1. Raj Chetty, Professor in the Economics Department at Stanford University; http://siepr.stanford.edu/scholars/raj-chetty.
2. http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2014/05/how-two-economists-got-direct-access-irs-tax-records.
3. R. Chetty, N. Hendren, P. Kline and E. Saez (2014), ‘Where is the Land of Opportunity? The Geography of Intergenerational Mobility in the United States’, Quarterly Journal of Economics 129, 1553–1623.
4. http://www.lse.ac.uk/website-archive/publicEvents/events/2016/10/20161024t1830vOT.aspx.
5. Chetty, Hendren, Kline and Saez (2014).
6. http://www.hbo.com/the-wire.
7. From the Equality of Opportunity Project, http://www.equality-of-opportunity.org/neighborhoods/ and Chetty, Hendren, Kline and Saez (2014).
8. http://www.the-american-interest.com/2012/08/10/down-to-the-wire/.
9. See the review of the early MTO work: http://www.nber.org/mtopublic/MTO%20Overview%20Summary.pdf.
10. R. Chetty, N. Hendren and L. Katz (2016), ‘The Effects of Exposure to Better Neighborhoods on Children: New evidence from the Moving to Opportunity experiment’, American Economic Review 106, 855–902.
11. http://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/04/upshot/an-atlas-of-upward-mobility-shows-paths-out-of-poverty.html.
12. Sutton Trust (2015), ‘The Social Mobility Index’; http://www.suttontrust.com/researcharchive/mobility-map-background/.
13. Sutton Trust (2015), ‘Mobility Map’; http://www.suttontrust.com/researcharchive/interactive-mobility-map/.
14. Even before primary school gaps are apparent: 72 per cent of disadvantaged children in the Lewisham Deptford constituency in South East London, for example, achieved a good level of development. This compared with only 19 per cent of five-year-olds reaching this benchmark in Kenilworth and Southam in Warwickshire.
15. https://www.theguardian.com/education/2017/jan/29/knowsley-education-catastrophe-a-levels-merseyside.
16. Sutton Trust (2012), ‘The Social Mobility Summit’; http://www.suttontrust.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/st-social-mobility-report.pdf.
17. R. Putnam (2000), Bowling Alone: The collapse and revival of American community, Simon and Schuster.
18. R. Putnam (2016), Our Kids: The American dream in crisis, Simon and Schuster.
19. https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/496103/Social_Mobility_Index.pdf.
20. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/2016/12/01/north-south-divide-good-secondary-schools-widening-warns-outgoing/.
21. A similar pattern had emerged for the areas most likely to vote for the anti-EU UK Independence Party in the 2015 general election. They had experienced lower wage growth than other areas of the country; http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/fe5c6b4e-32f8-11e6-bda0-04585c31b153.html#axzz4DNFHTRsk.
22. British Social Attitudes survey; http://www.bsa.natcen.ac.uk/?_ga=1.38463971.1565042058.1469308912.
23. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/state-of-the-nation-report-on-social-mobility-in-great-britain.
24. https://www.minneapolisfed.org/publications/the-region/interview-with-lawrence-katz.
25. http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/11/08/us/politics/election-exit-polls.html.
26. http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/donald-trump-victory-similar-brexit/story?id=43420714.
27. With strong parallels to the Sutton Trust’s constituency-level mobility index, the Social Mobility Commission subsequently produced its own index at local authority level in England; https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/social-mobility-index.
28. http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-36616028.
29. Social mobility index from the Social Mobility Commission.
30. Our own calculations using official data on the Leave vote and the Social Mobility Commission’s social mobility index.
31. https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/britain-the-great-meritocracy-prime-ministers-speech.
32. http://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/08/us/politics/trump-rally.html.
33. https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2014/11/why-its-so-hard-for-millennials-to-figure-out-where-to-live/382929/.
34. https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2016/02/the-place-where-the-poor-once-thrived/470667/.