1. John Russell Taylor, Hitch: The Life and Work of Alfred Hitchcock, London: Faber & Faber, 1978, page 255.
2. Donald Spoto, The Life of Alfred Hitchcock: The Dark Side of Genius, London: Collins, 1983, page 420. James Pallot, Jacob Levich et al, The Fifth Virgin Film Guide, London: Virgin Books, 1996, pages 553–554.
3. Ibid., pages 421–423.
4. Russell Taylor, Op. cit., page 256.
5. Spoto, Op. cit., pages 423–424.
6. Ibid., page 420.
7. R. D. Laing, The Divided Self: An Existential Study in Sanity and Madness, London: Tavistock, 1959. See also: Adrian Laing, R. D. Laing: A Life, London: Peter Owen, 1994, chapter 8, pages 77–78.
8. Gilbert Ryle, The Concept of Mind, London: Hutchinson, 1949.
9. Ibid., pages 36ff.
10. Ibid., pages 319ff.
11. S. Stephen Hilmy, The Later Wittgenstein: The Emergence of a New Philosophical Method, Oxford: Blackwell, 1987, page 191.
12. Ludwig Wittgenstein, Philosophical Investigations, Oxford: Blackwell, 1953 (edited by G. E. M. Anscombe and R. Rhees). Wittgenstein had begun writing this book in 1931 – see Hilmy, Op. cit., page 50.
13. P. M. S. Hacker, Wittgenstein, Op. cit., page 8.
14. Though even professional philosophers do refer to them as games. And see Hilmy, Op. cit., chapters 3 and 4.
15. Wittgenstein, Philosophical Investigations, Op. cit., page 109, quoted in Hacker, Op. cit., page 11.
16. Magee (editor), Op. cit., page 89.
17. Hacker, Op. cit., page 16.
18. Ibid., page 18.
19. Many of the paragraphs were originally written at the end of World War Two, which is why he may have chosen pain as an example. See: Monk, Op. cit., pages 479–480. See also Hilmy, Op. cit., page 134, and Hacker, Op. cit., page 21.
20. Wittgenstein, Op. cit., page 587, quoted in Hacker, Op. cit., page 24.
21. Ibid., page 31.
22. Magee (editor), Op. cit., page 90; and Hacker, Op. cit., page 40.
23. Martin L. Gross, The Psychological Society, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1979, page 200.
24. Ibid., page 201.
25. H. M. Halverson, ‘Genital and Sphincter Behavior in the Male Infant, ’ Journal of Genetic Psychology, volume 56, pages 95–136. Quoted in Gross, Op. cit., page 220.
26. See also: H. J. Eysenck, Decline and Fall of the Freudian Empire, London: Viking, 1985, especially chapters 5 and 6.
27. Ralph Linton, Culture and Mental Disorder, Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas, 1956, quoted in Gross, Op. cit., page 219.
28. Ray Fuller (editor), Seven Pioneers of Psychology, Op. cit., page 126.
29. B. F. Skinner, Science and Human Behavior, Glencoe: The Free Press, 1953.
30. Ibid., pages 263ff.
31. Ibid., page 375.
32. Ibid., pages 377–378.
33. Fuller (editor), Op. cit., page 113.
34. B. F. Skinner, Verbal Behavior, New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1957.
35. Ibid., pages 81ff.
36. Noam Chomsky, Syntactic Structures, The Hague: Mouton, 1957. See also: Roger Smith, The Fontana History of the Human sciences, Op. cit., page 672. And: John Lyons, Chomsky, London: Fontana/Collins, 1970, page 14.
37. Noam Chomsky, Language and the Mind, New York: Harcourt Brace, 1972, pages 13 and 100ff. Lyons, Op. cit., page 18.
38. Lyons, Op. cit., pages 105–106.
39. Fuller (editor), Op. cit., page 117.
40. Published by Pelican as: John Bowlby, Child Care and the Growth of Love, 1953.
41. Ibid., pages 18ff.
42. Ibid., pages 50ff.
43. Ibid., pages 161ff.
44. Fernando Vidal, Piaget Before Piaget, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1994, pages 206–207.
45. Peter E. Bryant, ‘Piaget’, in Fuller (editor), Op. cit., page 133.
46. Two books out of the many Piaget wrote provide a good introduction to his work and methods: The Language and Thought of the Child, London: Kegan Paul, Trench and Trubner, 1926; and Six Psychological Studies, London: University of London Press, 1968.
47. Bryant, Op. cit., pages 135ff.
48. Vidal, Op. cit., page 230.
49. Bryant, Op. cit., page 136.
50. Vidal, Op. cit., page 231.
51. Weatherall, In Search of a Cure, Op. cit., page 254.
52. Ibid., page 255.
53. Ibid., page 257.
54. David Healy, The Anti-Depressant Era, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1997, page 45.
55. Ibid., pages 61–62. Weatherall, Op. cit., pages 258–259.
56. Healy, Op. cit., pages 52–54, which discusses the influential Nature article of 1960 on this subject.
57. Gregory Bateson, ‘Toward a Theory of Schizophrenia,’ Behavioral Science, volume I, Number 4, 1956.
58. Adrian Laing, Op. cit., page 138.
59. Ibid., page 71. Former patients told Laing’s son, when he was researching his book on his father, that LSD was beneficial. See: page 71.
60. Jamison and Eyerman, Seeds of the Sixties, Op. cit., pages 122–123.
61. Ibid., page 123.
62. Herbert Marcuse, One-Dimensional Man: Studies in the Ideology of Advanced Industrial Society, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1964.
63. Marcuse, Op. cit., page 156. Jamison and Eyerman, Op. cit., page 127.
64. Ibid., pages 193ff.
65. See: Herbert Marcuse, Counter-Revolution and Revolt, London: Allen Lane, 1972, page 105, for the ‘antagonistic unity’ between art and revolution in this context.
1. Moshe Pearlman, The Capture of Adolf Eichmann, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1961, especially pages 113–120.
2. Young-Bruehl, Hannah Arendt, Op. cit., pages 328ff.
3. Hannah Arendt, Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil, New York: Viking, 1963, enlarged and revised edition, Penguin, 1994, page 49.
4. Ibid., page 92.
5. Young-Bruehl, Op. cit., page 337.
6. Arendt, Op. cit., page 252.
7. See Young-Bruehl, Op. cit., pages 347–378 for a full discussion of the controversy, including its overlap with the assassination of President Kennedy.
8. Laura Fermi, Illustrious Immigrants, Op. cit., pages 153–154.
9. Erik Erikson, Childhood and Society, New York: W. W. Norton, 1950; Penguin edition 1965, especially Part 4, ‘Youth and the Evolution of Identity.’
10. Erikson, Op. cit., chapter 8, pages 277–316.
11. Bruno Bettelheim, ‘Individual and Mass Behavior in Extreme Situations ‘Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 1943.
12. Bruno Bettelheim, The Empty Fortress, New York: Collier-Macmillan, 1968.
13. Nina Sutton, Bruno Bettelheim: The Other Side of Madness, London: Duckworth, 1995, chapters XI and XII.
14. And Bruno Bettelheim, Recollections and Reflections, New York: Knopf, 1989; London: Thames & Hudson, 1990, pages 166ff.
15. Laura Fermi, Op. cit., pages 207–208.
16. Richard Rhodes, Op. cit., page 563.
17. Ibid., page 777.
18. Kragh, Op. cit., pages 332ff; see also: Alexander Hellemans and Bryan Bunch, The Timetables of Science, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1988, page 498.
19. See: George Gamow, The Creation of the Universe, New York: Viking, 1952, for a more accessible account. Page 42 for his discussion of the current temperature of the space in the universe.
20. Hellemans and Bunch, Op. cit., page 499.
21. Murray Gell-Mann, The Quark and the Jaguar, New York: Little Brown, 1994, page 11, for why he chose ‘quark.’
22. See under ‘quark’, ‘baryon’ and ‘lepton’ in: John Gribbin, Q is for Quantum, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1998, paperback edition 1999, and pages 190–191 for the early work on quarks.
23. See also: Yuval Ne’eman and Yoram Kirsh, The Particle Hunters, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986, pages 196–199 for a more technical introduction to the eight-fold way.
24. Victor Bockris, Warhol, London and New York: Frederick Muller, 1989, page 155.
25. Barron, Exiles and Emigrés, Op. cit., pages 21— 28.
26. Dore Ashton, The New York School: A Cultural Reckoning, New York: Viking, 1973, pages 123 and 140.
27. Alice Goldfarb Marquis, Alfred H. Barr: Missionary for the Modern, Chicago: Contemporary Books, 1989, page 69.
28. Ashton, Op. cit., pages 142–145 and 156.
29. Ibid., page 175.
30. Diana Crane, The Transformation of the Avant-Garde: The New York Art World, 1940–1986, Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1987, page 45.
31. Ibid., page 49.
32. Bockris, Op. cit., pages 112–134, especially page 128.
33. Hughes, The Shock of the New, Op. cit., page 251.
34. Crane, Op. cit., page 82.
35. David Lehman, The Last Avant-Garde: The Making of the New York School of Poets, New York: Doubleday 1998, Anchor paperback 1999. Lehman shows that these poets were also ‘aesthetes in revolt against a moralist’s universe’, see page 358. ‘They believed that the road of experimentation leads to the pleasure-dome of poetry’, page 358.
36. Arnold Whittall, Music Since the First World War, Op. cit., page 111.
37. Ibid., page 3.
38. Dancers on a Plane: John Cage, Merce Cunningham, Jasper Johns, Liverpool: The Tate Gallery, 1990, Introduction by Richard Francis, page 9.
39. Whittall, Op. cit., page 208.
40. Sally Banes, Writing Dancing in the Age of Postmodernism, Hanover and London: Wesleyan University Press, published by the University Presses of New England, 1994, page 103.
41. Banes, Op. cit., page 104.
42. Ibid., page 110.
43. Richard Francis, Op. cit., page 11.
44. Banes, Op. cit., page 115.
45. Ibid., page 117.
46. Susan Sontag, Against Interpretation, London: Vintage, 1994, page 10.
47. Ibid., pages 13–14. In another celebrated essay, ‘Notes on Camp’, published in the same year, 1964, in The New York Review of Books, Susan Sontag addressed a certain sensibility which, she said, was wholly aesthetic, in contrast to high culture, which was basically moralistic (Sontag, Op. cit., page 287). ‘It incarnates a victory of “style” over “content”, “aesthetics” over “morality”, of irony over tragedy.’ It was not the same as homosexual taste, she said, but there was an overlap. ‘The experiences of Camp are based on the great discovery that the sensibility of high culture has no monopoly on refinement. Camp asserts that good taste is not simply good taste; that there exists, indeed, a good taste of bad taste.’ (Ibid., page 291.) This too would form an ingredient of the postmodern sensibility.
1. Doris Kearns, Lyndon Johnson and the American Dream, London: André Deutsch, 1976, pages 210— 217.
2. Friedrich von Hayek, The Constitution of Liberty, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1960.
3. John Gray, Hayek on Liberty, London: Routledge, 1984, page 61.
4. Hayek, Op. cit., page 349; and Gray, Op. cit., page 71.
5. Hayek, Op. cit., pages 385 and 387; Gray, Op. cit., page 72.
6. Hayek, Op. cit., page 385. See also: Roland Kley, Hayek’s Social and Political Thought, Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1994, pages 199–204.
7. Gray, Op. cit., page 73.
8. Ibid.
9. Milton Friedman, with the assistance of Rose Friedman, Capitalism and Freedom, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1963.
10. For the difference between this work and Friedman’s later books, see: Eamon Butler, Milton Friedman: A Guide to His Economic Thought, London: Gardner/Maurice Temple Smith, 1985, pages 197ff.
11. Friedman, Op. cit., page 156.
12. Ibid., pages 100ff.
13. Ibid., page 85.
14. Ibid., pages 190ff.
15. Michael Harrington, The Other America, New York: Macmillan, 1962.
16. Though neither Harrington nor Jacobs (see below) are mentioned in Johnson’s memoirs, even though he has a chapter on the war on poverty. See: Lyndon Baines Johnson, The Vantage Point: Perspectives on the Presidency, 1963–1969, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1972.
17. See for example: Arthur Marwick, The Sixties, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998, page 260.
18. Harrington, Op. cit., page 1.
19. Ibid., pages 82ff.
20. Kearns, Op. cit., pages 188–189.
21. Jane Jacobs, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, London: Jonathan Cape, 1962.
22. Ibid., pages 97ff.
23. Ibid., pages 55ff.
24. Ibid., pages 94–95.
25. Ibid., pages 128–129.
26. Ibid., chapter 14, pages 257ff.
27. Ibid., page 378.
28. Ibid., pages 291ff.
29. Ibid., pages 241ff.
30. David L. Lewis, Martin Luther King: A Critical Biography, Allen Lane, The Penguin Press, 1970, pages 187–191.
31. Marwick, Op. cit., pages 215–216; see also: Coretta King, My Life with Martin Luther King Jr, London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1970, pages 239–241. New York: Holt, Rinehart, Winston.
32. Lewis, Op. cit., pages 227–229.
33. Ibid., page 229.
34. This list, and the next one, have been assembled from several sources but in particular: Phillip Waller and John Rowett (editors), Chronology of the Twentieth Century, London: Helicon, 1995.
35. Frantz Fanon, A Dying Colonialism, London: Monthly Review Press, 1965, Penguin 1970; originally published as: L’An Cinq de la Revolution Algérienne, Paris, Maspuro, 1959; and Black Skin, White Masks, New York: The Grove Press, 1967.
36. Frantz Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth, London: MacGibbon & Kee, 1965, translator Constance Farrington.
37. Ibid., page 221.
38. Ibid., pages 228ff.
39. Eventually published as: J. C. Carothers, The Mind of Man in Africa, London: Tom Stacey, 1972.
40. Eldridge Cleaver, Soul on Ice, London: Jonathan Cape, 1968, pages 101–103.
41. Ibid., page 207.
42. Maya Angelou, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, New York: Random House, 1969.
43. Ibid., page 51.
44. Ibid., page 14.
45. Ibid., page 184.
46. Ibid., page 201.
47. Jones, Op. cit., page 529.
48. D’Emilio and Freedman, Intimate Matters, Op. cit., page 312.
49. Ibid., pages 302–304.
50. Germaine Greer, The Female Eunuch, London: MacGibbon & Kee, 1971, pages 90–98.
51. Ibid., page 273–282.
52. Juliet Mitchell, Women’s Estate, Penguin: 1971.
53. Ibid., page 75.
54. Ibid., page 59.
55. Ibid., page 62.
56. Ibid. Juliet Mitchell later went on to explore this subject more fully in Psychoanalysis and Feminism, London: Allen Lane, 1974.
57. Kate Millett, Sexual Politics, Op. cit.
58. Ibid., pages 314ff.
59. Ibid., pages 336ff.
60. Ibid., page 356.
61. Heidenry, What Wild Ecstasy, Op. cit., pages 110–111. See also: Andrea Dworkin, ‘My Life as a Writer’, Introduction to Life and Death, Glencoe: Free Press, 1997, pages 3–38.
62. Heidenry, Op. cit., page 113.
63. Ibid., pages 186–187.
64. Ibid., page 188.
65. Marwick, Op. cit., page 114.
66. Kearns, Op. cit., pages 286ff.
67. Robert A. Caro, The Years of LBJ: The Path to Power, London: Collins, 1983, pages 336–337 for background.
68. J. W. B. Douglas, All Our Future, London: MacGibbon & Kee, 1968.
69. Steven Rose, Leon J. Kamin and R. C. Lewontin, Not in Our Genes, New York: Pantheon, 1984, Penguin, 1984, page 19.
70. Christopher Jencks et al., Inequality: A Reassessment of the Effects of Family and Schooling in America, New York: Basic Books, 1972.
71. Ibid., page 8.
72. Ibid., page 315.
73. Ibid., page 84.
74. Ibid., page 265.
75. Ivan Illich, De-Schooling Society, London: Marion Boyars, 1978.
76. Ibid., page 91.
77. Norman Mailer, An American Dream, London: André Deutsch, 1965, Flamingo Paperback, 1994.
78. See: Peter Manso, Mailer: His Life and Times, New York: Viking, 1985, page 316, for overlaps with real life.
79. Norman Mailer, The Armies of the Night, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1968.
80. See: Manso, Op. cit., pages 455fr for background.
81. Paul Johnson, A History of the American People, Op. cit., page 555.
82. Ibid., page 557.
83. Ibid.
84. See: Jiang Qing, ‘Reforming the Fine Arts’, in Michael Schoenhals (editor), China’s Cultural Revolution 1966–1969, New York and London: M. E. Sharpe, 1996, page 198.
85. Even unwanted hairstyles were banned. See: ‘Vigorously and Speedily Eradicate Bizarre Hairstyles, a Big-Character Poster by the Guangzhou hairdressing trade,’ in Schoenhals (editor), Op. cit., pages 21off See also Johnson, Op. cit., pages 558— 559.
86. Johnson, Op. cit., page 560.
87. Yu Xiaoming, ‘Go on Red! Stop on Green!’ in Schoenhals (editor), Op. cit., page 331.
88. Zhores and Roy Medvedev, A Question of Madness, New York: Knopf, 1971; London: Macmillan, 1971. For a discussion of Lysenkoism in Communist China, together with an outline of the structure of science and technology, and the impact of scholars who had trained abroad, see: Denis Fred Simon and Merle Goldman (editors), Science and Technology in Post-Mao China, Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Council on East Asian Studies/Harvard University Press, 1989, especially chapters 2, 3, 4, 8 and 10.
89. Medvedev and Medvedev, Op. cit., page 30.
90. Ibid., page 51.
91. Ibid., pages 54 and 132.
92. Ibid., page 78.
93. Ibid., pages 198ff.
94. Alexandr Solzhenitsyn, One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich, New York: Praeger, 1963, translated by Max Hayward and Ronald Hingley. Cancer Ward, London: The Bodley Head, 2 vols, 1968–1969, translated by Nicholas Bethell and David Burg.
95. Michael Scammell, Solzhenitsyn: A Biography, New York: W. W. Norton, 1984, page 61.
96. Ibid., page 87.
97. Ibid., pages 415–418.
98. Ibid., pages 428–445.
99. Ibid., page 518.
100. Ibid., pages 702–703.
101. David Burg and George Feiffer, Solzhenitsyn, London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1972, page 315.
102. Scammell, Op. cit., pages 510–511, 554–555 and 628–629.
103. Ibid., page 831.
104. Ibid., pages 874–877.
105. Aleksandr I. Solzhenitsyn, The Gulag Archipelago 1918–1956, abridged edition, London: Collins Harvill, 1986. The maps appear after page xviii.
106. Ibid., page 166.
107. Ibid., page 196.
108. Ibid., page 60.
109. Ibid., page 87.
110. Ibid., pages 403ff.
111. For the ‘machinations’ regarding publication in the west, see Burg and Feiffer, Op. cit., page 316n.
112. Isaiah Berlin, Four Essays in Liberty, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1969.
113. Ibid., page 125.
114. Ibid., pages 122ff.
115. Ibid., pages 131ff.
116. Ibid., page 132.
117. He seems not have attached as much importance to the idea as others have. See: Michael Ignatieff, Isaiah Berlin: A Life, London: Chatto & Windus, 1998, page 280.
118. Raymond Aron, Progress and Disillusion: The Dialectics of Modern Society, New York: Praeger, 1968, Penguin, 1972. Herbert Marcuse, An Essay on Liberation, Boston: Beacon, 1969, Penguin, 1972.
119. Marshall McLuhan, Understanding Media, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1968, pages 77ff. Eric McLuhan and Frank Zingone, Essential McLuhan, Ontario, Canada: House of Anansi, 1995, Routledge paperback, London, 1997, pages 239–240.
120. Ibid., page 242.
121. Ibid., page 243.
122. Ibid., pages 161ff.
123. Marshall McLuhan, Op. cit., pages 22ff
124. Ibid., page 165.
125. McLuhan and Zingone, Op. cit., pages 258— 259.
126. Marshall McLuhan, Op. cit., pages 308ff.
127. McLuhan and Zingone, Op. cit., page 261.
128. Guy Debord, La Société du spectacle, Paris: Buchet-Chastel, 1967; The Society of the Spectacle, New York: Zone Books, 1995, translated by Donald Nicholson-Smith. For the ‘one-way relationship,’ see pages 19–29; for the criticism of Boorstin, see page 140; for the criticism of capitalism, see page 151.
129. The main ideas are sketched at: John Rawls, A Theory of Justice, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1972, pages 11–22.
130. Ibid., page 19.
131. Ibid., pages 60ff.
132. Ibid., pages 371ff.
133. Robert Nozick, Anarchy, State, and Utopia, Oxford: Blackwell, 1974.
134. Ibid., page 150.
135. See especially: ibid., chapter 8, pages 232ff.
136. B. F. Skinner, Beyond Freedom and Dignity, London: Jonathan Cape, 1972,
137. Ibid., page 32.
138. Ibid., pages 42–43.
139. Ibid., pages 200ff.
1. Anthony Hallam, A Revolution in the Earth Sciences, Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1973, pages 63–65. Simon Lamb, Earth Story: The Shaping of Our World, London: BBC, 1998. Robert Muir Wood, The Dark Side of the Earth, London: Allen & Unwin, 1985, pages 165–166.
2. David R. Oldroyd, Thinking about the Earth, Op. cit., page 271.
3. Robert Muir Wood, Op. cit., page 167.
4. Muir Wood, Op. cit., see chart on page 166; see also: D. H. and M. P. Tarling, Continental Drift, London: Bell, 1971, Penguin 1972, page 77 for a vivid graphic.
5. Muir Wood, Op. cit., pages 141–142.
6. Tarling, Op. cit., pages 28ff Muir Wood, Op. cit., map on page 149.
7. Muir Wood, Op. cit., pages 172–175, and map on page 176.
8. C. W. Ceram, The First Americans, Op. cit., pages 289–290.
9. Basil Davidson, Old Africa Rediscovered, Op. cit. See above, chapter 26. See also: Basil Davidson, The Search for Africa: A History in the Making, London: James Currey, 1994.
10. Davidson, Old Africa Rediscovered, Op. cit., page 50.
11. Ibid., pages 187–189.
12. Ibid., pages 212–213.
13. Ibid., pages 216ff.
14. See also: Anthony Kirk-Greene, The Emergence of African History at British Universities, Oxford: World View, 1995.
15. Peter Burke, The French Historical Revolution: The ‘Annales’ School 1929–1989, London: Polity Press, 1990, chapter 2.
16. Ibid., page 17; see also: Françoise Dosse, New History in France: The Triumph of the Annales, Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1994, pages 42ff, translated by Peter Convoy Jr.
17. Marc Bloch, La Société Féodale: Le Class et le gouvernement des Hommes, Paris: Editions Albin Michel, 1940, especially pages 240ff.
18. Burke, Op. cit., pages 27ff.
19. Ibid page 29.
20. Dosse, Op. cit., pages 88ff.
21. Burke, Op. cit., page 33.
22. See: Dosse, Op. cit., page 92 for Braudel’s links to Lévi-Strauss.
23. Burke, Op. cit., pages 35–36.
24. Dosse, Op. cit., page 96 for Braudel and ‘class struggle’ in the Mediterranean.
25. Burke, Op. cit., page 35.
26. Dosse, Op. cit., page 100.
27. Fernand Braudel, The Structures of Everyday Life, London: Collins, 1981. Burke, Op. cit., page 45.
28. Fernand Braudel, Capitalism and Material Life, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1973, pages 68, 97 and 208. Translated by Miriam Kochan.
29. Burke, Op. cit., page 46.
30. See, for example, ‘How shops came to rule the world,’ in Civilisation and Capitalism, volume 2, Fifteenth to Eighteenth Centuries, The Wheels of Commerce, London: Collins, 1982, pages 68ff.
31. Burke, Op. cit., pages 48ff.
32. Ibid., page 61.
33. Dosse, Op. cit., page 157 for a critique of Ladurie. Burke, Op. cit., page 81.
34. Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie, Montaillou: Cathars and Catholics in a French village 1294–1324, London: Scolar Press, 1979. Translated by Barbara Bry.
35. I bid., page 39. See also: Burke, Op. cit., page 82.
36. Harvey J. Kaye, The British Marxist Historians: An Introductory Analysis, London: Polity Press, 1984, pages 167–168.
37. Ibid., page 86.
38. See: ‘Rent and Capital Formation in Feudal Society,’ in R. H. Hilton, The English Peasantry in the Later Middle Ages, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1975, pages 174ff.
39. See: R. H. Hilton, A Medieval Society: The West Midlands at the end of the Thirteenth Century, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1966, page 108, for quarrels between peasants and their lords over even sheep dung.
40. Kaye, Op. cit., pages 91–92.
41. See, for example: Christopher Hill, Change and Continuity in Seventeenth Century England, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1975, pages 205fr
42. Christopher Hill, The English Revolution 1640, London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1955, page 6. See also Kaye, Op. cit., page 106.
43. E. P. Thompson, The Making of the English Working Classes, London: Gollancz, 1963, especially Part 2: The Curse of Adam, and page 12 for the ‘Condescension’ reference.
44. Ibid., pages 807ff. See also Kaye, Op. cit., pages 173ff
45. Colin Renfrew, Before Civilisation: The Radiocarbon Revolution and Prehistoric Europe, London: Jonathan Cape, 1973; Pimlico paperback, 1999.
46. Ibid., pages 32ff.
47. Ibid., page 93.
48. Ibid., page 133.
49. Ibid., pages 161 and 170.
50. Ibid., page 222.
51. Ibid., page 273.
1. If that makes it sound easy, see Young, Silcock et al., Journey to the Sea of Tranquility. Op. cit., pages 306–320 for the exciting preamble.
2. Peter Fairley, Man on the Moon, London: Mayflower, 1969, pages 33–34. Peter Fairley was ITN’s science correspondent at the time. His account is by far the most vivid I have read. It is the primary source for this section. But see also Young, Silcock, et al., Op. cit., page 321.
3. Paul Johnson, Op. cit., page 629.
4. John M. Mansfield, Man on the Moon, London: Constable, 1969, pages 80ff.
5. Fairley, Op. cit., page 73.
6. Young, Silcock, et al., Op. cit., pages 71ff. Fairley, Op. cit., page 74.
7. Fairley, Op. cit., pages 81–83.
8. Ibid., page 99.
9. Ibid., pages 101–102.
10. A space task force was set up at Langley. See: Young, Silcock, et al., Op. cit., pages 120–122. See also: Fairley, Op. cit., page 104.
11. Though there were lurid accounts as well. See: Young, Silcock, et al. Op. cit., page 167. And Fairley, Op. cit., page 101.
12. Fairley, Op. cit., page 139.
13. Ibid., pages 141, 142 and 152.
14. Ibid., pages 152–153.
15. Young, Silcock et al., Op. cit., page 275; and Fairley, Op. cit., page 177–178.
16. There were certain medical problems the crew faced. See: P. J. Bocker, G. C. Freud and G. K. C. Pardoe, Project Apollo: The Way to the Moon, London: Chatto & Windus, 1969, page 190. And Fairley, Op. cit., page 190.
17. Young, Silcock, et al., Op. cit., page 326. Fairley, Op. cit., pages 38ff.
18. Steven Weinberg, The First Three Minutes: A Modern View of the Origin of the Universe, New York: Basic Books, 1977, page 47.
19. Ibid., pages 49 and 124.
20. Ibid., pages 126–127.
21. John Gribbin, The Birth of Time, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1999, pages 177–179.
22. Weinberg, Op. cit., page 52.
23. Ibid., chapter 5 in essence, pages 101ff.
24. See: John D. Barrow, The Origin of the Universe, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1994, page 48, for a diagram of how the four forces fit into the developing chronology of the universe.
25. See also: Gribbin, Companion to the Cosmos, Op. cit., pages 353–354.
26. Ibid., page 401; but see also Barrow, Op. cit., pages 134–135 for some problems with black holes.
27. Gribbin, Companion to the Cosmos, Op. cit., pages 343 and 387.
28. Ibid., page 388.
29. Ibid., page 344.
30. Barrow, Op. cit., page 10.
31. See also: Gribbin, The Birth of Time, Op. cit., pages 50–52 for another synthesis and more recent astronomical observation. And Gribbin, Op. cit., pages 457–459.
32. Fairley, Op. cit., page 194.
33. There are several accounts. See, for example: John Allegro, The Dead Sea Scrolls, Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1956.
34. Géza Vermes, The Dead Sea Scrolls: Qumran in Perspective, London: Collins, 1977, pages 87ff.
35. Allegro, Op. cit., page 104.
36. Vermes, Op. cit., page 118–119.
37. The New Catholic Encyclopaedia, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1967, page 215.
38. Ibid.
39. Ibid.
40. John Heywood Thomas, Paul Tillich: An Appraisal, London: SCM Press, 1963, pages 13–14.
41. He also thought there were bound to be different ways of approaching God. See for example, Theology and Culture, New York: Oxford University Press, 1959, especially chapters IX on Einstein, XIII on Russia and America, and XIV on Jewish thought.
42. Paul Tillich, Systematic Theology I, London: Nisbet, 1953, pages 140–142. Thomas, Op. cit., page 50.
43. John Macquarrie, The Scope of Demythologising: Bultmann and His Critics, London: SCM Press, 1960, page 13. I have relied heavily on this work.
44. See also: Rudolf Bultmann, ‘The Question of Natural Revolution,’ in Rudolf Bultmann: Essays – Philosophy and Theology, London: SCM Press, 1955, pages 104–106. Macquarrie, Op. cit., pages 12–13.
45. Macquarrie, Op. cit., pages 88–89.
46. Ibid., page 84.
47. Ibid., page 181.
48. Bultmann, Essays, Op. cit., pages 305ff.
49. Claude Cuénot, Teilhard de Chardin: A Biographical Study, London: Burns & Oates, 1965, page 5.
50. Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, Christianity and Evolution, London: Collins, 1971, pages 76 and 138; translated by Renée Hague.
51. Teilhard de Chardin, Op. cit., page 301.
52. In fact, there were two books: The Phenomenon of Man, London: Collins, New York: Harper, 1959, revised 1965; and The Appearance of Man, London: Collins, New York: Harper, 1965.
53. Teilhard de Chardin, Christianity and Evolution, Op. cit., page 258.
54. Reinhold Niebuhr, The Godly and the Ungodly, London: Faber, 1959.
55. Ibid., pages 22–23.
56. Ibid., page 131.
57. Arthur Schlesinger Jr, ‘Reinhold Niebuhr’s role in American political thought and life,’ in Charles W. Kegley and Robert W Bretall (editors), Reinhold Niebuhr: His Religious, Social and Political Thought, London: Macmillan, 1956, page 125.
58. There are several accounts of the council, by no means all of them written by Catholics. I have used the two indicated. See: Robert Kaiser, Inside the Council: The Story of Vatican II, London: Burns & Oates, 1963, pages 12–15.
59. Ibid., page 236.
60. Ibid., page 179.
61. Paul Blanshard, Paul Blanshard on Vatican II, London: George Allen & Unwin, 1967, page 340.
62. Ibid., pages 288–289.
63. Anna Bramwell, Ecology in the Twentieth Century: A History, London and New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989, pages 40–41.
64. Ibid., pages 132–134.
65. Linda Lear, Rachel Carson: Witness for Nature, London: Allen Lane, 1998.
66. Ibid., pages 191ff.
67. Ibid., pages 365–369.
68. Richard Doll, ‘The first reports on smoking and lung cancer,’ in S. Lock, L. A. Reynolds, and E. M. Tansey (editors), Ashes to Ashes: The History of Smoking and Health, Amsterdam-Atlanta: Rodopi, 1998, pages 130–142.
69. See: Carol B. Gartner, Rachel Carson, New York: Frederick Ungar, 1983, pages 98–99 for a discussion of Carson’s language in the book.
70. For the long-term fate of DDT see Bill McKibben, The End of Nature, London: Viking, 1990.
71. Lear, Op. cit., pages 358–360.
72. Ibid., pages 409–414.
73. Some thought she exaggerated the risk. See: Gartner, Op. cit., page 103.
74. Lear, Op. cit., page 419.
75. D. H. Meadows, D. L. Meadows, J. Randen and W. W. Behrens, The Limits to Growth, Rome: Potomac, 1972.
76. Barbara Ward and Renée Dubos, Only One Earth, London: André Deutsch, 1972.
77. Charles Reich, The Greening of America, New York: Random House, 1970, page 11.
78. Ibid., page 108.
79. Ibid., page 129.
80. Ibid., pages 145–146.
81. Fritz Schumacher, Small is Beautiful, London: Anthony Blond, 1973; A Guide for the Perplexed, London: Jonathan Cape, 1977.
82. Barbara Wood, Alias Papa: A Life of Fritz Schumacher, London: Jonathan Cape, 1984, pages 349–350.
83. Ibid., page 355.
84. Ibid., pages 353ff.
85. Ibid., page 364.
1. Martin Gilbert, The Arab-Israel Conflict, London: Collins, 1974, page 97. Quoted in Paul Johnson, Op. cit., page 669.
2. Johnson, Op. cit., page 669.
3. Ibid., pages 663–665.
4. J. K. Galbraith, The New Industrial Estate, London: Deutsch, 1967.
5. Ibid., pages 180–188.
6. Ibid., pages 59 and 208–209.
7. Ibid., page 223.
8. Ibid., page 234.
9. Ibid., page 347.
10. Ibid., page 393.
11. Ibid., page 389.
12. Ibid., page 362.
13. Waters, Op. cit., page 108.
14. Daniel Bell, The Coming of the Post-Industrial Society: A Venture in Social Forecasting, New York: Basic Books, 1975, page 119. Waters, Op. cit., page 109.
15. Waters, Op. cit., page 109.
16. Ibid.
17. Bell, Op. cit., page 216. Waters, Op. cit., page 117.
18. Waten, Op. cit., pages 119–120.
19. Daniel Bell, The Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism, New York: Basic Books, 1976; 20th anniversary issue, paperback, 1996, page 284.
20. Waters, Op. cit., page 126.
21. Bell, The Cultural Contradiction of Capitalism, Op. cit., pages xxvff. Waters, Op. cit., page 126.
22. Waters, Op. cit., page 126.
23. Bell, The Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism, Op. cit., page xxix; and Daniel Bell, ‘Resolving the Contradictions of Modernity and Modernism,’ Society, 27 (3; 4), 1990, pages 43–50 and 66–75, quoted in Waters Op. cit., page 132.
24. Ibid., page 133.
25. Bell, Op. cit., page 67.
26. Waters, Op. cit., page 134.
27. Mitchell Cohen and Dennis Hale (editors), The New Student Left, Boston: Beacon Press, 1967, revised edition, pages 12–13.
28. Theodore Roszak, The Making of a Counter Culture, New York: Doubleday, 1969, University of California Press paperback, 1995.
29. Ibid., page xxvi.
30. Ibid., page 50.
31. Ibid., page 62.
32. Ibid., page 64.
33. Ibid., page 182.
34. And see the discussion of Maslow in: Colin Wilson, New Pathways in Psychology: Maslow and the Post-Freudian Revolution, London: Gollancz, 1973, pages 29ff
35. Roszak, Op. cit., page 165.
36. Alan Watts, This Is It, and Other Essays on Spiritual Experiences, New York: Collier, 1967.
37. Robert Pirsig, Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance, London: The Bodley Head, 1974; Vintage paperback, 1989.
38. Roszak, Op. cit., pages 141–142.
39. Steve Bruce, Religion in the Modern World: From Cathedrals to Cults, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1996, pages 178–180.
40. Ibid., pages 181–186.
41. Tom Wolfe, The Purple Decades, New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1982, page xiii.
42. Tom Wolfe, Radical Chic, London: Michael Joseph, 1970; and Mau-Mauing the Flak Catchers, London: Michael Joseph, 1971.
43. Wolfe, The Me Decade, New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1976.
44. Wolfe, The Purple Decades, Op. cit., pages 292— 293.
45. Christopher Lasch, The Culture of Narcissism: American Life in an Age of Dimishing Expectations, New York: W. W. Norton, 1979; Warner paperback, 1979.
46. Ibid., page 17.
47. Ibid., pages 18–19.
48. Ibid., page 29.
49. Ibid., page 42.
50. Ibid., page 259.
51. Ibid., pages 315–316.
52. Ibid., page 170.
53. Keith Thomas, Religion and the Decline of Magic, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1971; Penguin 1991.
54. Ibid., page 31.
55. Ibid., page 34.
56. Ibid., page 62.
57. Ibid., page 153.
58. Ibid., page 161.
59. Ibid., page 174.
60. Ibid., page 249.
61. Ibid., page 384.
62. Ibid., page 387.
63. Ibid., pages 391–401.
64. Ibid., pages 445 and 505.
65. Ibid., pages 763–764.
66. Christopher Hill, The World Turned Upside Down, London: Temple Smith, 1972.
67. Ibid., chapters 3, 6, 7 and 10.
68. Ibid., pages 282 and 290.
69. Ibid., chapter 15, pages 247ff.
70. Ibid., pages 253–258.
71. Owen Chadwick, The Secularisation of the European Mind in the Nineteenth Century, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975.
72. Ibid., chapter 5, passim.
73. Ibid., pages 209–210.
1. Robert A. Hinde, ‘Konrad Lorenz (1903–89) and Niko Tinbergen (1907–88)’, in Fuller (editor), Seven Pioneers of Psychology, Op. cit., pages 76–77 and 81–82.
2. Niko Tinbergen, The Animal in its World, 2 volumes, London: George Allen & Unwin, 1972, especially volume 1, pages 250ff
3. Mary Leakey, Olduvai Gorge: My Search for Early Man, Op. cit.
4. Robert Ardrey, African Genesis, London: Collins, 1961, Fontana paperback, 1967.
5. Adrian House, The Great Safari: The Lives of George and Joy Adamson, London: Harvill, 1993, page xiii.
6. Joy Adamson, Born Free, London: Collins Harvill, 1960.
7. House, Op. cit., page 227.
8. All published by Collins/Harvill in London.
9. The best of the other books by or about the Adamsons is: George Adamson, My Pride and Joy, London: Collins Harvill, 1986, especially Part II, ‘The Company of Lions.’ See also: House, Op. cit., pages 392–393
10. Jane Goodall, In the Shadow of Man, London: Collins, 1971, revised edition Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1988.
11. Ibid., pages 101ff.
12. Ibid., page 242.
13. Dian Fossey, Gorillas in the Mist, London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1983, page xvi.
14. Ibid., pages 10–11.
15. Harold Hayes, The Dark Romance of Dian Fossey, London: Chatto & Windus, 1991, page 321.
16. George Schaller, The Serengeti Lion, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972.
17. Ibid., pages 24ff.
18. Ibid., page 378.
19. Iain and Oria Douglas-Hamilton, Among the Elephants, London: Collins & Harvill, 1978, page 38.
20. Ibid., pages 212ff.
21. Virginia Morrell, Ancestral Passions, Op. cit., page 466.
22. Donald C. Johanson and Maitland A. Edey, The Beginnings of Humankind, London: Granada, 1981, pages 18ff. Morrell, Op. cit., page 466.
23. Morrell, Op. cit., pages 473–475. Tattersall, Op. cit., page 145.
24. Johanson and Edey, Op. cit., pages 255ff.
25. Ian Tattersall, The Fossil Trail, Op. cit., page 151.
26. Morrell, Op. cit., pages 480 and 487ff.
27. Johanson and Edey, Op. cit., pages 294–304.
28. For a discussion of A. afarensis, see Donald Johanson and James Shreeve, Lucy’s Child, New York: Viking, 1990, pages 104–131. Tattersall, Op. cit., page 154.
29. Walter Bodmer and Robin McKie, The Book of Man: The Quest to Discover our Genetic Heritage, London: Little, Brown, 1994; paperback Abacus, 1995, page 77. Cook-Deegan, Op. cit., page 59.
30. Bodmer and McKie, Op. cit., pages 77–78.
31. Ibid. An alternative account is given in: Colin Tudge, The Engineer in the Garden, London: Jonathan Cape, 1993, pages 211–213.
32. Robert Cook-Deegan, The Gene Wars: Science, Politics and the Human Genome, New York and London: W. W. Norton, 1994, paperback 1995, pages 59–61.
33. For a good explanation by analogy of this difficult subject, see: Bruce Wallace, The Search for the Gene, Op. cit., page 90.
34. Bodmer and McKie, Op. cit., pages 73–74. See the complete list for the first genome ever sequenced (by Sanger) in Cook-Deegan, Op cit., pages 62–63.
35. Bodmer and McKie, Op. cit., pages 86–87.
36. Jacques Monod, Chance and Necessity: An Essay on the Natural Philosophy of Modem Biology, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1971; Penguin paperback 1997. For Einstein and ‘mathematical entities’ see page 158; for the ‘primitive’ qualities of Judaeo-Christianity, see page 168; for the ‘knowledge ethic’ on which modern society is based, see page 177.
37. Edward O. Wilson, Sociobiology: The New Synthesis, Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1975; abridged edition 1980.
38. Ibid., page 218.
39. Ibid., pages 19 and 93.
40. Ibid., page 296.
41. Richard Dawkins, The Selfish Gene, Oxford and New York, 1976, new paperback edition, 1989.
42. Ibid., page 71.
43. Ibid., page 97.
1. Nathan Silver, The Making of Beaubourg: A Building Biography of the Centre Pompidou, Paris, Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 1994, page 171.
2. John Musgrove (editor), A History of Architecture, London: Butterworths, 1987, page 1352 places more significance on the building’s location than on the structure.
3. Jean-Jacques Nattier (editor), Orientations: Collected Writings of Pierre Boulez, London: Faber, 1986, pages 11–12. Translated by Martin Cooper.
4. Various authors, History of World Architecture, London: Academy Editions, 1980, page 378.
5. Silver, Op. cit., pages 39ff.
6. Ibid., pages 6 and 44–47.
7. Ibid., page 49.
8. Ibid., page 126.
9. See: Nattier (editor), Op. cit., page 26 for other regulars.
10. For some of Boulez’s contacts with Messaian, see Jean-Jacques Nattier (editor), The Boulez-Cage Correspondence, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993, pages 126–128.
11. Paul Griffiths, Modem Music, Op. cit., page 136.
12. Ibid., pages 160–161.
13. Ibid., page 163.
14. Boulez was close to Cage. See: Jean-Jacques Nattier (editor), The Boulez-Cage Correspondence, Op. cit., passim.
15. Nattier (editor), Orientations, Op. cit., page 25.
16. Times Literary Supplement, 6 May 1977.
17. Nattier (editor), Orientations, Op. cit., pages 492–494.
18. Philip Julien, Jacques Lacan’s Return to Freud, New York: New York University Press, 1994. See also: Bice Benvenuto and Roger Kennedy, The Work of Jacques Lacan, London: Free Association Books, 1986, pages 223–224.
19. Jacques Lacan, Ecrits, Paris: Editions du Seuil, 1966, page 93, ‘Le Stade du miroir comme formateur de la fonction du Je…’
20. Ibid., pages 237fr, ‘Fonction et champ de la parole et du lange en psychoanalyse.’
21. Benvenuto and Kennedy, Op. cit., pages 166— 167; Julien, Op. cit., pages 178ff.
22. Quentin Skinner (editor), The Return of Grand Theory in the Human Sciences, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985, paperback 1990, page 143.
23. Didier Eribon, Michel Foucault, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1991, Faber 1992, paperback 1993, pages 35–37 and 202. Translator: Betsy Wing.
24. David Macey, The Lives of Michel Foucault, London: Hutchinson/Radius, 1993, pages 219–220.
25. Eribon, Op. cit., pages 201ff.
26. Mark Philp, ‘Michel Foucault’, in Skinner (editor), Op. cit., pages 67–68. Ibid., chapter 18: ‘We are all ruled.’
27. Mark Philp, ‘Michel Foucault’, in Skinner (editor), Op. cit., page 74. See also pages 70–71 for where Foucault argues that the human sciences are often rooted in ‘unsavoury origins.’ This is an excellently clear summary.
28. Eribon, Op. cit., pages 269ft. And Philp, Op. cit., pages 74–76 for ‘power relations,’ 78 for our ‘patternless’ condition.
29. Jean Piaget, Structuralism, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1971. Translator: Chaninah Maschler.
30. Piaget, Op. cit., page 68.
31. Ibid., page 62.
32. Ibid., page 103.
33. Ibid., page 117.
34. David Hoy, ‘Derrida’, in Quentin Skinner (editor), Op. cit., page 45.
35. Christopher Johnson, Derrida, London: Phoenix, 1997, page 6.
36. Ibid., page 7.
37. Geoffrey Benington and Jacques Derrida, Jacques Derrida, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993, pages 42–43. See also the physical layout of this book as it reflects some of Derrida’s ideas. Johnson, Op. cit., page 10.
38. Johnson, Op. cit., page 4.
39. Ibid., page 28.
40. Benington and Derrida, Op. cit., pages 133— 148.
41. Johnson, Op. cit., pages 51ff, Hoy, Op. cit., pages 47ff.
42. Ibid., page 51.
43. Benington and Derrida, Op. cit., pages 23–42.
44. See the essay ‘Différance’ in Jacques Derrida, Margins of Philosophy, London: Harvester Press, 1982, pages 3–27.
45. Cantor, Op. cit., pages 304–305; see also Susan James, ‘Louis Althusser,’ in Skinner (editor), Op. cit., page 151.
46. Susan James, ‘Louis Althusser’, in Skinner (editor), Op. cit., pages 144 and 148.
47. Louis Althusser, Lenin and Philosophy, and Other Essays, London: New Left Books, 1971, translated from the French by Ben Brewster, pages 135ff and 161–168. See also: Kevin McDonnell and Kevin Robins, ‘Marxist Cultural Theory: The Althusserian Smokescreen,’ in Simon Clark et al. (editors), One-Dimensional Marxism: Althusser and the Politics of Culture, London and New York: Alison & Busby, 1980, pages 157ff. James, Op. cit., pages 152–153.
48. For a detailed discussion of ideology and its applications, see: Louis Althusser, Philosophy and Spontaneous Philosophy of the Scientists, London and New York: Verso, 1990, pages 73ft
49. Anthony Giddens, ‘Jurgen Habermas’, in Skinner (editor), Op. cit., page 123.
50. See: Jurgen Habermas, Post-Metaphysical Thinking: Philosophical Essays, London: Polity, 1993, especially essay three. Giddens, in Skinner (editor), Op. cit., pages 124–125.
51. Giddens, Op. cit., page 126.
52. Rick Roderick, Habermas and the Foundations of Critical Theory, London: Macmillan, 1986, page 56.
53. Giddens, Op. cit., page 127.
54. Ibid.
55. Louis-Jean Calvet, Roland Barthes: A Biography, London: Polity, 1994. Translator: Sarah Wykes, especially pages 97ff and 135ff.
56. Roland Barthes, Mythologies, London: Jonathan Cape, 1972, paperback 1993. Selected and translated by Annette Lavers.
57. Ibid., page 98.
58. Roland Barthes, Image, Music, Text, London: Fontana, 1977, pages 142ff Translator: Stephen Heath.
59. Roland Barthes, The Pleasure of the Text, New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1975, page 16. Translator: Richard Miller.
60. Ibid., page 17.
61. Barthes’ biographer asks the pointed question as to who will be remembered best out of the two French intellectuals who died in 1984 – Barthes or Sartre? The latter was undoubtedly more famous in life but … See Calvet, Op. cit., page 266.
62. Thompson and Bordwell, Film History, Op. cit., page 493.
63. Robin Buss, French Film Noir, London and New York: Marion Boyars, 1994, pages 139–141 and 506–509.
64. Ibid., pages 510–512.
65. Truffaut thought he was heavy-handed. See: Gilles Jacob and Claude de Givray, Francois Truffaut – Letters, London: Faber, 1989, page 187. Thompson and Bordwell, Op. cit., page 511.
66. For a filli list see the table in Thompson and Bordwell, Op. cit., page 522.
67. At one point, Jerome Robbins wanted to make a ballet out of ‘400 Blows’. See Jacob and Givray (editors), Op. cit., page 158.
68. Thompson and Bordwell, Op. cit., pages 523— 525.
69. Ibid., pages 528–529.
70. Ambiguous yes, but Truffaut thought the film had been well understood by audiences. See: Jacob and Givray (editors), Op. cit., page 426. See also: Thompson and Bordwell, Op. cit., pages 524–525.
71. See Richard Roud, Jean-Luc Godard, London: Secker & Warburg in association with BFI, 1967, page 48, for Godard’s philosophy on story-telling. James Pallot and Jacob Levich (editors), The Fifth Virgin Film Guide, London: Virgin, 1996, page 83.
72. Thompson and Bordwell, Op. cit., pages 519–522.
73. Ibid., page 529. Pallot and Levich, Op. cit., page 376, point out that at another level it is a parody of ‘Hollywood love triangles.’
74. Pallot and Levich, Op. cit., page 341.
75. Ibid., page 758.
76. For a discussion of the ‘boundaries abandoned’ in this film, see: Colin McCabe et al., Godard, Images, Sounds, Politics, London: BFI/Macmillan, 1980, pages 39. See also: Louis-Jean Calvet’s biography of Barthes (note 55 above), pages 140–141.
77. Peter Brook, Threads of Time, London: Methuen, 1998.
78. Ibid., page 127.
79. Ibid., page 134.
80. Ibid., page 54.
81. Ibid., page 137.
82. M. M. Delgado and Paul Heritage (editors), Directors Talk Theatre, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1996, page 38.
83. Brook, Op. cit., page 177. Delgado and Heritage, Op. cit., page 38.
84. Brook, Op. cit., pages 182–183.
85. Ibid., page 208.
86. Ibid., pages 189–193.
87. Delgado and Heritage (editors), Op. cit., page 49.
88. Brook, Op. cit., page 225.
89. At the same time he was obsessed with traditional theatrical problems, such as character. See: John Peters, Vladimir’s Carrot: Modem Drama and the Modem Imagination, London: Deutsch, 1987, page 314.
90. Brook, Op cit., page 226.
1. Ronald Dworkin, Taking Rights Seriously, London: Duckworth, 1978.
2. Ibid., pages 266ff.
3. Ibid., pages 184ff.
4. Ibid., pages 204–205.
5. Milton and Rose Friedman, Free to Choose, New York: Harcourt Brace, 1980, Penguin paperback 1980.
6. Ibid., page 15.
7. Ibid., page 107.
8. Ibid., page 179.
9. Ibid., page 174.
10. Ibid., page 229.
11. Paul Krugman, Peddling Prosperity: Economic Sense and Nonsense in the Age of Diminished Expectations, New York: W. W. Norton, 1994, page 15.
12. Ibid., pages 178ff.
13. Robert Solow, Interview with the author, MIT, 4 December, 1997. Solow’s views first emerged in several articles in the Quarterly Journal of Economics in 1956, and the Review of Economic Statistics, a year later.
14. Krugman, Op. cit., pages 64–65.
15. Ibid., page 197.
16. Robert Solow, Learning from ‘Learning by Doing’: Lessons for Economic Growth, Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 1997.
17. Ibid., page 20.
18. Ibid., page 82ff; see also Krugman, Op. cit., pages 200–202.
19. See also: ‘The economics of Qwerty’, chapter 9 of Krugman, Op cit., pages 221ff.
20. Friedman and Friedman, Op cit., pages 19–20.
21. Amartya Sen, On Ethics and Economics, Oxford: Blackwell, 1987, paperback 1988. The Prisoner’s Dilemma is discussed at pages 82ff.
22. Amartya Sen, Poverty and Famines, Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1981, paperback 1982.
23. Ibid., pages 57–63.
24. Krugman, Op. cit., chapter 8: ‘In the long run Keynes is still alive’, pages 197ff.
25. Ibid., pages 128, 235 and 282.
26. J. K. Galbraith, The Culture of Contentment, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1992.
27. Ibid., page 107.
28. Charles Murray, Losing Ground: American Social Policy 1930–1980, London: Basic Books, 1984.
29. Ibid., page 146.
30. Ibid., Part II.
31. Galbraith, Op. cit., page 106.
32. J. K. Galbraith, The Good Society, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1996.
33. Ibid., page 133, chapter 8–11.
34. Andrew Hacker, Two Nations: Black and White, Separate, Hostile, Unequal, New York: Ballantine, 1992, paperback 1995.
35. Ibid., page 74.
36. Ibid., page 84.
37. Not as influential as Hacker’s, or Murray’s, book, but still worth reading alongside them is: Nicholas Lemann, The Promised Land: The Great Black Migration and How it Changed America, New York: Knopf, 1991, Vintage paperback 1992, which looks at the migration patterns of five million African-Americans between 1940 and 1970.
38. Hacker, Op. cit., page 229.
39. In Progress and the Invisible Hand: The Philosophy and Economics of Human Advance, London: Little, Brown, 1998, Richard Bronk attempts a marriage of psychology, economic history, growth theory, complexity theory, and the growth of individualism, to provide a pessimistic vision, a re-run in effect of Daniel Bell’s The Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism, acknowledging that the forces of capitalism threaten the balance of ‘creative liberty’ and ‘civic duty.’ A symposium on the future of economics, published at the millennium in the Journal of Economic Perspectives, confirmed two directions for the discipline. One, to take greater account of complexity theory (see below, chapter 42); and two, a greater marriage with psychology, in particular the way individuals behave economically in a not-quite rational way. See, for example, The Economist, 4 March 2000, page 112.
1. Randy Shilts, And the Band Played On, New York: St Martin’s Press, 1987, Penguin 1988, pages 20 and 93–94.
2. For an account of the gay community on the eve of the crisis, see: Robert A. Padgug and Gerald M. Oppenheimer, ‘Riding the Tiger: AIDS and the Gay community,’ in Elizabeth Fee and Daniel M. Fox (editors), AIDS: The Making of a Chronic Disease, Los Angeles and London: University of California Press, 1992, pages 245ff.
3. Shilts, Op. cit., page 94.
4. Ibid., page 244. See also Fee and Fox (editors), Op. cit., pages 279ff for an account of HIV in New York.
5. Weatherall, In Search of a Cure, Op. cit., pages 240–241.
6. W. F. Bynum and Roy Porter, Companion Encyclopaedia of the History of Medicine, Volume 1, London: Routledge, 1993, page 138.
7. Weatherall, Op. cit., page 241.
8. Bynum and Porter, Op. cit., volume 2, page 1023.
9. Weatherall, Op. cit., pages 224–226.
10. Ibid.
11. Bynum and Porter, Op. cit., pages 1023–1024 for a more complete history.
12. Mirko D. Grmek, A History of AIDS, Princeton and London: Princeton University Press, 1990, pages 58–59.
13. Shilts, Op cit., pages 73–74 and 319.
14. Grmek, Op. cit., pages 62–70. Shilts, Op. cit., pages 50–51.
15. For a short but balanced history of cancer, see David Cantor, ‘Cancer,’ in Bynum and Porter, Op. cit., volume 1, pages 537–559.
16. Harold Varmus and Robert Weinberg, Genes and the Biology of Cancer, New York: Scientific American Library, 1993. A large study in Scandinavia, reported in July 2000, concluded that ‘environmental factors’ accounted for more than 50 per cent of cancers.
17. Ibid., page 51.
18. Ibid., page 185.
19. Susan Sontag, Illness as Metaphor, New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1998; published in paperback with AIDS and its Metaphors, 1990.
20. Sontag, Op. cit., page 3.
21. Ibid., pages 13–14.
22. Ibid., pages 17–18.
23. See above, note 19, for publication details.
24. Sontag, Op. cit., page 124.
25. Ibid., page 165.
26. Ibid., page 163.
27. Shilts, Op. cit., page 453.
28. For a whole book dedicated to the effect of AIDS on the artistic community, see James Miller (editor), Fluid Exchanges, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1992.
29. Jeffrey Masson, Against Therapy, London: Collins, 1989, Fontana paperback, 1990, page 165.
30. Ibid., page 185.
31. Ibid., page 101.
32. For Maslow, see ibid., chapters 7 and 8, pages 229ff and 248ff respectively.
33. Ernest Gellner, The Psychoanalytic Movement: The Cunning of Unreason, London: Paladin, 1985, Fontana, 1993.
34. Ibid., pages 36–37.
35. Ibid., page 76.
36. Ibid.
37. Ibid., page 162.
38. Ibid., page 104–105.
39. Jane Howard, Margaret Mead: A Life, Op. cit., pages 432ff.
40. Derek Freeman, Margaret Mead and Samoa: The Making and Unmaking of an Anthropological Myth, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1983.
41. Howard, Op. cit., page 435.
42. Roy Porter, The Greatest Benefit to Mankind: A Medical History of Mankind from Antiquity to the Present, London: HarperCollins, 1997, page 596.
43. Ibid., page 718.
1. Jean-François Lyotard, The Post-Modem Condition: A Report on Knowledge, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1984.
2. See his: ‘The Psychoanalytic Approach to Artistic and Literary Expression,’ in Toward The Post-Modem, New York: Humanities Press, 1993, pages 2–11; Part 1 of this book is headed ‘Libidinal’, Part 2 ‘Pagan’, and Part 3 ‘Intractable.’
3. Lyotard, The Post-Modern Condition, Op. cit., page xxiv.
4. Ibid., pages 42–46.
5. Ibid., page 60.
6. Richard Rorty, Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature, Oxford: Blackwell, 1980.
7. Ibid., pages 34–38.
8. Ibid., page 363.
9. Ibid., page 367.
10. Ibid., pages 367–368.
11. Ibid., pages 389–391.
12. Richard Rorty, Objectivity, Relativism, and Truth, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.
13. Rorty, Objectivity, Relativism, and Truth, Op. cit., pages 56–57.
14. Ibid., page 37.
15. Ibid., page 39.
16. Ibid., page 40.
17. Ibid., pages 203ff.
18. Ibid., page 218.
19. Thomas Nagel, Mortal Questions, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979; and The View From Nowhere, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986, paperback, 1989.
20. Nagel, Mortal Questions, Op. cit., page x.
21. Nagel, The View From Nowhere, Op. cit., page 26.
22. Ibid., page 52.
23. Ibid., pages 78–79.
24. Ibid., page 84.
25. Ibid., page 85.
26. Ibid., page 108.
27. Ibid., page 107.
28. Clifford Geertz, The Interpretation of Cultures, New York: Basic Books, 1973.
29. Ibid., page 36.
30. Ibid., pages 3ff.
31. Ibid., page 412.
32. Ibid., page 435.
33. Clifford Geertz, Local Knowledge, New York: Basic Books, 1983, paperback edition 1997, page 8.
34. Ibid., page 74.
35. Ibid., page 151.
36. Ibid., page 161.
37. Geertz’s work continues in two lecture series published as books. See: Works and Lives, London: Polity, 1988; and After the Fact, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1995.
38. Bryan Magee, Men of Ideas, Op. cit., pages 196–197.
39. Consider some of the topics tackled in his various books: ‘Two concepts of rationality’ and ‘The impact of science on modern concepts of rationality,’ in Reason, Truth and History, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981. ‘What is mathematical truth?’ and ‘The logic of quantum mechanics,’ in Mathematics, Matter and Method, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980; and ‘Why there isn’t a ready-made world’ and ‘Why reason can’t be naturalised,’ in Realism and Reason, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983. Magee, Op. cit., pages 202 and 205.
40. Putnam, Reason, Truth and History, Op. cit., page 215. Magee, Op. cit., page 201.
41. Magee, Op. cit., pages 143–145.
42. For a more accessible form of Van Quine’s ideas, see: Quiddities: An Intermittently Philosophical Dictionary, Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1987, where certain aspects of everyday life are ingeniously represented mathematically. But see also: ‘Success and Limits of Mathamaticalism’, in Theories and Things, Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1981, pages 148ff. See also: Magee, Op. cit., page 147.
43. For Van Quine’s place vis à vis analytical philosophy, see: George D. Romanos, Quine and Analytic Philosophy, Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 1983, pages 179ff. Magee, Op. cit., page 149.
44. Alasdair Maclntyre, Whose Justice? Which Rationality?, London: Duckworth, 1988.
45. Ibid., page 140.
46. Ibid., page 301.
47. Ibid., page 302.
48. Ibid., page 304.
49. Ibid., page 339.
50. Ibid., page 500.
51. David Harvey, The Condition of Postmodernity, Oxford: Blackwell, 1980, paperback 1990.
52. Ibid., pages 8–9.
53. Ibid., page 3.
54. Ibid., page 135.
55. Ibid., page 137.
56. Ibid., page 136.
57. Ibid., page 140.
58. Ibid., page 147.
59. Ibid., page 156.
60. Ibid., page 351.
61. Ibid., page 350.
62. Ibid., page 328.
1. Bodmer and McKie, The Book of Man, Op. cit., page 259.
2. Colin Tudge, The Engineer in the Garden, Op. cit., pages 257–260.
3. Bodmer and McKie, Op. cit., page 257.
4. Ibid., page 259.
5. Ibid., page 261.
6. A. G. Cairns-Smith, Seven Clues to the Origin of Life, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985.
7. Ibid., page 47.
8. Ibid., page 74.
9. Ibid., page 80.
10. Richard Fortey, Life: An Unauthorised Biography, London: HarperCollins, 1997; Flamingo paperback, 1998, pages 44 and 54ff.
11. Ibid., pages 55–56, where the calculation for bacterial production of oxygen is given.
12. J. D. MacDougall, A Short History of Planet Earth, New York: Wiley, 1996, pages 34–36. Fortey, Op. cit., pages 59–61.
13. Ibid., page 52. See also: Tudge, Op. cit., pages 331 and 334–335 for a discussion of the implications of Margulis’s idea for the notion of co-operation. Fortey, Op. cit., pages 68–69.
14. For slimes, see: Fortey, Op. cit., pages 81ff; for Ediacara see ibid., pages 86ff. The Ediacara are named after Ediacara Hill in South Australia, where they were first discovered. In March 2000, in a lecture at the Royal Institution in London, Dr Andrew Parker, a zoologist and Fellow of Somerville College, Oxford, attributed the Cambrian explosion to the evolution of vision, arguing that organisms had to develop rapidly to escape a predator’s line of sight. See: The (London) Times, 1 March 2000, page 41.
15. Fortey, Op. cit., pages 102ff.
16. MacDougall, Op. cit., pages 30–31.
17. John Noble Wilford, The Riddle of the Dinosaurs, London and Boston: Faber, 1986, pages 221ff.
18. Ibid., pages 226–228.
19. Walter Alvarez, T. Rex and the Crater of Doom, Princeton and London: Princeton University Press, 1997; Penguin paperback 1998, page 69. See also: MacDougall, Op. cit., page 158.
20. For a traditional view of dinosaur extinction, see: Björn Kurtén, The Age of the Dinosaurs, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1968, pages 211ff.
21. Alvarez, Op. cit., pages 92–93.
22. Ibid., pages 109ff.
23. Ibid., pages 123ff.
24. MacDougall, Op. cit., page 160; and see chart of marine extinctions on page 162.
25. Alvarez, Op. cit., page 133.
26. Tattersall, The Fossil Trail, Op. cit., pages 187— 188.
27. Donald Johanson and James Shreeve, Lucy’s Child: The Discovery of a Human Ancestor, New York: Viking, 1990, pages 201ff.
28. E. S. Vrba, ‘Ecological and adaptive changes associated with early hominid evolution,’ in E. Delson (editor), Ancestors: The Hard Evidence, New York: Alan Liss, 1988, pages 63–71; and: E. S. Vrba, ‘Late Pleistocene climatic events and hominid evolution,’ in F. E. Grine (editor), Evolutionary History of the ‘Robust’ Australopithecines, New York: Adine de Gruyter, 1988, pages 405–426.
29. Tattersall, Op. cit., page 197.
30. Christopher Stringer and Clive Gamble, In Search of the Neanderthals, London: Thames & Hudson, 1993, pages 152–154. These interpretations in the latter part of this paragraph are doubted in many quarters.
31. Tattersall, Op. cit., chapter 15: ‘The cave man vanishes’, pages 199ff.
32. Bodmer and McKie, Op. cit., pages 218 and 232–233.
33. Brian M. Fagan, The Journey from Eden: The Peopling of Our World, London: Thames & Hudson, 1990, pages 27–28. Bodmer and McKie, Op. cit., pages 218–219.
34. Colin Renfrew, Archaeology and Language, London: Jonathan Cape, 1987, pages 9–13.
35. J. H. Greenberg, Language in the Americas, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1986.
36. Brian M. Fagan, The Great Journey: The Peopling of Ancient America, London and New York: Thames & Hudson, 1987, page 186.
37. See especially: Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza and Francesco Cavalli-Sforza, The Great Human Diasporas: The History of Diversity and Evolution, New York: Helix/Addison Wesley, 1995 (first published in Italy by Arnaldo Mondadori Editore Spa, 1993), pages 156–157.
38. Ibid., page 187.
39. Ibid., page 185; and see a second candidate in the chart on page 186.
40. Renfrew, Archaeology and Language, Op. cit., page 205.
41. Paul Johnson, Daily Mail (London).
42. E. O. Wilson, On Human Nature, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1978, page 167.
43. Ibid., page 2.
44. Ibid., page 137; and see also the charts on page 90.
45. E. O. Wilson, Biophilia, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1984.
46. Stephen R. Kellert and E. O. Wilson (editors), The Biophilia Hypothesis, Washington DC: Island Press, 1993, page 237. See also: James Lovelock, Gaia: A New Look at Life on Earth, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1979; paperback 1982 and
47. Richard Dawkins, The Blind Watchmaker, London: Longman, 1986; Penguin 1988.
48. Ibid., page 90.
49. Ibid., page 158.
50. Daniel Dennett, Darwin’s Dangerous Idea, Op. cit., page 21.
51. Ibid., page 82.
52. Stuart Kauffman, The Origins of Order: Self-Organisation and Selection, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993.
53. Ibid., page 220.
54. John Maynard Smith and Eörs Szathmáry, The Major Transitions in Evolution, Oxford, New York and Heidelberg: W. H. Freeman/Spektrum, 1995.
55. Steven Pinker, The Language Instinct, New York: Morrow, 1994; Penguin 1995.
56. Ibid., page 301.
57. N. Eldredge and S.J. Gould, ‘Punctuated equilibrium: an alternative to phyletic gradualism,’ in T. J. M. Schopf (editor), Models in Palaeobiology, San Francisco: Freeman Cooper, 1972, pages 82–115. See also: N. Eldredge, Reinventing Darwin, New York: John Wiley, 1995, pages 93ff, where the debate is updated.
58. S.J. Gould and R. C. Lewontin, ‘The spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian paradigm: A critique of the adaptationist programme’, Proceedings of the Royal Society, volume B205, 1979 pages 581–598.
59. S.J. Gould, Wonderful Life, London: Hutchinson Radius, 1989.
60. Simon Conway Morris, The Crucible of Creation: The Burgess Shale and the Rise of Animals, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998.
61. S.J. Gould, The Mismeasure of Man, Op. cit.
62. Steven Rose, Leon Kamin and R. C. Lewontin, Not in Our Genes, Op. cit.
63. R. C. Lewontin, The Doctrine of DNA: Biology as Ideology, Toronto: Anansi Press, 1991; Penguin, 1993, pages 73–74.
64. Richard J. Herrnstein and Charles Murray, The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life, Glencoe: The Free Press, 1994.
65. See also: Bernie Devlin, Stephen E. Fienberg, Daniel P. Resnick and Kathryn Roeder (editors), Intelligence, Genes and Success: Scientists Respond to The Bell Curve, New York: Copernicus, 1997, page 22.
66. Ibid., pages 269ff.
67. Ibid., pages 167ff.
68. Herrnstein and Murray, Op. cit., page 525.
69. Ibid., page 444.
70. Gould, The Mismeasure of Man, Op. cit., page 375.
71. Robert Cook-Deegan, The Gene Wars, Op. cit., page 110.
72. Bodmer and McKie, Op. cit., page 320.
73. Cook-Deegan, Op. cit., page 286.
74. Ibid., page 339.
75. Francis Crick, The Astonishing Hypothesis, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994.
76. John Maddox, What Remains to be Discovered, Op. cit., page 306.
77. John Cornwell (editor), Consciousness and Human Identity, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1998, page vi.
78. Ibid., page vii.
79. Ibid.
80. J. R. Searle, The Mystery of Consciousness, London: Granta, 1997, pages 95ff.
81. J. R. Searle, The Rediscovery of the Mind, Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 1992; and Cornwell (editor), Op. cit., page 33.
82. Roger Penrose, Shadows of the Mind: A Search for the Missing Science of Consciousness, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1994.
83. Searle, The Mystery of Consciousness, Op. cit., pages 53ff.
84. Ibid., page 87.
85. Cornwell (editor), Op. cit., pages 11–12.
86. Robert Wright, The Moral Animal, New York: Pantheon, 1994, page 321.
87. Olaf Sporns, ‘Biological variability and brain function,’ in Cornwell (editor), Op. cit., pages 38–53.
1. Marcus Cunliffe (editor), American Literature since 1900, Op. cit., page 373.
2. Cunliffe (editor), Op. cit., page 377.
3. Ibid., page 378.
4. Ibid., page 373.
5. Richard Hofstadter, Anti-Intellectualism in American Life, New York: Knopf, 1963; quoted in Cunliffe (editor), Op. cit., page 386.
6. Toni Morrison, all titles published in London by Chatto & Windus. And see also: Malcolm Bradbury, The Modern American Novel, Oxford and New York, 1983, 2nd edition, 1992, page 279.
7. Nancy J. Peterson (editor), Toni Morrison: Critical and Theoretical Approaches, Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins Press, 1997.
8. Alice Walker, The Color Purple, New York: Harcourt Brace, 1982. Bradbury, The Modem American Novel, Op. cit., page 280.
9. Michael Awkward, Inspiriting Influences: tradition, revision and Afro-American women’s novels, New York: Columbia University Press, 1989. See also: David Crystal, English as a Global Language, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997, page 139.
10. Crystal, Op. cit., page 130.
11. Ibid.
12. Jean Franco, The Modem Culture of Latin America: Society and the Artist, London: Pall Mall, 1967; Penguin 1970, page 198.
13. Gabriel Vargas Llosa, The City and the Dogs, translated into English as: The Time of the Hero, New York: Harper & Row, 1979.
14. Gabriel Vargas Llosa, The Green House, London: Jonathan Cape, 1969.
15. Keith Booker, Vargas-Llosa among the Post-Modernists, Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida, 1994.
16. Gerald Martin, Journeys through the Labyrinth, London: Verso, 1989, page 218.
17. Gabriel García Márquez, One Hundred Years of Solitude, published in Spanish 1967, London: Jonathan Cape, 1970; Penguin 1973.
18. D.P. Gallagher, Modem Latin American Literature, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1973, page 150.
19. Ibid., pages 145–150.
20. Carlos Fuentes, La nueva novela hispanoamericana, Mexico City: Joanna Mortiz, 1969; quoted in David W. and Virginia R. Foster (editors), Modem Latin American Literature, New York: Frederick Ungar, 1975, pages 380–381.
21. R. K. Narayan, The Sweet Vendor, London: The Bodley Head, 1967. See also: William Walsh, ‘India and the Novel,’ in Boris Ford (editor), From Orwell to Naipaul, Penguin, 1983, pages 238–240.
22. Anita Desai, The Village by the Sea, London: Heinemann, 1982; Penguin 1984.
23. Anita Desai, In Custody, London: Heinemann, 1984.
24. Salman Rushdie, Midnight’s Children, London: Jonathan Cape, 1982; and The Satanic Verses, London: Viking, 1988. Catherine Cundy, Salman Rushdie, Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 1996, pages 34ff.
25. Malise Ruthven, A Satanic Affair: Salman Rushdie and the Rape of Islam, London: Chatto & Windus, 1990, page 15. His book is the main source I have used.
26. Ruthven, Op. cit., page 27.
27. Ibid., page 20.
28. Ibid., page 17.
29. Ibid., page 16.
30. Ibid., pages 20–25 passim.
31. Mehdi Mozaffari, Fatwa: Violence and Discovery, Aarhus, Denmark: Aarhus University Press, 1998.
32. Ruthven, Op. cit., page 114.
33. Ibid., page 25. See also: Various authors, For Rushdie: Essays by Arab and Muslim Writers in Defence of Free Speech, New York: George Braziller, 1994, especially pages 21ff, 54ff and 255ff.
34. V. S. Naipaul, A House for Mr Biswas, London: Andre Deutsch, 1961.
35. V.S. Naipaul, The Mimic Men, London: Readers Union, 1968.
36. Each of these books was published by André Deutsch.
37. See the account in: Andrew Robinson, Satyajit Ray: The Inner Eye, London: Deutsch, 1989, pages 74ff.
38. See Robinson, Op. cit., page 76.
39. Thompson and Bordwell, Film History, Op. cit., pages 483–484 and 512–513. Pallot and Levich, Op. cit., page 520.
40. Robinson, Op. cit., page 156.
41. Ibid., page 513.
42. Wole Soyinka, Myth, Literature and the African World, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976.
43. Ousmane Sembene, God’s Bits of Wood, London: Heinemann, 1970. See also Soyinka, Op. cit., pages 54–60 passim.
44. Soyinka, Op. cit., page 42.
45. Edward Said, Orientalism, New York: Pantheon, 1978.
46. Ibid., page 190.
47. Ibid., pages 317ff.
48. Ibid., page 326.
49. Ranajit Guha and Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, Selected Subaltern Studies, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1988, pages 3–32.
50. Gayatri Spivak, In Other Words: Essays in Cultural Politics, London: Methuen, 1987; and A Critique of Post-Colonial Reason: Toward a History of the Vanishing Present, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1999.
51. Guha and Spivak, Op. cit., passim.
52. Bill Ashcroft, Gareth Griffiths and Helen Tiffin, The Post-Colonial Studies Reader, London and New York: Routledge, 1995, especially pages 24ff and 119ff.
53. Fredric Jameson, The Political Unconscious, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1981.
54. Raman Selden and Peter Widdowson, Contemporary Literary Theory, Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1993, page 97.
55. Fredric Jameson, Postmodernism or the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism, Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press, 1991.
56. Seiden and Widdowson, Op. cit., pages 93–94. And see: Terry Eagleton, The Idea of Culture, London: 2000.
57. H. Aram Veeser (editor), The Stanley Fish Reader, Oxford: Blackwell, 1999.
58. Jonathan Dollimore and Alan Sinfield (editors), Political Shakespeare, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1985.
59. Peter Watson, ‘Presume not that I am the thing I was,’ (London) Observer, 22 August 1993, pages 37–38.
60. Annabel Patterson, Shakespeare and the Popular Voice, Oxford: Blackwell, 1989. In May 2000 the director of English Studies at Cambridge University decided to discontinue the examination on Shakespeare as part of the compulsory course for a degree in English.
61. Cunliffe (editor), Op. cit., page 234.
62. He also shared with Eliot ‘A sense of moral dismay’, the title of a chapter in Dennis Carroll’s 1987 biography of the playwright, David Mamet, Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1987.
63. Ibid., page 147.
64. David Mamet, Make-Believe: Essays and Remembrances, London and Boston: Faber, 1996. See also Cunliffe, Op. cit., pages 159–160.
65. Published together as: Rabbit Angstrom: a tetralogy, with an introduction by the author. London: Everyman’s Library, 1995. Bradbury, The Modem American Novel, Op. cit., page 184.
66. Judie Newman, John Updike, Basingstoke: Macmillan Education, 1988. Bradbury, Op. cit., page 184.
67. The publishers of Saul Bellow’s books are as follows: Dangling Man and The Adventures of Augie March: Weidenfeld & Nicolson; Henderson the Rain King, Humboldt’s Gift and The Dean’s December. Secker & Warburg; More Die of Heartbreak: Morrow.
68. Jonathan Wilson, On Bellow’s Planet: Readings from the Dark Side, New York: Associated Universities Press, 1985.
69. Michael K. Glenday, Saul Bellow and the Decline of Humanism, London: Macmillan, 1990. And see Bradbury, Op. cit., pages 171–172 and 174.
70. Greg Sarris, Keeping Slug Woman Alive: A Holistic Approach to American Indian Texts, Los Angeles, University of California Press, 1993; and Grand Avenue, New York: Hyperion 1994; Penguin 1995.
1. Allan Bloom, Giants and Dwarves: Essays 1960— 1990, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1990; Touchstone paperback, 1991, pages 16–17.
2. Allan Bloom, The Closing of the American Mind, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1987; Penguin 1988.
3. Ibid., page 49.
4. Ibid., page 122.
5. Ibid., page 91.
6. Ibid., page 141.
7. Ibid., page 254.
8. Ibid., page 301.
9. Bloom, Giants and Dwarves, Op. cit., pages 24— 25.
10. Harold Bloom, The Western Canon, New York: Harcourt Brace, 1994.
11. Ibid., page 38.
12. Ibid., page 30.
13. Ibid., page 48.
14. Ibid., pages 371ff.
15. Ibid., page 41.
16. Lawrence Levine, The Opening of the American Mind, Boston: Beacon Press, 1996.
17. Ibid., pages 91ff.
18. Ibid., page 16.
19. Ibid., page 83.
20. Ibid., page 86.
21. Ibid., page 158.
22. Martin Bernal, Black Athena: The Afroasiatic Roots of Classical Civilisation, London: Free Association Books, 1987; Vintage paperback, 1991.
23. Ibid., page 239.
24. Ibid., pages xxiv, xxvi and xxvii.
25. Ibid., page 18.
26. Ibid., page 51.
27. Ibid., page 31.
28. Mary Lefkowitz and Guy MacLean Rogers, Black Athena Revisited, Chapel Hill and London: University of North Carolina Press, 1996.
29. Ibid., page 113.
30. Ibid., pages 112ff.
31. Ibid., pages 431–434.
32. C. A. Diop, The African Origin of Civilisation: Myth or Reality?, Westport, Connecticut: Lawrence Hill, 1974.
33. Lefkowitz and Rogers, Op. cit., page 21.
34. Edward T. Linenthal and Tom Engelhardt (editors), History Wars, New York: Metropolian Books/Holt, 1996.
35. Ibid., pages 35–40.
36. Ibid., pages 52 and 59.
37. Roger Kimball, Tenured Radicals: How Politics Has Corrupted Our Higher Education, New York: Harper & Row, 1990.
38. Ibid., pages 46ff.
39. Ibid., pages 96ff.
40. Dinesh d’Souza, Illiberal Education: The Politics of Sex and Race on Campus, Glencoe: The Free Press, 1991.
41. Ibid., page 40.
42. Ibid., page 70.
43. Ibid., page 226.
44. Ibid., page 241.
45. Martha Nussbaum, Cultivating Humanity: A Classical Defence of Reform in Liberal Education, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1997.
46. Ibid., page 85.
47. Ibid., page 53.
48. Ibid., page 94.
49. Ibid., page 105.
50. Ibid., pages 277–278.
51. David Denby, Great Books, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996.
52. Ibid., page 13.
53. Ibid., page 459.
54. Ibid., page 461.
55. Ibid., page 457.
56. Ibid., pages 457–458.
57. Harold Bloom, Shakespeare: The Invention of the Human, London: Fourth Estate, 1999, pages 4–5.
58. Ibid., page xvii.
59. Ibid., page 715.
60. Ibid., page 745.
61. Gertrude Himmelfarb, On Looking into the Abyss, New York: Knopf, 1994.
62. Ibid., page 4.
63. Ibid., page 6.
64. Ibid., page 83.
65. Ibid., page 8.
66. Ibid., page 104.
67. Ibid., page 24.
1. Katie Hafner and Matthew Lyon, Where Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins of the Internet, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996; Touchstone paperback, 1998, pages 253–254.
2. Ibid., pages 18–24.
3. Ibid., pages 23–24.
4. John Naughton, A Brief History of the Future: The Origins of the Internet, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1999, pages 92–119 passim; see also Hafner and Lyon, Op. cit., pages 34, 38, 53, 57.
5. Hafner and Lyon, Op. cit., pages 59 and 65.
6. Ibid., pages 143 and 151–154.
7. Naughton, Op. cit., pages 131–138; Hafner and Lyon, Op. cit., pages 124ff.
8. Hafner and Lyon, Op cit., pages 161ff.
9. Naughton, Op. cit., Chapter 9, pages 140ff. Hafner and Lyon, page 192.
10. Hafner and Lyon, Op. cit., pages 204 and 223— 227.
11. Ibid., pages 245ff
12. Ibid., pages 253 and 257–258.
13. Brian Winston, Media, Technology and Society: a history: from the telegraph to the Internet, London: Routledge, 1998.
14. See Lauren Ruth Wiener, Digital Woes, New York: Addison-Wesley, 1993 for a discussion of the pros and cons of the computer culture.
15. Michael White and John Gribbin, Stephen Hawking: A Life in Science, New York and London: Viking 1992; Penguin 1992, pages 223–231. Stephen Hawking, A Brief History of Time, London: Bantam, 1988.
16. White and Gribbin, Op. cit., page 227–229.
17. Ibid., pages 245 and 264ff.
18. Ibid., pages 60–61.
19. Paul Davies, The Mind of God, London: Simon & Schuster, 1992, Penguin 1993, pages 63ff; White and Gribbin, Op. cit., pages 149–151 and 209–213.
20. White and Gribbin, Op. cit., pages 137–138.
21. Ibid., pages 154–155.
22. Feynman himself published several highly popular science/philosophy books. See for example: The Meaning of It All, London: Allen Lane The Penguin Press, 1998, especially chapter three, ‘This Unscientific Age’; see also White and Gribbin, Op. cit., pages 176ff.
23. White and Gribbin, Op. cit., pages 179 and 182–183.
24. Joel Davis, Alternate Realities: How Science Shapes Our View of the World, Op. cit., pages 159–162.
25. White and Gribbin, Op. cit., pages 208 and 274–275.
26. John Horgan, The End of Science: Facing the Limits of Knowledge in the Twilight of the Scientific Age, New York: Addison-Wesley, 1996; Broadway paperback, 1997, pages 7, 30–31, 126–127, 154. Some of these issues were first aired in what became a cult book published in 1979, Gödel, Escher, Bach: an eternal golden braid (New York: Basic Books). Hofstadter started from a conceptual similarity he observed in the work of the mathematician, artist and musician for whom his book is named. This similarity arises, according to Hofstadter, because in certain fugues of Bach, and in paintings and drawings by Escher, where the rules of harmony or perspective, as the case may be, are followed, these works yet break out of the rules. In Escher’s art, for example, although no violence is done to perspective, water appears to flow up hill, and even in an impossible circle, or people going up and down the same stairs follow steps that bring them back together again, in other words they too are following an impossible circle. For Hofstadter, the paradoxes in these formal systems (ie, ones that follow a set of rules) were important, conceptually linking mathematics, biology and philosophy in ways that, he believed, would one day help explain life and intelligence. He followed Monod in believing that we could only understand life by understanding how a phenomenon transcended the rules of its existence. One of Hofstadter’s aims was to argue that if artificial intelligence was ever to develop, this aspect of formal systems had to be clarified. Was Gödel right in claiming that a formal system cannot provide grounds for proving that system? And did that imply we can never wholly understand ourselves? Or is there something fundamentally flawed about Gödel’s idea? Godei, Escher, Bach is an idiosyncratic book, to which no summary can do justice. It is full of drawings and visual illusions, by Escher, René Magritte and the author, mathematical puzzles with a serious intent, musical notation and chemical diagrams. Though rewarding, and despite its author’s relentlessly chatty tone, it is not an easy read. The book contains a marvellous annotated bibliography, introducing many important works in the field of artificial intelligence.
27. White and Gribbin, Op. cit., pages 292–301.
28. See also: Martin Rees, Just Six Numbers: The Deep Forces that Shape the Universe, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1999; White and Gribbin, Op. cit., pages 216–217.
29. David Deutsch, The Fabric of Reality, London: Allen Lane The Penguin Press, 1997; Penguin paperback, 1998, pages 1–29 for an introduction; see also: Horgan, Op. cit., pages 222–223; and: P. C. W. Davies and J. Brown (editors), Superstrings: A Theory of Everything?, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988, pages 1–5.
30. Brian Greene, The Elegant Universe: Superstrings, Hidden Dimensions and the Quest for the Ultimate Theory, London: Jonathan Cape, 1998, pages 174–176.
31. Apart from the works already quoted, see: Richard Feynman, The Meaning of It All, New York: Addison Wesley Longman; London: Allen Lane, The Penguin Press, 1998; Paul Davies, The Mind of God: Science and the Search for Ultimate Meaning, New York and London: Simon & Schuster, 1992; Penguin paperback, 1993; Ian Stewart, Does God Play Dice?, Oxford: Blackwell, 1989; Penguin paperback, 1990; Timothy Ferris, The Whole Shebang: A State-of-the-Universe(s) Report, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1997. Note the somewhat ambitious flavour of the tides.
32. Greene, Op. cit., passim.
33. Ibid., pages 10–13. See also: Davies and Brown, Op. cit., pages 26–29.
34. Greene, Op. cit., pages 136–137.
35. Davies and Brown, Op. cit., page 90, for an interview with Witten, and pages 170–191 for interviews with Abdus Salam and Sheldon Glashow. See also: Greene, Op cit., pages 140–141.
36. Greene, Op. cit., pages 187ff.
37. Ibid., pages 329–331.
38. Ibid., page 362.
39. Ibid., page 379.
40. James Gleick, Chaos: Making a New Science, New York: Penguin, 1987.
41. Horgan, Op. cit., pages 193–194.
42. George Johnson, Strange Beauty, London: Jonathan Cape, 1999. See also: Horgan, Op. cit., pages 211–215.
43. Horgan, Op. cit., pages 203–206 and 208.
44. Philip Anderson, ‘More is different,’ Science, August 4, 1972, page 393. Quoted in Horgan, Op. cit., pages 209–210.
45. Ian Stewart, Life’s Other Secret, New York: Wiley, 1998; Penguin paperback, 1999.
46. Stewart, Op. cit., page xiii. A certain amount of revisionism has set in with regard to computers and mathematics. See, for example: P.J. R. Millican and A. Clark (editors), Machines and Thought: The Legacy of Alan Turing, volume 1, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999. Though David Deutsch, in The Fabric of Reality, Op. cit., page 354, considers the Turing principle a fundamental of nature.
47. Ibid., page 22.
48. Ibid., page 66.
49. Ibid., pages 89–90.
50. See: Blay Whitby, ‘The Turing Test: AI’s Biggest Blind Alley?’, in Millican and Clark (editors). Op cit., pages 53ff; See also: Stewart, Op. cit., pages 95ff.
51. Stewart, Op. cit., pages 96ff.
52. Ibid., page 162.
53. Ibid.
54. See: Joseph Ford, ‘Chaos: Past, Present, and Future’, in Millican and Clark (editors), Op. cit., who takes the opposite view. ‘… order is totally dull; chaos is truly fascinating’ – page 259. ‘… in essence evolution is controlled chaos’ – page 260. In this book, Clark Glymour also considers whether there are ‘orders of order’ – page 278ff See also: Stewart, Op. cit., page 245.
1. T. S. Eliot, Collected Poems 1909–1935, London: Faber, 1936, page 93.
2. Jared Diamond, Guns, Germs and Steel, London: Jonathan Cape, 1997.
3. Ibid., see map at page 177.
4. Ibid., page 57.
5. Ibid., page 58.
6. Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man, Glencoe: The Free Press, 1992.
7. Ibid., page xi.
8. Ibid., page xii.
9. Ibid., page xiv.
10. Ibid., page 196.
11. David Landes, The Wealth and Poverty of Nations, New York: W. W. Norton, 1998; Abacus paperback, 1999
12. Ibid., page 312.
13. John Horgan, The End of Science: Facing the Limits of Knowledge in the Twilight of the Scientific Age, Op. cit.
14. Ibid., pages 9–10.
15. Ibid., page 152.
16. Ibid.
17. Ibid., pages 152–153. Not dissimilar views were expressed by David Bohm, an American physicist-philosopher who left the United States at the height of the McCarthy era, settling in Britain. Bohm, like Fritjof Capra after him, in The Tao of Physics (London: Wildwood House, 1975), made links between Eastern religions and modern physics, which Bohm called the ‘implicate order’. In Bohm’s view, the current distinction between art and science is temporary. ‘It didn’t exist in the past, and there’s no reason why it should go on in the future.’ Science is not the mere accumulation of facts but the creation of ‘fresh modes of perception.’ A third scientist of like mind was Paul Feyerabend. He too had once taught at Berkeley but by the mid-nineties was living in retirement in Switzerland and Italy. In two books, Against Method (London: Verso, 1975) and Farewell to Reason (London: Verso, 1987), he argued that there is no logic to science and to scientific progress and that the ‘human compulsion to find absolute truths, however noble, too often culminates in tyranny’ (page 48). He conceived of science as a boring, homogenising influence on thought, stampeding other forms out of the way. So firmly did he hold this view that in his later book he went so far as to refuse to condemn fascism, his argument being that such an attitude had led to fascism in the first place. (For his critics it didn’t help that he had fought in the German army in World War II.)
18. Maddox, Op. cit.
19. Ibid., page 122.
20. Ibid., pages 56–57.
21. Ibid., page 59.
22. Ibid., page 88.
23. In Darwin Machines and the Nature of Knowledge (Allen Lane, The Penguin Press, Penguin paperback, 1995),. Henry Plotkin, professor of psychology at University College, London, advanced the view that adaptations are themselves a form of knowledge, part of the history of an organism which determines how it is born and what it knows and is able to know. On this reasoning, the intelligence displayed by the ‘higher’ animals is clearly an evolved adaptation which is itself designed to help us adapt. According to Plotkin, there are several functions of intelligence, one of which is to aid social cohesion: man is a social animal who benefits from the cooperation of others. Language and culture may therefore be understood in that light.
24. Claude Bonnefoy, Conversations with Ionescu, Op. cit., pages 167–168. There is also, for example, the one-off (but not necessarily trivial) case of Oxford University Press which, in November 1998, discontinued its Poetry List, giving as its reason that poetry no longer earned its keep – there was in other words no longer a market for verse. This shocked the literary world in the anglophone countries, especially as Oxford’s list was the second biggest in Britain, dating back to 1918 when it published Gerard Manley Hopkins. In the wake of the fuss that followed it was revealed that only four London firms published poetry on a regular basis, releasing barely twenty-five new tides a year, each of which sells two- to three-thousand copies. This is scarcely a picture of robust health. In Peter Conrad’s book, Modem Times, Modem Places (Thames & Hudson, 1998), which was an examination of the arts in the last century, he says that he found far more of interest and importance to write about in the first fifty years than in the last and that, of the nearly thirty themes he identifies as important to the arts, well over half are responses to science (the next most important was a sense of place: Vienna, Berlin, Paris, America, Japan). Conrad’s view of the arts is not dissimilar from Lionel Trilling’s, updated. Music, literature, painting and theatre should help us keep our spirits up, help us ‘keep going’, in his words. An unexceptional view, perhaps, but a much-reduced aim compared, say, with a hundred years ago, when the likes of Wagner, Hofmannsthal and Bergson were alive. Even by Peter Conrad’s exacting standards, the role of the arts has contracted.
25. Alvin Kernan, The Death of Literature, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1990, page 134.
26. Ibid., page 135.
27. Ibid., page 151.
28. Ibid., page 210.
29. John Barrow, Impossibility: The Limits of Science and the Science of Limits, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1998; Vintage paperback, 1999, page 94.
30. Ibid., pages 94–95.
31. Ibid., page 95.
32. Robin Wright, The Moral Animal, Op. cit., page 325.
33. P. B. Medawar, The Hope of Progress, London: Methuen, 1972, page 68.
34. Judith Rich Harris: The Nurture Assumption: Why Children Turn Out the Way They Do, London: Bloomsbury, 1998.
35. Wright, Op. cit., page 315.
36. Published as: Michael S. Roth (editor), Freud: Conflict and Culture, New York: Knopf, 1998.
37. Paul Robinson, ‘Symbols at an Exhibition’, New York Times, 12 November 1998, page 12.
38. Ibid., page 12.
39. Richard Noll, The Jung Cult, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994; and The Aryan Christ: The Secret Life of Carl Gustav Jung, Op. cit.
40. Russell Jacoby, The Last Intellectuals: American Culture in the Age of Academe, New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1987; Noonday paperback 1989. John Brockman (editor), The Third Culture, Op. cit.
41. Jacoby, Op. cit., pages 27ff.
42. Ibid., pages 72ff.
43. Ibid., pages 54ff.
44. V. S. Naipaul, Among the Believers: An Islamic Journey, New York: Knopf, 1981; Vintage paperback, 1982.
45. Ibid., page 82.
46. Ibid., page 85.
47. Ibid., page 88.
48. Ibid., page 167.
49. Ibid., page 337.
50. Ibid., page 224.
51. V. S. Naipaul, An Area of Darkness, London: Deutsch, 1967; India: A Wounded Civilisation, London: Deutsch, 1977; Penguin 1979; India: A Million Mutinies Now, London: Heinemann, 1990.
52. Naipaul, An Area of Darkness, Op. cit., page 18.
53. Ibid., page 53. I could go on. Instead, let us turn to Nirad Chaudhuri, another Indian writer but this time born and educated in the sub-continent. Here is a man who loved his own country but thought it ‘torpid,’ ‘incapable of a vital civilisation of its own unless it is subjected to foreign influence.’ (Quoted in Edward Shils, Portraits, University of Chicago Press, 1997, page 83.) Chaudhuri was felt to be ‘anti-Indian’ by many of his compatriots and in old age he went to live in England. But his gaze was unflinching. Chaudhuri thought that Indian spirituality did not exist. ‘It is a figment of the Western imagination … there is no creative power left in India.’ (Ibid.). ‘Indian colleges and universities have never been congenial places for research, outside of Indological studies.’ (Ibid., page 103.)
54. Octavio Paz, In Light of India, London: Harvill, 1997. Originally published as: Vislumbras de la India, Barcelona: Editorial Seix Barral SA, 1995.
55. Ibid., page 37.
56. Ibid., page 89.
57. Ibid., page 90.
58. V. S. Naipaul, India: A Million Mutinies Now, Op. cit., page 518.
59. This later view was echoed by Prasenjit Basu. Writing in the International Herald Tribune in August 1999, he reminded readers that despite the fact that that week India’s population had reached 1 billion, which most people took as anything but good news, the country was doing well. Growth was strong, the export of software was flourishing, agricultural production was outstripping population growth, there had been no serious famine since independence from Britain, and Hindus, Muslims, Sikhs and Christians were collaborating to produce both nuclear power and humane laws. So maybe ‘Inner-directed India’ was at last changing. In Islams and Modernities (Verso, 1993) Aziz Al-Azmeh was likewise more optimistic about Islam. He argued that until, roughly speaking, the Yom Kippur war and the oil crisis, Islam was modernising, coming to terms with Darwin, among other ideas. Since then, however, he said Islam had been dominated by a right-wing version that replaced Communism ‘as the main threat to Western civilisation and values.’
60. Landes, Op. cit., pages 491ff.
61. Irving Louis Horowitz, The Decomposition of Sociology, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1993; paperback edition, 1994.
62. Ibid., page 4.
63. Ibid., page 12.
64. Ibid.
65. Ibid., page 13.
66. Ibid., page 16.
67. Ibid., pages 242ff.
68. Barrow, Impossibility, Op. cit.
69. I bid., page 248.
70. Ibid., page 251.
71. Roger Scruton, An Intelligent Person’s Guide to Modern Culture, Op. cit., page 69.
72. John Polkinghorne, Beyond Science, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996; Canto paperback 1998, page 64.
73. Polkinghorne, Op. cit., page 88.
74. Some of these issues are considered in an original way by Harvard’s Gerald Holton in The Scientific Imagination (Cambridge University Press, 1978, re-issued Harvard University Press, 1998). Based on studies of such scientific innovations as Enrico Fermi’s discoveries, and high-temperature super-conductivity, Holton concluded that scientists are by and large introverts, shy as children, very conscious as adults of peer pressure and that imagination in this context is a ‘smaller’ entity than in the arts, in that science is generally governed by ‘themata’, presuppositions which mean that ideas move ahead step-by-step and that these steps eventually lead to paradigm shifts. Holton’s study raises the possibility that such small imaginative leaps are in fact more fruitful than the larger, more revolutionary turns of the wheel that Lewis Mumford and Lionel Trilling called for in the arts. According to Holton’s evidence, the smaller imaginative steps of science are what account for its success. Another response is to find enchantment in science, as many – if not all – scientists clearly do. In his 1998 book, Unweaving the Rainbow (London: Allen Lane, The Penguin Press), Richard Dawkins went out of his way to make this point. His title was taken from Keats’s poem about Newton, that in showing how a rainbow worked, in terms of physics, he had removed the mystery and magic, somehow taken away the poetry. On the contrary, said Dawkins, Keats – and Chaucer and Shakespeare and Sitwell and a host of other writers – would have been even better poets had they been more knowledgeable about science; he spent some time correcting the science in the poetry of Chaucer, Shakespeare and Wordsworth. He mounted a ferocious attack on mysticism, spiritualism and astrology as tawdry forms of enchantment, sang the praises of the wonders of the brain, and natural history, including a detail about a species of worm ‘which lives exclusively under the eyelids of the hippopotamus and feeds upon its tears’ (page 241). This book was the first that Dawkins had written in response to events rather than setting the agenda himself, and it had a defensive quality his others lacked and was in my view unnecessary. But his tactic of correcting great poets, though it might perhaps be seen as arrogance, did have a point. The critics of science must be ready to have their heroes criticised too.
75. Bryan Magee, Confessions of a Philosopher, Op. cit., page 564.
76. Ibid., page 536.
77. Ibid., pages 546–548.
78. One man who has considered this issue, at least in part, is Francis Fukuyama, in The Great Disruption (The Free Press, 1999). In his view a Great Disruption took place in the developed countries in the 1960s, with a jump in levels of crime and social disorder, and the decline of families and kinship as a source of social cohesion. He put this down to the change from an industrial to a post-industrial society, which brought about a change in hierarchical society, to the baby boom (with a large number of young men, prone to violent crime), and to such technological developments as the contraceptive pill. But Fukuyama also considered that there has been a major intellectual achievement by what he called ‘the new biology’ in the last quarter century. By this he meant, essentially, sociobiology, which he considered has shown us that there is such a thing as human nature, that man is a social animal who will always develop moral rules, creating social cohesion after any disruption. This, he points out, is essentially what culture wars are: moral battlegrounds, and here he was putting a modern, scientific gloss on Nietzsche and Hayek. Fukuyama therefore argued that the Great Disruption is now over, and we are living at a time when there is a return to cohesion, and even to family life.
79. Samuel Huntington, The Clash of Civilisations and the Remaking of World Order, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996.
80. Also cited in: Neil Postman, The End of Education, New York: Knopf, 1995; Vintage paperback, 1996, page 113.
81. Edward O. Wilson, Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge, New York: Little, Brown, 1998.
82. Ibid., page 220.
83. Ibid., page 221.
84. Ibid., page 225.
85. Ibid., page 297.