Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations.
A
accidents, 35, 47, 65, 80, 95, 101–102, 111
claims settlements, 125
diversions during, 118
as staged attractions, 96
tent blow downs, 48, 98–99, 122, 127
Adam Forepaugh and Sells Brother Circus.
See Forepaugh-Sells Circus
Adam Forepaugh Show, 66, 233n56
admission prices, 31, 33, 46, 199
advance agents, xviii, 14, 40, 132, 135
advertising
1887 handbill, 29
advance agents and, xviii, 14, 40, 132, 135
“Baby Boo” the elephant, 38, 38
banners and bannermen, 134
for “Caesar’s Triumphal Entry into Rome,” 50
for Canadian tour, 94
for Chicago indoor show, 69
Chinese language handbill, 105
circus heralds, xvii
competition and, 132, 133, 134, 136, 155
employees in advertising department, 72, 130
for “Enormous Railroad Shows,” 45
for “Field of the Cloth of Gold,” 122
“five brothers” trademark, 70, 70, 169
for Forepaugh-Sells Circus, 162
“Greatest Show on Earth” slogan, 89–90, 90
Gus Ringling’s role in, 24, 40, 57, 72, 130
for hall show, 12
for harness making business, 2, 4
hippopotamus featured in, 46, 68
for “Jerusalem and the Crusades,” 108
for “Joan of Arc” show, 178
largest tent claim featured in, 75
Lillian Leitzel featured in, 192
lithograph posters described, 130
for local businesses tied to Ringlings, 127
for Madison Square Garden show, 157
for performers, 18
rail cars for, 45, 57, 130–132, 131
reputation featured in, 146–147
Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey, 208
for Ringlings’ first circus, 19
Saxon Trio featured in, 135
for “World’s Greatest Shows,” 62
World War I and shortages of paste, 198
Alexander, Spencer “Delavan,” 40, 72, 73, 169
Al Ringling Theatre, 174, 185, 203, 203–205, 204, 205
American Circus Corporation, 211
Andro, Adolph, 215
dog acts, 36
escapes and runaways, 38–39, 57, 93, 121, 129
kangaroos, 57
lions, 46
panthers, 93
polar bears, 55
“Pot Gang” of animal caretakers, 81
“sacred ox,” 121
training of, 36, 52–53, 53, 93, 109–110
water buffalos (bovalapsus), 44, 46
see also elephants; horses and ponies; menageries
Appleton, Wisconsin, 127
Army, circus studied as model of efficiency by, 189
Asmus, Theodore, 26
attractions
automobile “thriller” act, 146, 147
band concerts as, xxii, 69, 71
bicycle acts, 115
clowns and comedians, 26–27, 69, 81, 85, 118, 128
free ascension acts, 35
“human volcano,” 26
motion pictures in “black tent,” 76
strongwomen, 43
audiences
Alf T. on, 64
crowds, 89
lack of language barriers, 105
patients at insane asylum, 74
in Rock Springs, 76
Aurora, Illinois, 127
B
balloon contract, 184
bands. See music
Baraboo, Wisconsin,
abandoned as winter quarters, 200–202
Al Ringling Theatre in, 174, 185, 203, 203–205, 204, 205
animal escapes in, 93, 121, 129
bird’s eye view of, 28
circus opens in, 25
circus ownership offered to city, x
circus records and properties abandoned in, 214–215
Circus World Museum in, 212–213, 216
construction at Ringlingville, 36, 60–61, 83–84, 97, 115, 159–160, 166, 174, 193
as home to Ringlings, x, 3, 9, 19–20, 49, 154, 194, 206
local economy and circus business, 55–56, 65–66, 96, 154, 176, 206
map of, vi
Mrs. Potter’s land leased, 42
press reports on circus, 137, 139
“Ringling Day,” 57
Ringling residences in, 140, 140, 225
Ringlingville properties sold, 215–216
Robert L. Parkinson Library and Research Center, 216
as winter quarters, 27, 36, 42, 49, 92–93, 152, 166, 174–177, 180, 186
barbershop, 86
barns vs. houses, 36
Barnum, P. T., xvi
Barnum & Bailey Circus, xvi, 55, 67, 77, 89–90, 101, 115, 165, 179
acquisition of, 126, 138–139, 141–142
consolidation of circuses, 202, 205–206, 207–208
noncompete agreements with, 66, 126
under Ringling management, 186
Baskett, Thomas, 35
bicycle acts, 115
Black River Falls, Wisconsin, 56
blacksmith shop, 86
Blainey, Jas., 15
Bode Wagon Company, 104, 106, 106
Boise, Idaho, 111
Bolivar, Missouri, 48
Boston, Massachusetts, 73
bovalapsus (water buffalos), 44, 46
Braathen, Sverre, 214
Bradna, Fred, 191–192, 197, 206
Bridgeport, Connecticut, as winter quarters, xvi, 104, 181, 200–202
Brodhead, 6
Brown, Joe H., 130
Buckley, Matthew, xvi
Buffalo Bill’s Wild West, 101, 139, 150, 151, 156
Butte, Montana, 99
C
“Caesar’s Triumphal Entry into Rome,” 50
candy butchers, 26
Carl Hagenbeck Greater Shows, 134, 137
Carpenter, George, 185
Case, Harrison, Jr., 121
Case, Theron and Lucy N., 193
Castello, Dan, xvi
chandelier department, 72
Chicago, Illinois, 73, 78–79, 91, 101, 107, 114, 157, 165, 178–179, 180
Coliseum, 191
childhood exposure to emulation of circuses, 5–6, 7
Chinese language handbill, 105
Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin, 102
The Circus Kings, 208
Circus World Museum, 212–213, 216
claims and litigation, 39, 125, 129, 164, 171, 180
Clarkonians Big Aerial Act, 197
“Cleopatra” show, 186
Cleveland, Ohio, 188
clowns, 26–27, 69, 85, 118, 128
Puff Club, 81
Cochran, Thomas, 128
Cody, William “Buffalo Bill,” 150
Coerper, Alice Ringling, 142, 169, 170
Columbus, Ohio, 91, 144–145, 166
competition, 101
advertising and, 132, 133, 134, 136, 155
American Circus Corporation, 211
Barnum & Bailey Circus, 58, 67, 76, 104
Carl Hagenbeck Greater Shows, 134
cooperation among competing circuses, 116–117, 195
dominance of Ringling holdings, 192–193
efforts to drive Ringlings out of business, 74–75
motion pictures, 161
noncompete agreements, 66, 116–117, 126
from other forms of entertainment, 76
between Ringling owned shows, 163–164
Sells Brothers Shows, 64
traveling stage shows and lectures, 161
vaudeville acts, 107
concessions, 31, 31, 40, 72, 120, 158, 158–159
Concordia, Kansas, 59
Conners family (performers), 81
contracts
for advertising on buildings, 132
balloon contract, 184
employment agreements, 155
lack of contract among the brothers, 54, 194, 210
noncompete agreements, 66, 116–117, 126
standard contact, 32
cooking and dining department, xix–xx, 72, 94, 148
4th of July menu, 94
farewell dinner menu, 63
Coup, William C., xvi
courier cover, 200
Curtis, Edna, 179
D
Dahlinger, Fred, Jr., 101, 118, 150, 206, 213
Dailey, Tom, 130
Daubenberger, Gretchen, 5
Davis, Janet, 43
Decatur, Illinois, 165
map of, xvi
Denver, Colorado, 102
DeSanto, Karen, 212
Detroit, Michigan, 144
Dietzler, Albert, 59
Dodgeville, Wisconsin, 21
dog acts, 36
Double Specialty Shows, handbill for, 12
Dr. Morrison’s Coliseum, poster, 9, 10
Duluth, Minnesota, 57, 115, 128–129, 148, 185
E
economics
1857 depression, 3
1893–1897 depression, 61–63, 67, 75
Baraboo’s local economy and circus industry, 55–56, 65–66
crash of 1929 and Great Depression, 211
impacts on local businesses on circus day, 165–166
industry in Wisconsin, 9
Sherman Anti-Trust Act impacts, 44–45
Spanish-American War’s impacts, 77
wages and prices (1900), 88
work day for average person, 12
see also finances
Effinger, Fred J., 215
elephants, 30, 60, 74, 102–103, 110, 129
“Baby Boo,” 38
“boxing” elephant, 156
as essential to circuses, 21, 25
graveyard in Baraboo, 166
sale of, 141
Spanish-American War and offer of, 79
“white elephant,” 37
Ellsworth, Kansas, 99
Emery, William, 38
employees
of 1885 show, 26
1895 organization, 72
diversity of, 86
labor shortages, 197, 198, 201
at Ringlingville, 73
unions and, 155
wages for, 51, 54, 64, 128, 155, 187, 197
during winter season, 187
women as circus staff, 43
Workmen’s Compensation Act, 185, 242n47
see also specific individuals
Enormous Railroad Shows, handbill for, 45
entertainment
circuses as, xv
market for, 12
vaudeville, 107
Ziegfield Follies, 161, 163, 163
equestrian acts, 52, 63, 84, 115, 117
Harry Buckley, xvi
see also horses and ponies
Europe
performers recruited from, 190
tour in considered, 184
expansion of circus, 25, 27, 29
after consolidation with Barnum & Bailey, 207–208, 211
Barnum & Bailey acquisition, 126, 138–139, 141–142
Forepaugh-Sells Circus shares acquired, 114, 115–117, 127
Hagenbeck Circus acquisition, 137
John Robinson Greatest of All American Shows, 78
W. B. Reynolds Circus acquired, 74
expenses. See finances
F
“Fairyland Spectacle Cinderella,” 194, 197
families, circus “families,” 81
fees and fines, 19–20, 38, 128–129, 135, 159, 164–165, 185
“Field of the Cloth of Gold” show, 121–122
finances, 185
1891–1897 summary of, 77
1903 profits, 112
assets in 1909, 150
Barnum & Bailey purchase price, 139
credit rating, 84
daily or individual show profits, 62
evaluation of holdings, 168, 170
expenses incurred by 1914 fire, 189
financing of first circus, 11, 18
hall show as money raising effort, 11
investment in menagerie, 150
Otto as treasurer for circus, 23, 72
politics and financial climate, 150–151
prices for repair work, 96
wages for employees, 51, 54, 64, 128, 155, 187, 197
winter quarters expenses, 195
see also profits; taxes
Finnegan, James E., 131
fires, 38, 64, 111, 180, 188–189, 195
in Kansas city, 189
at winter quarters, 78
Fitchburg, Massachusetts, 80
Flying Squadron, xviii
Fond du Lac, Wisconsin, 102
food. See concessions; cooking and dining department
Forepaugh-Sells Circus, 101, 120–121, 138, 141
1910 advertising poster, 162
acquisition of share in, 114, 115–117
auction catalog, 116
sale of, 172
shares acquired, 127
Fort Smith, Arkansas, 171
Fox, Charles P. “Chappie,” 145, 153, 201, 212
G
Galesburg, Illinois, 51
Galveston, Texas, 128
Ganweiler, George, 118
Garrett, Indiana, 58
Gollmar, Arthur H., 102
Gollmar, Walter, 53
Goodhart, George W., 130
Grandforks, North Dakota, 51
“Greatest Show on Earth” slogan, 89–90
Great Wallace Show, 101
Gregory Brothers Circus, 15
Gulickson, Andrew, 185
Gumpertz, Sam, 211
Hagenbeck-Wallace Circus, 163, 195
Haley, E. C., 72
Hall, George, 26
concert program, 13
handbills
for 1881 Double Specialty Shows, 12
for 1887 United Monster Shows, 29
for 1889 Enormous Railroad Shows, 45
for 1893 show, giraffe featured in, 62
for 1897 show, tent size featured, 75
for 1903 show, in Chinese language, 105
Hardy, Sam, 26
Harlow, Alvin, 8
Harmoyne, Harry and Lottie, 15
harness-making business, 2, 3, 4–5, 6, 9–10
Harry, Matthew, xvi
Hart, Fred, 13
Hartford, Wisconsin, 48
Hatch, Alden, 208
Heiser, George, 124
Henderson, E. B., 112
Hobson family (performers), 115
hoof-and-mouth disease, 191
horses and ponies, 40, 49–50, 117, 120
baggage horses, 52
employees for horse department, 72
ring stock, 52
train wreck and, 59
Horton, Lorene Ringling, 142, 169
Horton, W. H., 131
Hunter, Dick, 26
hyenas, 27
I
Illinois State University archives, 214
insane asylum performance, 74
inventions. See technology
Irvin Feld family, purchase of circus by, 214
Isenberg, Carl, 61, 61, 115, 160, 166–167, 174, 182
J
Janesville, Wisconsin, 76, 165
“Jerusalem and the Crusades,” 106–107, 114
poster advertising, 108
“Joan of Arc” show, 177–178, 179–180, 186
advertising for, 178
costuming for, 179
John and Mable Ringling Museum of Art, 209
John Robinson Greatest of All American Shows, 78, 163
John Stowe and Company’s Great Western Circus, 5
K
kangaroos, 57
Kankakee, Illinois, 74
Kansas City, Missouri, 103, 189
Kariska, William “Baraboo Bill,” 214
Circus World Museum and, 212, 216
Kelley, Mr. (murder victim), 58
Kernan, Jack, 15
Kissell, Frank, 26
Knob, Louis, 130
L
La Belle Roche and “thriller” automobile act, 146, 147
work day for average person, 12
Workmen’s Compensation Act, 242n47
Lake Mendota, 137
LaRosa, George W., 26
Leitzel, Lillian, 191–192, 192
leopards, 128
Life Story of the Ringling Brothers (Alf T. Ringling), 5, 23, 88
Lillie, Gordon “Pawnee Bill,” 156
lions, 46
Little Rock, Arkansas, 128
“Looping the Gap” bicycle act, 115
Lowe, Walter, 115
M
Mabie, Edmund and Jeremiah, xv
Madison, Wisconsin, 103
Madison, South Dakota, 57
Manchester, New Hampshire, 133
Manson, Wisconsin, 47
maps
Baraboo, vi
bird’s eye view of Ringling, 28
Delavan, xvi
winter quarters at Baraboo, 186
Martinettes (performers), 188
Maryville, Missouri, 122
Masonic Lodge, 154
Mazomanie, Wisconsin, 12
McCracken, Sam, 181
Ringling residence, 4
McKinley, William, 88, 96–97, 102
mechanical stake-drivers, 124, 124–125
memorial service for McKinley, 96–97
menageries, 31, 60, 98, 149–150
1885–1889, 40
1891 acquisitions, 49
1892 acquisitions, 55
1895 show, 70
1907 acquisitions, 141
animal shortages during WWI, 190–191
claimed in lawsuit, 180
disease outbreaks and, 191
employees for, 72
first collection of animals, 27
food for, 132, 149–150, 182, 235n6
value of, 150
see also specific animals
midgets, 156
Miller, Charles, 72
Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 63, 102, 174
Minneapolis, Minnesota, 62
Monson, Ohio, 48
Moreau, Raymond “Sabu,” 202, 206
motion pictures, 45
Muncie, Indiana, 95
music
Alf T. and Otto as musicians, 9, 11
band concerts as attraction, xxii, 69, 71
bands, 118
Circus band (1891), 54
employees in music department, 72
mounted parade bands, 119
N
Neuman, Jan and Duane, 166
Newark, Ohio, 127
New Orleans, Louisiana, 82
New York City, 67, 148, 157, 179, 180
noncompete agreements, 66, 116–117, 126
North, Henry Ringling, 208
North, Ida Ringling, 214
North, John Ringling, 214
O
O’Donnell, Robert, 59
Ogden, Utah, 111
Oneonta, New York, 123
Otis, Clara Curtis, 6
panthers, 93
parades, 57, 78–79, 101, 111–112, 142–144, 238n31
in 1865, 40
in 1912, 179
in Algona, Iowa, 143
at Circus World Museum, 212, 213
in Detroit, 143
with hall show, 14
in Madison, 103
mounted parade bands, 119
nighttime parades, 73
in Oneonta, New York, 123
“playing circus” during childhood, 7
in Rockford, Illinois, 83
on Sunday, 91
Parson, Alfred E. “Butch,” 31, 40, 72, 120, 158–159
with brothers and concession tent, 31
Parson, Frank, 127
Parson and Roy’s Great Palace Show, 10, 158
Parson brothers concessions, 31, 158
Parsons Great Grecian Circus, 15
Paschen, Al, 154
Peckham, Ralph, 169
Peoria, Illinois, 74
Peri, Professor, 128
Pfening, Fred, III, 125
philosophy of the Ringlings, ix, 21, 41, 87, 101, 148
polar bears, 55
politics
financial climate and, 150–151
women’s suffrage movement, 175
post office, 85
poverty as influence, 5
Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin, 6–7, 14
press agents, 135
prison as venue for show, 80, 82
profits
1891–1897 summary of, 77
1891 annual profits, 51
1892 annual profits, 58
1894 annual profits, 64
1895 annual profits, 73
1903 annual profits, 112
1906 annual profits, 137
1912 annual profits, 181
1915 annual profits, 193
1918 annual profits, 200
daily receipts, 64, 71, 73, 76, 79, 126, 171, 193, 199–200
profit margins for circuses, 54
program for 1903 show, 218–220
properties department, 72
psychology of the circus, x
Puff Club, 81
Putnam, G. P., 26
R
Rae, Jeanne, 197
rail circuses, xviii, 40, 41–42, 44, 45, 59
railroads
John Ringling and, 24, 208–209
as transportation for circus, xviii, 40, 41–42, 59
wartime regulation of, 202, 206
Rapp, George, 185
recreation, for employees, 47–48, 111
reputation, ix, 41, 47, 57–58, 84, 112–113, 116, 146–148, 156, 176–177
of menagerie, 149
of 1892 show, 57
of 1896 show, 75
of 1900 show, 91
of 1906 show, 127
of 1915 show, 193
of “Caeser’s Triumphal Entry in Rome,” 51
Carnival of Fun, 25
of early circus, 27
Enormous Rail Shows (1890), 47
of “Jerusalem and the Crusades,” 107, 114–115
of “Joan of Arc” show, 179–180
of menagerie, 149
of “United Monster Shows,” 29
Reynolds, Richard J., III, 113, 171, 190–191, 202, 206, 209–210, 214
Richardson, James, 35
Richardson, Vic, 26
Richland Center, Wisconsin, 91
Ringling, Albert “Al,” 2, 5, 6–7, 26, 90, 111, 194, 221
as animal trainer, 36
death of, 193
as head of performers, 72
marriage to Eliza “Lou” Morris, 17, 18
as performer, 6, 7, 8, 10, 13, 15, 158
role in circus business, 23, 117, 184, 194
theatre in Baraboo, 174, 185, 203–205
Ringling, Alfred Theodore “Alf T.”, 3, 5, 23, 23, 26, 88, 209, 221
on attendance, 64
death of, 207
Greenfield Township farm, 80
harness-making business and, 9
on lots available for shows, 82
as press agent, 135
role in circus business, 23, 72
on winter season preparations, 92
Ringling, August Albert “Gus,” 6, 12, 17, 24, 142, 221
advertising and, 24, 40, 45, 57, 72, 130
Ringling, August Frederich, 1–4, 2, 5, 6–7, 16–17, 42, 221
death of, 77
Ringling, Carl Edward “Charles,” 3, 23, 23, 23–24, 26, 78, 154, 182, 221
harness-making business and, 9
on income taxes, 176
letter planning 1914 season, 187–188
role in circus business, 23–24, 107, 108, 179, 193, 207
on shortages during WWI, 198
shows written by, 199
Ringling, Della, 95
Ringling, Eliza “Lou” Morris, 17, 18, 81, 95, 111, 204
Ringling, Henry William George, 3, 12, 24, 27, 170, 221
Baraboo theatre and, 204
death of, 200
role in circus business, 24, 72, 78
Ringling, Ida Belle, 200
Ringling, Ida Lorina Wilhemina, 8–9, 42, 81, 95, 221
Ringling, John Nicholas, 3, 15, 26, 210, 221
death of, 214
on psychology of the circus, x
railroads constructed by, 24
role in circus business, 24, 24, 142, 177, 181, 207
Ringling, Martha “Mattie,” 142, 169, 170
Ringling, Otto, 221
Ringling, Richard, 95
Ringling, Salome Marie Julia, 1–2, 2, 95, 137, 221
Ringling, William Henry “Otto,” 3, 23, 23, 26, 167
correspondence with “Butch” Parson, 159
financial role of, 23, 33–34, 72, 138–139, 161, 164
as hall show agent, 15
harness-making business and, 9
managerial responsibilities, 141–142
on politics and the economy, 150–151
role in circus business, 72, 88, 117, 120
Ringling Brothers Carnival of Fun, 22
“Ringling Day” in Baraboo, 57
buildings and properties sold, 215–216
construction and expansion at, 36, 60–61, 83–84, 97, 115, 159–160, 166, 174, 193
as portable city, 183
post office, 85
shops and construction in, 55
term first used, 42
winter employees, 73
River Falls, 99
Robert L. Parkinson Library and Research Center, 216
Robinson, Fayette Lodawick “Yankee,” 15, 18, 18, 19, 20, 22, 229n22
Robinson, John G., 78
Rock Springs, Wyoming, 76
Rodems, A. M., 154
Roeders (performers), 188
Rooney, Elizabeth, 179
Roosevelt, Theodore, 97
Roy, Charles W., 72
“rubes,” 21
Rungeling, August Frederich. See Ringling, August Frederich
S
“sacred ox,” 121
safety laws, 180
St. Louis, Missouri, 71, 73, 78, 79
Sam MacFlinn’s Great Eastern Circus, 55
Sandwina, Katie, 49
San Francisco, California, 96, 105
Sarasota, Florida
Charles Ringling’s residence in, 182
Ringling residences in, 208–209
Sauk City, Wisconsin, 12, 20, 35–36
Scarff, Sally Veit, 6
scheduling
demands of schedule, 20
of hall shows, 14
rail travel and, 44
Scofield, Edward and Agnes, 38
Sedalia, Missouri, 98
Sells Brothers Shows, 64
Sensation Circus, 5
Sherman, Texas, 128
sideshows, 72
Smith, Charles, 100
Smith, Frank, 102
Smith, Thomas, 156
Snellen, John “Happy Jack,” 72, 73, 169, 182
Souder, Pearl, 38, 72, 73, 102–103, 109, 111, 129
Sparks, Frank, 26
Speedy, human high diver, 69–70
Spencer, Alexander “Delavan,” 171, 172
Springfield, Illinois, 107
Stanwood, Barry, 15
Sterling, Illinois, 180
Stevens Point, Wisconsin, 102
Stillwater, Minnesota, 9
Stoughton, Wisconsin, 29
strongmen, 135
suffrage movement, 175
Sullivan, John L., 156
T
Taft, William H., 151
Tama, Iowa, 47
Tattersall’s building, Chicago, 67–71, 73, 84
taxes, x
exemptions considered, 185
relocation to Connecticut and, 202
state income tax, 173–176, 185
war tax, 199
Taylor, Robert, 72
technology
inventions, 45
mechanical stake-driver, 124, 124–125
tents
blow downs, 48, 98–99, 122, 127
dining tent, 95
dressing room and trapping room tents, 182
fires, 180
handbills advertising largest tent, 75
interior, xxii
lowering of, xxii
mechanical stake-driver, 124, 124–125
motion pictures in “black tent,” 76
sidewalls, 98
stake pounding, xx
use of, xv
theatre, see Al Ringling Theatre
ticket department, 72
transportation
circus as model of efficiency, 188
employees in transportation department, 72
pre–Civil War circuses, 5
railroads as, xviii, 40, 41–42, 59
Ringlingville as portable city, 183
see also wagons
Trinkouse, William, 13
Turnour, Jules, 85, 86, 86–87, 128
U
“United Monster Shows,” 29
handbill for, 29
V
Van Amburgh, 40
Viet, Charles L., Sr., 6
W
W. B. Reynolds Circus, 74
wages, for employees, 51, 54, 64, 128, 155, 187, 197
wagons, 120
“cottage” wagons, 83
teamsters, 73
train transport of, xviii
as transportation, 40
wagon shows, 21
Wahpeton, North Dakota, 99
Walters, C. E., 99
wardrobe department, 72
water buffalos (bovalapsus), 44, 46
Watertown, Wisconsin, 102
lighting strikes, 99
rains and mud, 21, 33, 57, 82–83, 103, 127–128
Weatherby, E. S., 13
weddings, 102
westward expansion, 45
Whitewater, Wisconsin, 48, 174
Bridgeport, Connecticut, xvi, 104, 181, 200–202
communities offering facilities as, 175
map, 186
see also Baraboo, Wisconsin
winter season activities, 92–93
Wisconsin as home to early circuses, xv–xvii
women
employees of the circus, 43, 128
suffrage movement, 175
wages for, 128
Workmen’s Compensation Act, 185, 242n47
World’s Columbian Exposition, 61, 61
“World’s Greatest Shows,” 50
Y
Yankee Robinson and Ringling Bros. Great Double Shows, 18–22
Yankee Robinson’s Double Show, 15
Youngstown, Ohio, 111
Z
Ziegfield Follies, 161, 163, 163
Zingaro, Thomas, 184