1. Quoted in David D. Van Tassel, with John Vacha, “Behind Bayonets”: The Civil War in Northern Ohio (Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 2006), 65.
2. Louis P. Masur, ed., The Real War Will Never Get in the Books: Selections from Writers during the Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 124.
3. Ibid., 165.
4. Ibid., 167.
5. Quoted in Earl J. Hess, “‘Tell Me What the Sensations Are’: The Northern Home Front Learns about Combat,” in Union Soldiers and the Northern Home Front: Wartime Experiences, Postwar Adjustments, ed. Paul A. Cimbala and Randall M. Miller (New York: Fordham University Press, 2002), 129.
6. Quoted in Van Tassel and Vacha, “Behind Bayonets,” 65.
7. Free African Americans living in the free states were Northerners, too, sharing in most of the experiences of their white counterparts, ranging from economic hardship to family separation and death of loved ones at the front. However, they faced a special kind of war in which slavery was always the chief cause of the war, emancipation was always a goal equal to union, and race and prejudice always visibly set them apart in their Northern communities. Immigrants and their children, Germans and Irish in particular, shared the Northern war experience, as well, but as with African Americans had some unique experiences, which deserve special consideration. Consequently, in chapters throughout this volume, African Americans and ethnic Americans receive distinct treatment because of these unique circumstances.
8. Jeffrey D. Marshall, ed., A War of the People: Vermont Civil War Letters (Hanover, NH: University Press of New England, 1999), 40.
9. Abraham Lincoln, “Message to Congress in Special Session,” July 4, 1861, in Roy P. Basler, ed., The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, 9 vols. (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1953), 4:438.
1. For politics before the war, see Sean Wilentz, The Rise of American Democracy: Jefferson to Lincoln (New York: W. W. Norton and Co., 2005).
2. Steven R. Weisman, The Great Tax Wars: Lincoln to Wilson—The Fierce Battles over Money and Power That Transformed the Nation (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2002), 14; Bray Hammond, Sovereignty and an Empty Purse: Banks and Politics in the Civil War (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1970), 16–17; Leonard P. Curry, Blueprint for Modern America: Nonmilitary Legislation of the First Civil War Congress (Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 1968), 4–5; Richard Franklin Bensel, Yankee Leviathan: The Origins of Central State Authority in America, 1859–1877 (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1990), 101–5; Richard N. Current, The History of Wisconsin, Vol. 2: The Civil War Era, 1848–1873 (Madison: State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1976), 156; Cindy Sondik Aron, Ladies and Gentlemen of the Civil Service: Middle-Class Workers in Victorian America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), 5.
3. Curry, Blueprint for Modern America, 180; Hammond, Sovereignty and an Empty Purse, 48; Weisman, The Great Tax Wars, 14; Heather Cox Richardson, The Greatest Nation of the Earth: Republican Economic Policies during the Civil War (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997), 104.
4. William J. Jackson, New Jerseyans in the Civil War: For Union and Liberty (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2000), 20, 40; William Gillette, Jersey Blue: Civil War Politics in New Jersey, 1854–1865 (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1995), 11.
5. Current, The History of Wisconsin, 2:157–58.
6. Michael H. Frisch, Town Into City: Springfield, Massachusetts, and the Meaning of Community, 1840–1880 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1972), 43–45.
7. Don Harrison Doyle, The Social Order of a Frontier Community: Jacksonville, Illinois, 1825–70 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1978), 81.
8. John Niven, Connecticut for the Union: The Role of the State in the Civil War (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1965), 330–31.
9. Current, The History of Wisconsin, 2:183–84.
10. Weisman, The Great Tax Wars, 15.
11. William W. Freehling, The Road to Disunion, Vol. 2: Secessionists Triumphant (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007), 349–51.
12. William B. Hesseltine, Lincoln and the War Governors (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1948), 5–6; Fred Albert Shannon, The Organization and Administration of the Union Army, 1861–1865, 2 vols. ([Cleveland, OH]: Arthur H. Clark Co., 1928; Gloucester, MA: Peter Smith, 1965), 1:15–50. For a discussion of the Republican Party and federalism, see Michael Les Benedict, “Abraham Lincoln and Federalism,” Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association, 10 (issue 1, 1988): 1–46.
13. Historian Phillip Shaw Paludan in his study, “A People’s Contest”: The Union and the Civil War, 2nd ed. (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1996), 10–11, stresses the significance of the local connections of Northerners.
14. Donald C. Elder III, ed., Love amid the Turmoil: The Civil War Letters of William and Mary Vermilion (Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 2003), 47.
15. Ibid., 112.
16. Kenneth Carley, Minnesota in the Civil War: An Illustrated History (St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 2000), xviii.
17. Quoted in Andrea R. Foroughi, Go If You Think It Your Duty: A Minnesota Couple’s Civil War Letters (St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 2008), 306.
18. Ibid., 5–6.
19. On the significance of economic opportunity, its connection to Northern ideas about American freedom, and its influence on the new Republican Party, see Gabor S. Boritt, Lincoln and the Economics of the American Dream (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1978, 1994), and Eric Foner, Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party before the Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1970, 1995).
20. Ulysses S. Grant, Personal Memoirs of U.S. Grant, ed. James M. McPherson (New York: Penguin Books, 1999), 110–34.
21. Elder, Love amid the Turmoil, 1–6.
22. Foroughi, Go If You Think It Your Duty, 4–5.
23. Paul W. Gates, Agriculture and the Civil War (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1965), 274.
24. For example, see Doyle, The Social Order of a Frontier Community.
25. Current, The History of Wisconsin, 2:55–56, 71.
26. Ray Allen Billington and Martin Ridge, Westward Expansion: A History of the American Frontier, 6th edition, abridged (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2001), 117–19.
27. Nancy Grey Osterud, Bonds of Community: The Lives of Farm Women in Nineteenth-Century New York (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1991), 21–30.
28. Walter D. Kamphoefner and Wolfgang Helbich, eds., and Susan Carter Vogel, trans., Germans in the Civil War: The Letters They Wrote Home (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2006), 279.
29. Carl F. Kaestle, Pillars of the Republic: Common Schools and American Society, 1780–1860 (New York: Hill and Wang, 1983), 75–99; Earl J. Hess, Liberty, Virtue, and Progress: Northerners and Their War for the Union, 2nd ed. (New York: Fordham University Press, 1997), passim. Don Harrison Doyle provides an excellent example of the nature of community building and the role of these institutions in a new town, Jacksonville, Illinois, in his study The Social Order of a Frontier Community.
30. Rhonda M. Kohl, The Prairie Boys Go to War: The Fifth Illinois Cavalry, 1861–18 65 (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2013), 1–4; James M. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), 31.
31. Richard F. Nation, At Home in the Hoosier Hills: Agriculture, Politics, and Religion in Southern Indiana, 1810–1870 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2005), 186–200.
32. Phillip Shaw Paludan, The Presidency of Abraham Lincoln (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1994), 6; Gary W. Gallagher, The Union War (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2011), 42–43; Margaret E. Wagner, Gary W. Gallagher, and Paul Finkelman, eds., The Library of Congress Civil War Desk Reference (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2002), 69–70, 73–76.
33. James Oliver Horton and Lois E. Horton, Black Bostonians: Family Life and Community Struggle in the Antebellum North (New York: Holmes and Meier Publishers, 1979), 2. Also see Patrick Rael, Black Identity and Black Protest in the Antebellum North (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002).
34. See C. Peter Ripley et al., eds., Witness for Freedom: African American Voices on Race, Slavery, and Emancipation (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1993), and Jane H. Pease and William H. Pease, They Who Would Be Free: Blacks’ Search for Freedom, 1830–1861 (New York: Atheneum, 1974).
35. W. Jeffrey Bolster, Black Jacks: African American Seamen in the Age of Sail (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997), 158–89.
36. Horton and Horton, Black Bostonians, 10–12.
37. Graham Russell Hodges, Root and Branch: African Americans in New York and East Jersey, 1613–1863 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999), 187–270; Eric Foner, Gateway to Freedom: The Hidden History of the Underground Railroad (New York: W.W. Norton and Co., 2015), 46–62; David Gerber, Black Ohio and the Color Line, 1860–1915 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1976), 5.
38. For wealth distribution of Northerners by race, see Table 1.2 in Rael, Black Identity and Black Protest in the Antebellum North, 22.
39. Paul A. Cimbala, “Mary Ann Shadd Cary and Black Abolitionism,” in Against the Tide: Women Reformers in American Society, ed. Paul A. Cimbala and Randall M. Miller (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1997), 24–25.
40. Leon F. Litwack, North of Slavery: The Negro in the Free States, 1790–1860 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1961), 64–112; V. Jacque Voegeli, Free but Not Equal: The Midwest and the Negro during the Civil War (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1967), 2.
41. Litwack, North of Slavery, 94–95.
42. Voegeli, Free but Not Equal, 2.
43. Hodges, Root and Branch, 232–33.
44. C. Peter Ripley et al., eds., The Black Abolitionist Papers, Vol. 5: The United States, 1859–1865 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1992), 62.
45. Ibid., 59.
46. Litwack, North of Slavery, 3–63.
47. Ripley et al., The Black Abolitionist Papers, 5:74.
48. C. Peter Ripley et al., eds., The Black Abolitionist Papers, Vol. 2: Canada, 1830–1865 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1986), 3–46.
49. C. Peter Ripley et al., eds., The Black Abolitionist Papers, Vol. 4: The United States, 1847–1858 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1991), 128; also see pp. 126–30.
50. Mark Hubbard, ed., Illinois’s War: The Civil War in Documents (Athens: Ohio University Press, 2013), 18–19.
51. Wagner, Gallagher, and Finkelman, The Library of Congress Civil War Desk Reference, 72–73; Kamphoefner and Helbich, Germans in the Civil War, 2.
52. Walter Licht, Industrializing America: The Nineteenth Century (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995), 68–69.
53. Jocelyn Wills, Boosters, Hustlers, and Speculators: Entrepreneurial Culture and the Rise of Minneapolis and St. Paul, 1849–1883 (St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 2005), 76–77.
54. Kathleen Neils Conzen, Immigrant Milwaukee, 1836–1860: Accommodation and Community in a Frontier City (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1976), 63–125.
55. Thomas Dublin, Women at Work: The Transformation of Work and Community in Lowell, Massachusetts, 1826–1860 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1979), 145–47.
56. Robert L. Bee, ed., The Boys from Rockville: Civil War Narratives of Sgt. Benjamin Hirst, Company D, 14th Connecticut Volunteers (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1998), 12.
57. Tyler Anbinder, Nativism and Slavery: The Northern Know Nothings and the Politics of the 1850s (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), 3–51.
58. William B. Kurtz, Excommunicated from the Union: How the Civil War Created a Separate Catholic America (New York: Fordham University Press, 2016), 22–28.
59. Susannah Ural Bruce, The Harp and the Eagle: Irish-American Volunteers and the Union Army, 1861–1865 (New York: New York University Press, 2006), 7–41.
60. Michael S. Green, Politics and America in Crisis: The Coming of the Civil War (Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger, 2010), 84–85; Kamphoefner and Helbich, Germans in the Civil War, 2–7.
61. Kamphoefner and Helbich, Germans in the Civil War, 2–5.
62. Ibid., 278.
63. Ibid., 39, 40–41.
64. Ibid., 38.
65. Christian Wolmar, The Great Railroad Revolution: The History of Trains in America (New York: Public Affairs, 2012), 55–56.
66. Edward Chase Kirkland, Industry Comes of Age: Business, Labor and Public Policy, 1860–1897 (Chicago: Quadrangle Paperbacks, 1967), 342; Bee, Boys from Rockville, xvii–xxviii.
67. Paul W. Gates, The Farmer’s Age: Agriculture, 1815–1860 (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1960), 274; David E. Schob, Hired Hands and Plowboys: Farm Labor in the Midwest, 1815–60 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1975), passim.
68. Stacy Dale Allen, ed., On the Skirmish Line Behind a Friendly Tree: The Civil War Memoirs of William Royal Oake, 26th Iowa Volunteers (Helena, MT: Farcountry Press, 2006), 33.
69. Bee, The Boys from Rockville, xxvi–xxvii.
70. James M. McPherson, Ordeal by Fire: The Civil War and Reconstruction, 3rd ed. (Boston: McGraw Hill, 2001), 28; Gillette, Jersey Blue, 13.
71. Michael H. Fitch, Echoes of the Civil War as I Hear Them (New York: R. F. Fenno and Company, 1905; Salem, MA: Higginson Book Company, 1998), 17–19.
72. Mark Hoffman, “My Brave Mechanics”: The First Michigan Engineers and Their Civil War (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2007), 8–17.
73. Bee, The Boys from Rockville, xxi–xxiv.
1. For a discussion of the concept of disunion in the United States, see Elizabeth R. Varon, Disunion! The Coming of the American Civil War, 1789–1859 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2008). For a brief look at the events leading up to secession during the 1850s, see Eric H. Walther, The Shattering of the Union: America in the 1850s (Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources, 2004). The classic treatment of the events around the immediate secession crisis remains Kenneth M. Stampp, And the War Came: The North and the Secession Crisis, 1860–1861 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1950), but also see Nelson D. Lankford, Cry Havoc! The Crooked Road to Civil War, 1861 (New York: Viking, 2007).
2. For Republican ideology, see Eric Foner, Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party before the Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1970). For the understanding that restricting the expansion of slavery would lead to its ultimate demise, see James Oakes, The Scorpion’s Sting: Antislavery and the Coming of the Civil War (New York: W. W. Norton and Company, 2014).
3. Mary A. Livermore, My Story of the War: The Civil War Memoirs of the Famous Nurse, Relief Organizer and Suffragette (New York: Da Capo Press, 1995), 85.
4. Glenn C. Altschuler and Stuart M. Blumin, Rude Republic: Americans and Their Politics in the Nineteenth Century (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000), 157.
5. Russell B. Nye, Society and Culture in America, 1830–1860 (New York: Harper & Row, 1974), 366–68; David W. Bulla, Lincoln’s Censor: Milo Hascall and the Freedom of the Press in Civil War Indiana (West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University Press, 2008), 85; Louise L. Stevenson, The Victorian Homefront: American Thought and Culture, 1860–1880 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1991), 42. On the spread of print culture and its connections to a developing American identity, see especially Trish Loughran, The Republic in Print: Print Culture in the Age of U.S. Nation Building, 1770–1870 (New York: Columbia University Press, 2007). Ford Risley neatly summarizes the rise and spread of newspapers and magazines in antebellum America in his introduction to Civil War Journalism (Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger, 2012), xiii–xvi.
6. Daniel J. Boorstin, The Americans: The National Experience (New York: Vintage Books, 1965), 124–34. It is worth noting that people living west of the Mississippi River often suffered a time lag in getting news. The telegraph lines extended only to Fort Kearny in Nebraska Territory in 1860 so that news had to be carried by horse farther west. News of the firing on Fort Sumter, for example, did not reach San Francisco until April 24, ten days after the April 14 surrender of the fort. See Alvin M. Josephy Jr., The Civil War in the American West (New York: Vintage, 1993), 236.
7. Jocelyn Wills, Boosters, Hustlers, and Speculators: Entrepreneurial Culture and the Rise of Minneapolis and St. Paul, 1849–1883 (St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 2005), 69–70; Kenneth Carley, Minnesota in the Civil War: An Illustrated History (St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 1961), xxi.
8. Bulla, Lincoln’s Censor, 85.
9. Richard N. Current, The History of Wisconsin, Vol. 2: The Civil War Era, 1848–1873 (Madison: State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1976), 176–77.
10. Walter D. Kamphoefner and Wolfgang Helbich, eds., and Susan Carter Vogel, trans., Germans in the Civil War: The Letters They Wrote Home (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2006), 141.
11. Edmund J. Raus Jr., Banners South: A Northern Community at War (Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 2005), 6.
12. Stuart Murray, A Time of War: A Northern Chronicle of the Civil War (Lee, MA: Berkshire House Publishers, 2001), 21–22.
13. See, for example, Georgiana Woolsey Bacon and Eliza Woolsey Howland, My Heart toward Home: Letters of a Family during the Civil War, ed. Daniel John Hoisington (Roseville, MN: Edinborough Press, 2001), 18; Jonathan W. White, ed., A Philadelphia Perspective: The Civil War Diary of Sidney George Fisher (New York: Fordham University Press, 2007), 59–61.
14. Richard F. Miller and Robert F. Mooney, The Civil War: The Nantucket Experience including the Memoirs of Josiah Fitch Murphey (Nantucket, MA: Wesco Publishing, 1994), 10.
15. Murray, A Time of War, 28–29.
16. Livermore, My Story of the War, 86.
17. David D. Van Tassel with John Vacha, “Behind Bayonets”: The Civil War in Northern Ohio (Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 2006), 27.
18. James H. Moorhead, American Apocalypse: Yankee Protestants and the Civil War, 1860–1869 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1978), 24–41.
19. Quoted in ibid., 24–25.
20. Ibid., 25–26.
21. White, A Philadelphia Perspective, 64.
22. Alvin F. Sanborn, ed., Reminiscences of Richard Lathers: Sixty Years of a Busy Life in South Carolina, Massachusetts, and New York (1907; reprint ed., Whitefish, MT: Kessinger Publishing, 2010), 91–111.
23. Michael S. Green, Freedom, Union, and Power: Lincoln and His Party during the Civil War (New York: Fordham University Press, 2004), 61–62.
24. Ted Tunnell, ed., Carpetbagger from Vermont: The Autobiography of Marshall Harvey Twitchell (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1989), 24.
25. “The Strength of Secession,” New York Daily Tribune, November 28, 1860, in Howard Cecil Perkins, ed., Northern Editorials on Secession, 2 vols. (New York: Appleton-Century, 1942; Gloucester, MA: Peter Smith, 1964), 1:107.
26. William G. Le Duc, This Business of War: Recollections of a Civil War Quartermaster (St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 2004), 65.
27. Ford Risley, Abolition and the Press: The Moral Struggle against Slavery (Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 2008), 156–57.
28. C. Peter Ripley et al., eds., The Black Abolitionist Papers, Vol. 5: The United States, 1859–1865 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1992), 98.
29. James M. McPherson, The Negro’s Civil War: How American Blacks Felt and Acted during the War for the Union (New York: Vintage Books, 1991), 11–18.
30. Ripley et al., The Black Abolitionist Papers, 5:97–99.
31. Quoted in Current, The History of Wisconsin, 2:289.
32. Roy P. Basler, ed., The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, 9 vols. (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1953), 4:268.
33. Randall C. Jimerson, The Private Civil War: Popular Thought During the Sectional Conflict (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1988); George M. Fredrickson, The Inner Civil War: Northern Intellectuals and the Crisis of the Union (New York: Harper & Row, 1965), 54.
34. Leonard L. Richards, Who Freed the Slaves? The Fight Over the Thirteenth Amendment (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2015), 15.
35. Henry Steele Commager, ed., The Civil War Archive: The History of the Civil War in Documents, revised and expanded by Erik Bruun (New York: Tess Press, 2000), 43.
36. Oliver Otis Howard, The Autobiography of Oliver Otis Howard, Major General United States Army, 2 vols. (New York: Baker & Taylor Company, 1907), 1:104.
37. Michael A. Ross, Justice of Shattered Dreams: Samuel Freeman Miller and the Supreme Court during the Civil War Era (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2003), 60.
38. On Democratic concerns, see Russell McClintock, Lincoln and the Decision for War: The Northern Response to Secession (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2008), 95–99.
39. Ross, Justice of Shattered Dreams, 60.
40. “Forbearance Has Ceased to Be a Virtue,” Columbus Daily Ohio State Journal, January 15, 1861, in Perkins, ed., Northern Editorials on Secession, 1:216.
41. Earl J. Hess, Liberty, Virtue, and Progress: Northerners and Their War for the Union, 2nd ed. (New York: Fordham University Press, 1997), 22.
42. Bacon and Howland, My Heart toward Home, 18.
43. Howard, Autobiography, 1: 100.
44. Maria Lydig Daly, Diary of a Union Lady, 1861–1865, ed. Harold Earl Hammond (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2000), 5.
45. For the role of Virginia and other Upper-South states in the crisis, see Daniel W. Crofts, Reluctant Confederates: Upper South Unionists in the Secession Crisis (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1989).
46. Bacon and Howland, My Heart toward Home, 18.
47. Richard F. Nation and Stephen E. Towne, eds., Indiana’s War: The Civil War in Documents (Athens: Ohio University Press, 2009), 39–41.
48. Ross, Justice of Shattered Dreams, 60.
49. Jennifer L. Weber, Copperheads: The Rise and Fall of Lincoln’s Opponents in the North (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006), 1–33; Jean H. Baker, Affairs of Party: The Political Culture of Northern Democrats in the Mid-nineteenth Century (New York: Fordham University Press, 1998), 327–30.
50. Baker, Affairs of Party, 329.
51. Weber, Copperheads, 28.
52. Nation and Towne, Indiana’s War, 40–41.
53. Christine Dee, ed., Ohio’s War: The Civil War in Documents (Athens: Ohio University Press, 2006), 49–50.
54. George Winston Smith and Charles Judah, Life in the North during the Civil War: A Source History (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1966), 16.
55. Kenneth M. Stampp, America in 1857: A Nation on the Brink (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), 219–38.
56. Russell L. Johnson, Warriors into Workers: The Civil War and the Formation of Urban-Industrial Society in a Northern City (New York: Fordham University Press, 2003), 60.
57. William Gillette, Jersey Blue: Civil War Politics in New Jersey, 1854–1865 (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1995), 111.
58. Current, The History of Wisconsin, 2:302–4.
59. Bacon and Howland, My Heart toward Home, 18. It did become the policy of the Confederacy to have debtors pay what they owed their Northern creditors into state treasuries. See Stampp, And the War Came, 291.
60. George Templeton Strong, Diary of the Civil War, 1860–1865, ed. Allan Nevins (New York: Macmillan Co., 1962), 105.
61. On such worries, see, for example, the editorial on “The Free Navigation of the Mississippi,” Milwaukee Daily Sentinel, March 4, 1861, reprinted in Perkins, ed., Northern Editorials on Secession, 2:559–60; and for a counterthreat that any such disruption of commerce by a Confederacy would cause Northerners to take their trade away from the river, see, for example, the editorial on “The Course of Western Commerce,” Cincinnati Daily Commercial, February 20, 1861, in ibid., 2:592–96.
62. For a brief look at Buchanan and the sectional crisis, see Jean H. Baker, James Buchanan (New York: Times Books, Henry Holt and Company, 2004), 75–143.
63. Gillette, Jersey Blue, 129.
64. Green, Freedom, Union, and Power, 70–74.
65. Quoted in David W. Blight, Frederick Douglass’ Civil War: Keeping Faith in Jubilee (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1989), 59.
66. Basler, Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, 4:331–32.
67. Commager, Civil War Archive, 72.
1. Emil and Ruth Rosenblatt, eds., Hard Marching Every Day: The Civil War Letters of Private Wilbur Fisk, 1861–1865 (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1992), 356.
2. Rollin G. Osterweis, Three Centuries of New Haven, 1638–1938 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1953), 319.
3. Anna Howard Shaw, The Story of a Pioneer (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1915), 51.
4. John Niven, Connecticut for the Union: The Role of the State in the Civil War (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1965), 54; W. A. Croffut and John M. Morris, The Military and Civil History of Connecticut during the War of 1861–1865 (New York: Ledyard Bill, 1869), 40.
5. Mary Livermore, My Story of the War: A Woman’s Narrative of Four Years Personal Experience (New York: Da Capo Press, 1995), 88.
6. Ibid.
7. James H. Moorhead, American Apocalypse: Yankee Protestants and the Civil War, 1860–1869 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1978), 36.
8. Edmund J. Raus Jr., Banners South: A Northern Community at War (Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 2005), 10–11.
9. Quoted in David V. Mollenhoff, Madison: A History of the Formative Years, 2nd ed. (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2013), 86.
10. George M. Fredrickson, “The Coming of the Lord: The Northern Protestant Clergy and the Civil War Crisis,” in Religion and the American Civil War, ed. Randall M. Miller, Harry S. Stout, and Charles Reagan Wilson (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), 118.
11. Edward J. Blum, “‘The First Secessionist Was Satan’: Secession and the Religious Politics of Evil in Civil War America,” Civil War History 60 (September 2014): 234–69.
12. Livermore, My Story of the War, 86.
13. Duane E. Shaffer, Men of Granite: New Hampshire’s Soldiers in the Civil War (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2008), 18.
14. Henry Steele Commager, ed., The Civil War Archive: The History of the Civil War in Documents, revised and expanded by Erik Bruun (New York: Tess Press, 2000), 72.
15. Livermore, My Story of the War, 91–92.
16. Georgiana Woolsey Bacon and Eliza Woolsey Howland, My Heart toward Home: Letters of a Family during the Civil War, ed. Daniel John Hoisington (Roseville, MN: Edinborough Press, 2001), 37.
17. Henry Mayer, All on Fire: William Lloyd Garrison and the Abolition of Slavery (New York: W. W. Norton and Co., 1998), 518.
18. Livermore, My Story of the War, 90.
19. Kerry A. Trask, Fire Within: A Civil War Narrative from Wisconsin (Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1995), 42–43.
20. Jeffrey D. Marshall, ed., A War of the People: Vermont Civil War Letters (Hanover, NH: University Press of New England, 1999), 19.
21. Bacon and Howland, My Heart toward Home, 37.
22. Earl J. Hess, ed., A German in the Yankee Fatherland: The Civil War Letters of Henry A. Kircher (Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1983), 1.
23. Appleton (Wisconsin) Crescent, June 1, 7, 1861.
24. Marshall, A War of the People, 24.
25. Richard F. Miller, Harvard’s Civil War: A History of the Twentieth Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry (Hanover, NH: University Press of New England, 2005), 16.
26. Francis B. Greene, History of Boothbay, Southport and Boothbay Harbor, Maine, 1623–1905 with Family Genealogies (Portland, ME: Loring, Short and Harmon, 1906), 423; William Schouler, Massachusetts in the Civil War (Boston: E. P. Dutton and Company, 1868), 51; Bacon and Howland, My Heart toward Home, 23, 25, 31; William Gillette, Jersey Blue: Civil War Politics in New Jersey, 1854–1865 (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1995), 134.
27. Bacon and Howland, My Heart toward Home, 25.
28. Gillette, Jersey Blue, 134; Bacon and Howland, My Heart toward Home, 37.
29. Bacon and Howland, My Heart toward Home, 22.
30. “The Salutary Effects of the War,” New York Herald, April 29, 1861, in Howard Cecil Perkins, ed., Northern Editorials on Secession, 2 vols. (Washington, DC: American Historical Association, 1942; Gloucester, MA: Peter Smith, 1964), 2:1071.
31. Ibid., 2:1072.
32. Roy P. Basler, ed., The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, 9 vols. (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1953), 4:249–71.
33. Marshall, A War of the People, 21.
34. Christine Dee, ed., Ohio’s War: The Civil War in Documents (Athens: Ohio University Press, 2006), 51–52.
35. Kurt H. Hackemer, ed., To Rescue My Native Land: The Civil War Letters of William T. Shepherd, First Illinois Light Artillery (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2005), 7.
36. Ulysses S. Grant, Personal Memoirs of U.S. Grant, ed. James M. McPherson (New York: Penguin, 1999), 121.
37. Commager, The Civil War Archive, 73.
38. Moorhead, American Apocalypse, 36–37. For more on the slave power idea, see Leonard L. Richards, The Slave Power: The Free North and Southern Domination, 1780–1860 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2000).
39. “The War Begun—The Duty of American Citizens,” Pittsburgh Post, April 15, 1861, in Perkins, ed., Northern Editorials on Secession, 2:739.
40. Gillette, Jersey Blue, 139–40.
41. White, A Philadelphia Perspective, 84.
42. Richard F. Nation and Stephen E. Towne, eds., Indiana’s War: The Civil War in Documents (Athens: Ohio University Press, 2009), 48–49.
43. Trask, Fire Within, 41.
44. Handbill reproduced in Frank L. Klement, Wisconsin in the Civil War: The Home Front and the Battle Front, 1861‒1865 (Madison: State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1997), 11.
45. Gillette, Jersey Blue, 135–36.
46. Rockland, Maine, Democrat and Free Press, April 24, May 22, 1861.
47. White, A Philadelphia Perspective, 85.
48. Nation and Towne, Indiana’s War, 46.
49. Charles F. Herberger, ed., A Yankee at Arms: The Diary of Lieutenant Augustus D. Ayling, 29th Massachusetts Volunteers (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1999), 5.
50. “Chapter 1,” Buffalo Commercial Advertiser, April 15, 1861, in Perkins, ed., Northern Editorials on Secession, 2:734–35.
51. “The People and the Issue!” New York Times, April 15, 1861, in ibid., 2:735–37.
52. Quoted in David D. Van Tassel with John Vacha, “Behind Bayonets”: The Civil War in Northern Ohio (Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 2006), 38.
53. “Stand by the Flag,” Boston Post, April 16, 1861, in Perkins, ed., Northern Editorials on Secession, 2:739.
54. “The War Begun—The Duty of American Citizens,” Pittsburgh Post, April 15, 1861, in ibid., 738–39.
55. Harold Adams Small, ed., The Road to Richmond: The Civil War Memoirs of Major Abner R. Small of the Sixteenth Maine Volunteers (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1939), 4.
56. Shaw, The Story of a Pioneer, 51.
57. Marshall, A War of the People, 19.
58. Hackemer, To Rescue My Native Land, 5.
59. Ibid., 6.
60. Noah Andre Trudeau, Like Men of War: Black Troops in the Civil War 1862–1865 (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1998), 7.
61. James M. McPherson, The Negro’s Civil War: How American Blacks Felt and Acted during the War for the Union (New York: Pantheon Books, 1965; New York: Vintage Books, 1991), 19–21.
62. Louis P. Masur, ed., The Real War Will Never Get in the Books: Selections from Writers during the Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 101–5.
63. Quoted in James Oakes, The Radical and the Republican: Frederick Douglass, Abraham Lincoln, and the Triumph of Antislavery Politics (New York: W. W. Norton and Co., 2007), 161.
64. C. Peter Ripley et al., eds., The Black Abolitionist Papers, Vol. 5: The United States, 1859–1865 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1992), 112.
65. Ibid., 114.
66. Versalle F. Washington, Eagles on Their Buttons: A Black Infantry Regiment in the Civil War (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1999), 2.
67. Trudeau, Like Men of War, 8; McPherson, The Negro’s Civil War, 20–23.
68. C. Peter Ripley et al., eds., The Black Abolitionist Papers, Vol. 2: Canada, 1830–1865 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1986), 39.
69. McPherson, The Negro’s Civil War, 22.
70. Ripley et al., The Black Abolitionist Papers, 5:112–13, 117.
71. Washington, Eagles on Their Buttons, 2.
1. William B. Hesseltine, Lincoln and the War Governors (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1948), 74–91, 115–35. Also see William C. Harris, Lincoln and the Union Governors (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2013).
2. Fred Albert Shannon, The Organization and Administration of the Union Army, 1861–1865, 2 vols. ([Cleveland, OH]: Arthur H. Clark Co., 1928; Gloucester, MA: Peter Smith, 1965), 1:29–20.
3. Marcus Cunliffe, Soldiers and Civilians: The Martial Spirit in America (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1968), 177–254.
4. John Niven, Connecticut for the Union: The Role of the State in the Civil War (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1965), 125–26.
5. Duane E. Shaffer, Men of Granite: New Hampshire’s Soldiers in the Civil War (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2008), 20.
6. John K. Mahon, History of the Militia and the National Guard (New York: Macmillan, 1983), 98–99.
7. Richard N. Current, The History of Wisconsin, Vol. 2: The Civil War Era, 1848–1873 (Madison: State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1976), 2:302; Jack Dempsey, Michigan and the Civil War: A Great and Bloody Sacrifice (Charleston, SC: The History Press, 2011), 25–26; Shannon, The Organization and Administration of the Union Army, 1:22–24; Paul A.C. Koistinen, Beating Plowshares into Swords: The Political Economy of American Warfare, 1606–1865 (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1996), 113.
8. For the role of states and the creation of a federal army of volunteers, see Shannon, The Organization and Administration of the Union Army, 1:15–50; Mark R. Wilson, The Business of Civil War: Military Mobilization and the State, 1861–1865 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006), 5–35; Koistinen, Beating Plowshares into Swords, 102–4, 106–17.
9. Koistinen, Beating Plowshares into Swords, 106–10.
10. W. A. Croffut and John M. Morris, The Military and Civil History of Connecticut during the War of 1861–1865 (New York: Ledyard Bill, 1869), 48, 53.
11. David P. Krutz, Distant Drums: Herkimer County in the War of the Rebellion (Utica, NY: North Country Books, 1997), 3; Charles F. Herberger, ed., A Yankee at Arms: The Diary of Lieutenant Augustus D. Ayling, 29th Massachusetts Volunteers (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1999), 5; Shaffer, Men of Granite, 21; Shannon, The Organization and Administration of the Union Army, 1:24; Croffut and Morris, The Military and Civil History of Connecticut during the War of 1861–1865, 57; Thomas H. O’Connor, Civil War Boston: Home Front and Battlefield (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1997), 53.
12. David V. Mollenhoff, Madison: A History of the Formative Years, 2nd ed. (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2003), 86.
13. James I. Robertson Jr., ed., The Civil War Letters of General Robert McAllister (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1965; Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1998), 28.
14. Croffut and Morris, The Military and Civil History of Connecticut during the War of 1861–1865, 56.
15. David D. Roe, ed., A Civil War Soldier’s Diary: Valentine C. Randolph, 39th Illinois Regiment, with commentary and annotations by Stephen R. Wise (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2006), 9; Croffut and Morris, The Military and Civil History of Connecticut during the War of 1861–1865, 46–53.
16. Jeffrey D. Marshall, ed., A War of the People: Vermont Civil War Letters (Hanover, NH: University Press of New England, 1999), 19.
17. Theodore J. Karamanski, Rally ‘Round the Flag: Chicago and the Civil War (Chicago: Nelson-Hall Publishers, 1993), 72.
18. Michael H. Frisch, Town Into City: Springfield, Massachusetts, and the Meaning of Community, 1840–1880 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1972), 61.
19. Shaffer, Men of Granite, 19.
20. Wilson, The Business of Civil War, 11–23.
21. Ibid., 23–71.
22. Hesseltine, Lincoln and the War Governors, 148–66.
23. Mark Hoffman, “My Brave Mechanics”: The First Michigan Engineers and Their Civil War (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2007), 8.
24. Phillip Shaw Paludan, “A People’s Contest”: The Union and Civil War, 2nd ed. (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1996) 18–19.
25. George Winston Smith and Charles Judah, Life in the North during the Civil War: A Source History (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1966), 48–49.
26. Don Harrison Doyle, The Social Order of a Frontier Community: Jacksonville, Illinois, 1825–70 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1978), 233.
27. Richard Moe, The Last Full Measure: The Life and Death of the First Minnesota Volunteers (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1993), 9–14.
28. David Herbert Donald, ed., Gone for a Soldier: The Civil War Memoirs of Private Alfred Bellard (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1975), 3.
29. Andrea R. Foroughi, Go If You Think It Your Duty: A Minnesota Couple’s Civil War Letters (St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 2008), 27.
30. Herberger, A Yankee at Arms, 4.
31. Victor Hicken, Illinois in the Civil War, 2nd ed. (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1966), 8.
32. Kerry A. Trask, Fire Within: A Civil War Narrative from Wisconsin (Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1995), 46–47.
33. Hicken, Illinois in the Civil War, 7.
34. Richard F. Nation and Stephen E. Towne, eds., Indiana’s War: The Civil War in Documents (Athens: Ohio University Press, 2009), 47; Nina Silber and Mary Beth Sievens, eds., Yankee Correspondence: Civil War Letters between New England Soldiers and the Home Front (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1996), 130.
35. Mark A. Lause, Free Labor: The Civil War and the Making of an American Working Class (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2015), 42.
36. Hicken, Illinois in the Civil War, 7.
37. Lause, Free Labor, 43.
38. Adam Goodheart, 1861: The Civil War Awakening (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2011), 47–48; Niven, Connecticut for the Union, 39.
39. Martin W. Öfele, True Sons of the Republic: European Immigrants in the Union Army (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2008), 19, 43.
40. Karamanski, Rally ‘Round the Flag, 71–72, 77–78, 81.
41. Hicken, Illinois in the Civil War, 7.
42. Current, History of Wisconsin, 2:299; Niven, Connecticut for the Union, 48.
43. Current, History of Wisconsin, 2:299.
44. Nation and Towne, Indiana’s War, 46–47.
45. Pearl T. Ponce, ed., Kansas’s War: The Civil War in Documents (Athens: Ohio University Press, 2011), 74.
46. Marilyn Mayer Culpepper, ed., Trials and Triumphs: The Women of the American Civil War (East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1991), 26.
47. Marshall, A War of the People, 19.
48. Mary A. Livermore, My Story of the War: The Civil War Memoirs of the Famous Nurse, Relief Organizer and Suffragette (New York: Da Capo Press, 1995), 97.
49. Nina Silber, Daughters of the Union: Northern Women Fight the Civil War (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2005), 21–22.
50. Quoted in Ethel Hurn, Wisconsin Women in the War Between the States ([Madison]: Wisconsin History Commission, 1911), 5.
51. Quoted in ibid., 1–2.
52. Andrew S. Coopersmith, Fighting Words: An Illustrated History of Newspaper Accounts of the Civil War (New York: The New Press, 2004), 9.
53. Hurn, Wisconsin Women in the War Between the States, 4.
54. David D. Van Tassel, with John Vacha, “Behind Bayonets”: The Civil War in Northern Ohio (Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 2006), 40–41.
55. Russell L. Johnson, Warriors into Workers: The Civil War and the Formation of Urban-Industrial Society in a Northern City (New York: Fordham University Press, 2003), 247.
56. Moe, Last Full Measure, 22.
57. Croffut and Morris, The Military and Civil History of Connecticut during the War of 1861–1865, 58–59.
58. Doyle, The Social Order of a Frontier Community, 232.
59. Charles F. Larimer, ed. Love and Valor: Intimate Civil War Letters between Captain Jacob and Emeline Ritner (Western Springs, IL: Sigourney Press, 2000), 26.
60. Silber, Daughters of the Union, 20.
61. Jeanie Attie, Patriotic Toil: Northern Women and the American Civil War (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1998), 33.
62. Georgeanna Woolsey Bacon and Eliza Woolsey Howland, My Heart toward Home: Letters of a Family during the Civil War, ed. Daniel John Hoisington (Roseville, MN: Edinborough Press, 2001), 30.
63. Patricia L. Richard, Busy Hands: Images of the Family in the Northern Civil War Effort (New York: Fordham University Press, 2003), 194.
64. Moe, The Last Full Measure, 12.
65. Hoffman, “My Brave Mechanics,” 34.
66. Karamanski, Rally ‘Round the Flag, 80; Maria Lydig Daly, Diary of a Union Lady, 1861‒1865, ed. Harold Earl Hammond (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2000), 79.
67. Livermore, My Story of the War, 110.
68. Oliver Otis Howard, Autobiography of Oliver Otis Howard, Major General United States Army, 2 vols. (New York: Baker and Taylor Company, 1908), 1:121–132.
69. Donald, Gone For a Soldier, 4.
70. Christine Dee, ed., Ohio’s War: The Civil War in Documents (Athens: Ohio University Press, 2006), 59.
71. Gilbert Claflin and Esther Claflin, A Quiet Corner of the War: The Civil War Letters of Gilbert and Esther Claflin, Oconomowoc, Wisconsin, 1862–1863, ed. Judy Cook (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2013), 14.
72. James C. Mohr, ed., The Cormany Diaries: A Northern Family in the Civil War (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1982), 253.
73. Ibid., 253.
74. Charles F. Larimer, ed., Love and Valor: Intimate Civil War Letters between Captain Jacob and Emeline Ritner (Western Springs, IL: Sigourney Press, 2000), 18.
75. Marshall, A War of the People, 19.
1. William Howard Russell, My Diary North and South (Boston: T.O.H.P. Burnham, 1863), 368–69.
2. Walter D. Kamphoefner and Wolfgang Helbich, eds., and Susan Carter Vogel, trans., Germans in the Civil War: The Letters They Wrote Home (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2006), 44.
3. Joan Silva Patrakis, Andover in the Civil War: The Spirit and Sacrifice of a New England Town (Charleston, SC: The History Press, 2008), 25–27, 33; Kerry A. Trask, Fire Within: A Civil War Narrative from Wisconsin (Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1995), 51; John Niven, Connecticut for the Union: The Role of the State in the Civil War (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1965), 54; Thomas H. O’Connor, Civil War Boston: Home Front and Battlefield (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1997), 58, 61.
4. David V. Mollenhoff, Madison: A History of the Formative Years, 2nd ed. (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2003), 113.
5. Edward L. Ayers, In the Presence of Mine Enemies: War in the Heart of America, 1859–1863 (New York: W. W. Norton and Co., 2003), 157.
6. Charles F. Herberger, ed., A Yankee at Arms: The Diary of Lieutenant Augustus D. Ayling, 29th Massachusetts Volunteers (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1999), 4; Robert Hunt Rhodes, ed., All for the Union: The Civil War Diary and Letters of Elisha Hunt Rhodes (New York: Vintage Civil War Library, 1992), 3–5; J. M. Favill, Diary of a Young Army Officer Serving with the Armies of the United States during the War of the Rebellion (Chicago: R. R. Donnelley and Sons Company, 1909), 11; Theodore J. Karamanski, Rally ’Round the Flag: Chicago and the Civil War (Chicago: Nelson-Hall, 1993), 72.
7. J. Matthew Gallman, Mastering Wartime: A Social History of Philadelphia during the Civil War (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1990), 11; Courtney MacLachlan, The Amanda Letters: Civil War Days on the Coast of Maine (Bowie, MD: Heritage Books, 2003), 38; Stuart Murray, A Time of War: A Northern Chronicle of the Civil War (Lee, MA: Berkshire House Publishers, 2001), 51; Russell L. Johnson, Warriors into Workers: The Civil War and the Formation of Urban-Industrial Society in a Northern City (New York: Fordham University Press, 2003), 61.
8. William Gillette, Jersey Blue: Civil War Politics in New Jersey, 1854–1865 (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1995), 161.
9. Duane E. Shaffer, Men of Granite: New Hampshire’s Soldiers in the Civil War (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2008), 20.
10. Favill, The Diary of a Young Officer, 42.
11. Edward K. Spann, Gotham at War: New York City, 1860–1865 (Wilmington, DE: SR Books, 2002), 58.
12. Karamanski, Rally ’Round the Flag, 71; Martin W. Öfele, True Sons of the Republic: European Immigrants in the Union Army (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2008), 43; Joseph R. Reinhart, ed., August Willich’s Gallant Dutchmen: Civil War Letters from the 32nd Indiana Infantry (Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 2006), 10, 22–23; Kamphoefner and Helbich, Germans in the Civil War, 487; James S. Pula, The Sigel Regiment: A History of the 26th Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry, 1862–1865 (Campbell, CA: Savas Books, 1998), 25.
13. Robert Knox Sneden, Eye of the Storm: A Civil War Odyssey, ed. Charles F. Bryan and Nelson D. Lankford (New York: Free Press, 2000), xiii.
14. Niven, Connecticut for the Union, 49–50, 67.
15. Oliver Otis Howard, Autobiography of Oliver Otis Howard, Major General United States Army, 2 vols. (New York: Baker and Taylor Company, 1908), 1:116. Thomas W. Hyde, Following the Greek Cross or Memories of the Sixth Army Corps (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2005), 13; Ruth Douglas Currie, ed., Emma Spaulding Bryant: Civil War Bride, Carpetbagger’s Wife, Ardent Feminist: Letters and Diaries, 1860–1900 (New York: Fordham University Press, 2004), 10–11; Shaffer, Men of Granite, 22.
16. “The Army’s Century on Davids Island, Fort Slocum, New Rochelle, N.Y.,” Westchester County, New York, Virtual Archives, http://davidsisland.westchesterarchives.com.
17. Marti Skipper and Jane Taylor, eds., A Handful of Providence: The Civil War Letters of Lt. Richard Goldwaite, New Volunteers, and Ellen Goldwaite (Jefferson, NC: McFarland and Company, 2004), 17; Spann, Gotham at War, 67.
18. Spann, Gotham at War, 67.
19. Roy Rosenzweig and Elizabeth Blackmar, The Park and the People: A History of Central Park (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1992), 252.
20. Edmund J. Raus Jr., Banners South: A Northern Community at War (Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 2005), 32; Rockland (Maine) Gazette, June 20, 1861.
21. John G. Gammons, The Third Massachusetts Volunteer Militia in the War of the Rebellion, 1861–1868 (Providence, RI: Snow and Farnham Company, 1906), 19–20.
22. Bernard A. Olsen, Upon the Tented Field: An Historical Account of the Civil War as Told by the Men Who Fought and Gave their Lives (Red Bank, NJ: Historic Projects, Inc., 1993), 19; Barbara Pepe, Freehold: A Hometown History (Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing, 2003), 97.
23. David D. Van Tassell, with John Vacha, “Behind Bayonets”: The Civil War in Northern Ohio (Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 2006), 52.
24. Richard N. Current, The History of Wisconsin, Vol. 2: The Civil War Era, 1848–1873 (Madison: State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1976), 339–40.
25. George Worthington Adams, Doctors in Blue: The Medical History of the Union Army in the Civil War (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1952, 1996), 149.
26. Gallman, Mastering Wartime, 130.
27. Mollenhoff, Madison, 93; Ethel Hurn, Wisconsin Women in the War between the States ([Madison]: Wisconsin History Commission, 1911), 119–33.
28. Adams, Doctors in Blue, 151–58.
29. Ibid., 151–53.
30. Michael A. Ross, Justice of Shattered Dreams: Samuel Freeman Miller and the Supreme Court during the Civil War Era (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2003), 63; Donald C. Elder III, ed., Love amid the Turmoil: The Civil War Letters of William and Mary Vermilion (Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 2003), 339 n.30; Gerald Kennedy, “U.S. Army Hospital: Keokuk, 1862–1865,” The Annals of Iowa, 40 (Fall 1969): 118–36.
31. Eugene G. Stackhouse, Germantown in the Civil War (Charleston, SC: The History Press, 2010), 106–7.
32. Mollenhoff, Madison, 51, 93; Erika Janik, Madison: History of a Model City (Charleston, SC: The History Press, 2010), 49.
33. Frank L. Grzyb, Rhode Island’s Civil War Hospital: Life and Death at Portsmouth Grove, 1862–1865 (Jefferson, NC: McFarland and Company, 2012), 17, 28–29.
34. Nathaniel West, History of the Satterlee U.S.A. Gen. Hospital, at West Philadelphia, Pa., from October 8, 1862 to October 3, 1863 ([Philadelphia, PA]: The Hospital Press, 1863; [Ithaca, NY]: Cornell University Library Digital Collections, n.d.), 6; Ira M. Rutkow, Bleeding Blue and Gray: Civil War Surgery and the Evolution of American Medicine (New York: Random House, 2005), 156–57; Stewart Brooks, Civil War Medicine (Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas, 1966), 43.
35. Brooks, Civil War Medicine, 43.
36. Paul A. Cimbala, “Soldiering on the Home Front: The Veteran Reserve Corps and the Northern People,” in Union Soldiers and the Northern Home Front: Wartime Experiences, Postwar Adjustments, ed. Paul A. Cimbala and Randall M. Miller (New York: Fordham University Press, 2002), 210–12. Current, The History of Wisconsin, 2:341; Richard Moe, The Last Full Measure: The Life and Death of the First Minnesota Volunteers (New York: Henry Holt and Co., 1993), 21.
37. Barbara Butler Davis, ed., Affectionately Yours: The Civil War Home-Front Letters of the Ovid Butler Family (Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society Press, 2004), 86.
38. Chapter Five, James M. Randall Diary, Primary Source Section, eHistory, Department of History, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, http://ehistory.osu.edu/osu/sources/letters/randall/05.cfm (The James M. Randall Diary is divided into chapters with no specific reference dates or pagination).
39. Jonathan W. White, ed., A Philadelphia Perspective: The Civil War Diary of Sidney George Fisher (New York: Fordham University Press, 2007), 91.
40. William J. Miller, Civil War City: Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, 1861–1865 (Shippensburg, PA: White Mane Publishing, 1990), 16–17.
41. Niven, Connecticut for the Union, 51.
42. Oliver Otis Howard, Autobiography of Oliver Otis Howard, 2 vols. (New York: Baker and Taylor Company, 1908), 1:117.
43. Rockland (Maine) Gazette, June 20, 1861.
44. Shaffer, Men of Granite, 26.
45. Diary entry for December 23, 1861, Anonymous Hartford, Connecticut Female Civilian Diary, Connecticut Historical Society, Hartford, CT.
46. J. E. A. Smith, The History of Pittsfield, (Berkshire County,) Massachusetts, from the Year 1800 to the Year 1976, 2 vols. (Springfield, MA: C. W. Bryan & Co., 1876), 2:620.
47. Current, The History of Wisconsin, 2:370–71.
48. Ann Gorman Condon, ed., Architects of Our Fortunes: The Journal of Eliza A. W. Otis, 1860–1863, with Letters and Civil War Journal of Harrison Gray Otis (San Marino, CA: Huntington Library, 2001), 130.
49. Winifred Gallagher, How the Post Office Created America: A History (New York: Penguin Press, 2016), 145.
50. Cimbala, “The Veteran Reserve Corps and the Northern People,” 201.
51. Niven, Connecticut for the Union, 326.
52. Gerald F. Linderman, Embattled Courage: The Experience of Combat in the American Civil War (New York: The Free Press, 1987), 84.
53. Chapter Five, James M. Randall Diary.
54. Christine Dee, ed., Ohio’s War: The Civil War in Documents (Athens: Ohio University Press, 2006), 90–91 (quotations); Eugene H. Roseboom, The Civil War Era, 1850–1873, Vol. 4 of The History of the State of Ohio, ed. Carl Wittke (Columbus: Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society, 1944), 408, 410.
55. Niven, Connecticut for the Union, 327.
56. Patricia L. Richard, Busy Hands: Images of Family in the Northern Civil War Effort (New York: Fordham University Press, 2003), 63, 65.
57. Capt. G. W. Merrick to Commanding Officer, Invalid Company No. 17, October 20, 1863, Regimental Papers, 16th Veteran Reserve Corps, Adjutant Generals Office, Record Group 94, National Archives Building, Washington, D.C.
58. Ross, Justice of Shattered Dreams, 63.
59. Elder, Love Amid the Turmoil, 16–17.
60. Richard, Busy Hands, 71.
61. Don Harrison Doyle, The Social Order of a Frontier Community: Jacksonville, Illinois, 1825–70 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1978), 211.
62. Hartford (Connecticut) Daily Courant, January 19, February 25, 1865.
63. Capt. G. Nagle to Capt. J. W. De Forrest, October 17, 1865, Letters Received, Veteran Reserve Corps Records, Provost Marshal General’s Department, Record Group 110, National Archives Building, Washington, DC; Indianapolis Daily Journal, December 29, 1864.
64. Indianapolis Daily Journal, December 24, 1864.
65. Joseph Williamson, History of the City of Belfast in the State of Maine, From its First Settlement in 1770 to 1875 (Portland, ME: Loring, Short, and Harmon, 1877), 157.
66. Doyle, The Social Order of Frontier Town, 212.
1. James M. McPherson, For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), 182.
2. Jane Turner Censer, ed., The Papers of Frederick Law Olmsted, Vol. 4: Defending the Union: The Civil War and the U.S. Sanitary Commission, 1861–1863 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986), 150–51, n.4, 230, n.5.
3. William Quentin Maxwell, Lincoln’s Fifth Wheel: The Political History of the United States Sanitary Commission (New York: Longmans, Green and Co., 1956), 45–48; Bell Irvin Wiley, The Life of Billy Yank: The Common Soldier of the Union (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Co., 1952; Garden City, NY: Doubleday and Co., 1971), 371, n.22; John D. Billings, Hardtack and Coffee: The Unwritten Story of Army Life (Boston: George M. Smith and Co., 1887; Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1993), 97–98.
4. Censer, The Papers of Frederick Law Olmsted, 4:150–51, n.4.
5. Peter Messent and Steve Courtney, eds., The Civil War Letters of Joseph Hopkins Twichell (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2006), 66–67, 68, 169, 211.
6. William Gillette, Jersey Blue: Civil War Politics in New Jersey, 1854–1865 (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1995), 186–87, 201; Michael A. Ross, Justice of Shattered Dreams: Samuel Freeman Miller and the Supreme Court during the Civil War Era (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2003), 62.
7. Judith Ann Giesberg, Army at Home: Women and the Civil War on the Northern Home Front (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2009), 31, 49; Robert H. Bremner, The Public Good: Philanthropy and Welfare in the Civil War Era (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1980), 75; Gillette, Jersey Blue, 176; J. Matthew Gallman, Mastering Wartime: A Social History of Philadelphia during the Civil War (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1990), 123–24; Rockland (Maine) Gazette, May 16, 1861; David P. Krutz, Distant Drums: Herkimer County, New York in the War of the Rebellion (Utica, NY: North Country Books, 1997), 3.
8. Bremner, The Public Good, 76.
9. Rockland (Maine) Gazette, June 13, 1861.
10. Giesberg, Army at Home, 33.
11. Bremner, The Public Good, 33, 76.
12. Ethel Hurn, Wisconsin Women in the War between the States ([Madison]: Wisconsin History Commission, 1911), 66; Rockland (Maine) Gazette, June 13, 1861.
13. William G. Andrews, Civil War Brockport: A Canal Town and the Union Army (Charleston, SC: The History Press, 2013), 65–67.
14. Appleton (Wisconsin) Crescent, September 13, 1862.
15. Richard N. Current, The History of Wisconsin, Vol. 2: The Civil War Era, 1848–1873 (Madison: State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1976), 394, 395, 397; Russell Johnson, Warriors into Workers: The Civil War and the Formation of Urban-Industrial Society in a Northern City (New York: Fordham University Press, 2003), 245–47; Giesberg, Army at Home, 56–63.
16. Giesberg, Army at Home, 30–32; Judith Ann Giesberg, “From Harvest Field to Battlefield: Rural Pennsylvania Women and the U.S. Civil War,” Pennsylvania History 72: 2 (2005): 172–73.
17. Nicole Etcheson, “‘No Fit Wife’: Soldiers’ Wives and Their In-Laws on the Indiana Home Front,” in Union Heartland: The Midwestern Home Front during the Civil War, ed. Ginette Aley and J.L. Anderson (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2013), 97–124.
18. Donald C. Elder III, ed., Love amid the Turmoil: The Civil War Letters of William and Mary Vermilion (Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 2003), 25.
19. Ibid., 13.
20. Ibid., 17, 29–30, 32.
21. Ginette Aley, “Inescapable Realities: Rural Midwestern Women and Families during the Civil War,” in Aley and Anderson, eds., Union Heartland, 128.
22. Current, History of Wisconsin, 2:126.
23. Paul W. Gates, Agriculture and the Civil War (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1965), 229.
24. Pearl T. Ponce, ed., Kansas’s War: The Civil War in Documents (Athens: University of Ohio Press, 2011), 216–17.
25. Robert L. Bee, ed., The Boys from Rockville: Civil War Narratives of Sgt. Benjamin Hirst, Company D, 14th Connecticut Volunteers (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1998), 122.
26. Nicole Etcheson, A Generation at War: The Civil War Era in a Northern Community (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2011), 138–39; Mary A. Livermore, My Story of the War: A Woman’s Narrative of Four Years Personal Experiences (Hartford, CT: [A.D. Worthington], 1887; New York: Da Capo Press, 1995), 148.
27. Benjamin F. Gue, History of Iowa from the Earliest Times to the Beginning of the Twentieth Century, Vol. 2: The Civil War (New York: The Century History Company, 1903), 419.
28. Richard Bak, A Distant The under: Michigan in the Civil War (Ann Arbor, MI: Huron River Press, 2004), 90 (quotation as well).
29. Charles F. Larimer, ed., Love and Valor: Intimate Civil War Letters between Captain Jacob and Emeline Ritner (Western Springs, IL: Sigourney Press, 2000), 68–69.
30. Ibid., 164.
31. Hurn, Wisconsin Women in the War between the States, 78–80.
32. Livermore, My Story of the War, 148–49.
33. Ibid.
34. Elder, Love amid the Turmoil, 85.
35. David D. Van Tassel, with John Vacha, “Behind Bayonets”: The Civil War in Northern Ohio (Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 2006), 65–66.
36. Marilyn Mayer Culpepper, ed., Trials and Triumphs: The Women of the American Civil War (East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1991), 268.
37. Jennifer Cain Bohrnstedt, ed., While Father Is Away: The Civil War Letters of William H. Bradbury (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2003), 3.
38. Gilbert Claflin and Esther Claflin, A Quiet Corner of the War: The Civil War Letters of Gilbert and Esther Claflin, Oconomowoc, Wisconsin, 1862–1863, ed. Judy Cook (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2013), 98, 112.
39. Nina Silber, Daughters of the Union: Northern Women Fight the Civil War (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2005), 41–86.
40. Rachel Filene Seidman, “A Monstrous Doctrine?: Northern Women on Dependency during the Civil War,” in An Uncommon Time: The Civil War and the Northern Home Front, ed. Paul A. Cimbala and Randall M. Miller (New York: Fordham University Press, 2002), 170–88.
41. Claflin and Claflin, A Quiet Corner of the War, 21, 150.
42. Ibid., 40.
43. Ruth Douglas Currie, ed., Emma Spaulding Bryant: Civil War Bride, Carpetbagger’s Wife, Ardent Feminist: Letters and Diaries, 1860–1900 (New York: Fordham University Press, 2004), 68.
44. Andrea R. Foroughi, Go If You Think It Your Duty: A Minnesota Couple’s Civil War Letters (St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 2008), 187.
45. Bak, A Distant Thunder, 104.
46. Nina Silber and Mary Beth Sievens, eds., Yankee Correspondence: Civil War Letters between New England Soldiers and the Home Front (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1996), 143.
47. Marti Skipper and Jane Taylor, eds., A Handful of Providence: The Civil War Letters of Lt. Richard Goldwaite, New York Volunteers and Ellen Goldwaite (Jefferson, NC: McFarland and Company, 2004), 31, 32.
48. Paul A. Cimbala, Veterans North and South: The Transition from Soldier to Civilian after the American Civil War (Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger, 2016), 60, 61; Silber, Daughters of the Union, 110–15.
49. Currie, Emma Spaulding Bryant, 68.
50. Coralou Peel Lassen, ed., Dear Sarah: Letters Home from a Soldier of the Iron Brigade (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1999), 11.
51. Larimer, Love and Valor, 19. Jeffrey D. Marshall, ed., “A War of the People”: Vermont Civil War Letters (Hanover, NH: University Press of New England, 1999), 62; Patricia L. Richard, Busy Hands: Images of the Family in the Northern Civil War Effort (New York: Fordham University Press, 2003), 40–78; Culpepper, Trials and Triumphs, 106.
52. Foroughi, Go If You Think It Your Duty, 243.
53. Ibid., 58.
54. Ibid., 182.
55. Silber and Sievens, Yankee Correspondence, 115.
56. Richard L. Kiper, ed., Dear Catharine, Dear Taylor: The Civil War Letters of a Union Soldier and His Wife (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2002), 159–60, 196.
57. Goldwaite and Goldwaite, A Handful of Providence, 94.
58. Ibid., 133, 174, 179.
59. James C. Mohr, ed., The Cormany Diaries: A Northern Family in the Civil War (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1982), 284.
60. Ibid., 380.
61. Ibid., 253, 408.
62. Elder, Love amid the Turmoil, 260.
63. Claflin and Claflin, A Quiet Corner of the War, 78.
64. Ibid., 103.
65. Donald C. Manness and H. Jason Combs, eds., Do They Miss Me At Home?: The Civil War Letters of William McKnight, Seventh Ohio Volunteer Cavalry (Athens: Ohio University Press, 2010), 179.
66. Bee, The Boys from Rockville, 131.
67. Ibid., 30.
68. Ibid., 176.
69. Quoted in Current, The History of Wisconsin, 2:392.
70. Ibid.
71. Kiper, Dear Catharine, Dear Taylor, 93, 110.
72. James Goodnow to Sam [Goodnow], November 20, 1862, Charles Goodnow Letters, reel 39, A People at War: Civil War Manuscripts from the Holdings of the Library of Congress, ed. John R. Sellers, 60 reels (Alexandria, VA: Chadwyck-Healey, 1989–1990).
73. John Goodnow to Sam [Goodnow], February 20, 1863; April 6, 1863, ibid.
74. John Goodnow to Sam [Goodnow], December 29, 1863, ibid.
75. Silas W. Browning to Minnie Browning, March 4, [1863?], Silas W. Browning Papers, reel 6, A People at War.
76. Manness and Combs, eds. Do They Miss Me At Home, 45, 46.
77. James Goodnow to Sam [Goodnow], January 11, 1863, reel 39, A People at War.
78. Silber and Sievens, Yankee Correspondence, 60.
79. Claflin and Claflin, A Quiet Corner of the War, 25, 35, 103, 118, 161.
80. James Marten, The Children’s Civil War (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998), 173–74.
81. Claflin and Claflin, A Quiet Corner of the War, 104, 118, 211.
82. Ibid., 44, 91.
83. Anna Howard Shaw, The Story of a Pioneer (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1915), 27, 52–53.
84. Ibid., 27, 51, 53–54.
1. Nancy L. Rhodes and Lucy E. Bailey, eds., Wanted Correspondence—Women’s Letters to a Union Soldier (Athens: Ohio University Press 2009), 118.
2. Ibid., 120.
3. Jonathan W. White, ed., A Philadelphia Perspective: The Civil War Diary of Sidney George Fisher (New York: Fordham University Press, 2007), 211; Gari Carter, Troubled State: Civil War Journals of Franklin Archibald Dick (Kirksville, MO: Truman State University Press, 2008), 181; George Winston Smith and Charles Judah, Life in the North during the Civil War (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1966), 268–71; John Niven, Connecticut for the Union: The Role of the State in the Civil War (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1965), 340–41.
4. William Gillette, Jersey Blue: Civil War Politics in New Jersey, 1854–1865 (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1995), 178.
5. Walter D. Kamphoefner and Wolfgang Helbich, eds., and Susan Carter Vogel, trans., Germans in the Civil War: The Letters They Wrote Home (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2006), 139, 141 (quotation).
6. Judith A. Bailey and Robert I. Cottom, eds., After Chancellorsville: Letters from the Heart: The Civil War Letters of Private Walter G. Dunn and Emma Randolph (Baltimore: Maryland Historical Society, 1998), 95–96, 190, 202, 204; David V. Mollenhoff, Madison: A History of the Formative Years, 2nd ed. (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2003), 112.
7. Bailey and Cottom, After Chancellorsville, 89, 91, 96–98, 152; Sheila M. Cumberworth and Daniel V. Biles, eds., An Enduring Love: The Civil War Diaries of Benjamin Franklin Pierce (14th New Hampshire Vol. Inf.) and His Wife Harriett Jane Goodwin Pierce (Gettysburg, PA: Thomas Publications, 1995), 45.
8. Dorothy Denneen Volo and Jame M. Volo, Daily Life in Civil War America (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1998), 219; Barbara Butler Davis, ed., Affectionately Yours: The Civil War Letters of the Ovid Butler Family (Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society Press, 2004), 62.
9. Bailey and Cottom, After Chancellorsville, 95, 152.
10. George B. Kirsch, Baseball in Blue and Gray: The National Pastime during the Civil War (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2003), 1–27, 48–65, 70–71.
11. Bailey and Cottom, After Chancellorsville, 165.
12. Jeffrey D. Marshall, ed., A War of the People: Vermont Civil War Letters (Hanover, NH: University Press of New England, 1997), 124.
13. Bailey and Cottom, After Chancellorsville, 152–53.
14. Peter Josyph, ed., The Wounded River: The Civil War Letters of John Vance Lauderdale, M.D. (East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1993), 150.
15. Kerry A. Trask, Fire Within: A Civil War Narrative from Wisconsin (Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1995), 165–66.
16. J. Matthew Gallman, Mastering Wartime: A Social History of Philadelphia during the Civil War (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1990), 97–108; Don Harrison Doyle, The Social Order of a Frontier Community: Jacksonville, Illinois, 1825–70 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1978), 236.
17. Gallman, Mastering Wartime, 90–94, 97–108.
18. Joseph Williamson, History of the City of Belfast in the State of Maine, From its First Settlement in 1770 to 1875 (Portland: Loring, Short, and Harmon, 1877), 472.
19. Thomas H. O’Connor, Civil War Boston: Home Front and Battlefield (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1997), 99, 150–51.
20. Georgeanna Woolsey Bacon and Eliza Woolsey Howland, My Heart toward Home: Letters of a Family during the Civil War, ed. Daniel John Hoisington (Roseville, MN: Edinborough Press, 2001), 261.
21. Mary A. Livermore, My Story of the War: A Woman’s Narrative of Four Years Personal Experience (New York: Arno Press, 1972; New York: Da Capo Press, 1995), 176–78.
22. Gallman, Mastering Wartime, 107.
23. Entries for July 6, [7], 1863, Anson Miles Case Diary, Connecticut Historical Society, Hartford, CT.
24. White, A Philadelphia Perspective, 213, 214.
25. Davis, Affectionately Yours, 47.
26. Patricia L. Richard, Busy Hands: Images of the Family in the Northern Civil War Effort (New York: Fordham University Press, 2003), 155.
27. Bacon and Howland, My Heart toward Home, 43.
28. Livermore, My Story of the War, 138.
29. Patricia L. Richard, “‘Listen Ladies One and All’: Union Soldiers Yearn for the Society of Their ‘Fair Cousins of the North’,” in Union Soldiers and the Northern Home Front: Wartime Experiences, Postwar Adjustments, ed. Paul A. Cimbala and Randall M. Miller (New York: Fordham University Press, 2002), 143–81; Richard, Busy Hands, 87–175; Livermore, My Story of the War, 138.
30. See Beverly Hayes Kallgren and James L. Crouthamel, “Dear Friend Anna”: The Civil War Letters of a Common Soldier from Maine (Orono: University of Maine Press, 1992), and its companion volume, Beverly Hayes Kallgren, Abial and Anna: The Life of a Civil War Veteran as Told in Family Letters (Orono: University of Maine Press, 1996). See also Bailey and Cottom, After Chancellorsville.
31. James C. Mohr, ed., The Cormany Diaries: A Northern Family in the Civil War (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1982), 254.
32. Nina Silber and Mary Beth Sievens, eds., Yankee Correspondence: Civil War Letters between New England Soldiers and the Home Front (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1996), 145.
33. Davis, Affectionately Yours, 60.
34. Livermore, My Story of the War, 199–200.
35. Ronald J. Zboray and Mary Saracino Zboray, “Cannonballs and Books: Reading and the Disruption of Social Ties on the New England Home Front,” in The War Was You and Me: Civilians in the American Civil War, ed. Joan E. Cashin (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2002), 245.
36. White, A Philadelphia Perspective; Mary Lydig Daly, Diary of a Union Lady, 1861–1865, ed. Harold Earl Hammond (New York: Funk & Wagnalls Company, Inc., 1962); George Templeton Strong, The Diary of George Templeton Strong: The Civil War, 1860–1865, ed. Allan Nevins (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1962).
37. Judith Ann Giesberg, ed., Emilie Davis’s Civil War: The Diaries of a Free Black Woman in Philadelphia, 1863–1865 (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2014); Mohr, The Cormany Diaries.
38. David D. Van Tassel, with John Vacha, “Behind Bayonets”: The Civil War in Northern Ohio (Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 2006), 61–63.
39. J. Matthew Gallman, America’s Joan of Arc: The Life of Anna Elizabeth Dickinson (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006), 19–43.
40. Brooks D. Simpson, ed., The Civil War: The Third Year Told by Those Who Lived It (New York: Library of America, 2013), 139, 143.
41. Smith and Judah, Life in the North during the Civil War, 298.
42. Ibid., 299.
43. Zboray and Zboray, “Cannonballs and Books,” 237–61.
44. Niven, Connecticut for the Union, 342–43.
45. Donald C. Elder III, ed., Love amid the Turmoil: The Civil War Letters of William and Mary Vermilion (Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 2003), 37, 85.
46. Niven, Connecticut for the Union, 342; Sarah Emma Edmonds, Soldier, Nurse and Spy: A Woman’s Adventures in the Union Army (Hartford, CT: Williams, 1865; DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1999). Elizabeth D. Leonard’s introduction and annotation make the new edition all the more worthwhile.
47. Louisa May Alcott, Hospital Sketches, ed. Alice Fahs (Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2004); Henry Morford, The Days of Shoddy: A Novel of the Great Rebellion in 1861 (Philadelphia: T. B. Peterson & Brothers, 1863); J. Matthew Gallman, Defining Duty in the Civil War: Personal Choice, Popular Culture, and the Union Home Front (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2015), 65–66, 82–86, 195–96.
48. Alice Fahs, “A Thrilling Northern War: Gender, Race, and Sensational Popular War Literature,” in An Uncommon Time: The Civil War and the Northern Home Front, ed. Paul A. Cimbala and Randall M. Miller (New York: Fordham University Press, 2002), 27–60.
49. Smith and Judah, Life in the North during the Civil War, 297.
50. Gallman, Defining Duty in the Civil War, 29–64 and passim.
51. Rhodes and Bailey, Wanted—Correspondence, 155.
52. William G. Andrew, Civil War Brockport: A Canal Town and the Union Army (Charleston, SC: The History Press, 2013), 60.
53. Jeanie Attie, Patriotic Toil: Northern Women and the American Civil War (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1998), 95.
54. Davis, Affectionately Yours, 50, 56.
55. For near-contemporary details about fairs held across the North, see Frank B. Goodrich, The Tribute Book: A Record of the Munificence, Self-Sacrifice and Patriotism of the American People during the War for the Union (New York: Derby & Miller, 1865). For the larger context of Civil War fund-raising fairs, see Beverly Gordon, Bazaars and Fair Ladies: The History of the American Fundraising Fair (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1998).
56. Mark Hubbard, ed., Illinois’s War: The Civil War in Documents (Athens: Ohio University Press, 2013), 75–76.
57. Bacon and Howland, My Heart toward Home, 34.
58. Livermore, My Story of the War, 129.
59. George M. Fredrickson, The Inner Civil War: Northern Intellectuals and the Crisis of the Union (New York: Harper & Row, Publishers, 1965; Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1993), 98–112.
60. David A. Raney, “In the Lord’s Army: The United States Christian Commission, Soldiers, and the Union War Effort,” in Union Soldiers and the Northern Home Front: Wartime Experiences, Postwar Adjustments, ed. Paul A. Cimbala and Randall M. Miller (New York: Fordham University Press, 2002), 263–92; Michael J. Bennett, “Saving Jack: Religion, Benevolent Organizations, and Union Sailors during the Civil War,” in ibid., 253–62.
61. Phillip Shaw Paludan, “A People’s Contest”: The Union and Civil War, 1861–1865 (New York: Harper and Row, 1988), 352–54; William Quentin Maxwell, Lincoln’s Fifth Wheel: The Political History of the United States Sanitary Commission (New York: Longmans, Green & Co., 1956), 297.
62. Russell L. Johnson, Warriors into Workers: The Civil War and the Formation of Urban-Industrial Society in a Northern City (New York: Fordham University Press, 2003), 249.
63. Attie, Patriotic Toil, 95.
64. Marilyn Mayer Culpepper, ed., Trials and Triumphs: The Women of the American Civil War (East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1991), 252.
65. Livermore, My Story of the War, 144–45.
66. James Marten, The Children’s Civil War (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998), 180–85; Gordon, Bazaars and Fair Ladies, 98–99.
67. Attie, Patriotic Toil, 3.
68. Judith Ann Giesberg, Civil War Sisterhood: The U.S. Sanitary Commission and Women’s Politics in Transition (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 2000), 71.
69. Gordon, Bazaars and Fair Ladies, 9–11.
70. Circular, January 6, 1864, Soldiers’ Aid Society of Northern Ohio (quotations); H. M. Chapin, Mary G. Brayton and Ellent T. Terry to Mrs. Samuel Colt, January 29, 1864, Samuel Colt Papers, 1856–1864, Connecticut Historical Society, Hartford, CT.
71. Theodore J. Karamanski, Rally ‘Round the Flag: Chicago and the Civil War (Chicago: Nelson-Hall, 1993), 127–32.
72. Gordon, Bazaars and Fair Ladies, 66–72 for estimates of amounts raised as well as the various aspects of the more important Civil War fund-raising fairs.
73. David D. Van Tassel, with John Vacha, “Behind Bayonets”: The Civil War in Northern Ohio (Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 2006), 74–78.
74. White, A Philadelphia Perspective, 224–25.
75. Ibid., 225.
76. Melinda Lawson, Patriotic Fires: Forging a New American Nationalism in the Civil War North (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2002), 14–39.
77. Paul A. Cimbala, “Mary Ann Shadd Cary and Black Abolitionism,” in Against the Tide: Women Reformers in American Society, ed. Paul A. Cimbala and Randall M. Miller (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1997), 34–36; Dorothy Sterling, ed., We are Your Sisters: Black Women in the Nineteenth Century (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1984), 250, 256–58.
78. Nina Silber, Daughters of the Union: Northern Women Fight the Civil War (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2005), 143–60.
79. Elder, Love amid the Turmoil, 15, 184, 216.
80. Attie, Patriotic Toil, 94–194, 218–19; Silber, Daughters of the Union, 178–93.
81. Livermore, My Story of the War, 435–36.
82. Giesberg, Civil War Sisterhood, 53–84.
1. James I. Robertson Jr., ed., The Civil War Letters of General Robert McAllister (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1965, 1998), 257.
2. Jeffrey D. Marshall, ed., A War of the People: Vermont Civil War Letters (Hanover, NH: University Press of New England, 1999), 262, 267–70.
3. Quoted in Frank L. Klement, Wisconsin in the Civil War: The Home Front and the Battle Front, 1861–1865 (Madison: State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 2001), 32.
4. Ibid., 31–34, 33 (quotation).
5. Kenneth Carley, Minnesota in the Civil War: An Illustrated History (Minneapolis: Ross & Haines, 1961; St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 2000), 78–79. For campaigns of one regiment before being sent south to fight Confederates, see Michael A. Eggleston, The Tenth Minnesota Volunteers, 1862–1865: A History of Action in the Sioux Uprising and the Civil War, with a Regimental Roster (Jefferson, NC: McFarland and Company, 2012), 11–75.
6. A. Konstam, American Civil War Fortifications (1): Coastal Brick and Stone Forts, illustrated by D. Spedaliere and S. S. Spedaliere (Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 2003), 21.
7. William Gillette, Jersey Blue: Civil War Politics in New Jersey, 1854–1865 (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1995), 174–76, 232, 273; Joseph Williamson, History of the City of Belfast in the State of Maine, From its First Settlement in 1770 to 1875 (Portland, ME: Loring, Short, and Harmon, 1877), 486; Thomas H. O’Connor, Civil War Boston: Home Front and Battlefield (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1997), 64–65; William Schouler, Massachusetts in the Civil War (Boston: E. P. Dutton & Co., 1868; Scituate, MA: Digital Scanning Inc., 2003), 491–95; Edward K. Spann, Gotham at War: New York City, 1860–1865 (Wilmington, DE: SR Books, 2002), 158.
8. Pearl T. Ponce, ed., Kansas’s Civil War: The Civil War in Documents (Athens: Ohio University Press, 2011), 62.
9. Daniel E. Sutherland, A Savage Conflict: The Decisive Role of Guerrillas in the American Civil War (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2009), 11–12, 16, 23–24, 193–94.
10. Ponce, Kansas’s Civil War, 122, 123.
11. Sutherland, A Savage Conflict, 193; Albert Castel, Civil War Kansas: Reaping the Whirlwind, authorized edition (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1997), 124–41; Silvana R. Siddali, ed., Missouri’s War: The Civil War in Documents (Athens: Ohio University Press, 2009), passim.
12. Ponce, Kansas’s Civil War, 127–30, 137–38.
13. Sutherland, A Savage Conflict, 193–204.
14. Maria Lydig Daly, Diary of a Union Lady, 1861–1865, ed., Harold Earl Hammond (New York: Funk and Wagnalls Co., 1962; Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2000), 171; J. B. Jones, A Rebel War Clerk’s Diary: At the Confederate States Capital, Vol. 1: April 1861–July 1863, ed. James I. Robertson Jr. (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2015), 136.
15. Christine Dee, ed., Ohio’s War: The Civil War in Documents (Athens: Ohio University Press, 2006), 86–87; Eugene H. Rosenboom, Civil War Era, 1850–1873, Vol. 4 in The History of the State of Ohio, ed. Carl Wittke (Columbus: Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society, 1944), 398–99.
16. Steven E. Woodworth, Decision in the Heartland: The Civil War in the West (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2008), 37–40.
17. Stephen W. Sears, Landscape Turned Red: The Battle of Antietam (New Haven, CT: Ticknor & Fields, 1983).
18. For a complete but compact treatment of the Gettysburg campaign, see Steven E. Woodworth, Beneath a Northern Sky: A Short History of the Gettysburg Campaign (Wilmington, DE: SR Books, 2003).
19. William J. Miller, Civil War City: Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, 1861–1865 (Shippensburg, PA: White Mane Publishing, 1990), 77, 111–12, 115–16, 185–86 (quotation on p. 112). See the front material of this book for a map of Pennsylvania with Harrisburg as the hub through which railroads connected Pittsburgh and Philadelphia as well northward to Scranton in northeastern Pennsylvania and to Elmira across the border in New York.
20. Mark A. Snell, “‘If They Would Know What I Know It Would Be Pretty Hard to Raise One Company in York’: Recruiting, the Draft, and Society’s Response in York County, Pennsylvania, 1861–1865,” in Union Soldiers and the Northern Home Front: Wartime Experiences, Postwar Adjustments, ed. Paul A. Cimbala and Randall M. Miller (New York: Fordham University Press, 2002), 95–97; Stephen W. Sears, Gettysburg (New York: Houghton Miffl in Company, 2003), 113–14. Entry for June 14, 1863, William Heyser Diary, The Valley of the Shadow, University of Virginia Library, Charlottesville, VA, http://valley.lib.virginia.edu/papers/FD1004.
21. Entry for June 14, 1863, William Heyser Diary, The Valley of the Shadow, University of Virginia Library, Charlottesville, VA, http://valley.lib.virginia.edu/papers/FD1004.
22. Sears, Gettysburg, 112–16; James C. Mohr, ed., The Cormany Diaries: A Northern Family in the Civil War (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1982), 328–41; Entry for June 24, 1863, William Heyser Diary, The Valley of the Shadow, University of Virginia Library, Charlottesville, VA, http://valley.lib.virginia.edu/papers/FD1004.
23. Kent Masterson Brown, Retreat from Gettysburg: Lee, Logistics, and the Pennsylvania Campaign (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2005), 387–90.
24. Margaret S. Creighton, The Colors of Courage: Gettysburg’s Forgotten History: Immigrants, Women, and African Americans in the Civil War’s Defining Battle (New York: Perseus Books Group, 2005), 129–41; Snell, “‘If They Would Know What I Know It Would Be Pretty Hard to Raise One Company in York’,” 96–97; J. Matthew Gallman with Susan Baker, “Gettysburg’s Gettysburg: What the Battle Did to the Borough,” in The Gettysburg Nobody Knows, ed. Gabor S. Boritt (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), 144–45; John R. Neff, Honoring the Civil War Dead: Commemoration and the Problem of Reconciliation (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2005), 42; Entry for July 7, 1863, William Heyser Diary, The Valley of the Shadow, University of Virginia Library, Charlottesville, VA, http://valley.lib.virginia.edu/papers/FD1004.
25. Creighton, The Colors of Courage, 145–62; Gabor Boritt, The Gettysburg Gospel: The Lincoln Speech that Nobody Knows (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2006), 32–35.
26. John H. Brinton, Personal Memoirs of John H. Brinton, Civil War Surgeon, 1861–1865 (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1996), 243–45.
27. Mohr, The Cormany Diaries, 328–29, 330.
28. Creighton, The Colors of Courage, 126–41; Sears, Gettysburg, 111–12, 114–15.
29. Creighton, The Colors of Courage, 155.
30. For a brief history of the cemetery’s development, its dedication, and Lincoln’s place in the event, see Gary Wills, Lincoln at Gettysburg: The Words That Remade America (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1992), 21–37.
31. Jonathan W. White, ed., A Philadelphia Perspective: The Civil War Diary of Sidney George Fisher (New York: Fordham University Press, 2007), 208–9.
32. Hans L. Trefousse, “First among Equals”: Abraham Lincoln’s Reputation during His Administration (New York: Fordham University Press, 2005), 80–81.
33. See Wills, Lincoln at Gettysburg, 148–75 for the president’s unique rhetorical style. For the significance of Lincoln’s address with its connection to the Declaration of Independence and Lincoln’s expansive view of liberty, see Boritt, The Gettysburg Gospel, 113–23.
34. B. F. Cooling, Jubal Early’s Raid on Washington, 1864 (Baltimore: Nautical & Aviation Publishing Company of America, 1989), 216–20.
35. Thomas Barnhart, George W. Brewer, and H.S. Stoner to members of the Grand and Subordinate Lodges of Pennsylvania, September 15, 1864, The Valley of the Shadow, University of Virginia Library, Charlottesville, VA, http://valley.lib.virginia.edu/papers/F6069.
36. Sutherland, A Savage Conflict, 168–70; Roseboom, The Civil War Era, 1850–1873, 423–26.
37. Barbara Butler Davis, ed., Affectionately Yours: The Civil War Home-Front Letters of the Ovid Butler Family (Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society Press, 2004), 9–10; Richard F. Nation and Stephen E. Towne, eds., Indiana’s War: The Civil War in Documents (Athens: Ohio University Press, 2009), 146–48, 152; Emma Lou Thornbrough, Indiana in the Civil War Era, 1850–1880 (Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society, 1965, 1995), 203–4; Rose-boom, The Civil War Era, 423–26; Sutherland, A Savage Conflict, 169–70.
38. Henry Steele Commager, ed., The Civil War Archive: The History of the Civil War in Documents, rev. and expanded by Erik Bruun ([Indianapolis]: Bobbs-Merrill Co., 1950, 1973; New York: Black Dog and Leventhal Publishers, 2000), 507–10; Eleanor Jones Harvey, The Civil War and American Art (Washington, DC: Smithsonian American Art Museum and New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, [2012]), 74–94.
39. Walter D. Kamphoefner and Wolfgang Helbich, eds., and Susan Carter Vogel, trans., Germans in the Civil War: The Letters They Wrote Home (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2006), 68.
40. Richard Moe, The Last Full Measure: The Life and Death of the First Minnesota Volunteers (New York: Avon Books, 1993), 31.
41. There are numerous volumes of published letters written by soldiers, but for suggestions of what is available, see Paul A. Cimbala, Soldiers North and South: The Everyday Experiences of the Men Who Fought America’s Civil War (New York: Fordham University Press, 2010), 239–48.
42. Joan Silva Patrakis, Andover in the Civil War: The Spirit and Sacrifice of a New England Town (Charleston, SC: The History Press, 2008), 63.
43. White, A Philadelphia Perspective, 171–72.
44. Ellen C. Collier, ed., Letters of a Civil War Soldier: Chandler B. Gillam, 28th New York Volunteers, with Diary of W. L. Hicks ([—]: Xlibris Corp., 2005), 291; Christian G. Samito, Commanding Boston’s Irish Ninth (New York: Fordham University Press, 1998), 250–51; Doris Lake Cooper and Wayne L. Cooper, eds., I Take My Pen in Hand: Civil War Letters of Two Soldiers and Friends: Sidney Lake and Conrad Litt, 100th N. Y. Volunteers, Cp. “C,” Buffalo, N.Y. (Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse, 2008), 155; James A. Wright, No More Gallant a Deed: A Civil War Memoir of the First Minnesota Volunteers, ed. Steven J. Keillor (St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 2001), 415–16; W. A. Croffut and John M. Morris, The Military and Civil History of Connecticut during the War of 1861–65 (New York: Ledyard Bill, 1868), 520–21.
45. O’Connor, Civil War Boston, 203.
46. Thomas McManus, “The Battle of Irish Bend,” in The Twenty-fifth Regiment, Connecticut Volunteers in the War of the Rebellion by George P. Bissell et al. (Rockville, CT: Press of the Rockville Journal, 1913; [Gloucester, UK]: Dodo Press, [2009]), 51.
47. Wright, No More Gallant a Deed, 412, 417.
48. Gallman, Mastering Wartime, 130; Michael H. Frisch, Town into City: Springfield, Massachusetts, and the Meaning of Community, 1840–1880 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1972), 58; Theodore J. Karamanski, Rally ‘Round the Flag: Chicago and the Civil War (Chicago: Nelson-Hall Publishers, 1993), 232; Andrea R. Foroughi, Go If You Think it Your Duty: A Minnesota Couple’s Civil War Letters (St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 2008), 199.
49. Donald C. Elder III, ed., Love amid the Turmoil: The Civil War Letters of William and Mary Vermilion (Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 2003), 134–36, 310–11, 318.
50. John C. Mitchell, Grand Traverse: The Civil War Era (Suttons Bay, MI: Suttons Bay Publications, 2011), 313.
51. Charles F. Larimer, ed., Love and Valor: Intimate Civil War Letters between Captain Jacob and Emeline Ritner (Western Springs, IL: Sigourney Press, 2000), 294.
52. John Shaw, ed., Crete and James: Personal Letters of Lucretia and James Garfield (East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1994), 134.
53. Trenton (New Jersey) Daily State Gazette, June 6, 1864; Indianapolis Daily Journal, September 21, 1864; Stuart Murray, A Time of War: A Northern Chronicle of the Civil War (Lee, MA: Berkshire House Publishers, 2001), 277.
54. Robert Garth Scott, ed., Fallen Leaves: The Civil War Letters of Major Henry Livermore Abbott (Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1991), 254–55.
55. Marshall, A War of the People, 277.
56. Gary Laderman, The Sacred Remains: American Attitudes toward Death, 1799–1883 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1996), 101.
57. Mohr, The Cormany Diaries, 256.
58. Laderman, The Sacred Remains, 22–85; John R. Neff, Honoring the Civil War Dead: Commemoration and the Problem of Reconciliation (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2005), 22–53. For a complete treatment of death in the Civil War, see Drew Gilpin Faust, This Republic of Suffering: Death and the American Civil War (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2008).
59. Faust, This Republic of Suffering, 17–18; Neff, Honoring the Civil War Dead, 51–52.
60. Julie Holcomb, ed., Southern Sons, Northern Soldiers: The Civil War Letters of the Remley Brothers, 22nd Iowa Infantry (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2004), 74–75.
61. Ibid., 80.
62. Ibid., 161.
63. Laderman, The Sacred Remains, 110–12; Neff, Honoring the Civil War Dead, 44, 50.
64. Murray, A Time of War, 277; Laderman, The Sacred Remains, 96–116.
65. Holcomb, Southern Sons, Northern Soldiers, 163–64.
66. Ibid., 82.
67. Elder, Love amid the Turmoil, 297.
68. Marshall, A War of the People, 239.
69. Ibid., 297.
1. Jennifer L. Weber, Copperheads: The Rise and Fall of Lincoln’s Opponents in the North (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006), 36–37; Emma Lou Thornbrough, Indiana in the Civil War Era, 1850–1880 (Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society, 1977, 1995), 195–96 (quotation).
2. Jeffrey D. Marshall, ed., A War of the People: Vermont Civil War Letters (Hanover, NH: University Press of New England, 1999), 155.
3. Ibid., 254–55.
4. Judith Ann Giesberg, “From Harvest to Battlefield: Rural Pennsylvania Women and the U.S. Civil War,” Pennsylvania History, 72, no. 2 (2005): 169.
5. Quoted in Rachel Filene Seidman, “A Monstrous Doctrine?: Northern Women on Dependency during the Civil War,” in An Uncommon Time: The Civil War and the Northern Home Front, ed. Paul A. Cimbala and Randall M. Miller (New York: Fordham University Press, 2002), 184–85.
6. Walter D. Kamphoefner and Wolfgang Helbich, eds., and Susan Carter Vogel, trans., Germans in the Civil War: The Letters They Wrote Home (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2006), 63.
7. Ibid., 72.
8. R. Douglas Hurt, Food and Agriculture during the Civil War (Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger, 2016), 8; Heather Cox Richardson, The Greatest Nation of the Earth: Republican Economic Policies during the Civil War (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997), 46–47.
9. James M. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), 443.
10. David Ames Wells, Our Burden and Our Strength, or, A Comprehensive and Popular Examination of the Debt and Resources of Our Country, Present and Prospective (Loyal Publication Society No. 54), New York, 1864, in Frank Freidel, ed., Union Pamphlets of the Civil War, 1861–1865, 2 vols. (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1967), 2:940–74, 973 (quotation).
11. Kamphoefner and Helbich, Germans in the Civil War, 238.
12. Richardson’s The Greatest Nation of the Earth provides the best recent study of the Republican government’s fiscal and monetary policies.
13. Bray Hammond, Sovereignty and an Empty Purse: Banks and Politics in the Civil War (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1970), 359.
14. F.W. Taussig, The Tariff History of the United States (1931, New York: Capricorn Books, 1964), 158–70; and especially Richardson, The Greatest Nation of the Earth, 103–38. On Union tariff policy, see also Jane Flaherty, The Revenue Imperative (New York: Pickering and Chatto, 2009).
15. Sidney Ratner, Taxation and Democracy in America (New York: Wiley, 1967), 78, 88–89; Emerson D. Fite, Social and Industrial Conditions in the North during the Civil War (New York: Macmillan Co., 1910; New York: Peter Smith, 1930), 158; Phillip Shaw Paludan, “A People’s Contest”: The Union and Civil War, 1861–1865, 2nd ed. (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1996), 121; Richardson, Greatest Nation of the Earth, 122–26, 136–38.
16. On various taxes, see Ratner, Taxation and Democracy in America, 61–64 and passim; Robert Franklin Bensel, Yankee Leviathan: The Origins of Central State Authority in America, 1859–1877 (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1990), 168; Leonard P. Curry, Blueprint for Modern America: Nonmilitary Legislation of the First Civil War Congress (Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 1968), 149–80; Paludan, “A People’s Contest,” 117–21; Steven R. Weisman, The Great Tax Wars: Lincoln to Wilson—The Fierce Battles over Money and Power that Transformed the Nation (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2002), 84–91 (quotation on p. 84). The income tax was repealed in 1872, and most of the excise taxes were eliminated after the war.
17. Hubert H. Wubben, Civil War Iowa and the Copperhead Movement (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1980), 188–89 (quotation on p. 189).
18. Weisman, The Great Tax Wars, 91.
19. Melinda Lawson, “Let the Nation Be Your Bank: The Civil War Bond Drives and the Construction of National Patriotism,” in Cimbala and Miller, An Uncommon Time, 90–119.
20. Mark Thornton and Robert B. Ekelund Jr., Tariffs, Blockades, and Inflation: The Economics of the Civil War (Wilmington, DE: SR Books, 2004), 60–65.
21. Curry, Blueprint for Modern America, 181–206; Paludan, “A People’s Contest,” 111; and Jane Flaherty, “‘The Exhausted Condition of the Treasury’ on the Eve of the Civil War,” Civil War History 55 (June 2009): 244–77.
22. Quoted in Gabor S. Boritt, Lincoln and the Economics of the American Dream (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1978, 1994), 208.
23. Bray Hammond, Banks and Politics in America: From the Revolution to the Civil War (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1957), 727–32; Richardson, The Greatest Nation of the Earth, 66–102. On the connections between money and people’s trust, see Stephen Mihm, A Nation of Counterfeiters: Capitalists, Con Men, and the Making of the United States (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007).
24. Roy P. Basler, ed., The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, 9 vols. (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1953), 5:522.
25. Ray Allen Billington, Westward Expansion: A History of the Western Frontier, 4th ed. (New York: Macmillan, 1974), 538–39; Richardson, Greatest Nation of the Earth, 193–95; telegram from the governor of Colorado to Abraham Lincoln, October 1863, quoted in ibid., 194.
26. Richardson, Greatest Nation of the Earth, 195–208.
27. Richard N. Current, The History of Wisconsin, Vol. 2: The Civil War Era, 1848–1873 (Madison: State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1976), 296–97.
28. Marshall, A War of the People, 155, n.2.
29. William Gillette, Jersey Blue: Civil War Politics in New Jersey, 1854–1865 (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1995), 232, 254.
30. John Niven, Connecticut for the Union: The Role of the State in the Civil War (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1965), 408–26.
31. Robin L. Einhorn, “The Civil War and Municipal Government in Chicago,” in Toward a Social History of the American Civil War: Exploratory Essays, ed. Maris A. Vinovskis (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1990), 128–29.
32. Susan Sessions Rugh, Our Common Country: Family Farming, Culture, and Community in the Nineteenth-Century Midwest (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2001), 113.
33. Paul J. Ledman, A Maine Town Responds: Cape Elizabeth and South Portland in the Civil War (Cape Elizabeth, ME: Next Steps Publishing, 2003), 191.
34. Ibid., 195; Don Harrison Doyle, The Social Order of a Frontier Community: Jacksonville, Illinois, 1825–70 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1978), 211.
35. Ledman, A Maine Town Responds, 197–98.
36. Earl F. Mulderink III, New Bedford’s Civil War (New York: Fordham University Press, 2012), 167–68, 172–73. Mulderink provides arguably the most detailed account of how the war influenced spending and government choices in one municipality.
37. David V. Mollenhoff, Madison: A History of the Formative Years, 2nd ed. (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2003), 106.
38. Current, The History of Wisconsin, 2:397.
39. Michael H. Frisch, Town into City: Springfield, Massachusetts, and the Meaning of Community, 1840–1880 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1972), 109–12.
40. Mulderink, New Bedford’s Civil War, 179–80.
41. Kyle S. Sinisi, Sacred Debts: State Civil War Claims and American Federalism, 1861–1880 (New York: Fordham University Press, 2003).
42. James E. Brown, “Guns and Butter: How Connecticut Financed the Civil War,” in Inside Connecticut and the Civil War: Essays on One State’s Struggles, ed. Matthew Warshauer (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 2014), 27.
43. Mulderink, New Bedford’s Civil War, 181–82 (quotation on p. 182).
44. Christine Dee, ed., Ohio’s War: The Civil War in Documents (Athens: Ohio University Press, 2006), 184–85.
45. Grace Palladino, Another Civil War: Labor, Capital, and the State in the Anthracite Regions of Pennsylvania, 1840–1868 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1990), 88.
46. “The Home of the American Citizen after the Tax Bill Has Passed,” Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper, July 19, 1862, p. 272 (https://archive.org/stream/franklesliesilluv1314lesl#page/272/mode/2up).
47. Timothy Shay Arthur, Growler’s Income Tax. (Loyal Publication Society, No. 57), New York, 1864, in Freidel, ed., Union Pamphlets of the Civil War, 1861–1865, 2:975–80.
48. George Templeton Strong, Diary of the Civil War, 1860–1865, ed. Allan Nevins (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1962), 201.
49. Nina Silber and Mary Beth Sievens, eds. Yankee Correspondence: Civil War Letters between New England Soldiers and the Home Front (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1996), 59.
50. Strong, Diary of the Civil War, 201.
51. George Winston Smith and Charles Judah, Life in the North during the Civil War: A Source History (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1966), 198–99.
52. Robert F. Engs and Corey M. Brooks, eds., Their Patriotic Duty: The Civil War Letters of the Evans Family of Brown County, Ohio (New York: Fordham University Press, 2007), 121.
53. Hammond, Sovereignty and an Empty Purse, 307.
54. Donald C. Elder III, ed., Love amid the Turmoil: The Civil War Letters of William and Mary Vermilion (Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 2003), 119.
55. Thornton and Ekelund, Tariffs, Blockades, and Inflation, 68–72; McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 447.
56. Throughout his book Lincoln and the Economics of the American Dream, Gabor S. Boritt describes Lincoln’s continued beliefs in the Whig principles of an active government in service of the people’s needs.
57. See the speech of Richard Yates made at a Republican meeting in June 1860 reprinted in Mark Hubbard, ed., Illinois’s War: The Civil War in Documents (Athens: Ohio University Press, 2013), 50–52.
58. Winifred Gallagher, How the Post Office Created America: A History (New York: Penguin, 2016), 150–51.
59. Justin Martin, Genius of Place: The Life of Frederick Law Olmsted (Boston: Da Capo Press, 2011, 2012), 232–53; Adam Wesley Dean, An Agrarian Republic: Farming, Antislavery Politics, and Nature Parks in the Civil War Era (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2015), 108–32.
60. Jocelyn Wills, Boosters, Hustlers, and Speculators: Entrepreneurial Culture and the Rise of Minneapolis and St. Paul, 1849–1883 (St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 2005), 108–109.
61. Dean, An Agrarian Republic, 99.
62. Ray Allen Billington and Martin Ridge, Westward Expansion: A History of the American Frontier, 6th ed., abridged (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2001), 350.
63. Current, The History of Wisconsin, 2:436.
64. Paul W. Gates, Agriculture and the Civil War (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1965), 284–94.
65. Boritt, Lincoln and the Economics of the American Dream, 217.
66. Hurt, Food and Agriculture during the Civil War, 55; Richardson, The Greatest Nation of the Earth, 139–49; Michael S. Green, Freedom, Union, and Power: Lincoln and His Party during the Civil War (New York: Fordham University Press, 2004), 308–309 (quotation).
67. Phillip Shaw Paludan, The Presidency of Abraham Lincoln (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1994), 135.
68. Allan Nevins, The War for the Union, Vol. 2: War Becomes Revolution (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1960), 207; Richardson, The Greatest Nation of the Earth, 154–60. States with no or little federal public lands received scrip to be sold. The act also provided for distributions to future states, which later allowed Southern states to benefit from the Union wartime measure. Postwar sale of the scrip proved to be a disappointment, as speculators purchased it at discounted rates. See Paludan, “A People’s Contest,” 131–32; Emma Lou Thorn-brough, Indiana in the Civil War Era, 1850–1880 (Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society, 1965, 1995), 526–27.
69. Curry, Blueprint for Modern America, 116–36. For the quotation from the American Railroad Journal, June 28, 1862, see Richardson, Greatest Nation of the Earth, 187.
70. For additional discussion of the transcontinental railroad legislation and policy, see Richardson, Greatest Nation of the Earth, 170–208; John F. Stover, American Railroads (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1961), 67–73.
1. William Gillette, Jersey Blue: Civil War Politics in New Jersey, 1854–1865 (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1995), 176.
2. R. Douglas Hurt, “The Agricultural Power of the Midwest during the Civil War,” in Union Heartland: The Midwestern Home Front during the Civil War, ed. Ginette Aley and J. L. Anderson (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2013), 70, 74.
3. J. Matthew Gallman, Mastering Wartime: A Social History of Philadelphia during the Civil War (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1990), 225.
4. George Winston Smith and Charles Judah, Life in the North during the Civil War: A Source History (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1966), 170–71.
5. Gillette, Jersey Blue, 172.
6. Gallman, Mastering Wartime, 224.
7. Edward K. Spann, Gotham at War: New York City 1860–1865 (Wilmington, DE: SR Books, 2002), 137.
8. Christian Wolmar, The Great Railroad Revolution: The History of Trains in America (New York: Public Affairs, 2012), 121–22.
9. Walter D. Kamphoefner and Wolfgang Helbich, eds., and Susan Carter Vogel, trans., Germans in the Civil War: The Letters They Wrote Home (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2006), 69, 70.
10. Richard L. Kiper, ed., Dear Catharine, Dear Taylor: The Civil War Letters of a Union Soldier and His Wife (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2002), 92.
11. Ibid.
12. Kamphoefner and Helbich, Germans in the Civil War, 69.
13. James M. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), 447.
14. American Railroad Journal 37 (October 8, 1864), 989; Smith and Judah, Life in the North during the Civil War, 211.
15. Phillip Shaw Paludan, The Presidency of Abraham Lincoln (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1994), 216; Wolmar, The Great Railroad Revolution, 122.
16. Roy P. Basler, ed., The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, 9 vols. (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1953), 8:151.
17. Kenneth N. Metcalf and Lewis Beeson, Effects of the Civil War on Manufacturing in Michigan (Lansing: Michigan Civil War Centennial Observance Commission, 1966), 5.
18. Richard N. Current, The History of Wisconsin, Vol. 2: The Civil War Era, 1848–1873 (Madison: State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1976), 376.
19 . Paul W. Gates, Agriculture and the Civil War (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1965), 224–27. On the uncertainty of the diplomatic impact of Northern agricultural products and European powers, see R. Douglas Hurt, Food and Agriculture during the Civil War (Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger, 2016), 19.
20. For a general view of agriculture in the North during the war years, see appropriate chapters in Gates, Agriculture and the Civil War; Hurt, Food and Agriculture during the Civil War; and Fred A. Shannon, The Farmer’s Last Frontier: Agriculture, 1860–1897 (New York: Farrar and Rinehart, 1945; Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1973).
21. Jonathan W. White, ed., A Philadelphia Perspective: The Civil War Diary of Sidney George Fisher (New York: Fordham University Press, 2007), 174.
22. Mary A. Livermore, My Story of the War: A Woman’s Narrative of Four Years Personal Experience (Hartford, CT: A.D. Worthington and Co., 1887; New York: Da Capo Press, 1995), 145‒46.
23. Richard F. Nation and Stephen E. Towne, eds., Indiana’s Civil War: The Civil War in Documents (Athens: Ohio University Press, 2009), 95.
24. Robert F. Harris and John Niflot, eds., Dear Sister: The Civil War Letters of the Brothers Gould (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1998), xiii–xv.
25. Robert F. Engs and Corey M. Brooks, eds., Their Patriotic Duty; The Civil War Letters of the Evans Family of Brown County, Ohio (New York: Fordham University Press, 2007), xxii, 227, 233.
26. Richard F. Nation, At Home in the Hoosier Hills: Agriculture, Politics, and Religion in Southern Indiana, 1810–1870 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2005), 105.
27. Anna Howard Shaw, The Story of a Pioneer (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1915), 27, 31, 53.
28. Ibid., 27, 51, 52–54.
29. Quoted in Scott Nelson and Carol Sheriff, A People at War: Civilians and Soldiers in America’s Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007), 231–32.
30. Hurt, Food and Agriculture during Civil War, 120–21.
31. Gates, Agriculture and the Civil War, 229.
32. Gillette, Jersey Blue, 161.
33. Pearl T. Ponce, ed., Kansas’s War: The Civil War in Documents (Athens: Ohio University Press, 2011), 217.
34. Kamphoefner and Helbich, Germans in the Civil War, 283.
35. Ponce, Kansas’s War, 217.
36. Gates, Agriculture and the Civil War, 241–42; Phillip Shaw Paludan, “A People’s Contest": The Union and the Civil War, 2nd ed. (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1996), 162; Hurt, Food and Agriculture during the Civil War, 157.
37. Kamphoefner and Helbich, Germans in the Civil War, 67.
38. Susanna Ural Bruce, The Harp and the Eagle: Irish-American Volunteers and the Union Army, 1861–1865 (New York: New York University Press, 2006), 197–201.
39. Gates, Agriculture and the Civil War, 241.
40. Kamphoefner and Helbich, Germans in the Civil War, 283.
41. Paludan, “A People’s Contest,” 156.
42. Smith and Judah, Life in the North during the Civil War, 167.
43. Hurt, Food and Agriculture during the Civil War, 51.
44. Quoted in Gates, Agriculture and the Civil War, 234.
45. Smith and Judah, Life in the North during the Civil War, 168.
46. Gates, Agriculture and the Civil War, 239.
47. Hurt, Food and Agriculture during the Civil War, 85.
48. Livermore, My Story of the War, 148–49.
49. Ibid., 149.
50. Gates, Agriculture and the Civil War, 242–43.
51. Susan Sessions Rugh, Our Common Country: Family Farming, Culture, and Community in the Nineteenth-Century Midwest (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2001), 114 (quotation); Hurt, Food and Agriculture during the Civil War, 87.
52. For the illustration, see Hurt, Food and Agriculture during the Civil War, 87.
53. Barbara Butler Davis, ed., Affectionately Yours: The Civil War Home-Front Letters of the Ovid Butler Family (Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society Press, 2004), 106, 175.
54. Gates, Agriculture and the Civil War, 228.
55. Hurt, Food and Agriculture during the Civil War, 121–22; Gates, Agriculture and the Civil War, 233.
56. Paludan, “A People’s Contest,” 170–81.
57. Paludan, The Presidency of Abraham Lincoln, 211.
58. Nina Silber and Mary Beth Sievens, eds., Yankee Correspondence: Civil War Letters between New England Soldiers and the Home Front (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1996), 139.
59. Mark A. Lause, Free Labor: The Civil War and the Making of an American Working Class (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2015), 42–43.
60. David Montgomery, Beyond Equality: Labor and the Radical Republicans, 1862–1872 (New York: Random House, Vintage ed., 1967), 93; Lause, Free Labor, 48–51.
61. Grace Palladino, Another Civil War: Labor, Capital, and the State in the Anthracite Regions of Pennsylvania, 1840–68 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1990), 85–86.
62. Walter Licht, Working for the Railroad: The Organization of Work in the Nineteenth Century (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1983), 69–70, 128, 145.
63. Gillette, Jersey Blue, 177.
64. Kamphoefner and Helbich, Germans in the Civil War, 67.
65. James M. McPherson, Ordeal by Fire: The Civil War and Reconstruction, 3rd ed. (Boston: McGraw Hill, 2001), 406.
66. Nina Silber, Daughters of the Union: Northern Women Fight the Civil War (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2005), 78–79.
67. Kamphoefner and Helbich, Germans in the Civil War, 304.
68. Russell L. Johnson, Warriors into Workers: The Civil War and the Formation of Urban-Industrial Society in a Northern City (New York: Fordham University Press, 2003), 95–96.
69. Theodore J. Karamanski and Eileen M. McMahon, eds., Civil War Chicago: Eyewitness to History (Athens: Ohio University Press, 2014), 188.
70. Johnson, Warriors into Workers, 95–96.
71. Lause, Free Labor, 82–84; Judith Ann Giesberg, Army at Home: Women and the Civil War on the Northern Home Front (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2009), 68–91.
72. Giesberg, Army at Home, 68–72, 78, 89–91, passim; Brian Dirck, “A Succession of Horrors: The Washington Arsenal Fire of June 17, 1864,” Civil War Monitor 2 (Winter 2012), 47–55 and 76–77.
73. Giesberg, Army at Home, 79–89.
74. “The Sewing Women,” from Fincher’s Trades’ Review, March 18, 1865, in A Documentary History of American Industrial Society, ed. John R. Commons, 10 vols. (Cleveland: Arthur Clarke, 1910), 9:72–73; Mark R. Wilson, The Business of Civil War: Military Mobilization and the State, 1861–1865 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006), 94–98.
75. Lause, Free Labor, 86–89.
76. For labor militancy during 1863, see Lause, Free Labor, 96–105. On labor unrest, also see Daniel T. Rodgers, The Work Ethic in Industrial America, 1850–1920 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978), 30–32; Montgomery, Beyond Equality, 90–134.
77. Robert M. Sandow, Deserter Country: Civil War Opposition in the Pennsylvania Appalachians (New York: Fordham University Press, 2009), 61–145; Palladino, Another Civil War, 95–165; Spann, Gotham at War, 150–51.
78. Thomas Weber, The Northern Railroads in the Civil War, 1861–1865 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1952), 7–17, 152–53, 199–204, 228–32; Allan Nevins, The War for the Union. Vol. III: The Organized War (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1971), 300–2; Paludan, “ A People’s Contest,” 139–43.
79. Alfred D. Chandler, The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business (Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1977), 212, 215–20; Thomas C. Cochran and William Miller, A Social History of Industrial America, rev. ed. (New York: Harper & Row, 1961), 115–16. On the use of the telegraph for military and political purposes, see Tom Wheeler, Mr. Lincoln’s T-Mails: How Abraham Lincoln Used the Telegraph to Win the Civil War (New York: HarperCollins, 2008).
80. Basler, Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, 5:527.
81. Brian R. Harden, et al., Shore Village Story: An Informal History of Rockland, Maine (Rockland, ME: Shore Village Historical Society, 1989), 345.
82. Rockland, Maine, Democrat and Free Press, November 13, 1861.
83. On the interactions of transportation and communications in developing exchanges, and the centrality of Chicago in that process, see William Cronon, Nature’s Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1991), especially chapters 2–4; and Donald L. Miller, City of the Century: The Epic of Chicago and the Making of America (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996), 91–92, 109–14.
84. Robin L. Einhorn, Property Rules: Political Economy in Chicago, 1833–1872 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991), 209–15.
85. Glenn Porter and Harold Livesay, Merchants and Manufacturers: Studies in the Changing Structure of 19th-Century Manufacturing (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1971), 116–21.
86. Wilson, The Business of Civil War, 5–126.
87. Smith and Judah, Life in the North during the Civil War, 195.
88. Jocelyn Wills, Boosters, Hustlers, and Speculators: Entrepreneurial Culture and the Rise of Minneapolis and St. Paul, 1849–1883 (St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 2005), 100–108.
89. Wilson, The Business of Civil War, 1.
90. Emerson D. Fite, Social and Industrial Conditions in the North during the Civil War (New York: Macmillan Co., 1910; New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing, 1963), 99–104.
91. Joe B. Frantz, Gail Borden: Dairyman to a Nation (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1951), 258–61.
92. Quoted in Maury Klein, The Flowering of the Third America: The Making of an Organizational Society, 1850–1920 (Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 1993), 37.
93. David McCullough, Mornings on Horseback (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1981), 57.
94. On the fear of corruption, see Michael Thomas Smith, The Enemy Within: Fear of Corruption in the Civil War North (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2011).
95. Ibid., 15–17. For the popular perceptions and representations of this problem, see J. Matthew Gallman, Defining Duty in the Civil War: Personal Choice, Popular Culture, and the Union Home Front (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2015), 91–122.
96. Smith and Judah, Life in the North during the Civil War, 232.
97. Kamphoefner and Helbich, Germans in the Civil War, 68.
98. Ibid., 114.
99. White, A Philadelphia Perspective, 111.
100. Julie A. Doyle, John David Smith, and Richard M. McMurry, eds., This Wilderness of War: The Civil War Letters of George W. Squier, Hoosier Volunteer (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1998), 20.
101. Julie Holcomb, ed., Southern Sons, Northern Soldiers: The Civil War Letters of the Remley Brothers, 22nd Iowa Infantry (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2004), 14.
1. New York Times, July 7, 1861.
2. Jean H. Baker, Affairs of Party: The Political Culture of Northern Democrats in the Mid-Nineteenth Century (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1983; New York: Fordham University Press, 1998), 336–37, 337 (quotation).
3. Jerome Mushkat, Fernando Wood: A Political Biography (Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1990), 117; Jennifer L. Weber, Copperheads: The Rise and Fall of Lincoln’s Opponents in the North (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006), 15–16.
4. Richard F. Nation and Stephen E. Towne, eds., Indiana’s War: The Civil War in Documents (Athens: Ohio University Press, 2009), 128–29.
5. Melinda Lawson, Patriot Fires: Forging a New American Nationalism in the Civil War North (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2002), 74–76.
6. Nation and Towne, Indiana’s War, 130.
7. Mark Hubbard, ed., Illinois’s War: The Civil War in Documents (Athens: Ohio University Press, 2013), 60; Lawson, Patriot Fires, 73.
8. Stephen E. Towne, Surveillance and Spies in the Civil War: Exposing Confederate Conspiracies in America’s Heartland (Athens: Ohio University Press, 2015), 11–23.
9. Nina Silber and Mary Beth Sievens, eds., Yankee Correspondence: Civil War Letters between New England Soldiers and the Home Front (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1996), 132.
10. Ibid., 113.
11. Quoted in Susannah Ural Bruce, The Harp and the Eagle: Irish-American Volunteers and the Union Army, 1861–1865 (New York: New York University Press, 2006), 141.
12. Jeffrey D. Marshall, ed., A War of the People: Vermont Civil War Letters (Hanover, NH: University Press of New England, 1999), 124.
13. William C. Harris, Lincoln and the Union Governors (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2013), 87; Weber, Copperheads, 68–76.
14. Weber, Copperheads, 69; Allen C. Guelzo, Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation: The End of Slavery in America (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2004), 167.
15. William Gillette, Jersey Blue: Civil War Politics in New Jersey, 1854–1865 (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1995), 215–16.
16. Quoted in Michael S. Green, Freedom, Union, and Power: Lincoln and His Party during the Civil War (New York: Fordham University Press, 2004), 252.
17. C. Peter Ripley et al., eds., The Black Abolitionist Papers, Vol. 5: The United States, 1859–1865 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1992), 306.
18. Green, Freedom, Union, and Power, 254–55.
19. David Herbert Donald, Lincoln (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1995), 502–3; Phillip Shaw Paludan, The Presidency of Abraham Lincoln (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1994), 270–71.
20. Donald, Lincoln, 505–6.
21. Weber, Copperheads, 184–86.
22. Christine Dee, ed., Ohio’s War: The Civil War in Documents (Athens: Ohio University Press, 2006), 184–85.
23. Joel H. Silbey, A Respectable Minority: The Democratic Party in the Civil War Era, 1860–1868 (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 1977), 137–39.
24. Weber, Copperheads, 190–91; Green, Liberty, Union, and Power, 261–89.
25. On the election of 1864, see John C. Waugh, Reelecting Lincoln: The Battle for the 1864 Presidency (New York: Crown, 1997) and David E. Long, The Jewel of Liberty: Abraham Lincoln’s Re-election and the End of Slavery (New York: Da Capo, 1997).
26. George Templeton Strong, Diary of the Civil War, 1860–1865, ed. Allan Nevins (New York: Macmillan Co., 1962), 511.
27. Maria Lydig Daly, Diary of a Union Lady, 1861–1865, ed. Harold Earl Hammond (New York: Funk & Wagnalls Company, 1962), 312.
28. Walter D. Kamphoefner and Wolfgang Helbich, eds., and Susan Carter Vogel, trans., Germans in the Civil War: The Letters They Wrote Home (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2006), 278–79.
29. Glenn C. Altschuler and Stuart M. Blumin, Rude Republic: Americans and Their Politics in the Nineteenth Century (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000), 47–86; James A. Rawley, The Politics of Union: Northern Politics during the Civil War (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1974); Phillip Shaw Paludan, “War Is the Health of the Party: Republicans in the American Civil War,” in The Birth of the Grand Old Party: The Republicans’ First Generation, ed. Robert F. Engs and Randall M. Miller (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2002), 60–80; Jon Grinspan, The Virgin Vote: How Young Americans Made Democracy Social, Politics Personal, and Voting Popular in the Nineteenth Century (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2016).
30. Gillette, Jersey Blue, 284–85.
31. Kamphoefner and Helbich, Germans in the Civil War, 278–79.
32. George Winston Smith and Charles Judah, Life in the North during the Civil War: A Source History (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1966), 112–13.
33. Andrea R. Foroughi, Go If You Think It Your Duty: A Minnesota Couple’s Civil War Letters (St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 2008), 271.
34. For examples of Civil War fare and paraphernalia, see the John McAllister Collection at the Library Company of Philadelphia.
35. James Marten, The Children’s Civil War (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998), 153; James Marten, Children for the Union: The War Spirit on the Northern Home Front (Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 2004), 86.
36. Frank L. Byrne, ed., Uncommon Soldiers: Harvey Reid and the 22nd Wisconsin March with Sherman (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2001), 86–87, 90–92.
37. Steven R. Boyd, Patriotic Envelopes of the Civil War: The Iconography of Union and Confederate Covers (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2010).
38. Sarah Burns and Daniel Greene, “The Home at War, the War at Home: The Visual Culture of the Northern Home Front,” in Home Front: Daily Life in the Civil War North, ed. Peter John Brownlee et al. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2013), 1–11.
39. Baker, Affairs of Party, 261–316.
40. Gillette, Jersey Blue, 235.
41. Bridget Ford, Bonds of Union: Religion, Race, and Politics in a Civil War Borderland (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2016), 285–86.
42. Altschuler and Blumin, Rude Republic, 173.
43. Jonathan W. White, ed., A Philadelphia Perspective: The Civil War Diary of Sidney George Fisher (New York: Fordham University Press, 2007), 179, 185–86.
44. Daniel R. Biddle and Murray Dubin, Tasting Freedom: Octavius Catto and the Battle for Equality in Civil War America (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2010), 281.
45. Lawson, Patriot Fires, 98–116.
46. Frank Freidel, ed., Union Pamphlets of the Civil War, 1861–1865, 2 vols. (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1967), 1:5.
47. Ibid.
48. Barbara J. Mitnick, “The Union League and the War to Preserve the Union,” in The Union League of Philadelphia: The First One Hundred and Fifty Years, ed. Barbara J. Mitnick (Philadelphia: The Abraham Lincoln Foundation of the Union League of Philadelphia, 2012), 61–67.
49. Hubbard, Illinois’s War, 110–11, 111 (quotation); Karamanski, Rally ‘Round the Flag, 208; Weber, Copperheads, 184–85.
50. Gillette, Jersey Blue, 286.
51. Towne, Surveillance and Spies in the Civil War, 14–15.
52. Weber, Copperheads, 24–27, 49, 54–55, 80–81, 92–93, 94 (quotation), 128–30.
53. Nation and Towne, Indiana’s War, 157–59.
54. Ibid., 145.
55. Emma Lou Thornbrough, Indiana in the Civil War Era, 1850–1880 (Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society, 1965, 1995), 117–19, 117–18 (quotations).
56. Brett Barker, “Limiting Dissent in the Midwest: Ohio Republicans’ Attacks on the Democratic Press,” in Union Heartland: The Midwestern Home Front during the Civil War, ed. Ginette Aley and J.L. Anderson (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2013), 169–187; Dee, Ohio’s War, 90.
57. Michael J. Connolly, “‘Irresistible Outbreaks against Tories and Traitors’: The Suppression of New England Antiwar Sentiment in 1861,” in The Battlefield and Beyond: Essays on the American Civil War, ed. Clayton E. Jewett (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2012), 173–95.
58. Thornbrough, Indiana in the Civil War Era, 117–19, 117–18 (quotations).
59. Donald C. Elder III, ed., Love amid the Turmoil: The Civil War Letters of William and Mary Vermilion (Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 2005), 142.
60. Towne, Spies and Surveillance, 15.
61. Robert F. Engs and Corey M. Brooks, eds., Their Patriotic Duty: The Civil War Letters of the Evans Family of Brown County, Ohio (New York: Fordham University Press, 2007), xviii – xix, 287–89, 294, 298, 389–91.
62. Marten, The Children’s Civil War, 153.
63. Nation and Towne, Indiana’s War, 161–62.
64. Towne, Surveillance and Spies in the Civil War, 15–19.
65. Silber and Sievens, Yankee Correspondence, 155.
66. Charles F. Larimer, ed., Love and Valor: Intimate Civil War Letters between Captain Jacob and Emeline Ritner (Western Springs, IL: Sigourney Press, 2000), 294.
67. Niven, Connecticut for the Union, 301.
68. Nation and Towne, Indiana’s War, 159.
69. Ibid.
70. On the interrelationship of politics and religion, see George C. Rable, God’s Almost Chosen Peoples: A Religious History of the American Civil War (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2010); Timothy L. Wesley, The Politics of Faith during the Civil War (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2013); and Sean A. Scott, A Visitation of God: Northern Civilians Interpret the Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 2011).
71. Gillette, Jersey Blue, 135 (and quotation).
72. Hubert H. Wubben, Civil War Iowa and the Copperhead Movement (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1980), 176; William B. Kurtz, Excommunicated from the Union: How the Civil War Created a Separate Catholic America (New York: Fordham University Press, 2016), 27–128; Bruce, The Harp and the Eagle, 136–40.
73. Kurtz, Excommunicated from the Union, 108–28.
74. Scott, A Visitation of God, 100.
75. Wubben, Civil War Iowa and the Copperhead Movement, 176.
76. Dee, Ohio’s War, 51.
77. On African Americans and their churches before the war, see Leon F. Litwack, North of Slavery: The Negro in the Free States, 1790–1860 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1961, 1965), 188–213.
78. Robert J. Miller, Both Prayed to the Same God: Religion and Faith in the American Civil War (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2007), 78; Matthew Warshauer, Connecticut in the American Civil War: Slavery, Sacrifice, and Survival (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 2011), 103; Ripley et al., The Black Abolitionist Papers, 5:304.
79. Hubbard, Illinois’s War, 92.
80. Quoted in Rable, God’s Almost Chosen Peoples, 295.
81. Gillette, Jersey Blue, 210.
82. Quoted in William A. Blair, With Malice toward Some: Treason and Loyalty in the Civil War Era (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2014), 63.
83. Quoted in William Warren Sweet, Methodism in American History (New York: Abington Press, 1961), 120–21.
84. James Moorhead, American Apocalypse: Yankee Protestants and the Civil War 1860–1869 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1978), 152–53.
85. Scott, A Visitation from God, 110.
86. Quoted in Wubben, Civil War Iowa and the Copperhead Movement, 177.
87. Wesley, The Politics of Faith during the Civil War, 38–40, 39 (quotation).
88. Ibid., 43–59.
89. Bryon C. Andreasen, “Civil War Church Trials: Repressing Dissent on the Northern Home Front,” in An Uncommon Time: The Civil War and the Northern Home Front, ed. Paul A. Cimbala and Randall M. Miller (New York: Fordham University Press, 2002), 235–36.
90. Ibid., 214–42. Andreasen discusses Blundell’s case on pp. 222–24.
91. Quoted in Wesley, The Politics of Faith during the Civil War, 73.
92. Ibid., 64–92.
93. Quoted in Gillette, Jersey Blue, 286.
94. Scott, A Visitation from God, 110 (and quotation).
95. Gillette, Jersey Blue, 287.
96. Quoted in Scott, A Visitation from God, 111.
97. Wubben, Civil War Iowa and the Copperhead Movement, 177.
98. Ibid., 177, 214–15.
99. Harry S. Stout, Upon the Altar of the Nation: A Moral History of the Civil War (New York: Viking, 2006), 248–51; Niven, Connecticut for the Union, 270–71, 275–76, 276 (quotation).
1 . David W. Blight, Frederick Douglass’ Civil War: Keeping Faith in Jubilee (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1989), 106; Matthew Warshauer, Connecticut in the American Civil War: Slavery, Sacrifice, and Survival (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 2011), 103. Allen C. Guelzo, Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation: The End of Slavery in America (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2004), 183–85. Also see Harold Holzer’s effort to remind readers of the complexity of the situation in which Lincoln issued the proclamation in Emancipating Lincoln: The Proclamation, in Text, Context, and Memory (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2012).
2. Quoted in William Gillette, Jersey Blue: Civil War Politics in New Jersey, 1854–1865 (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1995), 206.
3. James M. McPherson, The Negro’s Civil War: How American Blacks Felt and Acted during the War for the Union (New York: Vintage Books, 1965, 1993), 51–52.
4. C. Peter Ripley et al., eds., The Black Abolitionist Papers, Vol. 5: The United States, 1859–1865 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1992), 175–77. For Edward Bates’s quotation, see this volume, p. 177, n.4.
5. Quoted in Michael S. Green, Freedom, Union, and Power: Lincoln and His Party during the Civil War (New York: Fordham University Press, 2004), 158.
6. Gillette, Jersey Blue, 197.
7. Quoted in John Niven, Connecticut for the Union: The Role of the State in the Civil War (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1965), 282.
8. Theodore J. Karamanski and Eileen M. McMahon, eds., Civil War Chicago: Eyewitness to History (Athens: Ohio University Press, 2014), 126–27.
9. Carol Reardon, “We are All in This War: The 148th Pennsylvania and Home Front Dissension in Centre County during the Civil War,” in Union Soldiers and the Northern Home Front: Wartime Experiences, Postwar Adjustments, ed. Paul A. Cimbala and Randall M. Miller (New York: Fordham University Press, 2002), 13.
10. Gillette, Jersey Blue, 197–98, 204.
11. Guelzo, Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation, 187.
12. Quoted in Thomas H. O’Connor, Civil War Boston: Home Front and Battlefield (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1997), 119.
13. Eugene C. Murdock, One Million Men: The Civil War Draft in the North (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1971), 6.
14. Jennifer L. Weber, Copperheads: The Rise and Fall of Lincoln’s Opponents in the North (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006), 63–66; Mark E. Neely Jr., The Fate of Liberty: Abraham Lincoln and Civil Liberties (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), 52–53.
15. Mark Hubbard, ed., Illinois’s War: The Civil War in Documents (Athens: Ohio University Press, 2013), 96–97.
16. Quoted in Richard N. Current, The History of Wisconsin, Vol. 2: The Civil War Era, 1848–1873 (Madison: State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1976), 314.
17. Susannah Ural Bruce, The Harp and the Eagle: Irish-American Volunteers and the Union Army, 1861–1865 (New York: New York University Press, 2006), 136–40.
18. Karamanski and McMahon, Civil War Chicago, 210–12.
19. Quoted in Bruce, The Harp and the Eagle, 137.
20. Christian G. Samito, Becoming American Under Fire: Irish Americans, African Americans, and the Politics of Citizenship during the Civil War Era (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2009), 127.
21. Gillette, Jersey Blue, 239–40.
22. Jonathan W. White, ed., A Philadelphia Perspective: The Civil War Diary of Sidney George Fisher (New York: Fordham University Press, 2007), 198.
23. Ripley et al., Black Abolitionist Papers, 5:305.
24. Hubbard, Illinois’s War, 145.
25. Quoted in Blight, Frederick Douglass’ Civil War, 163.
26. James M. McPherson, The Struggle for Equality: Abolitionists and the Negro in the Civil War and Reconstruction (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1964), 192–220; Dudley Taylor Cornish, The Sable Arm: Black Troops in the Union Army, 1861–1865 (New York: Longmans, Green, 1956; Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1987), 288.
27. James W. Geary, We Need Men: The Union Draft in the Civil War (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1991), 34, 35.
28. Bruce, The Harp and the Eagle, 147.
29. Geary, We Need Men, 65–86, 140–50.
30. James C. Mohr, ed., The Cormany Diaries: A Northern Family in the Civil War (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1982), 229.
31. Russell L. Johnson, Warriors into Workers: The Civil War and the Formation of Urban-Industrial Society in a Northern City (New York: Fordham University Press, 2003), 74–77.
32. Gillette, Jersey Blue, 159.
33. Michael H. Frisch, Town into City: Springfield, Massachusetts, and the Meaning of Community, 1840–1880 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1972), 62–63.
34. Geary, We Need Men, 47.
35. Ibid., 114–15, 145–46; Richard F. Nation and Stephen E. Towne, eds., Indiana’s War: The Civil War in Documents (Athens: Ohio University Press, 2009), 61.
36. Gillette, Jersey Blue, 158–59.
37. Hubbard, Illinois’s War, 111.
38. Murdock, One Million Men, 198.
39. Nina Silber and Mary Beth Sievens, eds., Yankee Correspondence: Civil War Letters between New England Soldiers and the Home Front (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1996), 162.
40. Ibid., 110.
41. Geary, We Need Men, 145, 154, 168.
42. Christine Dee, ed., Ohio’s War: The Civil War in Documents (Athens: Ohio University Press, 2006), 146–48.
43. William Blair, “We Are Coming, Father Abraham—Eventually: The Problem of Northern Nationalism in the Pennsylvania Recruiting Drives of 1862,” in The War Was You and Me: Civilians in the American Civil War, ed. Joan E. Cashin (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2002), 187–88.
44. Geary, We Need Men, 39.
45. Dee, Ohio’s War, 146–48.
46. Thomas F. Curran, Soldiers of Peace: Civil War Pacifism and the Postwar Radical Peace Movement (New York: Fordham University Press, 2003), xiii, 65–67.
47. Quoted in Johnson, Warriors Into Workers, 89–90.
48. Walter D. Kamphoefner and Wolfgang Helbich, eds., and Susan Carter Vogel, trans, Germans in the Civil War: The Letters They Wrote Home (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2006), 63.
49. Jean H. Baker, Affairs of Party: The Political Culture of Northern Democrats in the Mid-Nineteenth Century (New York: Fordham University Press, 1999), 156, 338.
50. Hubert H. Wubben, Civil War Iowa and the Copperhead Movement (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1980), 63.
51. Grace Palladino, Another Civil War: Labor, Capital, and the State in the Anthracite Regions of Pennsylvania, 1840–68 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1990), 99–103.
52. Paul A. Cimbala, “Union Corps of Honor,” Columbiad 3 (Winter 2000): 75–76; Palladino, Another Civil War, 104–17; George Winston Smith and Charles Judah, Life in the North during the Civil War: A Source History (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1966), 57–58.
53. Current, History of Wisconsin, 2:315.
54. Kamphoefner and Helbich, Germans in the Civil War, 6–7.
55. Theodore J. Karamanski, Rally ‘Round the Flag: Chicago and the Civil War (Chicago: Nelson-Hall Publishers, 1993), 198; Karamanski and McMahon, Civil War Chicago, 114–15, 128, 129, 133–34.
56. Adrian Cook, The Armies of the Streets: The New York City Draft Riots of 1863 (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1974), 52.
57. Kamphoefner and Helbich, Germans in the Civil War, 66.
58. Cook, The Armies of the Streets, 194, 213–18; Edward K. Spann, Gotham at War: New York City, 1860–1865 (Wilmington, DE: SR Books, 2002), 95–101.
59. White, A Philadelphia Perspective, 198.
60. O’Connor, Civil War Boston, 140–41.
61. Silber and Sievens, Yankee Correspondence, 121–22.
62. Palladino, Another Civil War, 104–17.
63. Wubben, Civil War Iowa and the Copperhead Movement, 123.
64. Kenneth H. Wheeler, “Local Autonomy and Civil War Draft Resistance: Holmes County, Ohio,” Civil War History 45 (June 1999): 147–59.
65. Geary, We Need Men, 110–11.
66. Joan E. Cashin, “Deserters, Civilians, and Draft Resistance in the North,” in Cashin, ed., The War Was You and Me, 262–85.
67. Cimbala, “Union Corps of Honor,” 76–77.
68 . Stephen E. Towne, Surveillance and Spies in the Civil War: Exposing Confederate Conspiracies in America’s Heartland (Athens: Ohio University Press, 2015), 89–115.
69. Gillette, Jersey Blue, 158.
70. Wubben, Civil War Iowa and the Copperhead Movement, 127.
71. Weber, Copperheads, 103.
72. White, Philadelphia Perspective, 108.
73. Harold Melvin Hyman, Era of the Oath: Northern Loyalty Tests during the Civil War and Reconstruction (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1954), 1–20.
74. Phillip Shaw Paludan, The Presidency of Abraham Lincoln (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1994), 73.
75. White, A Philadelphia Perspective, 108.
76. Quotations in Reardon, “We Are All in This War,” 14.
77. Current, History of Wisconsin, 2:315.
78. White, A Philadelphia Perspective, 190.
79. Karamanski, Rally ‘Round the Flag, 188–97, 188 (first quotation); Ford Risley, Civil War Journalism (Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger, 2012); Karamanski and McMahon, Civil War Chicago, 139–43, 141 (second quotation).
80. Risley, Civil War Journalism, 85, 88, 95; Emmet Crozier, Yankee Reporters, 1861–1865 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1956; Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1973), 134–35, 379–80.
81. Risley, Civil War Journalism, 87.
82. Paul Starr, The Creation of the Media: Political Origins of Mass Communications (New York: Basic Books, 2004), 186–87.
83. Mark E. Neely Jr., The Fate of Liberty: Abraham Lincoln and Civil Liberties (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), 161, 124–33; Paludan, The Presidency of Abraham Lincoln, 191 (and quotation).
84. Quoted in Niven, Connecticut for the Union, 276. For the development of government policy concerning disloyalty and treason, see William A. Blair, With Malice toward Some: Treason and Loyalty in the Civil War Era (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2014), 36–65.
85. Dee, Ohio’s War, 136–37.
86. Weber, Copperheads, 96–98.
87. Karamanski, Rally ‘Round the Flag, 185–223, 276, n.59; Karamanski and McMahon, Civil War Chicago, 149–55, 109 (quotation).
1. Quoted in William Schouler, Massachusetts in the Civil War (Boston: E. P. Dutton & Co., 1868; Scituate, MA: Digital Scanning, Inc., 2003), 610.
2. Ibid., 623–26; Thomas H. O’Connor, Civil War Boston: Home Front and Battlefield (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1997), 226–27.
3. Georgeanna Woolsey Bacon and Eliza Woolsey Howland, My Heart toward Home: Letters of a Family during the Civil War, ed. Daniel John Hoisington (Roseville, MN: Edinborough Press, 2001), 385.
4. Quoted in Stuart Murray, A Time of War: A Northern Chronicle of the Civil War (Lee, MA: Berkshire House, 2001), 292. 5. George Templeton Strong, Diary of the Civil War, 1860–1865, ed. Allan Nevins (New York: Macmillan Co., 1962), 576–81.
6. Richard F. Nation and Stephen E. Towne, eds., Indiana’s War: The Civil War in Documents (Athens: Ohio University Press, 2009), 192.
7. Robert F. Engs and Corey M. Brooks, eds., Their Patriotic Duty: The Civil War Letters of the Evans Family of Brown County, Ohio (New York: Fordham University Press, 2007), 351.
8. Christine Dee, ed., Ohio’s War: The Civil War in Documents (Athens: Ohio University Press, 2006), 193.
9. Amy Reynolds and Debra Reddin van Tuyll, eds., The Greenwood Library of American War Reporting, Vol. 3: The Civil War, North and South (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2005), 276.
10. Ibid., 275.
11. David W. Blight, Frederick Douglass’ Civil War: Keeping Faith in Jubilee (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1989), 163.
12. Christian G. Samito, Becoming American under Fire, Irish Americans, African Americans, and the Politics of Citizenship during the Civil War Era (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2009), 40–76.
13. Mark Hubbard, ed., Illinois’s War: The Civil War in Documents (Athens: Ohio University Press, 2013), 182.
14. Samito, Becoming American under Fire, 140; John David Smith, “Let Us All Be Grateful That We Have Colored Troops That Will Fight,” in Black Soldiers in Blue: African American Troops in the Civil War Era, ed. John David Smith (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002), 63.
15. Quoted in Samito, Becoming American under Fire, 140.
16. James M. McPherson, The Negro’s Civil War: How American Black Felt and Acted during the War for the Union (New York: Vintage Civil War Library, 2003), 51–52.
17. Martha Hodes, Mourning Lincoln (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2015), 35.
18. Dee, Ohio’s War, 194.
19. Mary A. Livermore, My Story of the War: A Woman’s Narrative of Four Years Personal Experience (Hartford, CT: [—], 1887; New York: Da Capo Press, 1995), 471.
20. Bacon and Howland, My Heart toward Home, 390.
21. Quoted in James Oakes, The Radical and the Republican: Frederick Douglass, Abraham Lincoln, and the Triumph of Antislavery Politics (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2007), 141.
22. Hodes, Mourning Lincoln, 97–98.
23. Nina Silber and Mary Beth Sievens, eds., Yankee Correspondence: Civil War Letters between New England Soldiers and the Home Front (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1996), 127.
24. Jeffrey D. Marshall, ed., A War of the People: Vermont Civil War Letters (Hanover, NH: University Press of New England, 1999), 305.
25. Strong, Diary of the Civil War, 580.
26. The quotation is from the Cincinnati Commercial, as quoted by Hans Trefousse. Trefousse makes the case that Northerners considered Lincoln to be second only to Washington among their presidents and that his good reputation was quite secure before his assassination. Hans L. Trefousse, “First among Equals”: Abraham Lincoln’s Reputation during His Administration (New York: Fordham University Press, 2005), 134–35, 135 (quotation).
27. Marshall, A War of the People, 301.
28. Jonathan W. White, ed., A Philadelphia Perspective: The Civil War Diary of Sidney George Fisher (New York: Fordham University Press, 2006), 252.
29. Pearl T. Ponce, ed., Kansas’s War: The Civil War in Documents (Athens: Ohio University Press, 2011), 179.
30. Strong, Diary of the Civil War, 579–81; William Gillette, Jersey Blue: Civil War Politics in New Jersey, 1854–1865 (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1995), 306.
31. Strong, Diary of the Civil War, 583–86; Nation and Towne, Indiana’s War, 194–95. Thomas Reed Turner describes the willingness to forgive now that peace was upon the land and how it turned into something harsher in the wake of the assassination in Beware the People Weeping: Public Opinion and the Assassination of Abraham Lincoln (Baton Rouge: Louisiana state University Press, 1982), 18–52.
32. Nation and Towne, Indiana’s War, 195.
33. Hodes, Mourning Lincoln, 251.
34. Paul A. Cimbala, Veterans North and South: The Transition from Soldier to Civilian after the American Civil War (Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger, 2015), 3.
35. Judith A. Bailey and Robert I. Cottom, eds., After Chancellorsville: Letters from the Heart: The Civil War Letters of Private Walter G. Dunn and Emma Randolph (Baltimore: Maryland Historical Society, 1998), 213.
36. Kamphoefner and Helbich, Germans in the Civil War, 244.
37. White, A Philadelphia Perspective, 253.
38. Turner, Beware the People Weeping, 26–27.
39. Ibid., 27.
40. Nation and Towne, Indiana’s War, 197; Mary Lydig Daly, Diary of a Union Lady, 1861–1865, ed. Harold Earl Hammond (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2000), 357.
41. Quoted in David D. Van Tassel, with John Vacha, “Behind Bayonets”: The Civil War in Northern Ohio (Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 2006), 100.
42. Ibid., 103.
43. Margaret Leech, Reveille in Washington, 1860–1865 (New York: Harper & Brothers, Publishers, 1941), 399; Allen C. Guelzo, Abraham Lincoln: Redeemer President (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1999), 439–40; White, A Philadelphia Perspective, 255–57; Merrill D. Peterson, Lincoln in American Memory (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), 6–7; Hodes, Mourning Lincoln, 85–90.
44. Turner, Beware the People Weeping, 28.
45. Ernest B. Ferguson, Freedom Rising: Washington in the Civil War (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2004), 392–94.
46. Kerry A. Trask, Fire Within: A Civil War Narrative from Wisconsin (Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1995), 235–36; Peterson, Lincoln in American Memory, 14–21; Bailey and Cottom, After Chancellorsville, 213; Marshall, A War of the People, 305; Franny Nudel-man, John’s Brown Body: Slavery, Violence, and the Culture of War (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004), 88–89; Van Tassel with Vacha, “Behind Bayonets,” 104–9; Gillette, Jersey Blue, 307.
47. Eugene H. Roseboom, The Civil War Era, 1850–1873, Vol. 4 of The History of the State of Ohio, ed. Carl Wittke (Columbus: Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society, 1944), 437; Peterson, Lincoln in American Memory, 7–8; James H. Moorhead, American Apocalypse: Yankee Protestants and the Civil War, 1860–1869 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1978), 174–76; Melinda Lawson, Patriot Fires: Forging a New American Nationalism in the Civil War North (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2002), 173–78; Turner, Beware the People Weeping, 80. Scott D. Trostel, The Lincoln Funeral Train: The Final Journey and National Funeral for Abraham Lincoln (Fletcher, OH: Cam-Tech Publishing, 2002) describes the funeral route of the train that brought Lincoln to Springfield, Illinois; see pp. 198–99 for the crowds in Springfield.
48. Fred C. Ainsworth and Joseph W. Kirkley, compilers, The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Series 3, Vol. 5 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1900), 61 [hereinafter cited as Official Records].
49. Paul A. Cimbala, Soldiers North and South: The Everyday Experiences of the Men Who Fought America’s Civil War (New York: Fordham University Press, 2010), 204–13.
50. Lois Bryan Adams, Letters from Washington, 1863–1865, ed. Evelyn Lasher (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1999), 263–68; Leech, Reveille in Washington, 415–17; Paul A. Cimbala, “The Veteran Reserve Corps and the Northern People,” in Union Soldiers and the Northern Home Front: Wartime Experiences, Postwar Adjustments, ed. Paul A. Cimbala and Randall M. Miller (New York: Fordham University Press, 2002), 202–3.
51. James C. Mohr, ed., The Cormany Diaries: A Northern Family in the Civil War (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1982), 576.
52. Ibid., 578, 579; Edward K. Spann, Gotham at War: New York City, 1860–1865 (Wilmington, DE: SR Books, 2002), 190.
53. Mohr, The Cormany Diaries, 582.
54. For the problems of readjustment, see Cimbala, Veterans North and South.
55. Gillette, Jersey Blue, 312.
56. Official Records, Series 3, Vol. 5, 211.
57. John Niven, Connecticut for the Union: The Role of the State in the Civil War (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1965), 429–30.
58. Cimbala, Veterans North and South, 20.
59. Official Records, Series 3, Vol. 5, 1031.
60. Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army, History of Military Mobilization in the United States Army, 1775–1945, Washington, DC: Department of the Army Pamphlet No. 20–212, November 1955: 141.
61. Official Records, Series 3, Vol. 5, 1031; John C. Sparrow, History of Personnel Demobilization in the United States Army, Washington, DC: Department of the Army Pamphlet No. 20-210, July 1952: 299; Mark R. Wilson, The Business of Civil War: Military Mobilization and the State, 1861–1865 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006), 204–5.
62. For the distribution of soldiers in the former Confederacy during Reconstruction, see James E. Sefton, The United States Army and Reconstruction, 1865–1877 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1967), 261–62.
63. Official Records, Series 3, Vol. 5, 352–53.
64. Wilson, The Business of Civil War, 202–3.
65. Spann, Gotham at War, 188.
66. Hattie Lou Winslow and Joseph R. H. Moore, Camp Morton, 1861–1865: Indianapolis Prison Camp (Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society, 1940, 1995), 139–40.
67. David V. Mollenhoff, Madison: A History of the Formative Years, 2nd ed. (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2003), 114.
68. Michael P. Gray, The Business of Captivity: Elmira and Its Civil War Prison (Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 2001), 148–51.
69. Roger Pickenpaugh, Camp Chase and the Evolution of Union Prison Policy (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2007), 145–46.
70. George Levy, To Die in Chicago: Confederate Prisoners at Camp Douglas, 1862–1865 (Gretna, LA: Pelican Publishing Co., 1999), 341; David Keller, The Story of Camp Douglas: Chicago's Forgotten Civil War Prison (Charleston, SC: The History Press, 2015), 216.
71. George Worthington Adams, Doctors in Blue: The Medical History of the Union Army in the Civil War (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1952, 1996), 172.
72. Alfred Jay Bollett, Civil War Medicine: Challenges and Triumphs (Tucson, AZ: Galen Press, 2002), 221.
73. Margaret Humphreys, Marrow of Tragedy: The Health Crisis of the American Civil War (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2013), 181.
74. R.J. Bickel, “The Estes House,” The Annals of Iowa, 40 (fall 1970): 437 (http://ir.uiowa.edu/annals-of-iowa/vol40/iss6/4).
75. Richard N. Current, The History of Wisconsin, Vol. 2: The Civil War Era (Madison: State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1976), 515–16.
76. Official Records, Series 3, Vol. 5, 1032.
77. Spann, Gotham at War, 188.
78. Wilson, The Business of Civil War, 57, 194–95.
79. Cindy Sondik Aron, Ladies and Gentlemen of the Civil Service: Middle-Class Workers in Victorian America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), 3, 5.
80. Wilson, The Business of Civil War, 208–12.
81. Ibid., 194.
82. Kamphoefner and Helbich, Germans in the Civil War, 244–45.
83. Ibid.; Wilson, The Business of Civil War, 194.
84. Kamphoefner and Helbich, Germans in the Civil War, 244–45.
85. Spann, Gotham at War, 188.
86. Michael H. Frisch, Town into City: Springfield, Massachusetts, and the Meaning of Community, 1840–1880 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1972), 117.
87. Official Records, Series 3, Vol. 5, 143, 1042.
88. Ibid., 141.
89. Spann, Gotham at War, 191–92; Frances Clarke, “ ‘Honorable Scars’: Northern Amputees and the Meaning of Civil War Injuries,” in Cimbala and Miller, eds., Union Soldiers and the Northern Home Front, 361–94.
90. Current, History of Wisconsin, Vol. 2: The Civil War, 370–71.
91. Richard L. Kiper, ed., Dear Catharine, Dear Taylor: The Civil War Letters of a Union Soldier and His Wife (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2002), 18, 414.
92. For the transition of veterans to civilian life, see Cimbala, Veterans North and South, 59–87.
93. Heather Cox Richardson, West from Appomattox: The Reconstruction of America after the Civil War (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2007), 31–77, and passim.
94. Wilson, The Business of Civil War, 193–94.
95. Niven, Connecticut for the Union, 429–38.
96. Jacqueline T. Lynch, The Ames Manufacturing Company of Chicopee Massachusetts: A Northern Factory Town’s Perspective on the Civil War ([—]: Jacqueline T. Lynch, 2013), 11, 27, 46–47.
97. Reuel Robinson, History of Camden and Rockport, Maine (Camden, ME: Camden Publishing Co., 1907), 393.
98. Wilson, The Business of Civil War, 194; Frisch, Town Into City, 117–23.
99. Earl F. Mulderink III, New Bedford’s Civil War (New York: Fordham University Press, 2012), 191–93.
100. Niven, Connecticut for the Union, 442–45.
101. For example, see Theodore J. Karamanski, Rally ‘Round the Flag: Chicago and the Civil War (Chicago: Nelson Hall, 1993), 242. Van Tassel, with Vacha, “Behind Bayonets,” 98; Robert L. Bee, ed., The Boys from Rockville: Civil War Narratives of Sgt. Benjamin Hirst, Company D, 14th Connecticut Volunteers (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1998), 176; Lary Lankton, Beyond the Boundaries: Life and Landscape at the Lake Superior Copper Mines, 1840–1875 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), 171.
102. Russell L. Johnson, Warriors into Workers: The Civil War and the Formation of Urban-Industrial Society in a Northern City (New York: Fordham University Press, 2003), 286.
103. Jocelyn Wills, Boosters, Hustlers, and Speculators: Entrepreneurial Culture and the Rise of Minneapolis and St. Paul, 1849–1883 (St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 2005), 114–48.
104. Jeanie Attie, Patriotic Toil: Northern Women and the American Civil War (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1998), 240.
105. Ibid., 240–41; Spann, Gotham at War, 188.
106. Karamanski, Rally ‘Round the Flag, 236; Beverly Gordon, Bazaars and Fair Ladies: The History of the American Fundraising Fair (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1998), 90–91; quotation in Frank B. Goodrich, The Tribute Book: A Record of the Munificence, Self Sacrifice and Patriotism of the American People during the War for the Union (New York: Derby and Miller, 1865), 288.
107. Goodrich, The Tribute Book, 288.
108. Ibid., 290–91.
109. Ibid., 291; Current, History of Wisconsin, Vol. 2: The Civil War, 370.
110. Spann, Gotham at War, 188; William Quentin Maxwell, Lincoln’s Fifth Wheel: The Political History of the United States Sanitary Commission (New York: Longmans, Green and Co., 1956), 288.
111. David A. Raney, “In the Lord’s Army: The United States Christian Commission, Soldiers, and the Union War Effort,” in Cimbala and Miller, eds., Union Soldiers and the Northern Home Front, 263–92.
112. Maxwell, Lincoln’s Fifth Wheel, 287–88.
113. Biographical/Historical Information, Collection Overview, United States Sanitary Commission Records, 1861–1879, Archives and Manuscripts, The New York Public Library, MssCol 3101, http://archives.nypl.org/mss/3101.
114. Bacon and Howland, My Heart toward Home, 419.
115. Ibid., 420–21.
116. Carol Faulkner, Women’s Radical Reconstruction: The Freedmen’s Aid Movement (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004); Ronald E. Butchart, Northern Schools, Southern Blacks, and Reconstruction: Freedmen’s Education, 1862–1875 (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1980), 115–34.
117. Attie, Patriotic Toil, 268–69; Eric Foner, Reconstruction: America’s Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877 (New York: Harper & Row, Publishers, 1988), 472–73.
118. Henry Mayer, All on Fire: William Lloyd Garrison and the Abolition of Slavery (New York: W. W. Norton, 1998), 587–88.
119. Quoted in James M. McPherson, The Struggle for Equality: Abolitionists and the Negro in the Civil War and Reconstruction (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1964), 304.
120. Mayer, All on Fire, 589–94, 597–601, 613; McPherson, The Struggle for Equality, 304–5, 429.
121. McPherson, The Struggle for Equality, 304.
122. Ibid., 287–432.
123. C. Peter Ripley et al., eds., The Black Abolitionist Papers, Vol. 5: The United States, 1859–1865 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1992), 321–23.
124. Glenn M. Linden, Voices from the Reconstruction Years, 1865–1877 (Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace College Publishers, 1999), 72–73.
125. David W. Blight, Frederick Douglass’ Civil War: Keeping Faith in Jubilee (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1989), 208–9; Samito, Becoming American under Fire, 141–42.
126. Nation and Towne, Indiana’s War, 204–6.
127. Gillette, Jersey Blue, 318–20.
128. Foner, Reconstruction, 470–80; Leslie A. Schwalm, Emancipation’s Diaspora: Race and Reconstruction in the Upper Midwest (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2009), 175–217.