Academic journal publishing paywalls, 69, 70, 78
Actor-network theory (ANT), 51–54, 56, 59, 113–114
Adversarial design, 118–120
Advertising on digital media, 72–73, 82–83
Affordance-based design (ADB), 33
Affordance(s)
artifact-artifact affordances (AAAs), 42
artifact-environment affordances (AEAs), 42
artifact-user affordances (AUAs), 42
bidirectional relationality, 28, 29, 35, 36
as binary construct, 8, 39, 40, 41, 42, 63–65
definitional confusion, 39–40, 41, 42
depicted as universal, 10
ecological psychology origins, 6, 21, 27–29, 41
failure to account for diverse subjects and contexts, 39, 40, 41, 42
how they matter, 14–15
imagined, 42
interdisciplinary spread of, 29–34, 41
and multifaceted assemblages, 133
objects, subjects, and contexts, 34–39
organizational, 38
real and perceived, 30, 31, 91
scholarly application of, 7–8, 25–26
shift from what to how technologies afford, 8–9, 10, 11, 13, 65
Affordance(s) (cont.)
social, 38
and social media, 124
strength of concept, 26
surefire and probabilistic, 37–38
Agency and efficacy, 7, 46, 50–51, 56–57
AI Now Institute, New York University, 126
Algorithms
automated systems for child protection, 17, 20
and hostile architectures, 55
human decisions behind, 57
and Marshall McLuhan, 50
Algorithms of Oppression (Noble), 16, 17, 20
Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence, 126
Allow (mechanism of affordance), 11, 65, 80–83
Anthropology, 32–33
Anti-Semitism, 82
Antirape apps, 114–116
App feature analysis, 110–111, 114–116
Application software (apps), 84, 110–116
Artifact-artifact affordances (AAAs), 42
Artifact-environment affordances (AEAs), 42
Artifact-user affordances (AUAs), 42
Artificial intelligence (AI), 8, 57, 125–127
Automated systems
human resource management, 55
Automating Inequality (Eubanks), 16–17, 19–20
Banking interfaces, 55
Banks, David, 52
Barriers and fences, 63, 64, 67–68, 69, 87–89, 97–98
bin Salman, Mohammed, 103
Bivens, Rena, 114–116
Blenders, 81
Bridges in New York City, 54–55, 79
Brock, André, 108–110
Burgess, Jean, 98–99
BuzzFeed, 82
Cambridge University, Leverhulme Centre for the Future of Intelligence (CFI), 125–126
CCD-me-not Umbrella, 119–120
Chemero, Anthony, 37
Child protection automated systems, 17, 20
Choice, and design and use of technologies, 14
Classroom environments, 51–52
Coin-locks on shopping carts, 1–2, 3, 8, 9–11, 13
Collaborative research relationships, 95–96, 102–103
Communication studies, 33–34, 42, 47, 53
Computer-mediated communication (CMC), 6, 33–34, 124
Conditions of affordance
cultural and institutional legitimacy, 11–12, 89, 90, 96–100, 101
dexterity, 11–12, 89, 90, 94–96, 101
perception, 11, 89, 90, 91–94, 101
relationship between, 90
Conole, Grainne, 34
Constraints (Norman), 30–31
Contextual factors in object-subject relations, 35, 37–39
Conventions (Norman), 31
Critical design, 118
Critical technocultural discourse analysis (CTDA), 108–110
Cultural and institutional legitimacy, 11–12, 89, 90, 96–100, 101
Cultural constraints (Norman), 30, 31
Dating apps, 84
DeepMind, 126
Demand (mechanism of affordance), 11, 65, 66, 68–71
Design of Everyday Things, The (DOET) (Norman), 30–31, 91
Design studies
affordances in, 6, 29–31, 33, 41, 58, 63, 91, 121
and politics and values of technologies, 15–16, 18–19, 20
practical turn in, 16, 18, 19, 20, 57–58, 90
Desks, 33
Determinism. See Technological determinism, overcoming
Dexterity, 11–12, 89, 90, 94–96, 101
Dictionaries, 7
Digital connectivity, 124–125
Digital inequalities, 102, 128–129
Digital media advertising, 72–73, 82–83
Digital publishing paywalls, 69, 70, 78
Digital technologies and protest movements, 58–59
Dinner plates, 73–74
Direct perception, 27, 28, 32, 35, 41
Disabilities, 94–95, 96, 102, 131
DiSalvo, Carl, 119–120
Discourage (mechanism of affordance), 11, 65, 71, 74–77
Downvotes, 76
Driverless cars, 130–131
Driving by women, 101–102, 103, 154n18
Duguay, Stefanie, 98–99
Dyke, Martin, 34
Ecological Approach to Visual Perception, The (Gibson), 28
Ecological psychology, 6, 21, 27–29, 36, 39, 41. See also Gibson, James J.
Educational technologies, 34
Education and digital inequalities, 102, 129
Effectivity-affordance duality, 36, 38
Efficacy and agency, 7, 46, 50–51, 56–57
Electric light, 49
Emerging technologies, effects of, 6–7
Encourage (mechanism of affordance), 11, 65, 71–74
Engineering
and politics and values of technologies, 15–16, 18, 20
walkthroughs, 112
Environments of expected use (apps), 112–113, 116
Eubanks, Virginia, 16–17, 18, 19–20
Eugene, Oregon, police barriers, 87–89
Explicit choice, and design and use of technologies, 14
algorithms and racism, 82–83
engagement with, 72–73
and MySpace, 78–79
photo streams, 80
Facial recognition software, 14
Fadel, George M., 33
Fences and barriers, 63, 64, 67–68, 69, 87–89, 97–98
Field deployments (values reflection), 117
Functions and affordances, 37, 38
Future of Humanity Institute, Oxford University, 126
Gender
and digital inequalities, 129
LGBTQI people, 15, 98–99, 113, 129
and technological competence, 101
and use of shopping carts, 3, 5, 12
women and driving, 101–102, 103, 154n18
Gestalt psychology, 28
Gibson, James J.
affordance concept introduced by, 6, 27–29, 63
concept modified by others, 31, 34–35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40
Glassware, 91–92
Goldman, Sylvan, 2–3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 12
algorithms and racism, 17, 20, 82–83
DeepMind, 126
Maps, 51
GPS tracking of shopping carts, 5, 8
Hackers, 101
Hasinoff, Amy Adele, 114–116
Health and advances in medical technologies, 131–132
Helmholtz, Hermann von, 27
Hendry, David G., 90
Ho, Wayne, 90
Homeless people, 10–11, 16–17, 55
Hostile architectures, 55
House Bill 37 (HB37) (Missouri), 68, 84–85, 151n6
Human agency and technological efficacy, 7, 46, 50–51, 56–57
Human body and advances in medical technologies, 131–132
Human-computer interaction (HCI), 29, 38
Human resource management automated systems, 55
Human-technology asymmetry, 46, 56–57, 59–60
Human-technology relations, 8, 11–12, 15, 21, 45–46, 90, 100, 132–133
Imagined affordances, 42
Imgur, 76–77
Implicit choice, and design and use of technologies, 14
Industrial revolution, 47
Inferential perception, 27
Information communication technologies (ICTs), 6, 33–34, 108–110
Information economies and political life, 130
Infrastructure design, 54–55, 79, 118, 130–131
Ingold, Tim, 32
Instagram, 75–76, 81, 82–83, 93, 98
Interdisciplinary approach to politics and values of technology, 15–21
Interdisciplinary spread of affordance theory, 29–34, 41
Internet technologies, analysis of, 108–110
Jewish people, 82
Journalism in new media landscape, 130
Julien, Christopher M., 76–77
Laurillard, Diana, 34
Leverhulme Centre for the Future of Intelligence (CFI), Cambridge University, 125–126
Lewin, Kurt, 28
LGBTQI people, 15, 98–99, 113, 129
Light dimmers, 81
Logical constraints (Norman), 30
Low socioeconomic status
and breaching of police barriers, 88
and public sector automated decision systems, 16–17, 19–20
urban youth of colour, 99–100
and use of shopping carts, 10–11
Machine intelligence, 8, 57, 125–127
Maier, Jonathan R. A., 33
Mapping (Norman), 33
Marginalized groups, 77, 81, 90, 110, 113, 121–122. See also Homeless people
McGrenere, Joanna, 90
McLaughlin, Melinda, 87–88
Measuring cups, 91–92
Mechanisms and conditions framework, 11–14. See also Conditions of affordance; Mechanisms of affordance; Methodologies for mechanisms and conditions framework
Mechanisms of affordance
flexibility of categories, 65–66, 109
Media effects, 48
Media literacy, 92–93
Medical technologies and embodied relations to health, 131–132
Medical tracking systems, 131, 132
Medium is the message, the, 47–50
Methodologies for mechanisms and conditions framework, 105–108. See also Conditions of affordance; Mechanisms of affordance; Mechanisms and conditions framework
adversarial design, 118–120
app feature analysis, 110–111, 114–116
critical technocultural discourse analysis (CTDA), 108–110
values reflection, 116–118
walkthrough method, 110–114
Misinformation and social media, 92–93
Mobile technologies and protest movements, 58–59
Mobility impairments, 94–95, 131
Mock-ups (values reflection), 117
MySpace, 78–79
Nagy, Peter, 42
New technologies, effects of, 6–7
New York City, urban planning, 54–55, 79
New York University, AI Now Institute, 126
Noble, Safiya Umoja, 16, 17–18, 20
Norman, Donald A.
and definitional confusion about affordances, 40
design studies and affordances, 6, 29–31, 33, 41, 58, 63, 91, 121
human-computer interaction (HCI) and affordances, 29, 38
Objects, subjects, and contexts, 34–39
Occupy Wall Street protests, 52
Online learning platforms, 102
OpenAI, 126
Organizational affordances, 38
Oxford Artificial Intelligence Society, 126
Oxford University, Future of Humanity Institute, 126
Pasquale, Frank, 57
Paywalls in academic journal publishing, 69, 70, 78
Pea, Roy D., 34
Perceived affordances, 30, 31, 91
Perception
inferential, 27
mechanisms and conditions framework, 11, 89, 90, 91–94, 101
shared, 32
Pfaffenberger, Bryan, 32
Physical constraints (Norman), 30–31
Plates (dinner), 73–74
Poel, Harjo J. de, 64
Police tape, 67–68, 87–89, 97–98
Political design, 118–120
Politics
and information economies, 130
and social media, 73, 81–83, 130
of technologies, 14–21, 53–55, 106, 117
Portions Master Skinny Plate, 74
Power dynamics
and adversarial design, 119, 120
and critical technocultural discourse analysis (CTDA), 109, 110
reflected in material form, 122
and social theories, 53–55
technologies’ arc toward power and privilege, 14, 82, 98
and value-sensitive design, 18
Privacy and social media, 81
Probabilistic affordances, 37–38
ProPublica, 82
Prototypes (values reflection), 117
Psychological well-being and social media, 129
Psychology of Everyday Things, The (POET) (Norman), 29–30
Public sector automated decision systems, 16–17, 19–20
Queer*-identifying people, 98–99, 113, 129. See also LGBTQI people
Race and racism
and breaching of police barriers, 88–89
and facial recognition software, 14
profiling of customers, 13
and social media, 17, 20, 76–77, 82–83, 99–100
unrest in United States, 82, 84–85
Refuse (mechanism of affordance), 11, 65, 71, 77–80
Request (mechanism of affordance), 11, 65, 66–68
Role-taking, 121
Savić, Selena, 55
Savičić, Gordan, 55
Sayes, Edwin, 54
Scarantino, Andrea, 37–38
Schmidt, Robert C., 38
Science and technology studies (STS), 46, 47, 53–54, 59, 133
Screen readers, 102
Self-checkout machines, 80
Sexual violence prevention, 114–116
Shared perception, 32
Shopping carts
coin-locks, 1–2, 3, 8, 9–11, 13
evolution of, 5–6
invented by Sylvan Goldman, 2–3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 12
and mechanisms and conditions of affordance framework, 12–13
socioeconomic status and use of, 10–11
Snapchat, 81
Social affordances, 38
Social capital and social media, 99
Social media. See also Facebook; Imgur; Instagram; MySpace; Snapchat; Tinder; Twitter; Vine
affect on sociality and psychological well-being, 129
and affordance concept, 124
flagging and reporting on, 98–99
network building, 8
and privacy, 81
and race, 17, 20, 76–77, 82–83, 99–100
and social capital, 99
truth and trust in, 92–93
user-generated content moderation, 7
Social sciences and politics and values of technologies, 15–18, 19–20
Sociality and social media, 129
Socially intentional design practices, 19
Software applications (apps), 84, 110–116
Stair climbing, 35–36, 40, 64, 94–95, 96
Stanford Institute for Human-Centred Artificial Intelligence, 126
Subjects, objects, and contexts, 34–39
Surefire affordances, 37–38
Suthers, Daniel D., 34
Suzor, Nicolas, 98–99
Technological competence, 101–102
Technological determinism, overcoming, 7, 26, 45, 50–53, 107, 109
Technological efficacy and human agency, 7, 46, 50–51, 56–57
Technological neutrality, 47–48
Technologies
arc towards power and privilege, 14, 82, 98
design and use of, and choice, 14
effects of new, 6–7
politics and values of, 14–21, 53–55, 106, 117
shift from what to how they afford, 8–9, 10, 11, 13, 65
Technology as materialized action, 46, 56–60
Technology-technology relations, 133
Temperature control technologies, 96–97
Tips for service, 80
Truth and trust in social media, 92–93
Tsinghua University Institute for Artificial Intelligence, 126
Tufekci, Zeynep, 58–59
Turvey, Michael, 36
Twitter, 75, 78, 79, 81, 82–83, 130
Unpleasant design, 55
Upvotes, 76
Urban planning, 54–55, 79, 118, 130–131
Utility and usability, 36–37, 38
Value dams and flows, 117
Value-sensitive design, 16, 18–19
Values at Play in Digital Games (Flanagan and Nissenbaum), 16, 18–19
Values reflection, 116–118
Values scenarios, 117–118
Values of technologies, 15–21, 117
Verbeek, Peter-Paul, 57–58
Visual impairments, 95, 96, 102
Vote-curated digital platforms, 76–77
Walkthrough method, 110–114
Warren, William H., 35–36, 40, 64, 95
Website design and visual impairments, 95
Wheel-locks on shopping carts, 5, 8, 9–10, 13
White supremacy, 82
Winner, Langdon, 54–55
Withagen, Rob, 64
Wooden fences, 63
World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) accessibility standards, 95
Youth of color, 99–100
Zuckerberg, Mark, 59