: GOOD INTENTIONS GONE BAD
1. Davidson and Begley, Emotional Life of Your Brain, 222.
2. Sandra G. Boodman, “How to Teach Doctors Empathy,” The Atlantic, March 15, 2015, http://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2015/03/how-to-teach-doctors-empathy/387784/.
3. Thomas Luparello et al., “Influences of Suggestion on Airway Reactivity in Asthmatic Subjects,” Psychosomatic Medicine 30, no. 6 (1968): 819–25.
4. C. Warren Olanow et al., “A Double-Blind Controlled Trial of Bilateral Fetal Nigral Transplantation in Parkinson’s Disease,” Annals of Neurology 54, no. 3 (2003): 403–14; Curt R. Freed et al., “Transplantation of Embryonic Dopamine Neurons for Severe Parkinson’s Disease,” New England Journal of Medicine 344, no. 10 (2001): 710–19.
5. Walter B. Cannon, “Voodoo Death,” American Anthropologist 44, no. 2 (1942): 169.
6. Ibid., 172.
7. Esther M. Sternberg, “Walter B. Cannon and ‘“Voodoo” Death’: A Perspective from 60 Years On,” American Journal of Public Health 92, no. 10 (2002): 1564–66.
8. Rebecca Voelker, “Nocebos Contribute to a Host of Ills,” JAMA 275, no. 5 (1996): 345–47.
9. Ilan S. Wittstein et al., “Neurohumoral Features of Myocardial Stunning Due to Sudden Emotional Stress,” New England Journal of Medicine 352, no. 6 (2005): 539–48.
10. Christian Templin et al., “Clinical Features and Outcomes of Takotsubo (Stress) Cardiomyopathy,” New England Journal of Medicine 373, no. 10 (2015): 929–38.
11. http://www.nytimes.com/2003/04/26/opinion/the-monk-in-the-lab.html.
CHAPTER 6: IDENTIFY AND FREE YOURSELF OF YOUR BIASES
1. Anaïs Nin, The Diary of Anais Nin, 1939–1944 (New York: Harcourt Brace & World, 1969).
2. Trafton Drew, Melissa L.-H. Võ, and Jeremy M. Wolfe, “The Invisible Gorilla Strikes Again: Sustained Inattentional Blindness in Expert Observers,” Psychological Science 24, no. 9 (2013): 1848–53.
3. H. G. Schmidt et al., “Do Patients’ Disruptive Behaviours Influence the Accuracy of a Doctor’s Diagnosis? A Randomised Experiment,” BMJ Quality and Safety 26 (2016): 19–23.
4. Silvia Mamede et al., “Why Patients’ Disruptive Behaviours Impair Diagnostic Reasoning: A Randomised Experiment,” BMJ Quality and Safety 26, no. 1 (2016): 13–18, doi:10.1136/bmjqs-2015-005065 [Epub ahead of print].
5. Deborah Dang et al., “Do Clinician Disruptive Behaviors Make an Unsafe Environment for Patients?” Journal of Nursing Care Quality 31, no. 2 (2016): 115–23.
6. David S. Rakel and Daniel Shapiro, “Mind-Body Medicine,” in Textbook of Family Medicine, 6th ed., ed. Robert E. Rakel (Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders, 2002), 54.
7. Ronald M. Epstein, “Mindful Practice,” JAMA 282, no. 9 (1999): 833–39.
8. David L. Rosenhan, “On Being Sane in Insane Places,” Science 179, no. 70 (1973): 250–58.
CHAPTER 7: BE PRESENT, ON PURPOSE, WITHOUT JUDGMENT
1. Anthony L. Suchman et al., “A Model of Empathic Communication in the Medical Interview,” JAMA 277, no. 8 (1997): 678–82.
2. Ronald M. Epstein, “Mindful Practice,” JAMA 282, no. 9 (1999): 833–39.
3. Katharine A. Atwood et al., “Impact of a Clinical Educational Effort in Driving Transformation in Healthcare,” Family Medicine 48, no. 9 (2016): 711–19.
4. Charlene Luchterhand et al., “Creating a Culture of Mindfulness in Medicine,” Wisconsin Medical Journal 114, no. 3 (2015): 105–9; Mary Catherine Beach et al., “A Multicenter Study of Physician Mindfulness and Health Care Quality,” Annals of Family Medicine 11, no. 5 (2013): 421–28.
5. Olga M. Klimecki et al., “Differential Pattern of Functional Brain Plasticity after Compassion and Empathy Training,” Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 9, no. 6 (2014): 873–79.
6. Ricard Matthieu, Antoine Lutz, and Richard J. Davidson, “Mind of the Meditator,” Scientific American 311, no. 5 (2014): 38–45.
7. Britta K. Hölzel et al., “Mindfulness Practice Leads to Increases in Regional Brain Gray Matter Density,” Psychiatry Research 191, no. 1 (2011): 36–43.
8. Luke Fortney et al., “Abbreviated Mindfulness Intervention for Job Satisfaction, Quality of Life, and Compassion in Primary Care Clinicians: A Pilot Study,” Annals of Family Medicine 11, no. 5 (2013): 412–20.
9. John Makransky, “Compassion beyond Fatigue: Contemplative Training for People Who Serve Others” (unpublished manuscript, 2015). “Compassion beyond Fatigue” workshops are listed at www.johnmakransky.org and “workshops and retreats” at http://foundationforactivecompassion.com/. See also Makransky’s book Awakening through Love: Unveiling Your Deepest Goodness (Somerville, MA: Wisdom, 2007) for a fuller explanation of the meditations and how they were adapted from Tibetan praxis. He developed these techniques over nine years while teaching in meditation retreats sponsored by Dzogchen Center (www.dzogchen.org), and at the Barre Center for Buddhist Studies (www.dharma.org/bcbs) and Rangjung Yeshe Gomde Austria (www.gomde.de/eng/).
10. Matthew A. Killingsworth and Daniel T. Gilbert, “A Wandering Mind Is an Unhappy Mind,” Science 330, no. 6006 (2010): 932.
11. Howard B. Beckman and Richard Frankel, “The Effect of Physician Behavior on the Collection of Data,” Annals of Internal Medicine 101, no. 5 (1984): 692–96; Wolf Langewitz et al., “Spontaneous Talking Time at Start of Consultation in Outpatient Clinic: Cohort Study,” BMJ 325, no. 7366 (2002): 682–83.
12. M. Kim Marvel et al., “Soliciting the Patient’s Agenda: Have We Improved?” JAMA 281, no. 3 (1999): 283–87.
13. Edward Krupat et al., “When Physicians and Patients Think Alike: Patient-Centered Beliefs and Their Impact on Satisfaction and Trust,” Journal of Family Practice 50, no. 12 (2001): 1057–62.
14. Elizabeth Toll, “A Piece of My Mind. The Cost of Technology,” JAMA 307, no. 23 (2012): 2497–98.
15. Christine A. Sinsky and John W. Beasley, “Texting While Doctoring: A Patient Safety Hazard,” Annals of Internal Medicine 160, no. 8 (2014): 583–84.
CHAPTER 8: PHYSICALLY COMMUNICATE GOOD INTENTIONS
1. Ann G. Carmichael and Richard M. Ratzan, eds., Medicine: A Treasury of Art and Literature (New York: Hugh Lauter Levin Associates, 1991). Anonymous admonitions of Hippocrates of learning the history of medicine, 53–54.
2. Audrey Nelson and Susan K. Golant, You Don’t Say: Navigating Nonverbal Communication between the Sexes (New York: Berkley Publishing Group, 2004), 2–3.
3. Alice Mado Proverbio et al., “Comprehending Body Language and Mimics: An ERP and Neuroimaging Study on Italian Actors and Viewers,” PLoS One 9, no. 3 (2014): e91294.
4. Kelli J. Swayden et al., “Effect of Sitting vs. Standing on Perception of Provider Time at Bedside: A Pilot Study,” Patient Education and Counseling 86, no. 2 (2012): 166–71; Graham Jackson, “ ‘Oh . . . by the Way . . .’: Doorknob Syndrome,” International Journal of Clinical Practice 59, no. 8 (2005): 869.
5. Florian Strasser et al., “Impact of Physician Sitting versus Standing during Inpatient Oncology Consultations: Patients’ Preference and Perception of Compassion and Duration. A Randomized Controlled Trial,” Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 29, no. 5 (2005): 489–97.
6. Dana R. Carney, Amy J. C. Cuddy, and Andy J. Yap, “Power Posing: Brief Nonverbal Displays Affect Neuroendocrine Levels and Risk Tolerance,” Psychological Science 21, no. 10 (2010): 1363–68.
7. Bernard Lown, The Lost Art of Healing (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1996), 10.
8. Rakel, “Mind-Body Medicine,” 54.
9. Paul Ekman, “Darwin, Deception, and Facial Expression,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1000, no. 1 (2003): 205–21.
10. Jerry D. Boucher and Paul Ekman, “Facial Areas and Emotional Information,” Journal of Communication 25, no. 2 (1975): 21–29; Paul Ekman, Darwin and Facial Expression (Cambridge, MA: Malor Books, 2006).
11. Allan Pease and Barbara Pease, The Definitive Book of Body Language (New York: Bantam, 2004).
12. David Lewis, The Secret Languages of Success: Using Body Language to Get What You Want (New York: Galahad, 1989).
13. Larry R. Churchill and David Schenck, “Healing Skills for Medical Practice,” Annals of Internal Medicine 149, no. 10 (2008): 720–24.
14. Frans de Waal, Peacemaking among Primates (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1989).
15. Guillaume-Benjamin Duchenne, The Mechanism of Human Facial Expression (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1862), trans. R. Andrew Cuthbertson (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990); Marianne LaFrance, Why Smile: The Science Behind Facial Expressions (New York: W. W. Norton, 2011).
16. Paul Ekman and Erika L. Rosenberg, eds., What the Face Reveals: Basic and Applied Studies of Spontaneous Expression Using the Facial Action Coding System (FACS) (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005).
17. Flora Davis, Inside Intuition: What We Know about Nonverbal Communication (New York: New American Library, 1975).
18. Rakel, “Mind-Body Medicine.”
19. Albert Mehrabian, Silent Messages: Implicit Communication of Emotions and Attitudes, 2nd ed. (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 1981).
20. April H. Crusco and Christopher G. Wetzel, “The Midas Touch: The Effects of Interpersonal Touch on Restaurant Tipping,” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 10, no. 4 (1984): 512–17.
21. Nelson and Golant, You Don’t Say, 120.
22. Susan M. Ludington-Hoe with Susan K. Golant, Kangaroo Care: The Best You Can Do to Help Your Preterm Infant (New York: Bantam, 1993).
23. Desmond Morris, Manwatching: A Field Guide to Human Behavior (New York: Abrams, 1977).
24. Pease and Pease, Book of Body Language.
CHAPTER 9: SEEK ANOTHER PERSON’S AUTHENTIC STORY
1. Thich Nhat Hanh, Living Buddha, Living Christ (New York: Riverhead Books, 1995).
2. George A. Miller, “Insights and Outlooks,” Journal of Applied Behavioral Science 5, no. 2 (1969): 275–78.
3. Michael Stein, “We All Want Our Doctors to Be Kind. But Does Kindness Actually Help Us Get Well?” Washington Post, August 11, 2016, https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/we-all-want-our-doctors-to-be-kind-but-does-kindness-actually-help-us-get-well/2016/08/11/95306e06-1091-11e6-8967-7ac733c56f12_story.html?utm_term=.13a2b9fce209.
4. CRICO Strategies, Malpractice Risks in Communication Failures: 2015. Annual Benchmarking Report.
5. Melissa Bailey, “Communication Failures Linked to 1,744 Deaths in Five Years, US Malpractice Study Finds,” Pulse of Longwood, February 2016.
6. http://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/03/us/politics/health-spending-in-us-topped-3-trillion-last-year.html?smprod=nytcore-iphone&smid=nytcore-iphone-share&_r=0.
7. Matthias R. Mehl et al., “Eavesdropping on Happiness: Well-Being Is Related to Having Less Small Talk and More Substantive Conversations,” Psychological Science 21, no. 4 (2010): 539–41.
8. Diane S. Berry and James W. Pennebaker, “Nonverbal and Verbal Emotional Expression and Health,” Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 59, no. 1 (1993): 11–19.
9. James W. Pennebaker, Opening Up: The Healing Power of Expressing Emotions (New York: Guilford Press, 1997).
10. Janine K. Kiecolt-Glaser et al., “Marital Stress: Immunologic, Neuroendocrine, and Autonomic Correlates,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 840 (1998): 656–63.
11. Adrienne Hampton and David Rakel, “Journaling for Health,” in Integrative Medicine, 4th ed., ed. David Rakel (Philadelphia: Elsevier, 2017).
12. Michael A. Cohn, Matthias R. Mehl, and James W. Pennebaker, “Linguistic Markers of Psychological Change Surrounding September 11, 2001,” Psychological Science 15, no. 10 (2004): 687–93.
13. David P. Rakel, “Journaling: The Effects of Disclosure on Health,” Alternative Medical Alert 7 (2004): 8–11.
14. Joshua M. Smyth et al., “Effects of Writing about Stressful Experiences on Symptom Reduction in Patients with Asthma or Rheumatoid Arthritis,” JAMA 281, no. 14 (1999): 1304–09.
15. Mark A. Lumley et al., “Does Emotional Disclosure about Stress Improve Health in Rheumatoid Arthritis? Randomized, Controlled Trials of Written and Spoken Disclosure,” Pain 152, no. 4 (2011): 866–77.
16. Henriët van Middendorp et al., “Health and Physiological Effects of an Emotional Disclosure Intervention Adapted for Application at Home: A Randomized Clinical Trial in Rheumatoid Arthritis,” Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 78, no. 3 (2009): 145–51.
17. Joan E. Broderick, Doerte U. Junghaenel, and Joseph E. Schwartz, “Written Emotional Expression Produces Health Benefits in Fibromyalgia Patients,” Psychosomatic Medicine 67, no. 2 (2005): 326–34.
18. Mazy E. Gilli et al., “The Health Effects of At-Home Written Emotional Disclosure in Fibromyalgia: A Randomized Trial,” Annals of Behavioral Medicine 32, no. 2 (2006): 135–46.
19. Jessica Walburn et al., “Psychological Stress and Wound Healing in Humans: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis,” Journal of Psychosomatic Research 67, no. 3 (2009): 253–71.
20. Hannah Maple et al., “Stress Predicts the Trajectory of Wound Healing in Living Kidney Donors as Measured by High-Resolution Ultrasound,” Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 43, (2015): 19–26.
21. John Weinman et al., “Enhanced Wound Healing after Emotional Disclosure Intervention,” British Journal of Health Psychology 13, no. 1 (2008): 95–102; C. L. Banburey, “Wounds Heal More Quickly If Patients Are Relieved of Stress: A Review of Research by Susanne Scott and Colleagues from King’s College, London.” Presented at the Annual Conference of the British Psychological Society, BMJ 327 (2003): 522.
22. James W. Pennebaker, Tracy J. Mayne, and Martha E. Francis, “Linguistic Predictors of Adaptive Bereavement,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 72, no. 4 (1997): 863–71; James W. Pennebaker, “Pain, Language, and Healing” (Presented at the Biofeedback Society of Wisconsin Integrative Health-Care Conference, Green Lake, WI, September 11–13, 2003).
23. Diane Boinon et al., “Changes in Psychological Adjustment over the Course of Treatment for Breast Cancer: The Predictive Role of Social Sharing and Social Support, Psycho-Oncology 23, no. 3 (2014): 291–98.
24. Stephen Covey, The 7 Habits of Highly Successful People (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2004).
25. Ideally, helpers should limit their interruptions to those times when they must change the subject, explain a problem, draw out more information if the person has not been forthcoming, provide encouragement, or address and diminish a patient’s apprehensions.
26. Howard B. Beckman and Richard M. Frankel, “The Effect of Physician Behavior on the Collection of Data,” Annals of Internal Medicine 101, no. 5 (1984): 692–96.
27. Jackson, “Doorknob Syndrome,” 869.
28. http://www.oprah.com/spirit/oprah-talks-to-thich-nhat-hanh#ixzz4n7gItxNQ.
29. Dimitrius and Mazzarella, 1999. https://www.amazon.com/Reading-People-Understand-Behavior-Anytime-Anyplace/dp/0345504135.
30. Irving Kirsch et al., “Initial Severity and Antidepressant Benefits: A Meta-Analysis of Data Submitted to the Food and Drug Administration,” PLoS Medicine 5, no. 2 (2008): e45; Jay C. Fournier et al., “Antidepressant Drug Effects and Depression Severity: A Patient-Level Meta-Analysis,” JAMA 303, no. 1 (2010): 47–53.
31. Nigam H. Shah et al., “Proton Pump Inhibitor Usage and the Risk of Myocardial Infarction in the General Population,” PLoS One 10, no. 6 (2015): e0124653.
32. Benjamin Lazarus et al., “Proton Pump Inhibitor Use and the Risk of Chronic Kidney Disease,” JAMA Internal Medicine 176, no. 2 (2016): 238–46.
33. Willy Gomm et al., “Association of Proton Pump Inhibitors with Risk of Dementia: A Pharmacoepidemiological Claims Data Analysis,” JAMA Neurology 73, no. 4 (2016): 410–16.
34. Ronald M. Epstein et al., “Patient-Centered Communication and Diagnostic Testing,” Annals of Family Medicine 3, no. 5 (2005): 415–21.
35. Eric B. Larson and Xin Yao, “Clinical Empathy as Emotional Labor in the Patient-Physician Relationship,” JAMA 293, no. 9 (2005): 1100–106.
36. Mitch Golant and Susan K. Golant, What to Do When Someone You Love Is Depressed: A Self-Help and Help-Others Guide (New York: Henry Holt, 2007), 88.
37. Wolf Langewitz et al., “Spontaneous Talking Time at Start of Consultation in Outpatient Clinic: Cohort Study,” BMJ 325, no. 7366 (2002): 682–83.
CHAPTER 10: MOVE FROM BURNOUT TOWARD BEAUTY
1. Hafiz, excerpt from Love Poems from God: Twelve Sacred Voices from the East and West by Daniel Ladinsky, copyright 2002.
2. Rosalynn Carter with Susan K. Golant, Helping Yourself Help Others: A Book for Caregivers, rev. ed. (New York: Public Affairs, 2013), 3.
3. MetLife Mature Market Institute, MetLife Study of Caregiving Costs to Working Caregivers: Double Jeopardy for Baby Boomers Caring for Their Parents, June 2011, https://www.metlife.com/mmi/research/caregiving-cost-working-caregivers.html#keyfindings.June.
4. Carter with Golant, Helping Yourself Help Others.
5. MetLife Mature Market Institute, Study of Caregiving Costs.
6. Tait D. Shanafelt et al., “Changes in Burnout and Satisfaction with Work-Life Balance in Physicians and the General US Working Population between 2011 and 2014,” Mayo Clinic Proceedings 90, no. 12 (2015): 1600–13.
7. John M. Kelley et al., “The Influence of the Patient-Clinician Relationship on Healthcare Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials,” PLoS One 9, no. 4 (2014): e94207; Helen Riess et al., “Empathy Training for Resident Physicians: A Randomized Controlled Trial of a Neuroscience-Informed Curriculum,” Journal of General Internal Medicine 27, no. 10 (2012): 1280–86.
8. Liselotte N. Dyrbye et al., “Relationship between Burnout and Professional Conduct and Attitudes among US Medical Students,” JAMA 304, no. 11 (2010): 1173–80.
9. Olga M. Klimecki et al., “Differential Pattern of Functional Brain Plasticity after Compassion and Empathy Training,” Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 9, no. 6 (2014): 873–79.
10. Ibid.
11. Ibid.
12. Tania Singer and Olga M. Klimecki, “Empathy and Compassion,” Current Biology 24, no. 18 (2014): R875–78.
13. Herbert J. Freudenberger, “Recognizing and Dealing with Burnout,” in The Professional and Family Caregiver—Dilemmas, Rewards, and New Directions, eds. Jack A. Nottingham and Joanne Nottingham (Americus, GA: Rosalynn Carter Institute for Human Development, Georgia Southwest College, 1990).
14. Matthieu Ricard, Antoine Lutz, and Richard J. Davidson, “The Mind of the Meditator,” Scientific American 311, no. 5 (2014): 38–45.
15. Singer and Klimecki, “Empathy and Compassion.”
16. Glen Rein, Mike Atkinson, and Rollin McCraty, “The Physiological and Psychological Effects of Compassion and Anger,” Journal of Advancement in Medicine 8 (1995): 87–105.
17. Klimecki et al., “Pattern of Brain Plasticity.”
18. Michael J. Poulin, “Volunteering Predicts Health among Those Who Value Others: Two National Studies,” Health Psychology, 33, no. 2 (2014): 120–29, http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0031620.
19. Tristen K. Inagaki and Naomi I. Eisenberger, “Neural Correlates of Giving Support to a Loved One,” Psychosomatic Medicine 74, no. 1 (2012): 3–7.
20. Rein, Atkinson, and McCraty, “Compassion and Anger,” 87–105.
21. Ibid.
22. David P. Rakel and Adam Rindfleisch, “Inflammation: Nutritional, Botanical, and Mind-Body Influences,” Southern Medical Journal 98, no. 3 (2005): 303–10.
23. Anna Friis et al., “Kindness Matters: A Randomized Controlled Trial of a Mindful Self-Compassion Intervention Improves Depression, Distress, and HbA1c among Patients with Diabetes,” Diabetes Care 39, no. 11 (2016): 1963–71.
24. Thaddeus W. W. Pace et al., “Effect of Compassion Meditation on Neuroendocrine, Innate Immune and Behavioral Responses to Psychosocial Stress,” Psychoneuroendocrinology 34, no. 1 (2009): 87–98; Perla Kaliman et al., “Rapid Changes in Histone Deacetylases and Inflammatory Gene Expression in Expert Meditators,” Psychoneuroendocrinology 40 (2014): 96–107.
25. Klimecki et al., “Pattern of Brain Plasticity,” 873–79.
26. Lorenza S. Colzato, Ayca Ozturk, and Bernhard Hommel, “Meditate to Create: The Impact of Focused-Attention and Open-Monitoring Training on Convergent and Divergent Thinking,” Frontiers in Psychology 3 (2012): 116.
27. Philip Goldberg, The Intuitive Edge: Understanding and Developing Intuition (Los Angeles: J. P. Tarcher, 1983).
APPENDIX B: THERAPEUTIC EMOTIONAL EXPRESSION
1. Adapted from David P. Rakel and Daniel Shapiro, “Mind-Body Medicine,” in Textbook of Family Medicine, 6th ed., ed. Robert E. Rakel (Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders, 2002).