Page numbers refer to the print edition.
Abd al-Qādir: and relations with Napoleon III, 119; and resistance to French, 128
About, Edmond, 148
Algeria, 10, 25, 28, 32, 83, 97, 254; and the “Algerian question,” 11, 83, 95, 210, 212, 238, 251; and decentralization, 198, 229–30; and famine, 240–42; and French Algeria (Algérie Française), 13, 94, 212, 214, 215, 221–24, 230–31, 239; and French colonialism, 11, 13, 29–30, 47, 56, 98, 106, 107, 110, 115, 211; and French invasion of, 24–26, 96, 99; and general councils, 199, 229, 230, 238; and land tenure, 216–17; and modernization, 71–72, 75, 135, 218–19; and religious conflict, 102, 128–29, 133, 134; and republicanism, 30–31, 210–11, 232–33, 235–38, 243–44, 252–53
Algiers (Algeria), 32, 75, 76, 132
Allain-Targé, Henri, 206
Alletz, Édouard, 41
anticlericalism, 117, 191; and Algeria, 135, 137; and atheism, 146; and student activism, 145
Arab Kingdom (Royaume Arabe), 111–12, 113, 119, 131, 243; and opposition to, 133, 134, 212, 213–14, 215, 217, 222, 239
Arab Offices (Bureaux Arabes), 107, 134; and creation of, 100; and criticism of, 209, 218, 241, 242; and education, 131
Arabs, 39, 44, 47–48, 78, 93, 98, 99, 106, 110, 122, 134, 240; and feudalism, 216; and tribalism, 217, 220. See also nationality
Arbousse-Bastide, Antoine, 75
Armée d’Afrique, 27, 33, 93, 98, 119; and Algeria, 100, 107, 130, 218
Aroux, Félix, 161
Atlantic, the, 22, 24, 27, 29; and French imperialism, 9, 10, 11, 25. See also slavery
Babaud-Laribière, Léonide, 181
Ballanche, Pierre-Simon, 36
Barbarism, 26, 47, 48, 84; and Algerian natives, 218; and poverty, 27
Bardoux, Agénor, 172
Baudelaire, Charles, 2, 5, 16, 29, 203
Baulle, Arthur, 138
Ben Abdullah, 209
Bertillon, Louis-Adolphe, 162
Blanqui, Louis Auguste, 144
Blanquists, 143, 146, 158; and Liège congress, 147–48
Bonaparte, Jérôme Napoleon, 82; and Algeria, 76, 79, 122; and Algerian ministry, 198–99, 212
Bonaparte, Louis-Napoleon (Napoleon III), 59–62, 63, 64, 79, 81, 82, 90, 116, 150, 181, 188, 203, 247; and Algeria, 83, 93, 95, 101, 110, 111–12, 198, 211, 217; and Catholics, 117–18, 124, 128; and modernization, 3, 54, 70, 72–73; and Muslims, 118, 119, 128; and nationality, 84, 85, 91; and Saint-Simonianism, 68–69; and the second republic, 57–58, 84, 184, 189
Bonaparte, Napoleon (Napoleon I), 1, 10, 23, 41, 61, 99; and the Concordat, 118. See also First Napoleonic Empire
Bonapartism, 57, 61–62, 81, 89, 114–15; and civilization, 63–64, 78, 90, 200; and modernity, 13, 62–63, 150–51, 184, 249, 251; and nationalism, 82–83, 92; and religion, 117; and unity, 82, 84
Bory-de-Saint-Vincent, Jean Baptiste, 26
Bourbon dynasty, 20
bourgeoisie, 20, 28, 34, 41–42; and modernity, 17, 18, 51, 249–50; and July Monarchy, 27; and politics, 21–22, 172
Bourget, Auguste, 226–27
Brossard, Amédée-Hippolyte, 31
Brunet, Jacques Charles, 32
Buchez, Philippe, 39
Bugeau, Thomas Robert, 100
Cappot, Jean-Gabriel, 86
Catholicism: and Algeria, 96–97, 133, 134, 240–41; and education, 124; and politics, 125; and Second Napoleonic Empire, 117–18
centralization, 187, 200, 227–28. See also Second Napoleonic Empire
Changarnier, Nicolas Theodule, 136
Charon, Viala, 99
Chassériau, Charles Frédéric, 76
Chauvin, Henry, 93
citizenship, 29, 34–35, 42, 86, 92, 207; and Algeria, 220, 230–32, 237; and civic participation, 187, 195, 206, 230–31; and empire, 22–23, 29–31, 43, 210, 233; and municipal government, 200–01, 202, 229–30; and Muslims, 112, 113–14, 231–32; and political rights, 21, 94, 112, 233
civilization, 7, 15, 24, 26, 34, 39, 40–42, 43, 45, 48–49, 52, 66, 97, 186, 214; and “civilizing mission,” 8, 25, 30, 32, 46, 48, 64, 76, 93, 99, 101, 220, 241, 251; and religion, 117
Clemenceau, Georges, 142, 143.
Code de l’indigénat, 253
colonialism, 6, 74; and Algeria, 30, 32, 47, 78, 97, 98, 99, 103–05, 111; and the Atlantic, 22–23, 210, 233; and assimilation, 31, 94, 211–12, 214, 221–24, 230–31; and Catholicism, 96, 97, 240; and education, 123, 130, 131, 134–35, 136, 138, 150; and France, 11, 12; and internal colonization, 186; and reform, 42, 134–35, 229–30, 238; and Second Napoleonic Empire, 12, 71–72, 105–112; and the social question, 34, 50
colonists: and Algeria, 13, 30, 32, 98, 212; and the Atlantic, 22–23, 29–30; and colon identity, 214–15, 218, 227; and colon opposition, 134, 136–37, 151, 213, 216, 218, 223–24, 225, 228, 239–40; and emigration, 220–21; and relations with natives, 133–39, 218–20; and republican politics, 211, 233–34
commune, 195; and Algeria, 229–30; and French government, 203
communism, 217
Comte, Auguste, 159–62, 165, 166, 175, 180. See also Positivism
Constant, Benjamin, 40
Constantine (Algeria), 26, 32, 44, 113, 213
Corps législatif, 70, 116, 139, 156, 165, 178, 196, 200, 202, 205, 209, 217, 225, 231, 232, 238, 241, 242
Costa, Gaston da, 143
Couchery, Adolphe, 159
Crédit Mobilier, 71
Daudet, Alphonse, 96
Daumier, Honoré, 35
David, Jérôme Frédéric, 110; and Algeria, 107, 108, 129, 242; and views on Arabs, 47, 99
Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen, 22
Deligny, Édouard-Jean-Étienne, 97, 243
democracy, 6, 7, 21, 34–35, 173–74, 186–87; and universal manhood suffrage, 29, 34, 53, 88, 90, 175, 187, 193
D’Eschavannes, Jouffroy, 30
D’Hautpoul, Alphonse Henri, 134
Doctrinaires, 20, 21, 26, 156, 172, 174. See also liberalism
Doineau, Auguste, 209
Dollfus, Charles, 193
Doumic, René, 3
Dupont-White, Charles, 160, 166, 179
Duruy, Victor: and Algeria, 122, 137–38; and education reform, 121–22, 139, 141, 149; and Exposition Universelle, 15, 73
Duval, Jules, 74, 215, 218, 227, 239; and colonial citizenship, 226, 230–31; and opinion on Arabs, 217, 241; and views on colonialization, 222–23
Duvergier, Ernest, 172
Duvernois, Clément: and Algerian colonization, 97, 136; and anti-Islamic sentiment, 136; and colonial education, 135; and colonial journalism, 201, 235; and colonial opposition, 138, 221, 228; and liberal opposition, 155, 171–72, 174, 201–02
education: and Catholic opposition, 141, 148; and the Church, 120; and collèges arabe-française, 132–33; and colonialism, 123; and Islam, 128, 131–132; and secularism, 136–37; and student radicalism, 141
egalitarianism, 14, 21, 23, 34; and republican ideology, 155
empire, 6, 8, 24, 29, 39, 50, 251–52; and the Atlantic, 23, 25, 42–43, 233; and North Africa, 10, 11, 25, 63, 151. See also First Napoleonic Empire; Second Napoleonic Empire
Enfantin, Prosper, 2, 17; and Algeria, 26, 28, 104; and the Orient, 104; and Saint-Simonianism, 67–68, 103
Exposition Universelle (1867), 15, 73, 74, 247
Faur, Philippe, 84
Favré, Amand, 230
Favre, Jules, 181, 195; and Algeria, 209, 217, 232, 234, 236, 238, 242; and critique of Bonapartism, 196, 237, 238
Ferry, Jules, 167, 176, 179; and rural politics, 189, 192, 202
Figuier, Louis, 39
First Napoleonic Empire, 10, 20, 23, 41; and Egyptian campaign, 99–100, 128; and foreigners, 94
First Republic, 20, 147, 154, 170; and Atlantic colonies, 22, 210
Flaubert, Gustave, 34, 36, 37, 46
Fonvielle, Wilfrid de, 211, 226; and secular education, 137
Forcade de la Roquette, Adolphe, 70
Fourier, Charles, 222
Fourmestreaux, Eugène, 131
Fourtoul, Hippolyte, 62; and education policies, 126–27
France: and church-state relations, 119–20, 121; the countryside, 44–45, 188, 190, 192, 194; and government, 81; and people, 185, 254; and political regimes, 56
France transméditerranéenne, 10–11, 213, 234, 244, 254
Free Masons, 156
French Revolution, 1, 3, 4, 5, 19, 21, 41, 81, 86, 87, 90, 92, 250; and education, 120; and empire, 25, 253–54; and modernity, 6–7, 17–18, 182; and religion, 117; and republican mythology, 154, 167
Gambetta, Léon, 155, 159, 165, 168, 207
Garnier-Pagès, Louis-Antoine, 190
Gauls, 185
Gautier, Théophile, 3, 49, 72, 78
Gérando, Joseph-Marie de, 44
Gibbon, Edward, 48
Girardin, Saint-Marc, 26
Girbaud-Cabasse, Paul, 147
Grannier de Cassagnac, Adolphe, 204
Gratiolet, Louis Pierre, 131
Guizot, François, 21, 41, 57, 156, 174, 185; and education reform, 121; and liberal ideology, 157, 170
Guys, Henri, 49
Hain, Victor-Armand, 10–11
Haitian Revolution, 23
Hauranne, Duvergier de, 24
Haussmann, Georges-Eugène, 74
Hommaire de Hell, Édouard, 42
imperial nation-state, 9, 12, 210, 245
indigène (native), 50, 98, 114, 232, 240
industrialization, 19, 43; and France, 12–13, 50, 55, 65; and exhibitions, 73
industrial revolution, the, 5
Islam, 48, 49, 108, 119; and Algeria, 96, 130; and education, 129, 136. See also Muslims
Jacobins, 22, 143, 144, 147, 159, 168, 169. See also republicanism
Jaincot, Gustave, 148
journalism: and Algeria, 214, 224–27; and liberalism, 203–04; and student organizations, 142–43.
Jouvencel, Paul de, 39
Judaism: and French Jews, 94; and Algerian Jews, 113, 232
July Monarchy, the, 21, 26, 27–28, 29, 34, 54, 57, 61, 70, 84, 154, 158; and Algeria, 24; and Atlantic colonies, 22–23; and politics, 187
June Days (1848), 33, 50, 56, 84, 124, 183; and legacy of, 154, 167
Kant, Immanuel, 40
laborers, 77; and colonialism, 33–34, 50
Laboulaye, Édouard, 175, 176, 192, 205; and liberty, 195; and “new liberalism,” 171
Lacretelle, Charles Nicolas, 107, 242
Lacroix, Frédéric, 110, 213; and Algerian natives, 98, 106
Lambert, Alexandre, 214, 215, 229
Lavigerie, Charles, 240, 241; and Algiers bishopric, 133–34
Lavollée, Charles, 75
Le Hon, Léopold, 238
Lerminier, Eugène, 25
liberalism, 20, 21–22, 34, 35, 170; and Algeria, 225, 229–30, 238; and imperialism, 22–23, 24, 28; and liberty, 173–74; and nationality, 87, 88; and political change, 156, 170, 171; and relation to republicanism, 156–57; and social outlooks, 27, 41–42, 49, 171; and universal manhood suffrage, 172–73, 175, 193
Liège, and student congress, 146–47, 148
Littré, Émile, 3, 166, 167, 169; and La Philosophie positivie, 164; and positivism, 160, 161, 162, 163; and republican ideology, 155, 165, 170, 180
Longuet, Charles, 142; and the “new generation,” 143, 144, 148, 158
Louvre, the, 96
MacMahon, Patrice de, 113, 213, 232
Maghreb. See North Africa
Magnin, Joseph, 203
Malon, Benoît, 142
Mamluk, 99
Manet, Édouard, 5
Margueritte, Jean-Auguste, 130
Marlet, Hippolyte, 86
Marquand, Augustin, 76
Marx, Karl, 4, 19, 20, 154; and Marxism, 19
Mediterranean, 12, 214; and French imperialism, 10, 12, 30
Miravals, Raimond de, 15, 16, 73
missionaries, 47, 96; and Algeria, 133
modernism, 5
modernity, 2–5, 56, 250, 252; and identity, 37–38, 40, 49, 51–52; and religion, 120; and society, 37, 115, 150–51, 206, 249
modernization, 3–4, 37, 54, 79–80; and bourgeoisie, 17, 20; and education, 138; and economic growth, 19; and France, 12–13, 15–16, 63, 74, 78, 251; and politics, 186, 206–07
Monselet, Charles, 21, 49, 248
Montalembert, Charles Forbes René de, 125
Montesquieu, Charles-Louis de Secondat, 48
Moricière, Louis-Christophe-Léon Juchault de la, 33, 129
Morin, Frédéric, 218
Morin, René, 48
Morny, Auguste de, 60, 62; and politics, 90
Morton Peto, 76
Muhamad Ali, 103
Muslims, 83, 103, 108; and Algeria, 11, 25, 95, 97, 99, 101, 106, 112–13, 128, 132, 136, 213, 231; and anti-French resistance, 128; and Second Napoleonic Empire, 118
Napoleonic Wars, 17
nation, 85, 87, 88, 250; and nation building, 8, 83, 93, 95; and empire, 8, 9, 11
National Assembly, the, 30, 32, 33, 231, 253
National Convention, the, 5, 166
nationalism, 82, 147; and France, 83, 86, 94; and Italy, 127
nationality, 82–83, 84–85; and Arab nationality, 83, 95, 106–07, 108, 113, 131, 212, 215; and colonialism, 31, 112, 113, 221–22; and French nationality, 83, 86, 87, 91, 105, 114; and modernization, 93, 115; and naturalization, 113
native policy (Algeria), 98–99, 105–06, 109–10, 112; and education, 130; and opposition to, 133–34, 212, 221–22, 233, 243. See also colonialism
nativism, 107, 109, 132, 213; and Muslim education, 131
Nefftzer, Auguste, 235
newspapers, 37; and modern sociability, 203–04; and politicization, 205; and student activism, 142–43
North Africa, 7, 10, 12, 24, 27, 30, 48, 63, 75, 114; and French imperialism, 25, 47, 55–56, 71, 251; and Islam, 129
Ollivier, Émile, 153, 165, 168, 175; and political participation, 178–79, 182
Orientalism, 39, 192, 214, 221–22
Paris, 1, 33, 49, 50, 93; and modernization, 2, 74–75, 77, 248
Paris Commune (1871), 251
patrie, 86
pays, 88
Paz, Octavio, 3
peasants, 44–46, 121, 190; and comparison with colonial subjects, 192–94; and ethnographic representations of, 185; and politics, 188–89; and republican depictions of, 191, 25–51
Pelletan, Eugène, 174, 175, 205, 207
Pereire, Émile, 71
Pereire, Isaac, 71
Persigny, Jean-Gilbert Victor Fialin, 60, 62, 66, 69, 70, 74, 82, 92, 95, 115, 176; and centralization, 91, 92, 197; and modernization, 69, 194; and nationalism, 85, 88, 89; and politics, 89–90, 127, 204
Philippe, Louis (King of France), 20, 28, 173
Philippesville (Algeria), 44
Pope Pius IX, 123; and the Syllabus of Errors, 124, 127
Positivism, 160–61; and republican ideology, 155, 159, 163, 180; and sociology, 162
Poujoulat, Jean-Joseph François, 133
Prévost-Paradol, Lucien-Anatole, 176, 204.
Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph, 160
Pyrat, Jacques, 158
Quinet, Edgar, 142, 153, 168, 182, 191; and criticism of Jacobinism, 166–67, 180
railroads, 71–72
Randon, Louis César Alexandre, and Muslim education, 132
Regnard, Albert, 145
Reign of Terror, 20, 26, 143, 154
Renan, Ernest, 16, 127; and dismissal, 140–41
republicanism, 14, 26, 28, 34; and abstentionism, 178–79, 189; colonialism, 33–34, 193, 232–33; and criticism of Bonapartism, 168, 176–77, 181, 200, 202; and critique of Jacobin ideology, 166–67, 169; and elitism, 175–76; and French historiography, 5–6, 249; and liberalism, 174–75, 5–6; and modernity, 154, 250–51; and nationality, 86; and populism, 154, 187; and the provinces, 191, 193; and radicalism, 144, 146; and relationships with liberals, 156–57, 177; and representative government, 179; and republican rationalism, 165–66; and the republican renaissance, 139, 153, 154; and revolution, 144, 155, 169; and the Second Napoleonic Empire, 155, 184; and student activism, 142–43, 145, 146; and tradition, 154, 180
revolutions of 1848, 83; and France, 28–29. See also June Days
Rigault, Raoul, 158
Rimbaud, Arthur, 19
Robespierre, Maximilien, 20, 168
Romme, Charles-Gilbert, 4
Rouher, Eugène, 115
Roulleaux, Marcel, 240
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 40, 86, 114; and republicanism, 156, 157, 179
Sahara, 11
Saint-Simon, Henri de, 66
Saint-Simonianism, 24, 66–67, 71, 102–03; and Algeria, 103
savagery, 42, 49, 84; and “noble savage,” 40
Scherer, Edward, 178
Schoelcher, Victor, 29
science, 15–16; and education, 137, 140; and oppositional politics, 145, 148; and republicanism, 155, 159, 165
Second Napoleonic Empire, 7, 8, 12, 14, 53–54, 90, 115; and Algeria, 12, 13, 58, 63, 76, 95, 198–200, 212–13; and the business community, 60, 71; and censorship, 203–04, 226–27; and centralization, 92, 196–97, 227–28; and church-state relations, 118, 119, 120, 125, 127, 140, 150; and decentralization, 197–98, 200; and education policies, 121, 123, 126, 131, 139, 149–50; and Italian policy, 127; and liberty, 82, 89, 91; and modernization, 55, 64–65, 69–70, 72–73, 79, 194, 247; and nationalism, 83, 127; and nationality policies, 83, 85, 88–89, 95, 111; and opposition to, 155, 195, 202, 238–39, 243–44; and peace, 63–64; and peasant vote, 189; and sovereignty, 89–90, 173, 195; and revolution, 82, 114, 181
Second Republic, 29–30, 42, 88, 125, 154; and Algeria, 31, 98, 224, 231; and Atlantic, 29–30; and collapse of, 183–84; and the countryside, 188; and quarante-huitards, 139, 142, 154, 190; and the “social question,” 32–33, 34
Senhaux, Henri de, 44
Sieyès, Emmanuel-Joseph, 86
Simon, Jules, 168, 169, 176, 191, 203, 237; and defense of free press, 205; and liberalization, 174, 202
slavery, 22–23, 42; and emancipation, 22–23, 29–30, 43, 210
Société Algérienne, 31
Société de Saint-Vincent-de-Paul, 127
Stern, Daniel (Marie de Flavigny), 165; and republican salons, 153, 154, 156
Stupuy, Hippolyte, 161, 169, 248; and positive philosophy, 164–65
Taine, Hippolyte, 1, 44, 50, 53, 55, 56, 75, 87, 185; and liberalism, 150, 170
Talabot, Paulin, 72
Talleyrand, Charles Maurice de, 20
temporality, 16–17, 18, 35, 39–40, 43
Ténot, Eugène, 45, 178, 186, 206; and views on the provinces, 190, 192, 195
Theirs, Adolphe, 168
Thierry-Mieg, Charles, 39, 65, 76, 96, 98
Third Republic, 6, 9, 168, 172, 207, 249, 250–51; and opportunism, 159; and public education, 121
Thomson, Arnold, 173, 226, 232, 233
Thuillier, Émile, 134, 226, 227, 241
Tocqueville, Alexis de, 56
Troismonts, Charles Piel de, 62, 85
universalism, 14, 42, 52, 87, 233
Urbain, Ismael, 66, 101, 110, 112, 114, 231; and colonization, 105; and ideological outlook, 102, 115; and Muslim education, 130, 132; and native policy, 105–06, 107, 109, 113; and religious conflict, 134; and Saint-Simonianism, 102–103
urbanization, 5, 49, 53, 74–75, 77; and colonialism, 75–77
Vacherot, Arsène, 220
Vacherot, Étienne, 157, 186, 193, 207
Vimercati, César, 64
Vital, Auguste, 113, 129, 213, 248
Voltaire, 85
Warmington, Edward, 81
Warnier, Auguste, 218, 225; and criticism of Nativism, 214
Wyrouboff, Grégoire, 191
young republicans, 154, 155, 159, 180, 207. See also republicanism
Yusuf Vantini, 110
Zola, Émile, 249