Agribusiness firms: boards of directors, 54–57;
and consumer choice, 57;
and farmers, 58;
and technological treadmill, 18
Agricultural development, models of, 70–78
Agricultural districts, 87
Agricultural economics, 23
Agricultural economists, 17, 22
Agricultural labor. See Farm labor
Agricultural regionalization, 3
Agricultural treadmill. See Technological treadmill
Agriculture: biotechnology revolution, 20–21;
chemical revolution, 19–20;
industrial model, 2;
mechanical revolution, 19;
in New York, 5;
in Northeast, 6. See also Farming
Albrecht, Don, 43
American Farm management Association, 17–18
“American Way of Farming,” 21
Barber, Benjamin, 77
Beus, Curtis, 79
Block, Fred, 72
Bluestone, Barry, 82
Brand, Charles, 18
Briggs, Carl, 14
Brunner, Edmund de S., 9
City farming. See Urban agriculture
Civic agriculture: and agricultural literacy, 62, 101–102;
as antithesis of commodity agriculture, 73;
characteristics of, 85–87;
and civic community, 105;
and community development, 98, 105;
and community problem solving, 77;
definition of, 1–2;
and democracy, 76–77;
and ecological biology, 75;
and economic development, 84;
and economic embeddedness, 62, 101;
and the environment, 74;
and equity, 74;
and factory farms, 62;
as ideal type, 117n; measurement of, 97–98;
and networks of producers, 63;
in New York State, 97–98;
in the Northeast, 84;
policies to support, 104;
and social movements, 78, 104;
and sustainable agriculture, 79–81, 102;
theoretical foundations, 64–78
Civic community, 69–70, 73, 75–76, 105
Civic economy, 25–29
Civic enterprises, 65
Civic farmers, 62
Civic spirit, 65
Civil society, 69
Cochrane, Willard, 19
Commodity agriculture: and agricultural policy, 100;
and animal science, 100;
government subsidies, 100–101;
and land grant universities, 99–100;
and plant science, 100;
and production contracts, 100. See also Factory farms; Industrial agriculture
Communities, early rural, 8
Community capitalism, 105
Community Food and Agriculture Program, 97, 119n
Community gardens: and civic agriculture, 86;
and civic community, 26;
Liberty Gardens, 96;
Victory Gardens, 96. See also Urban agriculture
Community kitchens, 87
Community problem solving, 63–64, 78, 102
Community supported agriculture (CSA): and civic agriculture, 87–90;
and civic economy, 28;
consumer-directed, 89;
consumer perspectives, 90;
farmerconsumer cooperatives, 89;
farmer-coordinated, 89;
farmerdirected, 88;
products of, 88
Cone, Cynthia, 90
Cooperative Extension Service, 15, 63
Corporate middle class, 76
Dickinson, James, 43
Distancing, separating production and consumption, 39
Domhoff, William, 54
Drabenstott, Mark, 46
Dunlap, Riley, 79
Ecological biology, 74
Economically independent middle class, 66, 76
Economic concentration and community well-being, 64–68, 81–82
Economic embeddedness, 12, 23, 25, 27
Economic globalization, 75, 83
Economies of scale, 14
Esman, Milton, 73
Experimental biology, 74
Factory farms, 30, 57–59, 62. See also Commodity agriculture; Industrial agriculture
Farmers: as laggards, 19;
loss of economic power of, 58;
as managers, 63
Farmers’ markets: as bridge between the formal and informal economy, 93, and civic agriculture, 86;
and civic economy, 28;
in New York City, 92;
vendors, 92–93
Farming: animal enterprises, 35;
as a business, 17–18;
changing works, 10;
concentration of production, 31–38;
early division of labor, 8;
in 1870s, 9;
fruit farms, 36;
impediments to mass production techniques, 16;
in Iowa, 27;
labor exchanges, 10;
large scale producers, 34–37;
specialization of production, 31–33;
structural trends, 30–38;
use of chemicals, 20;
vegetable enterprises, 35–36. See also Agriculture
Farm labor: and agricultural industrialization, 43–45;
in California, 44–45;
on family farms, 42–43;
in Florida, 44;
labor time vs. production time, 43;
in 1950 and 1997, 43–45;
in North Carolina, 44
Farmland: absentee ownership of, 41–42;
in California, 41–42;
as factor of production, 40–41;
in Texas, 42
Farm management model, 21
Food, as commodity, 60
Food chain clusters, 48–49
Food citizens, 77
Food processors: consolidation, 50–52;
and consumer choice, 2, 55–57;
multinational corporations, 4, 49–52;
off-farm, 87;
oligopolistic aspects, 56;
on-farm, 87;
and plant closings, 54–55
Food self-sufficiency (in New Jersey), 39–40
Foodsheds, 107n
Ford Motor Company, 14
Freedom to Farm Act, 36
Geography of agricultural production, 37–38
Global capitalism. See Economic globalization
Global food system, 5, 41, 46, 48–53, 60
Goldschmidt, Walter, 66–68, 76, 81
Green Giant company, 50–52
Grocery stores. See Retail food industry
Hamm, Michael, 39–40
Hanman, Gary, 46
Harper, Doug, 10
Harrison, Bennett, 82
Hart, Philip, 49
Hatch Act of 1887, 15
Hill, Stephen, 54
Human capital, 77
Industrial agriculture, 71, 100. See also Commodity agriculture; Factory farms
Industrialization, 24
Industry, as economic concept, 22, 27, 110n
Informal economy, in Third World, 24, 27
Jeffer, H. W., 17
Kakaliouras, Ann, 90
Kaufman, Phil, 53
Kneen, Brewster, 39
Kolb, John H., 9
Land-grant colleges and universities, 15–16, 18, 28
Lyceums, 15
Local capitalism, 25
Management practices, 100
Mann, Susan, 43
Manufacturing: artisan shops, 11;
mass production, 13–14;
19, 22;
in New England, 10
Marketing cooperatives, 87
Military industrial complex, 81
Mills, C. Wright, 54, 64–66, 76, 81
Morrill Act of 1862, 15
Munton, Richard, 41
Murdock, Steve, 43
Murray, James E., 65
National Organic Program (NOP), 97
Neoclassical economics: and democracy, 77;
development model, 3, 23, 25, 71–73;
and experimental biology, 74;
and markets, 11;
Occupation: as economic concept, 22, 27, 110n; titles, 11
Pax Americana, 82
Pepsico Corporation, 55–56
Perrow, Charles, 69
Piore, Michael, 13–14
Polanyi, Karl, 72
Prepared Foods, 49
Production districts, 68–69, 75–76, 87
Protoindustrialization, 12
Putnam, Robert, 73
Rees, William, 95–96
Restaurant agriculture, 91, 118n
Retail food industry, 52–54
Riedl, Brian, 100
Roadside stands: in California, 94;
civic features, 93–94;
in Massachusetts, 94;
in Ohio, 94;
reasons for shopping at, 95;
vs. supermarkets, 94
Robinson, Robert, 14
Rural Advancement Fund International (RAFI), 48–49
Schlosser, Eric, 58
School gardens, 26
Scientific agriculture, 15, 17
Scientific management, 19
Second Industrial Divide, 13
Small business, demise of, 81–83
Smith, Stewart, 58
Smith Lever Act of 1914, 15
Social capital, 77
Supply chains: and contract farming, 45–46;
and retail food industry, 53;
role of food processors in, 45–47;
and rural communities, 47
Sustainable agriculture: as alternative to conventional agriculture, 78–81;
as social movement, 28
Sustainable development, 75
Technological treadmill, 19, 21
Tocqueville, Alexis de, 72–73
Truck farms, 5
Ulmer, Melville, 64–66, 76, 81
United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), 16, 18, 28, 78, 92
Uphoff, Norman, 73
Urban agriculture: and civil society, 96;
and community gardens, 95–97. See also Community gardens
Wacoma Twilight, 27
Welsh, Rick, 45
Zeitlin, Jonathon, 68