In these references, especially in regard to works published early in the century, I have given both the original publication details and, where appropriate, more recent editions and reprints. This is to aid readers who wish to pursue particular works, to show them where the more accessible versions are to be found. In addition, however, the publication history of key works also shows how the popularity of certain key ideas has varied down the years.
Quite naturally, there are fewer references for the last quarter of the book. These works have had much less chance to generate a secondary literature of commentary and criticism.
1. Saul Bellow, Humboldt’s Gift, New York: Viking Press, 1975; Penguin paperback, 1996, page 4. The reference to the nightmare may be compared with James Joyce’s Ulysses: ‘History, Stephen said, is a nightmare from which I am trying to awake.’ James Joyce, Ulysses, Paris: Shakespeare & Co., 1922; Penguin edition of the 1960 Bodley Head edition, 1992, page 42.
1. Michael Ignatieff, Interview with Isaiah Berlin, BBC 2, 24 November, 1997. See also: Michael Ignatieff, Isaiah Berlin, London: Chatto & Windus, 1998, p. 301.
2. Martin Gilbert, The Twentieth Century: Volume I, 1900–1933, London: HarperCollins, 1997.
3. Claude Lévi-Strauss and Didier Eribon, De Prés et de Loin, translated as Conversations with Claude Lévi-Strauss, Paula Wissig (translator), Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1988, page 119.
4. John Maddox, What Remains to Be Discovered, London: Macmillan, 1998, Introduction, pages 1— 21.
5. Daniel C. Dennett, Darwin’s Dangerous Idea: Evolution and the Meanings of Life, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995, page 21.
6. Roger Smith, The Fontana History of the Human Sciences, London: Fontana Press, 1997, pages 577— 578.
7. See, for example, Paul Langford, A Polite and Commercial People: England 1727–1783, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989.
8. Roger Scruton, An Intelligent Person’s Guide to Modern Culture, London: Duckworth, 1998, page 42.
9. See Roger Shattuck, Candor & Perversion: Literature, Education and the Arts, New York: W. W. Norton, 1999, especially chapter six for a discussion of ‘The Spiritual in Art’, where the author argues that abstraction, or the absence of figuration in art, excludes analogies and correspondences – and therefore meaning.
10. John Brockman (editor), The Third Culture: Beyond the Scientific Revolution, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995, pages 18–19.
11. Frank Kermode, The Sense of an Ending, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1966; paperback edition, Oxford, 1968.
1. Freud’s works have been published in a 24-volume Standard Edition, translated from the German under the general editorship of James Strachey, in collaboration with Anna Freud. The Interpretation of Dreams is volume IV and V of this series. In this section, from the many biographies of Freud, I have used primarily Ronald Clark, Freud: The Man and the Cause, New York: Random House, 1980; and Giovanni Costigan, Sigmund Freud: A Short Biography, London: Robert Hale, 1967; but I also recommend: Peter Gay, A Life for Our Time, London: J. M. Dent, 1988.
2. Costigan, Op. cit., page 101.
3. Ibid., page 100.
4. Ibid., page 99.
5. Ibid.
6. William M. Johnston, The Austrian Mind: An Intellectual and Social History 1848–1938, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972, pages 33–34.
7. Costigan, Op. cit., pages 88–89.
8. Johnston, Op. cit., page 40.
9. Ibid., page 238. Costigan, Op. cit., page 89.
10. Costigan, Op. cit., page 89.
11. Johnston, Op. cit., page 65.
12. Clark, Op. cit., page 12.
13. Johnston, Op. cit., page 223.
14. Ibid., page 235.
15. Ibid., page 236.
16. Costigan, Op. cit., page 42.
17. Ibid., pages 68ff.
18. Ibid., page 70.
19. Clark, Op. cit., page 180.
20. Costigan, Op. cit., page 77; Clark, Op. cit., page 181.
21. Clark, Op. cit., page 185.
22. Costigan, Op. cit., page 79.
23. Clark, Op. cit., page 213–214; Costigan, Op. cit., page 101.
24. Joan Evans, Time and Chance: The Story of Arthur Evans and His Forebears, London: Longmans, 1943, page 329.
25. Ibid., pages 350–351.
26. Richard Stoneman, Land of Lost Gods: The Search for Classical Greece, London: Hutchinson, 1987, pages 268ff.
27. Donald Mackenzie, Crete and Pre-Hellenic: Myths and Legends, London: Senate, 1995, page 153.
28. Evans, Op. cit., page 309.
29. Ibid., pages 309–318.
30. Mackenzie, Op. cit., page 116. Evans, Op. cit., pages 318–327
31. Evans, Op. cit., pages 329–330.
32. Ibid., page 331.
33. Mackenzie, Op. cit., page 118.
34. Evans, Op. cit., pages 33 Iff; Mackenzie, Op. cit., pages 187–190.
35. Ernst Mayr, The Growth of Biological Thought, Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1982, pages 727–729.
36. Ibid., page 729; William R. Everdell, The First Modems, Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1997, pages 162–163.
37. Mayr, Op. cit., pages 722–726.
38. Ibid., page 728.
39. Ibid., page 730. For a more critical view of this sequence of events, see: Peter J. Bowler, The Mendelian Revolution; The Emergence of Hereditarian Concepts in Modern Science and Society, London: The Athlone Press, 1989, pages 110–116.
40. Mayr, Op. cit., page 715. Everdell, Op. cit., page 160.
41. Ibid., page 734.
42. Everdell, Op. cit., page 166.
43. Richard Rhodes, The Making of the Atomic Bomb, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1986, though I have used the Penguin paperback edition: London, 1988, page 30.
44. Ibid., page 40.
45. Ibid.
46. Everdell, Op. cit., page 167.
47. Ibid.
48. Ibid., page 167; Rhodes, Op. cit., pages 30–31.
49. Joel Davis, Alternate Realities, New York: Plenum, 1997, pages 215–219.
50. Everdell, Op. cit., page 171.
51. Ibid., page 166. Everdell, Op. cit., page 175.
52. Davis, Op. cit., page 218.
53. John Richardson, A Life of Picasso, 1881–1906, volume 1, London: Jonathan Cape, 1991, pages 159ff
54. Everdell, Op. cit., chapter 10, passim; Roger Shattuck, The Banquet Years: The Origins of the Avant-Garde in France 1885 to World War One, New York: Vintage, 1953, passim.
55. Richardson, Op. cit., pages 159ff
56. Everdell, Op. cit., chapter 10, passim.
57. Richardson, Op. cit., page 172.
58. Everdell, Op. cit., page 155.
59. John Berger, The Success and Failure of Picasso, Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1965, reprinted New York: Pantheon, 1980, page 67. Robert Hughes, The Shock of the New, London: Thames & Hudson, 1980 and 1991, pages 21 and 24.
1. William R. Johnston, The Austrian Mind, Op. cit., pages 147–148.
2. Hilde Spiel, Vienna’s Golden Autumn 1866–1938, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1987, pages 55ff.
3. Johnston, Op. cit., pages 77 and 120. See also: Spiel, Op. cit., page 55, and George R. Marek, Richard Strauss, The Life of a Non-Hero, London: Victor Gollancz, 1967, page 166.
4. Allan Janik and Stephen Toulmin, Wittgenstein’s Vienna, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1973, page 45.
5. Johnston, Op. cit., page 77.
6. Ibid., page 169 and, for therapeutic nihilism, page 223.
7. Janik and Toulmin, Op. cit., page 45.
8. Franz Kuna, ‘A Geography of Modernism: Vienna and Prague 1890–1928,’ in Malcolm Bradbury and James McFarlane (editors), Modernism: A Guide to European Literature 1890–1930, London: Penguin, 1976, page 126.
9. Carl E. Schorske, Fin-de-siècle Vienna: Politics and Culture, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, New York: Knopf, 1980, pages 12–14.
10. Kuna, Op. cit., page 126.
11. Janik and Toulmin, Op. cit., pages 62–63.
12. Schorske, Op. cit., page 14.
13. Kuna, Op. cit., page 127.
14. Janik and Toulmin, Op. cit., pages 114ff
15. Schorske, Op. cit., page 17.
16. Ibid., page 18.
17. Ibid., page 19.
18. Ibid.
19. Cf. T. S. Eliot in Notes Towards the Definition of Culture, discussed in chapter 26.
20. Schorske, Op. cit., page 21.
21. Ibid.
22. Kuna, Op. cit., page 128.
23. Janik and Toulmin, Op. cit., page 92, where the authors also point out that Bruckner gave piano lessons to Ludwig Boltzmann and that Mahler ‘would bring his psychological problems to Dr. Freud.’
24. Johnston, Op. cit., page 291.
25. Ibid., page 296.
26. Ibid., page 294.
27. Ibid., page 299.
28. William S. Everdell, The First Moderns, Op. cit., page 190. See also Johnston, Op. cit., pages 299–300.
29. Janik and Toulmin, Op. cit., page 135.
30. Johnston, Op. cit., pages 300–301.
31. Ibid., page 301.
32. Everdell, Op. cit., page 187.
33. Ibid., page 191.
34. Johnston, Op. cit., page 302.
35. Ibid., pages 302–305.
36. Janik and Toulmin, Op. cit., pages 71ff.
37. Johnston, Op. cit., page 159.
38. Ibid., pages 72–73; see also Johnston, Op. cit., pages 159–160.
39. Johnston, Op. cit., page 233.
40. Ibid., pages 233–234.
41. Ibid., page 234.
42. Janik and Toulmin, Op. cit., page 96.
43. Schorske, Op. cit., page 79.
44. Ibid.; see also Johnston, Op. cit., page 150.
45. Ibid.; see also Schorske, Op cit., pages 83ff.
46. Schorske, Op. cit., page 339.
47. Janik and Toulmin, Op. cit., page 100.
48. Ibid., page 94; see also Johnston, Op cit., page 144.
49. Schorske, Op. cit., page 220.
50. Ibid., pages 227–232.
51. Ibid.
52. Johnston, Op. cit., page 144.
53. Janik and Toulmin, Op. cit., page 133.
54. John T. Blackmore, Ernst Mach: His Work, Life and Influence, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972, page 6.
55. Ibid., pages 182–184.
56. Janik and Toulmin, Op. cit., page 134.
57. Ibid. See also: Johnston, Op. cit., page 183.
58. Blackmore, Op cit., pages 87ff
59. Johnston, Op. cit., page 184; Janik and Toulmin, Op. cit., page 134.
60. Johnston, Op. cit., page 186; Blackmore, Op. cit., pages 232ff and 247ff.
1. John Ruskin, Modem Painters: 5 Volumes, Orpington, Kent: George Allen, 1844–1888.
2. Arthur Herman, The Idea of Decline in Western History, New York: The Free Press, 1997, page 221.
3. Ibid., page 222.
4. Ivan Hannaford, Race: The History of an Idea in the West, Washington D.C. and Baltimore: The Woodrow Wilson Center Press and Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996, page 296.
5. Friedrich Nietzsche, Will to Power, New York: Random House, 1968, page 30.
6. Herman, Op. cit., page 99.
7. Ibid.
8. Ibid., pages 99–100.
9. Ibid., page 102.
10. Ibid., pages 102–103.
11. Richard Hofstadter, Social Darwinism in American Thought, Boston: Beacon Press, 1944, page 5.
12. Mike Hawkins, Social Darwinism in European and American Thought 1860–1945, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997, pages 109–118; see also Hofstadter, Op. cit., pages 51–66.
13. Hofstadter, Op. cit., pages 152–153.
14. Ibid., page 41.
15. Hawkins, Op. cit., page 132.
16. Hannaford, Op. cit., pages 289–290. Hawkins, Op. cit., page 133.
17. Hawkins, Op. cit., pages 126–127.
18. Ibid., page 178.
19. Ibid., page 152.
20. Hannaford, Op. cit., page 292.
21. Hawkins, Op. cit., page 193.
22. Ibid., page 196.
23. Hannaford, Op. cit., pages 291–292.
24. Hawkins, Op. at., page 185.
25. Ibid.
26. Ibid., page 219.
27. Hannaford, Op. cit., page 338.
28. Johnston, The Austrian Mind, Op. cit., page 364. Herman, Op. cit., page 125.
29. Hawkins, Op. cit., page 62.
30. Ibid., page 201.
31. Ibid.
32. Hannaford, Op. cit., page 330; see also Hawkins, Op. cit., page 217.
33. Hawkins, Op. cit., page 219.
34. Hannaford, Op. cit., page 332.
35. Hawkins, Op. cit., page 218.
36. Hawkins, Op. cit., page 225.
37. Ibid., page 242.
38. Johnston, Op. cit., page 357.
39. Janik and Toulmin, Wittgenstein’s Vienna, Op. cit., pages 60–61.
40. Ibid., page 61.
41. Johnston, Op. cit., page 358.
42. Schorske, Fin-de-siècle Vienna, Op. cit., page 164.
43. Ibid., pages 166–167.
44. Johnston, Op. cit., page 358.
45. Anthony Giddens, Introduction to: Max Weber, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, London and New York: Routledge, 1942 (reprint 1986), page vii.
46. Ibid., page viii.
47. Donald G. Macrae, Weber, London: The Woburn Press, 1974, pages 30–32. See also: Hartmut Lehmann and Guenther Roth, Weber’s Prolestant Ethic, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993, especially pages 73ff and 195ff.
48. Ibid., page 58.
49. J. E. T. Eldndge (editor). Max Weber: The Interpretation of Social Reality, London: Michael Joseph, 1970, page 9.
50. Giddens, Op. cit., page ix.
51. Ibid., page 35.
52. Ibid., page xi.
53. Ibid.
54. Eldridge, Op. cit., pages 168–169.
55. Giddens, Op. cit., page xii. Eldridge, Op. cit., page 166.
56. Ibid., pages xii—xiii.
57. Ibid., page xvii.
58. Lehmann and Roth, Op. cit., pages 327ff. See also: Giddens, Op. cit., page xviii.
59. Eldridge, Op. cit., page 281.
60. Hawkins, Op. cit., page 307. In Plough, Sword and Book: The Structure of Human History, London: Collins Harvill, 1988, Ernest Gellner takes Weber’s analysis further, arguing that the internalisation of norms makes Protestant societies more trusting, aiding economic activity (page 106). ‘The stress on scripturalism is conducive to a high level of literacy’ which means, he says, that high culture eventually becomes the majority culture. This promotes egalitarianism, and the modern anonymous society, simultaneously innovative and involving standardised measures and norms, promoting social order so characteristic of modernity (page 107).
61. Redmond O’Hanlon, Joseph Conrad and Charles Darwin, Edinburgh: Salamander Press, 1984, page 17.
62. D. C. R. A. Goonetilleke, Joseph Conrad: Beyond Culture and Background, London: Macmillan, 1990, pages 15ff.
63. O’Hanlon, Op. cit., pages 126–127. See also: Kingsley Widner, ‘Joseph Conrad’, Dictionary of Literary Biography, Detroit: Bruccoli Clark, 1988, Volume 34, pages 43–82.
64. O’Hanlon, Op. cit., pages 17ff.
65. Ibid., pages 20–21.
66. Widner, Op. cit., pages 43–82.
67. Ibid.
68. Joseph Conrad, Heart of Darkness, Edinburgh and London: William Blackwood, 1902; Penguin, 1995.
69. Goonetilleke, Op. cit., pages 88–91.
70. Conrad, Op. cit., page 20.
71. Ibid., page 112.
72. Goonetilleke, Op. cit., page 168; see also: R. W. Stalman, The Art of Joseph Conrad: A Critical Symposium, East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1960.
73. O’Hanlon, Op. cit., page 26.
74. Richard Curie, Joseph Conrad: A Study, London: Kegan Paul, French, Trübner, 1914.
75. Goonetilleke, Op. cit., page 85.
76. Ibid., page 63.
77. Gary Adelman, Heart of Darkness: Search for the Unconscious, New York: Twayne, 1987, page 59.
1. Kurt Wilhelm, Richard Strauss: An Intimate Portrait, London: Thames & Hudson, 1989, pages 99–100. See also: Michael Kennedy, Richard Strauss: Man, Musician, Enigma, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999, pages 142–149, for this and other reactions.
2. See Malcolm Bradbury and James Mcfarlane, (editors), Modernism, Op. cit., pages 97–101.
3. George R. Marek, Richard Strauss, Op. cit., pages 15 and 27.
4. Ibid., page 150.
5. Michael Kennedy, Richard Strauss, London: J. M. Dent, 1976, page 144.
6. Wilhelm, Op. cit., page 100.
7. Ibid.
8. Ibid., page 102.
9. Ibid., page 103.
10. Wilhelm, Op. cit., page 120; Kennedy, Richard Strauss: Man, Musician, Enigma, Op. cit., page 152.
11. Wilhelm, Op. cit., pages 120–121.
12. Kennedy, Richard Strauss, Op. cit., page 161.
13. Marek, Op. cit., page 183.
14. Ibid., page 185.
15. Kennedy (1976), Op. cit., page 45. See also: Bryan Gilliam (editor), Richard Strauss and His World, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992, pages 31 Iff, ‘Strauss and the Viennese Critics.’
16. Marek, Op. cit., page 182.
17. Kennedy (1976), Op. cit., page 149.
18. Marek, Op. cit., page 186.
19. Kennedy (1976), Op. cit., page 150.
20. Marek, Op. cit., page 316.
21. Hans H. Stuckenschmidt, Schoenberg: His Life, World and Work, London: John Calder, 1977, page 42.
22. Harold C. Schonberg, The Lives of the Great Composers, London: Davis-Poynter, 1970, page 516.
23. Ibid., page 517.
24. Everdell, The First Moderns, Op. cit., page 275.
25. Schonberg, Op. cit., page 517.
26. Everdell, Op. cit., page 266.
27. Stuckenschmidt, Op. cit., page 88.
28. Schonberg, Op. cit., page 520; see also: Stuckenschmidt, Op. cit., page 141; and Schorske, Op. cit., page 351.
29. Schonberg, Op. cit., page 517.
30. Ibid., page 518.
31. Everdell, Op. cit., page 269; see also: Stuckenschmidt, Op. cit., pages 88 and 123–124.
32. Stuckenschmidt, Op. cit., page 94; see also: Schonberg, Op. cit., page 400.
33. Everdell, Op. cit., page 277.
34. Ibid., page 279.
35. Paul Griffiths, A Concise History of Modern Music, London: Thames & Hudson, 1978, revised 1994, page 26. Everdell, Op. cit., page 278.
36. Schorske, Fin-de-Siècle, Op. cit., page 349.
37. Stuckenschmidt, Op. cit., page 124.
38. Everdell, Op. cit., pages 277–278.
39. Ibid., page 279.
40. Ibid., pages 280–281.
41. Stuckenschmidt, Op. cit., page 124.
42. Schonberg, Op. cit., page 520.
43. Schorske, Op. cit., page 354.
44. Griffiths, Op. cit., page 34.
45. Joan Allen Smith, Schoenberg and his Circle, New York: Macmillan, 1986, page 68.
46. Schonberg, Op. cit., page 521.
47. Griffiths, Op. cit., page 43. Everdell, Op. cit., page 282.
48. Janik and Toulmin, Wittgenstein’s Vienna, Op. cit., page 107.
49. Schorske, Op. cit., page 360.
50. See for example: James R. Mellow, Charmed Circle: Gertrude Stein and Company, London: Phaidon, 1974, pages 8ff.
51. John Russell, The World of Matisse, Amsterdam: Time-Life, 1989, page 74.
52. Jack Flam, Matisse on Art (revised edition), Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995, page 35.
53. Pierre Cabanne, Pablo Picasso: His Life and Times, New York: William Morrow, 1977, page 110.
54. André Malraux, Picasso’s Mask, New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1976, pages 10–11.
55. Lael Westenbaker, The World of Picasso, 1881–1973, Amsterdam: Time-Life, 1980, pages 125ff.
56. Robert Hughes, The Shock of the New, Op. cit., page 24.
57. Dora Vallier, ‘Braque, la peinture et nous,’ Paris: Cahiers d’Art, No. 1, 1954, pages 13–14.
58. Ibid., page 14.
59. Hughes, Op. cit., pages 27 and 29.
60. Arianna Stassinopoulos, Picasso: Creator and Destroyer, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1988, pages 96–97.
61. ‘Testimony Against Gertrude Stein,’ Transition, February 1935, No. 23, pages 13–14.
62. Everdell, Op. cit., page 311.
63. Ibid., page 314.
64. Ibid., page 313.
65. Peg Weiss, Kandinsky in Munich, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1979, pages 58–59.
66. Ibid., pages 5–6.
67. K. Lindsay and P. Vergo (editors), W. Kandinsky: Complete Writings on Art (two vols), New York: G. K. Hall, 1982; reprinted in one volume, 1994, pages 371–372.
68. Weiss, Op. cit., pages 28, 34 and 40.
69. Lindsay and Vergo (editors), Op. cit., page 364, quoted in Everdell, Op. cit., page 307.
70. Quoted in Hughes, Op. cit., page 301.
71. Weiss, Op. cit., page 91.
72. Algot Ruhe and Nancy Margaret Paul, Henri Bergson: An Account of His Life and Philosophy, London: Macmillan, 1914, page 2.
73. Jacques Chevallier, Henri Bergson, London: Ridier, 1928, pages 39–41.
74. Leszek Kolakowski, Bergson, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985, page 73.
75. Chevallier, Op. cit., page 60.
76. Philippe Soulez (completed by Frédéric Worms), Bergson: Biographie, Paris: Flammarion, 1997. pages 93–94.
77. New Catholic Encyclopaedia, volume II, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1967, page 324.
78. Jacques Chevallier, Bergson, Paris: Plon, 1926.
79. Soulez, Op. cit., pages 132–133.
80. Kolakowski, Op. cit., pages 88–91.
81. Soulez, Op. cit., pages 133–134.
82. Ibid., pages 142–143.
83. Ibid.
84. Ibid., pages 251 ff.
85. New Catholic Encyclopaedia, volume X, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1967, page 1048.
86. Ibid., volume IX, pages 991–995.
87. J. G. Frazer, The Golden Bough, London: Macmillan, 1890; revised 1900.
88. René Bazin, Pius X, London: Sands & Co., 1928, pages II ff.
89. The Catholic Encyclopaedia, volume X, London: Caxton, 1911, page 415.
90. Ibid., page 416. For an account of other reactions to Pascendi, see: A. N. Wilson, God’s Funeral, London: John Murray, 1999, pages 349ff.
91. Quotes are from: John King Fairbank, China: A New History, Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1994, page 52.
92. Fairbank, Op. cit., page 53.
93. Denis Twitchett and John K. Fairbank, The Cambridge History of China, Volume II, Late Ch’ing, 1800–1911, Part 2, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980, pages 361–362; Fairbank, Op. cit., page 218.
94. Fairbank, Op. cit., page 224.
95. O. Edmund Clubb, Twentieth-Century China, New York and London: Columbia University Press, 1964, pages 25ff.
96. Fairbank, Op. cit., page 232.
97. Ibid., page 240.
98. Ibid., page 243.
99. Jerome B. Grieder, Intellectuals and the State in Modem China, New York: Free Press/Macmillan, 1981, pages 35ff; Fairbank, Op. cit., page 243.
1. Edward Bradby (editor), The University Outside Europe, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1939, pages 285ff
2. Ibid., passim.
3. Professor Robert Johnston, personal communication.
4. Bradby, Op. cit., pages 39ff. See also: Samuel Eliot Morison (editor), The Development of Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1930, pages 11 and 158.
5. Morison, Op. cit., page XC, and Abraham Flexner, Universities: American, English, German, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1930, pages 85ff.
6. Bradby, Op. cit., page 52. Flexner, Op. cit., page 67. It was also noteworthy that in Germany scientific leadership was concentrated in the universities, whereas in Britain the equivalent was located in the private academies, such as the Royal Society, and this also held back the development of the universities.
7. Flexner, Op. cit., page 124. Bradby, Op. cit., page 57.
8. Ibid., page 151. See also: E. R. Holme, The American University, Sydney: Angus & Robertson, 1920, pages 143ff. Bradby, Op. cit., pages 59–60.
9. Ray Fuller (editor), Seven Pioneers of Psychology, London: Routledge, 1995, page 21.
10. William James, Pragmatism, New York: Longman Green, 1907; reprinted New York: Dover, 1995, pages 4 and 5.
11. William James, Varieties of Religious Experience, London: Longman Green, 1902.
12. James, Pragmatism, Op. cit., page 20.
13. Ibid., pages 33ff.
14. Arthur Lovejoy, The Great Chain of Being, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1936.
15. Ellen Key, The Century of the Child, New York: Putnam, 1909.
16. Richard Hofstadter, Anti-Intellectualism in American Life, Op. cit., page 362.
17. John Dewey, The School and Society, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1900; and John Dewey, with E. Dewey, The School of Tomorrow, London: Dent, 1915.
18. Hofstadter, Op. cit., page 366.
19. Ibid., page 386.
20. Morison, Op. cit., pages 534–535.
21. Frederick Winslow Taylor, The Principles of Scientific Management, New York: Harper & Bros, 1913.
22. Ibid., pages 60–61.
23. Morison, Op. cit., pages 539–540.
24. Hofstadter, Op. cit., Part IV, pages 233ff.
25. Ibid., page 266.
26. Ibid., page 267.
27. Ada Louise Huxtable, The Tall Building Artistically Reconsidered: The Search for a Skyscraper Style, New York: Pantheon, 1984.
28. John Gloag, The Architectural Interpretation of History, London: Adam and Charles Black, 1975, page I.
29. Paul Goldberger, The Skyscraper, New York: Knopf, page 9 for a discussion of the significance of the Flatiron Building and page 38 for a reproduction of Steichen’s photograph.
30. See ibid., page 38 for a reproduction of a famous greetings card of the Flatiron, called ‘Downdrafts at the Flatiron,’ with a drawing of a woman, her petticoats being raised by the wind.
31. Goldberger, Op. cit., pages 17ff.
32. John Burchard and Albert Bush-Brown, The Architecture of America, London: Victor Gollancz, 1967, page 145.
33. Goldberger, Op. cit., pages 22–23.
34. Ibid., page 18. See also: Hugh Morrison, Louis Sullivan: Prophet of Modern Architecture, Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1971 (reprint of 1935 edition).
35. Wesley Towner, The Elegant Auctioneers, New York: Hill & Wang, 1970, page 176.
36. Patrick Nuttgens, The Story of Architecture, Oxford: Phaidon, 1983.
37. William J. Curtis, Modern Architecture since 1900, Oxford: Phaidon, 1982, page 39.
38. Goldberger, Op. cit., pages 18–19. See also: Louis H. Sullivan, The Autobiography of an Idea, New York: Dover, 1956 (revised version of 1924 edition).
39. Goldberger, Op. cit., page 34.
40. For Sullivan’s influence in Europe, see: Leonard K. Eaton, American Architecture Comes of Age: European Reaction to H. H. Richardson and Louis Sullivan, Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 1972.
41. Goldberger, Op. cit., page 83.
42. Frank Lloyd Wright, An Autobiography, London: Quartet, 1977 (new edition) pages 50–52.
43. Goldberger, Op. cit., pages 87 and 89 for a picture of the design.
44. Henry Combs with Martin Caidin, Kill Devil Hill, London: Secker & Warburg, 1980, page 212.
45. Ibid., page 213.
46. Ibid., page 214.
47. Ibid.
48. Ibid., page 216.
49. C. H. Gibbs-Smith, A History of Flying, London: Batsford, 1953, pages 42ff.
50. Alphonse Berget, The Conquest of the Air, London: Heinemann, 1909, pages 82ff.
51. Combs and Caidin, Op. cit., pages 50–51.
52. Ibid., pages 36–38.
53. Ibid., pages 137–138.
54. Ibid., page 204.
55. Ibid., pages 216–217.
56. Gibbs-Smith, Op. cit., pages 242–245.
57. H. H. Arnason, A History of Modem Art, London: Thames & Hudson, 1977, page 410.
58. Robert Hughes, American Visions, London: The Harvill Press, 1997, page 323.
59. Arnason, Op. cit., page 410.
60. Martin Green, New York 1913, New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1988, page 137.
61. Quoted in Hughes (1997), Op. cit., page 325.
62. Ibid., page 327.
63. Green, Op. cit., page 140.
64. Hughes (1997). Op. cit., page 334.
65. Ibid., page 331.
66. Arnason, Op. cit., page 507.
67. Arthur Knight, The Liveliest Art, New York: Macmillan, 1957, pages 16–17.
68. Everdell, The First Modems, Op. cit., page 203.
69. Ibid., page 204.
70. Richard Schickel, D. W. Griffith, London: Michael Joseph, 1984, pages 20–23.
71. IBID., PAGES 129FF.
72. Ibid., page 131.
73. See the list in Schickel, Ibid., pages 638–640.
74. Ibid., page 132.
75. Ibid., page 134.
76. Knight, Op. cit., pages 25–27.
77. Schickel, Op. cit., page 116.
1. Rhodes, The Making of the Atomic Bomb, Op. cit., page 50. For the links between early empiricism and the Enlightenment, see Ernest Gellner, Plough, Sword and Book, Op. cit., page 133.
2. Rhodes, Op. cit., pages 41–42.
3. L. G. Wickham Legg (editor), Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1949, page 766, column 2.
4. Rhodes, Op. cit., page 43.
5. Dictionary of National Biography, Op. cit., page 769, column 2.
6. Rhodes, Op. cit., page 47.
7. Ibid.
8. David Wilson, Rutherford: Simple Genius, London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1983, page 291.
9. Wilson, Op. cit., page 289.
10. Ernest Marsden, ‘Rutherford at Manchester,’ in J. B. Birks (editor), Rutherford at Manchester, London: Heywood & Co., 1962, page 8.
11. Rhodes, Op. cit., pages 49–50.
12. Wilson, Op. cit., pages 294 and 297.
13. Rhodes, Op. cit., page 50.
14. Michael White and John Gribbin, Einstein: A Life in Science, London: Simon & Schuster, 1993, page 5.
15. Ibid., page 9.
16. Ibid., page 10.
17. Ibid., page 8.
18. Ronald W. Clark, Einstein: The Life and Times, London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1973, page 16.
19. Ibid., pages 76–83; see also White and Gribbin, Op. cit., page 48.
20. Clark, Einstein, Op. cit., pages 61–62.
21. See Ibid., pages 89ff for others.
22. White and Gribbin, Op. cit., page 95.
23. Clark, Einstein, Op. cit., pages 100ff.
24. This section is based on Wiebe E. Bijker, Of Bicycles, Bakelites and Bulbs: Towards a Theory of Sociological Change, Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, chapter 3, pages 101–108.
25. Stephen Fenichell, Plastic: The Making of a Synthetic Century, New York: HarperCollins, 1996, page 86. Bijker, Op. cit., page 130.
26. Encyclopaedia Britannica, London: William Benton, 1963, volume 18, page 40A.
27. Bijker, Op. cit., pages 107–115. The ‘Exploding Teeth’ reference is at page 114.
28. Ibid., page 119.
29. Fenichell, Op. cit., page 89.
30. Bijker, Op. cit., page 146.
31. Encyclopaedia Britannica, Op. cit., page 40D. Bijker, Op. cit., page 147.
32. Fenichell, Op. cit., page 90.
33. Bijker, Op. cit., page 147.
34. Ibid., page 148.
35. Ibid., page 158.
36. Fenichell, Op. cit., page 91.
37. Bijker, Op. cit., pages 159–160.
38. See also Encyclopaedia Britannica, Op. cit., page 40D for further uses.
39. Bijker, Op. cit., page 166.
40. Caroline Moorehead, Bertrand Russell: A Life, London: Sinclair Stevenson, 1992, page 2.
41. See: Ray Monk, Bertrand Russell, The Spirit of Solitude, London: Vintage, 1997, pages 667ff, for a bibliographical discussion of Russell’s works.
42. Moorehead, Op. cit., page 335.
43. Ibid., page 35.
44. Ibid., pages 46ff.
45. Ronald W. Clark, The Life of Bertrand Russell, London: Penguin, 1978, page 43. Moorehead, Op. cit., page 49.
46. Moorehead, Op. cit., pages 96ff.
47. Ibid., pages 97–100.
48. Clark, Bertrand Russell and His World, London: Thames & Hudson, 1981, page 28; See also Monk, Op. cit., page 153.
49. Monk, Op. cit., pages 129FF and passim; Moorehead, Op. cit., page 94.
50. Moorehead, Op. cit., page 96.
51. Bertrand Russell, ‘Whitehead and Principia Mathematica’, Mind, volume lvii, No. 226, April 1948, pages 137–138.
52. Bertrand Russell, The Autobiography of Bertrand Russell, 1872–1914, London: George Allen & Unwin, 1967, page 152.
53. Moorehead, Op. cit., pages 99ff.
54. Monk, Op. cit., page 192.
55. Ibid., page 193.
56. Ibid., page 191.
57. Moorehead, Op. cit., page 101.
58. Ibid., page 102.
59. Monk, Op. cit., page 193.
60. Ibid., page 195.
61. M. Weatherall, In Search of a Cure: A History of Pharmaceutical Discovery, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990, page 83.
62. Ibid., pages 84–85.
63. Ibid., page 86.
64. Claude Quétel, Le Mal de Naples: histoire de la syphilis, Paris: Editions Seghers, 1986; translated as History of Syphilis, London: Polity Press in association with Basil Blackwell, 1990, pages 2ff.
65. Allan M. Brandt, No Magic Bullet: A Social History of Venereal Disease in the United States since 1880, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985, page 23.
66. Quétel, Op. cit., page 149.
67. Ibid., page 146.
68. Ibid., page 152.
69. Ibid., pages 157–158.
70. Martha Marquardt, Paul Ehrlich, London: Heinemann, 1949, page 163. Brandt, Op. cit., page 40.
71. Quétel, Op. cit., page 141.
72. Marquardt, Op. cit., page 28.
73. Ibid., pages 86ff.
74. Ibid., page 160.
75. Ibid., pages 163 ff
76. Ibid., page 168.
77. Ibid., pages 175–176.
78. Sigmund Freud, Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality, 1905, now available as part of volume VII of the Collected Works (see chapter I, note I, supra), pages 20–21 n.
1. David Levering Lewis, W. E. B. Du Bois: A Biography of a Race, New York: Holt, 1993, page 392
2. Ibid., pages 387–389.
3. Manning Marable, W. E. B. Du Bois: Black Radical Democrat, Boston: Twayne, 1986, page 98.
4. Lewis, Op. cit., page 393.
5. Marable, Op. cit., pages 52ff.
6. Lewis, Op. cit., page 33.
7. Marable, Op. cit., page 49.
8. Lewis, Op. cit., pages 302–303.
9. Ibid., page 316.
10. Ibid., pages 387ff.
11. Marable, Op. cit., page 73.
12. Lewis, Op. cit., page 404.
13. Ibid., page 406.
14. Marable, Op. cit., page 73.
15. Lewis, Op. cit., page 405.
16. Everdell, The First Moderns, Op. cit., page 209.
17. Ibid., pages 210 and 215–219.
18. Ibid., page 217.
19. Mike Hawkins, Social Darwinism in European and American Thought, Op. cit., pages 239–240.
20. Ibid., pages 229–230.
21. Kenneth M. Ludmerer, Genetics and American Soaety, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1972, page 60.
22. Ernst Mayr, The Growth of Biological Thought, Op. cit., pages 752ff.
23. Bruce Wallace, The Search for the Gene, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1992, page 56.
24. Mayr, Op. cit., pages 750–751.
25. Wallace, Op. cit., pages 57–58; Mayr, Op. cit., page 748.
26. Peter J. Bowler, The Mendelian Revolution, Op. cit., page 132; Mayr, Op. cit., page 752.
27. Mayr, Op. cit., page 753.
28. T. H. Morgan, A. H. Sturtevant, H. J. Muller and C. B. Bridges, The Mechanism of Mendelian Inheritance, New York: Henry Holt, 1915; see also Bowler, Op. cit., page 134.
29. Bowler, Op. cit., page 144.
30. Melville J. Herskovits, Franz Boas: The Science of Man in the Making, New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1953, page 17. For Boas’s political views and his dislike of the German political system, see: Douglas Cole, Franz Boas: The Early Years 1858— 1906, Vancouver/Toronto: Douglas & McIntyre and the University of Washington Press, Washington and London, 1999, pages 278ff.
31. Ludmerer, Op. cit., page 25.
32. Franz Boas, The Mind of Primitive Man, New York: Macmillan, 1911, pages 53fr for context.
33. Ludmerer, Op. cit., page 97.
34. Franz Boas, Op. cit., page 1.
35. Boas, Op. cit., pages 34ff.
36. Ibid., pages 145ff.
37. Ibid., pages 251ff.
38. Ibid., page 278.
39. Bertrand Flornoy, Inca Adventure, London: George Allen & Unwin, 1956, page 195.
40. Hiram Bingham, Lost City of the Incas, London: Phoenix House, 1951, page 100.
41. John Hemming, The Conquest of the Incas, London: Macmillan, 1970; paperback edition 1993, page 243.
42. Bingham, Op. cit., pages 50–52.
43. Hemming, Op. cit., pages 463–464.
44. Ibid., page 464.
45. Bingham, Op. cit., page 141.
46. Flornoy, Op. cit., page 194.
47. Bingham, Op. cit., page 141.
48. Hemming, Op. cit., page 464.
49. Bingham, Op. cit., pages 142–143.
50. Nigel Davies, The Incas, Niwot, Colorado: University of Colorado Press, 1995, page 9.
51. Hemming, Op. cit., page 469.
52. Ibid., page 470.
53. Bingham, Op. cit., page 152. Hemming, Op. cit., page 470.
54. Hemming, Op. cit., page 472
55. David R. Oldroyd, Thinking About the Earth, London: The Athlone Press, 1996, page 250.
56. See map in ibid., page 251.
57. George Gamow, Biography of the Earth, London: Macmillan, 1941, page 133.
58. Oldroyd, Op. cit., page 250.
59. R. Gheyselinck, The Restless Earth, London: The Scientific Book Club, 1939, page 281. See map of geosyncline in Oldroyd, Op. cit., page 257.
60. Oldroyd, Op. cit., pages 144 and 312 for other references.
61. Gamow, Op. cit., pages 2ff.
1. Robert Frost, A Boy’s Will, verse 2, ‘The Trial by Existence’, 1913; in Robert Frost: Collected Poems, Prose and Plays, New York: The Library of America, 1995, page 28. Everdell, Op. cit., where Chapter 21, ‘Annus Mirabilis’, is given to 1913.
2. John Rewald, Cézanne and America: Dealers, Collectors, Artists and Critics, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989, page 175.
3. Judith Zilczer, The Noble Buyer: John Quinn, Patron of the Avant-Garde, Washington, D.C.: Published for the Hirschhorn Museum by the Smithsonian Institution Press.
4. Milton Brown, The Story of the Armory Show, New York: Abbeville Press, 1988, pages 107ff.
5. Peter Watson, From Manet to Manhattan: The Rise of the Modern Art Market, London: Hutchinson, 1992; New York: Random House, 1992, pages 176ff.
6. Rewald, Op. cit., pages 166–168; Brown, Op. cit., pages 64–73.
7. Watson, Op. cit., page 179.
8. Brown, Op. cit., pages 133ff.
9. Ibid., page 143.
10. Ibid., pages 119ff and 238–239.
11. Roger Shattuck, The Banquet Years, Op. at., pages 282–283.
12. Marcel Adéma, Apollinaire, London: Heinemann, 1954, page 162.
13. Ibid., pages 163–164; Everdell, Op. cit., page 330.
14. Adéma, Op. cit., page 164.
15. Everdell, The First Moderns, Op. cit., page 330.
16. For an excellent introduction to Apollinaire, see: Shattuck, The Banquet Years, Op. cit., chapters 9 and 10, pages 253–322.
17. Schonberg, The Lives of the Great Composers, Op. cit., page 431.
18. Everdell, Op. cit., pages 329–330.
19. Peter Watson, Nureyev: A Biography, London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1994, pages 87–88.
20. Schonberg, Op. cit., page 433.
21. Ibid.
22. Ibid., page 434.
23. Ibid.
24. Richard Buckle, Diaghilev, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1979, page 175.
25. Schonberg, Op. cit., page 430.
26. Everdell, Op. cit., page 331.
27. Buckle, Op. cit., page 251.
28. Schonberg, Op. cit., page 431; Buckle, Op. cit., page 253.
29. Schonberg, Op. cit., page 431.
30. Buckle, Op. cit., page 254.
31. Ibid., page 255.
32. Everdell, Op. cit., page 333.
33. Henri Quittard, Le Figaro, 31 May 1913; quoted in Everdell, Op. cit., page 333. The reference to the ‘music subconscious’ is in Schonberg, Op. cit., page 432.
34. Everdell, Op. cit., page 335.
35. Clark, Einstein, Op. at., page 199.
36. White and Gribbin, Einstein, Op. cit., pages 132–133.
37. Clark, Einstein, Op. cit., page 241.
38. White and Gribbin, Op. at., page 135.
39. C. P. Snow, The Physicists, London: Macmillan, 1981, page 56.
40. Rhodes, The Making of the Atomic Bomb, Op. cit., page 69; Snow, Op. cit., page 58.
41. Ruth Moore, Niels Bohr: The Man and the Scientist, London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1967, page 71. See also Rhodes, Op. cit., pages 69–70.
42. Rhodes, Op. cit., pages 70ff.
43. Moore, Op. cit., page 59.
44. Snow, Op. cit., page 57.
45. Ibid., page 58.
46. David Luke, Introduction, in Thomas Mann, Death in Venice and Other Stories, translated and with an introduction by David Luke, London: Minerva, 1990, page ix.
47. Ibid., page xxxv.
48. Ronald Hayman, Thomas Mann, New York: Scribner, 1995, page 252.
49. Luke, Op. cit., pages xxxiv-xli.
50. Brenda Maddox, The Married Man: A Life of D. H. Lawrence, London: Sinclair Stevenson, 1994, page 36.
51. Helen Baron and Carl Baron, Introduction to: D. H. Lawrence, Sons and Lovers, London: Heinemann, 1913; reprinted Cambridge University Press and Penguin Books, 1992, page xviii.
52. James T. Boulton (editor), The Letters of D. H. Lawrence, volume 1, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979, pages 476–477; quoted in Baron and Baron, Op. cit., page xix.
53. Baron and Baron, Op. cit., page xviii.
54. See: George Painter, Marcel Proust: A Biography, volume 2, London: Chatto & Windus, 1965, especially chapter 3. For the note on the unconscious, see Harold March, The Two Worlds of Marcel Proust, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1948, pages 241 and 245.
55. See the index in Painter, Op. cit., for details, pages 407ff.
56. Clark, Freud, Op. cit., pages 305–306.
57. Janik and Toulmin, Wittgenstein’s Vienna, Op. cit., page 76, for the links Freud saw between Viennese social life and ‘frustration.’
58. Frank McLynn, Carl Gustav Jung, London: Bantam Press, 1996, page 72.
59. Ibid., pages 176ff.
60. Barbara Hannah, Jung: His Life and Work, London: Michael Joseph, 1977, page 69.
61. J. A. C. Brown, Freud and the Post-Freudians, Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1961, page 43. See also pages 46 and 48 for Jung’s theory of the racial and collective unconscious, and page 43 for the ‘evidence’ in support of his theories.
62. McLynn, Op. cit., page 305. Brown, Op. cit., page 43.
63. Clark, Freud, Op. cit., page 332.
64. Richard Noll, The Aryan Christ: The Secret Life of Carl Gustav Jung, London: Macmillan, 1997, page 108.
65. Clark, Freud, Op. cit., page 331.
66. Ibid., page 352.
67. Ibid.
68. Peter Gay, A Life for Our Time, London: J. M. Dent, 1988, page 332.
69. Clark, Freud, Op. cit., page 356.
70. Gay, Op. cit., page 242, who raises the question as to whether Freud ‘needed’ to make his friends into enemies.
71. Robert Frost, Op. cit., verse 4: ‘Reluctance,’ page 38.
1. Ronald Clark, Freud, Op. cit., page 366.
2. Ibid., page 366.
3. Caroline Moorehead, Bertrand Russell: A Life, Op. cit., page 205.
4. John Richardson, A Life of Picasso, 1907–1917: The Painter of Modem Life, volume 2, London: Jonathan Cape, 1996, pages 344–345.
5. Everdell, The First Modems, Op. cit., page 346.
6. Ibid.
7. Ibid.
8. See for example: Paul Fussell, The Great War and Modern Memory, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1975; and Jay Winter, Sites of Memory, Sites of Mourning: The Great War in European Cultural History, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
9. Fussell, Op. cit., page 9.
10. Ibid., page 11.
11. Bid., page 13.
12. Ibid.
13. Ibid., page 14.
14. Ibid., page 41.
15. Ibid., page 18.
16. Maxwell Maitz, The Evolution of Plastic Surgery, New York: Froben Press, 1946, page 268.
17. Kenneth Walker, The Story of Blood, London: Herbert Jenkins, 1958, page 144.
18. Walker, Op. cit., pages 152–153.
19. Harley Williams, Your Heart, London: Cassell, 1970, pages 74ff.
20. Walker, Op. cit., page 144.
21. Encyclopaedia Britannica, London: William Bennett, 1963, volume 3, page 808.
22. Walker, Op. cit., pages 148–149.
23. Stephen Jay Gould, The Mismeasure of Man, New York: W. W. Norton, 1981. Revised and expanded, Penguin, 1997, page 179.
24. Raymond E. Fancher, The Intelligence Men: Makers of the IQ Controversy, New York: W. W. Norton, 1985, page 60.
25. Gould, Op. cit., page 179.
26. Ibid., page 386.
27. Ibid., page 188.
28. Fancher, Op. cit., page 107.
29. Gould, Op. cit., page 190.
30. H.J. Eysenck and Leon Kamin, Intelligence: The Battle for the Mind, London: Macmillan, 1981, page 93.
31. Gould, Op. cit., pages 286ff.
32. Fancher, Op. cit., pages 136–137.
33. Ibid., pages 144–145.
34. Gould, Op. cit., page 222.
35. Ibid., page 223.
36. Ibid., page 224.
37. Fancher, Op. cit., pages 124ff.
38. Gould, Op. cit., page 227.
39. Ibid., pages 254ff.
40. Clark, Freud, Op. cit., pages 366–367.
41. Ibid., page 375.
42. John Rawlings Rees, The Shaping of Psychiatry by War, New York: W. W. Norton, 1945, page 113.
43. Rees, Op. cit., page 28.
44. Emanuel Miller (editor), The Neuroses in War, London: Macmillan, 1945, page 8.
45. Peter Gay, Op. cit., page 376.
46. Clark, Freud, Op. cit., pages 386–387.
47. Ibid., pages 404–405.
48. Fussell, Op. cit., page 355.
49. Bernard Bergonzi, Heroes’ Twilight: A Study of the Literature of the Great War, London: Macmillan, 1978, page 32.
50. Ibid., pages 42 and 44.
51. Ibid., page 36.
52. John Silkin, Out of Battle, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1972, page 65.
53. Bergonzi, Op. cit., page 41.
54. Ibid.
55. Martin Seymour-Smith, Robert Graves: His Life and Work, London: Bloomsbury, 1995, pages 49–50.
56. Bergonzi, Op. cit., pages 65–66; Desmond Graham, ‘Poetry of the First World War,’ in Dod-sworth (editor). Op. cit., page 124.
57. Martin Seymour-Smith, ‘Graves’, in Ian Hamilton (editor), The Oxford Companion to Twentieth-Century Poetry, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994, page 194.
58. Silkin, Op. cit., page 249.
59. Ibid., page 250.
60. Ibid., page 276.
61. Kenneth Simcox, Wilfred Owen: Anthem for a Doomed Youth, London: The Woburn Press, 1987, pages 5 off.
62. Simcox, Op. cit., page 129.
63. Bergonzi, Op. cit., page 127 and Silkin, Op. cit., page 207.
64. Silkin, Op. cit., page 232.
65. Fussell, Op. cit., pages 7–18 and 79 (for the ‘versus habit’).
66. Winter, Op. cit., pages 78ff.
67. Ibid., page 132.
68. Ibid., page 57.
69. Ibid., pages 133ff.
70. Ray Monk, Ludwig Wittgenstein: The Duty of Genius, London: Jonathan Cape, 1990, page 112.
71. Ibid., page 112.
72. Janik and Toulmin, Op. cit., pages 167ff.
73. Monk, Op. cit., page 12.
74. Ibid., page 15.
75. Ibid., pages 30–33.
76. Brian McGuinness, Wittgenstein: A Life, Volume One, Young Ludwig, 1889–1921, London: Duckworth, 1988, page 84.
77. Janik and Toulmin, Wittgenstein’s Vienna, Op. cit., page 176.
78. Monk, Op. cit., page 48.
79. McGuinness, Op. cit., pages 179–180.
80. Monk, Op. cit., page 138.
81. Ibid., page 145.
82. McGuinness, Op. cit., page 263.
83. Monk, Op. cit., pages 149–150.
84. McGuinness, Op. cit., page 264.
85. Georg Henrik von Wright, Wittgenstein, Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1982, page 77.
86. Monk, Op. cit., pages 157 and 180ff.
87. Magee, Op. cit., page 82; Monk, Op. cit., page 215.
88. Ibid., page 222.
89. See Janik and Toulmin, Op. cit., for comments on both the Vienna Circle and Wittgenstein (pages 214–215) and some other reactions to Tractatus (pages 180–201).
90. Monk, Op. cit., page 156. For details, with Commentary, see McGuinness, Op. cit., chapter 9, pages 296–316. P. M. S. Hacker, Wittgenstein, London: Phoenix, 1997, passim.
91. McGuinness, Op. cit., page 300. Magee, Op. cit., pages 80 and 85.
92. Van Wright, Op. cit., page 145.
93. For this paragraph I have relied on: Robert Short, ‘Dada and Surrealism’, in Malcolm Bradbury and James McFarlane (editors), Modernism, Op. cit., page 293.
94. William S. Rubin, Dada and Surrealist Art, London: Thames & Hudson, 1969, page 63.
95. Short, Op. cit., page 295.
96. Rubin, Op. cit., page 36.
97. Hughes, The Shock of the New, Op. cit., page 61.
98. Short, Op. cit., page 295.
99. Hughes, Op. cit., page 61.
100. Rubin, Op. cit., pages 40–41.
101. Hughes, Op. cit., page 61.
102. Rubin, Op. cit., pages 52–56.
103. Hughes, Op. cit., pages 64–66.
104. Ibid., pages 67–68.
105. Short, Op. cit., page 296.
106. Ibid.
107. Rubin, Op. cit., pages 42–46.
108. Ibid.
109. Hughes, Op. cit., pages 75–78.
110. Short, Op. cit., page 299.
111. Ibid., page 300.
112. Ibid., page 300.
113. Anna Balakian, André Breton: Magus of Surrealism, New York: Oxford University Press, 1971, pages 61 and 86–101.
114. Short, Op. cit., page 300.
115. Beverly Whitney Kean, French Painters, Russian Collectors, London: Barrie & Jenkins, 1985, page 144.
116. Hughes, Op. cit., page 81.
117. L. A. Magnus and K. Walter, Introduction to Three Plays of A. V Lunacharski, London: George Roudedge & Co., 1923, page v.
118. For a discussion of this see: Timothy Edward O’Connor, The Politics of Soviet Culture: Anatoli Lunacharskii, Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press, 1983, pages 68–69.
119. Magnus and Walter, Op. cit., page vii.
120. Hughes, Op. cit., page 87.
121. Ibid.
122. Ibid.
123. Galina Demosfenova, Malevich: Artist and Theoretician, Paris: Flammarion, 1990, page 10.
124. Ibid., page 14.
125. Hughes, Op. cit., page 89.
126. Demosfenova, Op. cit., page 14.
127. Hughes, Op. cit., page 89.
128. Demosfenova, Op. cit., pages 197–198.
129. Hughes, Op. cit., page 92.
130. Magdalena Dabrowski, Leah Dickerman and Peter Galassi, Aleksandr Rodchenko, New York: Harry. N. Abrams, 1998, pages 44–45.
131. Hughes, Op. cit., page 93.
132. Ibid., page 95.
133. Dabrowksi et ai, Op. cit., pages 63ff.
134. Ibid., page 124.
135. ‘The Future is our only Goal’, in Peter Noever (editor), Aleksandr Rodchenko and Varvora F. Stepanova, Munich: Prestel Verlag, 1991, page 158.
136. ‘The Discipline of Construction, leader Rodchenko’, in Noever, Op. cit., page 237.
1. Oswald Spengler, The Decline of the West, translated by Charles Francis Atkinson, published in two volumes: volume one: Der Untergang des Abendlandes: Gestalt und Wirklichkeit, Munich: C. H. Beck’sche Verlags Buchhandlung, 1918; and volume two: Der Untergang des Abendlandes: Welt Historische Perspektiven, same publisher, 1922.
2. See also: Herman, The Idea of Decline in Western History, Op. cit., page 228.
3. Ibid., pages 231–232.
4. Arthur Helps (editor and translator), Spengler Letters, London: George Allen & Unwin, 1966, page 17. Herman, Op. cit., pages 233–234.
5. Herman, Op. cit., page 234.
6. Ibid., page 235.
7. Spengler, Op. cit., volume one, page 21.
8. Spengler, Op. cit., volume two, page 90. See also: Herman, Op. cit., page 240.
9. Helps, Op. cit., page 31, letter to Hans Klöres, 25 October 1914.
10. Thomas Mann, Diaries, 1918–1939, entry for 2 July 1919, Frankfurt, 1979–82, Peter de Mendelssohn (editor), pages 61–64.
11. Herman, Op. cit., pages 244–245.
12. Helps, Op. cit., page 133, letter to Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche, 18 September, 1923.
13. Herman, Op. cit., page 246–247.
14. Bruce Arnold, Orpen: Mirror to an Age, London: Jonathan Cape, 1981, page 365. ‘The Signing of the Peace in the Hall of Mirrors, Versailles, 28 June 1919’, oil on canvas, 60×50 inches, is in the Imperial War Museum, London.
15. D. E. Moggridge, Maynard Keynes: An Economist’s Biography, London and New York: Roudedge, 1992, page 6. Women were not allowed to graduate at Cambridge until 1947.
16. Robert Skidelsky, John Maynard Keynes, volume one: Hopes Betrayed, London: Macmillan, 1983, page 131.
17. Ibid., page 176.
18. Moggridge, Op. cit., pages 282–283.
19. Skidelsky, Op. cit., page 382.
20. John Howard Morrow, The Great War in the Air: Military Aviation from 1909–1921, Washington D.C.: The Smithsonian Institution Press, 1993, page 354.
21. Trevor Wilson, The Myriad Faces of War: Britain and the Great War, 1914–1918, Cambridge: Polity Press, 1986, pages 839–841.
22. Moggridge, Op. cit., pages 341ff; Skidelsky, Op. cit., pages 397ff; Etienne Mantoux, The Carthaginian Peace; or, The Economic Consequences of Mr Keynes, London: Oxford University Press, 1946.
23. The Economic Consequences of the Peace (1919) is now available as volume II (1971) of The Collected Writings of John Maynard Keynes (30 vols 1971–1989), Managing Editors Sir Austin Robinson and Donald Moggridge, London: Macmillan, 1971–1989.
24. John Fairbanks, China, Op. cit., pages 267–268. Immanuel C. Y. Hsü, The Rise of Modern China, New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, revised edition, 1983, page 501, says 5,000.
25. Fairbanks, Op. cit., page 268; Hsü, Op. cit., pages 569–570.
26. Chow Tse-tung, The May Fourth Movement: Intellectual Revolution in Modern China, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1960, pages 84ff and Part Two, pages 269ff.
27. Hsü, Op. cit., pages 422–423.
28. Fairbanks, Op. cit., page 258.
29. Ibid., pages 261–264.
30. Ibid., page 265.
31. Ibid.
32. Tse-tung, Op. cit., pages 171ff.
33. Fairbank, Op. cit., page 266.
34. Ibid.
35. Hsü, Op. cit., pages 569–570.
36. See Tse-tung, Op. cit., pages 178–179 for a list.
37. Fairbank, Op. cit., page 268.
38. Ibid., pages 269ff.
39. Paul Johnson, The Modem World, Op. cit., page 197. Fairbanks, Op. cit., pages 275–276.
40. William Johnston, The Austrian Mind, Op. cit., page 73.
41. Ibid.
42. Janik and Toulmin, Wittgenstein’s Vienna, Op. cit., pages 239–240.
43. M. Weatherall, In Search of a Cure, Op. cit., page 128.
44. Arpad Kadarkay, Georg Lukács: Life, Thought and Politics, Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1991, page 177. Mary Gluck, Georg Lukács and His Generation, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1985, page 14.
45. Ibid., page 22, for the discussion of Simmel, page 131 for Gauguin and page 147 for the Manet remark.
46. Ibid., page 154.
47. Ibid., pages 154–155.
48. Ibid., pages 156ff
49. Kadarkay, Op. cit., page 195.
50. Gluck, Op. cit., page 204.
51. Ibid., page 205.
52. Kadarkay, Op. cit., pages 248–249.
53. Gluck, Op. cit., page 211.
54. A. Vibert Douglas, The Life of Arthur Stanley Eddington, London: Thomas Nelson & Sons, 1956, page 38.
55. L. P. Jacks, Sir Arthur Eddington: Man of Science and Mystic, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1949. See pages 2 and 17.
56. John Gribbin, Companion to the Cosmos, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1996, Phoenix paperback, 1997, pages 92 and 571. See also: Douglas, Op. cit., pages 54ff.
57. Douglas, Op. cit., page 39.
58. Ibid.
59. Ibid., page 40.
60. Ibid.
61. Ibid.
62. Ibid., page 41; see also: Albrecht Fölsing, Albert Einstein: A Biography, New York: Viking, 1997, page 440.
63. Douglas, Op. cit., page 42.
64. Ibid., page 43. See also: Ronald W. Clark, Einstein: The Life and Times, Op. cit., pages 224–225; and: Victor Lowe: Alfred North Whitehead: The Man and His Work, volume II, 1910–1947, edited by J. B. Schneewind, Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990, page 127 for Eddington on Whitehead and relativity.
1. Ross Terrill, R. H. Tawney and His Times: Socialism as Fellowship, London: André Deutsch, 1974, page 53.
2. Ibid., pages 53–56.
3. Anthony Wright, R. H. Tawney, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1987, pages 48–49.
4. Ibid., pages 35ff.
5. R. H. Tawney, Religion and the Rise of Capitalism, London: John Murray, 1926; published in Pelican Books 1938 and as a Penguin 20th Century Classic, 1990. See in particular chaper 3, section iii, and chapter 4, section iii.
6. Tawney, Op. cit., chapter 3, section iii, chapter 4, section iii.
7. Wright, Op. cit., page 148.
8. Peter Ackroyd, T. S. Eliot, London: Hamish Hamilton, 1984; Penguin edition, 1993, pages 61–64 and 113–114.
9. Stephen Coote, ? S. Eliot: The Waste Land, London: Penguin, 1985, page 10.
10. Ibid., pages 12 and 94.
11. Ibid., page 14. See also: Robert Sencourt, T. S. Eliot: A Memoir, London: Garnstone Press, 1971, page 85.
12. Boris Ford (editor), The New Pelican Guide to English Literature: Volume 9: American Literature, Penguin 1967, revised 1995, page 327.
13. Letter from Pound to Eliot, 24 December 1921, Paris. In Valerie Eliot (editor), The Letters of T. S. Eliot, Volume I, 1889–1921, London: Faber & Faber, 1988, page 497.
14. See Coote, Op. cit., page 30 and in particular chapter 5, on the editing of The Waste Land manuscript, pages 89ff. And Ackroyd, Op. cit., pages 113–126.
15. Sencourt, Op. cit., page 89. Coote, Op. cit., page 9.
16. Coote, Op. cit., page 26.
17. Ibid., pages 125–126 and 132–135.
18. Valerie Eliot, Op. cit., pages 551–552. See also Coote, Op. cit., page 17 for the ‘escape from personality’ reference.
19. Luigi Pirandello, Six Characters in Search of an Author, translated by Frederick May, London: Heinemann, 1954, reprinted 1975, page x.
20. May, Op. cit., page viii. Mark Musa, Introduction to the Penguin edition of Six Characters in Search of an Author and Other Plays, London: Penguin, 1995, pages xi and xiv; see also: Benito Ortolani (editor and translator), Pirandello’s Loue Letters to Marta Abba, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994.
21. Gaspare Giudice, Pirandello, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1975, page 119.
22. Frank Field, The Last Days of Mankind: Karl Kraus and His Vienna, London: Macmillan, 1967, page 14.
23. Field, Op. cit., page 18.
24. Ibid., page 102.
25. Ibid., page 103.
26. W. Kraft, Karl Kraus, Beiträge zum Verständnis seines Werkes, Salzburg, 1956, page 13; quoted in Field, Op. cit., pages 242 and 269.
27. Coote, Op. cit., page 28.
28. Richard Ellmann, James Joyce, New York: Oxford University Press, 1959, page 401.
29. Declan Kiberd, Introduction to James Joyce’s Ulysses, Paris: Shakespeare & Co., 1922; Penguin edition of the 1960 Bodley Head edition, 1992, page lxxxi.
30. Ellmann, Op cit., page 672; John Wyse Jackson and Peter Costello, John Stanislaus Joyce: The Voluminous Life and Genius of Joyce’s Father, London: Fourth Estate, 1997, pages 254–255.
31. Ellmann, Op. cit., page 551.
32. Kiberd, Op. cit., page xxxii.
33. James Joyce, Ulysses, Op. cit., page 271.
34. Ibid., page 595.
35. Kiberd, Op. cit., pages xv and lx.
36. Ibid., page xxiii.
37. Ibid., pages xxx and xliv.
38. David Perkins, A History of Modem Poetry, Volume 1, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1976, page 572.
39. Ibid., page 601.
40. Ibid., page 584.
41. Ibid., page 596.
42. A. Norman Jeffares, W B. Yeats, London: Hutchinson: 1988, page 261.
43. Perkins, Op. cit., page 578.
44. Jeffares, Op. cit., page 275.
45. James R. Mellow, Invented Lives: F. Scott and Zelda Fitzgerald, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1985, page 56.
46. F. Scott Fitzgerald, The Great Gatsby, London: Penguin, 1990, page 18.
47. Matthew Bruccoli, Some Sort of Epic Grandeur: The Life of F. Scott Fitzgerald, London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1981, page 221.
48. See ibid., pages 217–218 for the revised ending of the book.
49. Ibid., page 223.
50. Paul Johnson, A History of the Modern World from 1917 to the 1980s, Op. cit., pages 9–10.
51. Harold March, The Two Worlds of Marcel Proust, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1948, page 114.
52. Ibid., pages 182–194.
53. Ibid., page 228.
54. See Ibid., pages 241–242 for a discussion of Freud and Proust.
55. George Painter, André Gide: A Critical Biography, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1968, page 142.
56. Justin O’Brien, Portrait of André Gide: A Critical Biography, London: Secker & Warburg, 1953, pages 254–255.
57. Painter, Op. cit., page 143.
58. O’Brien, Op. cit., page 195.
59. Kate Flint, Introduction to Oxford University Paperback edition of Jacob’s Room, Oxford, 1992, pages xiii–xiv.
60. James King, Virginia Woolf London: Hamish Hamilton, 1994, page 148.
61. Ibid., pages 314–315. See: Hermione Lee, Virginia Woolf, London: Chatto & Windus, 1996, page 444 for Eliot’s reaction.
62. Virginia Woolf, Diaries, 26 January 1920, quoted in Flint, Op. cit., page xii.
63. Ibid., page xiv.
64. King, Op. cit., page 318.
65. Virginia Woolf, Jacob’s Room, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992 edition, page 37, quoted in Flint, Op. cit., page xv.
66. Robert Hughes, The Shock of the New, Op. cit., page 212.
67. Ibid., page 213.
68. Ibid.
69. Walter Hopps, Ernst at Surrealism’s Dawn: 1925–1927, in William A. Camfield, Max Ernst: Dada and the Dawn of Surrealism, Munich: Prestel-Verlag, 1993. page 157.
70. Camfield, Op. cit., page 158.
71. Hughes, Op. cit., page 215.
72. See the sequence of piazzas, plates vii–xv, in Maurizio Fagiolo Dell’Arco, De Chirico 1908–1924, Milano: Rizzoli, 1984.
73. Hughes, Op. cit., pages 217–221.
74. See ‘The Politics of Bafflement’, in Carolyn Lanchner, Joan Miró, New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1993, page 49.
75. Ibid., pages 28–32.
76. Hughes, Op. cit., pages 231 and 235.
77. Ibid., pages 237–238. See also: Robert Descharnes, The World of Salvador Dali, London: Macmillan, 1962, page 63. For Dali’s obsession with his appearance, see: Ian Gibson, The Shameful Life of Salvador Dali, London and Boston: Faber & Faber, 1997. pages 70–71.
78. Descharnes, Op. cit., page 61. Gibson, Op. cit., page 283.
79. A. M. Hammacher, René Magritte, London: Thames & Hudson, 1974, figures 81 and 88.
80. Ibid., devotes a whole section to Magritte’s titles.
1. Stephen Jay Gould, The Mismeasure of Man, Op. cit., page 260.
2. Ibid., page 261.
3. Ibid.
4. Laurie R. Godfrey (editor), Scientists Confront Creationism, New York: W. W. Norton, 1983, passim.
5. Hofstadter, Anti-Intellectualism in American Life, New York: Knopf, 1963, page 126.
6. Ibid., page 125.
7. Ronald L. Numbers, Darwinism Comes to America, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1998, pages 77–89.
8. Hofstadter, Op. cit., pages 124–125.
9. James M. Hutchisson, Introduction to: Sinclair Lewis, Babbitt, New York: Harcourt Brace & Co., 1922; Penguin edition, London, 1996, pages xiiff.
10. Ibid., pages viii–xi.
11. Ibid., xi.
12. Mark Schorer, Sinclair Lewis: An American Life, London: Heinemann, 1963, page 345. See also: Hutchisson, Op. cit., page xii.
13. Hutchisson, Op. cit., page xxvi.
14. Alfred Kazin, On Native Grounds, New York: Harcourt Brace, 1942; paperback, third edition, 1995, page 221.
15. Hutchisson, Op. cit., page xvii.
16. Schorer, Op. cit., pages 353–356.
17. Asa Briggs, The Birth of Broadcasting, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1961, page 65.
18. Theodore Peterson, Magazines in the Twentieth Century, Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1956, pages 40ff and 211.
19. Ibid., page 211.
20. Ibid.
21. Janice A. Radway, A Feeling for Books: The Book-of the-Month Club, Literary Taste and Middle Class Desire, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997, pages 195–196.
22. Ibid., pages 221ff.
23. Robert S. and Helen Merrell Lynd, Middletown: A Study in Contemporary American Culture, London: Constable, 1929, page vi.
24. Ibid., page 7.
25. Ibid., page 249.
26. Ibid., page 48.
27. Ibid., pages 53ff.
28. Ibid., page 83.
29. Ibid., page 115.
30. Ibid., page 532.
31. Ibid., page 36.
32. David Levering Lewis, When Harlem was in Vogue, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1981, page 165.
33. Ibid., page 168.
34. See George Hutchinson, The Harlem Renaissance in Black and White, Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1995, pages 396ff for a discussion.
35. Lewis, Op. cit., pages 91–92.
36. Hutchinson, Op. cit., pages 289–304 for a discussion of racial science in this context.
37. Ibid., pages 145–146. See also: Lewis, Op. cit., pages 34–35.
38. Lewis, Op. cit., page 33.
39. Ibid., pages 51ff.
40. Ibid., pages 67–71.
41. Hutchinson, Op. cit., page 396, which takes a critical approach to Locke.
42. Ibid., pages 170ff; see also Lewis, Op. cit., pages 115–116.
43. Lewis, Op. cit., pages 180ff.
44. Peterson, Op. cit., page 235.
45. Ibid., page 238.
46. Ibid., page 240.
47. Ibid., page 241.
48. Asa Briggs, Op. cit., page 65.
49. John Cain, The BBC: Seventy Years of Broadcasting, London: BBC, 1992, pages 11 and 20.
50. Ibid., pages 10–15.
51. Assembled from charts and figures given in Briggs, Op. cit., passim. Cain, Op. cit., page 13.
52. Briggs, Op. cit., page 14.
53. Radway, Op. cit., pages 219–220 and chapter 7, ‘The Scandal of the Middlebrow’, pages 221ff.
54. Cain, Op. cit., page 15.
55. Ibid., page 25.
The title for this chapter is taken from Bernard Bergonzi’s book on the literature of World War I, discussed in chapter 9. As will become clear, the phrase applies a fortiori to the subject of Weimar Germany. I am particularly indebted in this chapter to Peter Gay’s Weimar Culture (see note 3 for details).
1. Otto Friedrich, Before the Deluge: A Portrait of Berlin in the 1920s, London: Michael Joseph, 1974, page 67.
2. Lotte H. Eisner, The Haunted Screen: Expressionism in the German Cinema and the Influence of Max Reinhardt, London and New York: Thames & Hudson, 1969, pages 17–27 for Pommer’s reaction to Mayer and Janowitz.
3. Peter Gay, Weimar Culture: The Outsider as Insider, London: Martin Secker & Warburg, 1969, page 107.
4. Ibid., page 126.
5. Ibid.
6. Ibid.
7. Friedrich, Op. cit., page 66.
8. Ibid. For the success of the film, see: Geoffrey Nowell-Smith, The Oxford History of World Cinema, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1996, page 144; and page 145 for an assessment of Plommer.
9. Friedrich, Op. cit., page 67.
10. Gay, Op. cit., pages 108–109.
11. Ibid., page 110.
12. Ibid., page 32.
13. Ibid., page 34.
14. Hughes, The Shock of the New, Op. cit., page 175.
15. Ibid., pages 192–195; Gay, Op cit., pages 102ff.
16. Friedrich, Op. cit., page 160.
17. Gay, Op. cit., page 105.
18. Hughes, Op. cit., page 195.
19. Ibid., page 195.
20. Ibid., page 199.
21. Ibid., page 199.
22. Bryan Magee, Men of Ideas: Some Creators of Contemporary Philosophy, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1978, paperback, 1982, page 44.
23. Martin Jay, The Dialectical Imagination: A History of the Frankfurt School and the Institute of Social Research, 1923–1950, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973, paperback edition 1996, pages 152–153. Magee, Op. cit., pages 44 and 50.
24. Magee, Op. cit., page 50.
25. Jay, Op. cit., pages 86ff.
26. Magee, Op. cit., page 48.
27. Ibid., page 51.
28. Ibid., page 52.
29. Ibid.
30. Gay, Op. cit., page 49.
31. Ibid., pages 51–52.
32. E. M. Butler, Rainer Maria Rilke, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1941, page 14.
33. Ibid., pages 147ff
34. Friedrich, Op. cit., page 304.
35. Gay, Op. cit., page 54.
36. Ibid., page 59.
37. Ibid., page 55.
38. Butler, Op. cit., page 317.
39. Quoted in ibid., page 327.
40. Gay, Op. cit., page 55.
41. Ibid., page 57.
42. Ibid.
43. Ibid., page 59.
44. Friedrich, Op. cit., page 220, where Einstein’s predicament is spelled out. See also: Gay, Op. cit., pages 129FF
45. Hayman, Thomas Mann, Op. cit., pages 344–348.
46. Gay, Op. cit., page 131.
47. Hayman, Op. cit., page 346.
48. Gay, Op. cit., page 131.
49. Ibid., pages 132–133.
50. Ibid., page 136.
51. Bruno Walter, ‘Themes and Variations: An Autobiography,’ 1946, pages 268–269, quoted in Gay, Op. cit., page 137.
52. Schonberg, The Lives of the Great Composers, Op. cit., page 526.
53. Friedrich, Op. cit., page 178; Griffiths, Modern Music, Op. cit., page 81.
54. Schonberg, Op. cit., page 526.
55. Ibid.
56. Griffiths, Op. cit., page 82.
57. Friedrich, Op. cit., pages 155 and 181.
58. Griffiths, Op. cit., pages 36–37. Schonberg, Op. cit., page 524.
59. Schonberg, Op. cit., page 524.
60. Friedrich, Op. cit., page 183.
61. Schonberg, Op. cit., page 527.
62. Peter Conrad, Modern Times, Modem Places: Art and Life in the Twentieth Century, London: Thames & Hudson, 1998, pages 327–328.
63. Friedrich, Op. cit., page 243.
64. Ibid., page 244.
65. Ronald Hayman, Brecht: A Biography, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1983, page 138.
66. Ibid., page 130.
67. Ibid., pages 131ff.
68. Ibid., page 134.
69. Ibid., page 135.
70. Griffiths, Op. cit., pages 112–113.
71. Hayman, Brecht, page 148.
72. Ibid.
73. Ibid., page 149.
74. Ibid., page 148.
75. Ibid., page 147.
76. Hugo Ott, Martin Heidegger: A Political Life, London: HarperCollins, 1993, page 125.
77. Paul Hühnerfeld, In Sachen Heidegger, 1961, pages 14ff, quoted in Gay, Op. cit., page 85.
78. Magee, Op. Cit., pages 59–60; Gay, Op. cit., page 86.
79. To begin with, he was close to the existential theologian Rudolf Bultmann and the ‘crisis theology’ of Karl Barthes (see below, chapter 32). Ott, Op. cit., page 125.
80. Magee, Op. cit., page 67.
81. Ibid.
82. Ibid., pages 67 and 73.
83. Ott, Op. cit., page 122ff and 332. See also: Gay, Op. cit., page 86.
84. Mary Gluck, Georg Lukács and His Generation, 1900–1918, Op. cit., page 211.
85. Johnston, The Austrian Mind, Op. cit., page 366.
86. Ibid., page 367.
87. Gluck, Op. cit., page 218.
88. Johnston, Op. cit., page 368.
89. Ibid., page 372.
90. Conrad, Op. cit., page 504.
91. Johnston, Op. cit., page 374.
92. Magee, Op. cit., page 96.
93. Ibid.
94. Ben Rogers, A. J. Ayer: A Life, London: Chatto & Windus, 1999, pages 86–87.
95. Magee, Op. cit., pages 102–103.
96. Ibid., page 103.
97. Rogers, Op. cit., pages 91–92.
98. Johnston, Op. cit., page 195.
99. Robert Musil, Der Mann Ohne Eigenschaften, 1930–1943; The Man Without Qualities, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1995, (trans) Sophie Wilkins. In this section I am especially indebted to: Philip Payne, Robert Musil’s ‘The Man without Qualities’, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988, passim.
100. Johnston, Op. cit., page 335.
101. Franz Kuna, ‘The Janus-faced Novel: Conrad, Musil, Kafka, Mann,’ in Malcolm Bradbury and James McFarlane (editors), Modernism, Op. cit., page 449.
102. Ronald Speirs and Beatrice Sandburg, Franz Kafka, Op. cit., pages 1 and 5.
103. Speirs and Sandburg, Op. cit., page 15.
104. P. Mailloux, A Hesitation Before Birth: A Life of Franz Kafka, London and Toronto: Associated Universities Presses, 1989, page 13.
105. Ibid., page 352.
106. Speirs and Sandburg, Op. cit., pages 105ff.
107. Mailloux, Op. cit., page 355.
108. Richard Davenport-Hines, Auden, London: Heinemann, 1995, page 26.
109. Alan Bullock, Hitler and Stalin: Parallel Lives, London: HarperCollins, 1991; Fontana Paperback, 1993, page 148.
110. Ibid., page 149.
111. Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf, published in English as ‘My Struggle’, London: Hurst & Blackett, The Paternoster Press, October 1933 (eleven impressions by October 1935); and see Bullock, Op. cit., pages 405–406.
112. George L. Mosse, The Crisis of German Ideology: Intellectual Origins of the Third Reich, New York: Howard Festig, 1998.
113. Ibid., pages 39ff for Langbehn, pages 72ff for the Edda and pages 52ff for Diederichs.
114. Ibid., pages 102–103.
115. Ibid., page 99.
116. Ibid., page 155.
117. Werner Maser, Hitler: Legend, Myth and Reality, New York: Harper & Row, 1973, page 157.
118. Ibid., page 158.
119. Ibid., page 159.
120. Mosse, Op. cit., pages 89–91.
121. Maser, Op. cit., page 162.
122. Mosse, Op. cit., pages 95, 159 and 303.
123. Percy Schramm, Hitler: The Man and the Military Leader, London: Allen Lane, The Penguin Press, 1972, pages 77–78.
124. Maser, Op. cit., pages 42ff.
125. Ibid., page 165.
126. Ibid., page 167.
127. Mosse, Op. cit., page 295.
128. Maser, Op. cit., page 169.
129. Ibid., page 135.
130. Schramm, Op. cit., pages 84ff
131. Maser, Op. cit., page 154.
1. J. B. Bury, The Idea of Progress, London: Macmillan, 1920.
2. Ibid., pages 98ff.
3. Ibid., pages 291ff.
4. Ibid., pages 177ff.
5. Ibid., page 192.
6. Ibid., pages 335ff.
7. Ibid., page 278.
8. Ibid., page 299.
9. Ibid., page 334.
10. See also ibid., pages 78ff. Ernest Gellner, in Plough, Sword and Book: The Structure of Human History, Op. cit., argues that progress is essentially an economic, capitalist, idea. See page 140.
11. Howard Carter and A. C. Mace, The Tomb of Tut*Ankh*Amen, London: Cassell, 1923, volume 1, page 78.
12. C. W. Ceram, Gods, Graves and Scholars, London: Victor Gollancz, 1951, page 183.
13. Carter and Mace, Op. cit., page 87.
14. Ceram, Op. cit., page 184.
15. Carter and Mace, Op. cit., page 96.
16. Ceram, Op. cit., page 186.
17. See photographs in Carter and Mace, Op. cit., at page 132.
18. Ceram, Op. cit., page 188; Carter and Mace, Op. cit., pages 151ff.
19. See Carter and Mace, Op. cit., page 178, for a list of those present.
20. Ceram, Op. cit., page 193.
21. Ibid., page 195.
22. See Carter and Mace, Op. cit., Appendix, pages 189ff, for a list.
23. Ceram, Op. cit., page 198.
24. Ibid., page 199.
25. Ibid., pages 199–200.
26. C. Leonard Woolley, The Sumerians, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1929, page 6.
27. Ibid., page 27.
28. Ceram, Op. cit., page 309; Woolley, Op. cit., page 43.
29. Ceram, Op. cit., page 311.
30. Woolley, Op. cit., page 31.
31. Ceram, Op. cit., pages 311–312.
32. Woolley, Op. cit., pages 30–32.
33. Leonard Woolley, Excavations at Ur, London: Ernest Benn, 1954, page 251.
34. Ceram, Op. cit., page 315.
35. Ibid., page 316.
36. Woolley, Excavations at Ur, Op. cit., page 91.
37. Ceram, Op. cit., page 316.
38. Woolley, Excavations at Ur, Op. cit., page 37. See Woolley, The Sumerians, Op. cit., page 36, for photographs of early arches.
39. Ceram, Op. cit., page 312.
40. Frederic Kenyon, The Bible and Archaeology, London: George Harrap, 1940, page 155.
41. Ibid., page 156.
42. Ibid., page 158.
43. Frederic Kenyon, Our Bible and the Ancient Manuscripts, London: Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1958, page 30.
44. Kenyon, The Bible and Archaeology, Op. cit., pages 160–161.
45. C. W. Ceram, The First Americans, Op. cit., page 126.
46. Ibid.
47. A. E. Douglass, Climatic Cycles and Tree Growth, volumes I–III, Washington D.C., Carnegie Institution, 1936, pages 2 and 116–122.
48. Ibid., pages 105–106.
49. Ceram, The First Americans, Op. cit., page 128.
50. See Douglass, Op. cit., page 125 for a discussion about the dearth of sunspots at times in the past.
51. Herbert Butterfield, The Whig Interpretation of History, London: G. Bell, 1931.
52. Ibid., pages 37 and 47.
53. Ibid., pages 27ff.
54. Ibid., page 96.
55. Ibid., page 107.
56. Ibid., page 111.
57. Ibid., page 123.
1. Rhodes, The Making of the Atomic Bomb, Op. cit., page 134.
2. C. P. Snow, The Search, New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1958, page 88.
3. Rhodes, Op. cit., page 137.
4. Wilson, Rutherford: Simple Genius, Op. cit., page 404.
5. Rhodes, Op. cit., page 137.
6. Moore, Niels Bohr, The Man and the Scientist, Op. cit., page 21.
7. Stefan Rozental (editor), Niels Bohr, Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1967, page 137, quoted in Rhodes, Op. cit., page 114.
8. See Moore, Op. cit., pages 80ff for the voltage required to make electrons ‘jump’ out of their orbits; see also pages 122–123 for the revised periodic table; see also Rhodes, Op. cit., page 115.
9. Emilio Segrè, From X-Rays to Quarks, London and New York: W. H. Freeman, 1980, page 124.
10. Helge Kragh, Quantum Generations: A History of Physics in the Twentieth Century, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999, page 160, for a table of visitors to Copenhagen.
11. Paul Strathern, Bohr and Quantum Theory, London: Arrow, 1998, pages 70–72.
12. Moore, Op. cit., page 137.
13. Strathern, Op. cit., page 74.
14. Werner Heisenberg, Physics and Beyond, New York: Harper, 1971, page 38; quoted in Rhodes, Op. cit., page 116.
15. Moore, Op. cit., page 138.
16. Heisenberg, Op. cit., page 61, quoted in Rhodes, Op. cit., pages 116–117.
17. Strathern, Op. cit., page 77.
18. Moore, Op. cit., page 139.
19. Snow, The Physicists, Op. cit., page 68.
20. Moore, Op. cit., page 14.
21. Kragh, Op. cit., page 164–165 for the mathematics.
22. Rhodes, Op. cit., page 128; Moore, Op. cit., page 143; Kragh, Op. cit., page 165.
23. Heisenberg, Op. cit., page 77; quoted in Rhodes, Op. cit., page 130.
24. Moore, Op. cit., page 151.
25. John A. Wheeler and W. H. Zurek (editors). Quantum Theory and Measurement, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1983, quoted in Kragh, Op. cit., page 209.
26. Gerald Holton, Thematic Origins of Scientific Thought, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1973, page 120.
27. Kragh, Op. cit., page 170 for a table.
28. Wilson, Op. cit., pages 444–446. See also: Rhodes, Op. cit., page 153.
29. Ibid., page 449.
30. Rhodes, Op. cit., page 154.
31. Ibid., page 155.
32. Andrew Brown, The Neutron and the Bomb, A Biography of James Chadwick, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1997, page 8.
33. Rhodes, Op. cit., pages 155–156.
34. Kragh, Op. cit., page 185.
35. Rhodes, Op. cit., page 160.
36. Brown, Op. cit., page 102.
37. Rhodes, Op. cit., pages 161–162.
38. Brown, Op. cit., page 104; see also: James Chadwick, ‘Some personal notes on the search for the neutron,’ Proceedings of the Tenth Annual Congress of the History of Science, 1964, page 161, quoted in Rhodes, Op. cit., page 162. These accounts vary slightly.
39. Rhodes, Op. cit., pages 163–164; Brown, Op. cit., page 105.
40. Kragh, Op. cit., page 185.
41. Brown, Op. cit., page 106.
42. Timothy Ferris, The Whole Shebang: A State of the Universe(s) Report, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1997. page 41.
43. Gale Christianson, Edwin Hubble: Mariner of the Nebulae, New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1995, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, paperback edition, 1996, page 199. See also: John Gribbin, Copernicus to the Cosmos, London: Phoenix, 1997, pages 2 and 186ff.
44. Clark, Einstein, Op. cit., page 213. See also: Banesh Hoffmann, Albert Einstein: Creator and Rebel, London: Hart-Davis, MacGibbon, 1973, page 215.
45. Ferris, Op. cit., page 42.
46. Christianson, Op. cit., page 199; Ferris, Op. cit., page 43.
47. Clark, Einstein, Op. cit., page 406; Ferris, Op. cit., page 44.
48. Ferris, Op. cit., page 45.
49. Gribbin, Companion to the Cosmos, Op. cit., pages 92–93.
50. Christianson, Op. cit., pages 157–160.
51. Ibid., pages 189–195.
52. Ferris, Op. cit., page 45.
53. Christianson, Op. cit., pages 260–269.
54. Thomas Hager, Force of Nature: The Life of Linus Pauling, New York, Simon & Schuster, 1995, page 217.
55. Ibid., page 65.
56. Ibid., page 113.
57. Bernadette Bensaude-Vincent and Isabelle Stengers, A History of Chemistry, translated by Deborah Dam, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1996, pages 242ff.
58. Hager, Op. cit., pages 136.
59. Bensaude-Vincent and Stengers, Op. cit., pages 242–243. Hager, Op. cit., page 136.
60. Hager, Op. cit., page 138.
61. Ibid., page 148.
62. Heider and London’s theory has become the subject of revisionist chemical history recently. See for example, Bensaude-Vincent and Stengers, Op. cit., page 243.
63. Hager, Op. cit., page 169.
64. Ibid., page 171.
65. Ibid., page 159.
66. Many books published on chemistry in the 1930s make no reference to Heitler and London, or Pauling.
67. Glyn Jones, The Jet Pioneers, London: Methuen, 1989, page 21.
68. Ibid., pages 22–23.
69. Ibid., page 24.
70. Ibid., pages 27–28. British accounts of Whittle’s contributions are generally negligent, perhaps because he was so badly treated. In Aviation, An Historical Survey from Its Origins to the End of World War II, by Charles Gibbs-Smith, and published by HMSO in 1970, Whittle rates three references only and by the second he is an Air Commodore! H. Montgomery Hyde’s British Air Policy Between the Wars 1918–1931, London: Heinemann, 1976, 539pp, has one reference and one note on Whittle.
71. Jones, Op. cit., page 29.
72. Ibid., page 36.
73. John Allen Paulos, Beyond Numeracy, New York: Knopf, 1991, page 95.
74. Ray Monk, Wittgenstein, Op. cit., page 295.
75. Ibid., page 295n.
76. Ernst Nagel and James Newman, ‘Goedel’s Proof, in James Newman (editor), The World of Mathematics (volume 3, of 4), New York: Simon & Schuster, 1955, pages 1668–1695, especially page 1686.
77. Newman, Op. cit., page 1687.
78. Paulos, Op. cit., page 97.
79. David Deutsch, The Fabric of Reality, London: Allen Lane, The Penguin Press, 1997, Penguin paperback, 1998, pages 236–237.
80. Philip J. Davis and Reuben Hersh, The Mathematical Experience, London: The Harvester Press, 1981, page 319.