1. Allen, Organizing, 128–29.
2. Draper, Roots, 1.
3. Ibid.
4. Howe and Coser, American Communist Party:; Klehr, Heyday; Klehr and Haynes, American Communist Movement.
5. Isserman, If I Had a Hammer; Isserman, Which Side On?; Kelley, Hammer and Hoe; Solomon, Cry Was Unity.
6. Maurice Isserman quoted in Storch, “Moscow’s Archives.” Kazin, American Dreamers.
7. O’Connor, Mysteries and Manners, 81.
1. Postgate, Bolshevik Theory, 184.
2. Haywood, Black Bolshevik, 234.
1. Painter, Narrative, 373.
2. Herndon, Let Me Live.
3. Ibid., 85. See also Herndon, You Cannot Kill the Working Class, 13.
4. T. Johnson, “We Are Illegal Here,” 475. See also Pennybacker, From Scottsboro to Munich, 21.
5. Southern Worker, October 4, 1930.
6. “Report of Comrade Tom Johnson to Politboro [sic], May 1931,” quoted in T. Johnson, “We Are Illegal Here,” 464.
7. Davidson, “Sociologist in Eden,” 110.
8. For background about the sharecropping system, see Rogers, One-Gallused Rebellion, 11–14, and H. Mitchell, Mean Things, 47–50.
9. Robinson, Bridge, 57.
10. Southern Worker, January 17, 1931, 2.
11. Ibid.
12. C. Martin, Angelo Herndon Case, 7–8.
13. Newton, White Robes, 75.
14. Herndon, “You Cannot Kill the Working Class,” 17–18.
15. Ibid., 19.
16. Harris, “Running,” 21–25. See also Daily Worker, June 3, 1935.
17. Daily Worker, July 17, 1931.
18. Allen, Negro Question, 177.
1. Allen, Organizing, 33–38.
2. Hamilton, “Chattanooga’s Radical History.”
3. Schechter, “How Solomon Schechter’s Daughter.”
4. Carter, Scottsboro, 54–55.
5. Allen, Organizing, 39–40; Southern Worker, November 22, 1930.
6. Shay, Judge Lynch, 121–25.
7. Macon (MO) Chronicle Herald, July 5, 1930; Big Spring (TX) Daily Herald, July 6, 1930, 1, 6.
8. Stefani Evans, “Family’s Encounter with Racism Recalled,” Las Vegas Sun, December 8, 2008.
9. Lawrence (KS) Daily Journal, July 5, 1930, 1.
10. St. Petersburg (FL) Independent, July 5, 1930.
11. Raper, Tragedy, 66.
12. Southern Worker, July 14, 1931, 2.
13. Segrave, Lynchings, 158–62.
14. Raper, Tragedy, 68.
15. Southern Worker, August 30, 1930.
16. Ibid., 1, 2.
17. Willie, “Walter R. Chivers,” 245.
18. Raper, Tragedy, 60–61.
19. Southern Worker, October 18, 1930.
20. Raper, Tragedy, 70–71.
21. Ibid., 74.
22. Willie, “Walter R. Chivers,” 246. Long, Against Us, 29–32.
23. Southern Worker, November 15, 1930.
24. Ibid.
25. Southern Worker, December 5, 1930.
26. Ibid.
27. Raper, Tragedy, 82.
1. Acker, Scottsboro, 19.
2. Huntsville Times, March 25, 1931.
3. Patterson, Man, 129.
4. Carter, Scottsboro, 24.
5. Acker, Scottsboro, 25.
6. Janken, White, 150.
7. Allen, Smash the Scottsboro Lynch Verdict.
8. Wilson, “Freight Car Case.”
9. Acker, Scottsboro, 40. See also Amsterdam News, July 16, 1930, 2.
10. Birmingham Age Herald, June 18, 1931. Montgomery Advertiser, April 14, 1931, 4.
11. Arthur Raper quoted in Goodman, Stories, 297. Mazzari, Southern Modernist, 169–70.
12. Allen, Organizing in The Depression South, 82–85.
13. Solomon, Cry Was Unity, 198.
14. Hollace Ransdell, “Report on the Scottsboro, Alabama Case,” ACLU, New York City, May 21, 1931, p. 3, frame 175, reel 3, part 6, “Scottsboro Case 1931–1950,” Papers of the NAACP.
15. Ibid., May 27, 1931, p. 19.
16. Ibid., 20–21.
17. Broeg, “Belle versus Beast,” 208–10.
18. Ransdell, “Report,” 11.
19. Ibid., 21.
20. Braden, “Free Thomas Wansley.”
1. Marx, “Contribution,” 175.
2. Davies, Infected Christianity, 106. Matt. 19:30 (AV).
3. Grubbs, Cry, 65–68.
4. R. Martin, “Prophet’s Pilgrimage,” 521.
5. Haselden, Mandate, 40.
6. Ibid., 40–41.
7. Evans, “Klan Spiritual,” 3.
8. Baker, Gospel, 28–30.
9. Wright, “Klansman’s Criterion.”
10. Feldman, “Beginning,” 135.
11. Oppenheimer, Exit Right, 51.
1. Crisis, March 1936, 75.
2. Mjangkij, Organizing Black America, 25–27.
3. TAM 218, box 3, folder 2, Solomon and Kaufman files.
4. Rosengarten, All God’s Dangers, 57–59.
5. Wilson, “Freight Car Case.”
6. Carter, Scottsboro, 121–23. See also Allen, Organizing, 89–90.
7. Allen, Organizing, 71.
8. Beecher, “Share Cropper Union,” 125.
9. Crisis, March 1936, 75, 92.
10. Feldman, Irony, 262.
11. Watkins, Hungry Years, 145–46.
12. New York Times, July 18, 1931. Time, July 27, 1931.
13. New York Times, May 29 and July 24, 1931.
14. Stone, “Agrarian Conflict,” 523. Allen, Organizing, 73.
15. Chiassen, Press, 18.
16. Stone, “Agrarian Conflict,” 525.
17. Carter, Scottsboro, 127.
18. New York Times, July 19, 1931.
19. Ibid.
20. Ibid., July 25, 1931.
21. Solomon, Cry, 123.
22. Allen, Organizing, 74
23. Howard Kester to Walter White, August 15, 1931, letter accompanying Kester’s final report, part 6, reel 23, file 1, NAACP Legal Files.
24. John Henry Calhoun, Indianapolis Record, August 1, 1931.
1. Herndon, Let Me Live, 131.
2. Ibid., 129–31. See also Herndon, You Cannot Kill the Working Class, 17. See also Southern Worker, March 7, 1931.
3. Selma Times Journal headline quoted in Herndon, Let Me Live, 139.
4. Allen, Organizing, 33.
5. Portelli, They Say in Harlan County, 189–92.
6. “Pittsburgh Convention.”
7. Finley Donaldson quoted in the Scranton-Republican (Scranton, PA), November 9, 1931, 2.
8. Portelli, They Say in Harlan County, 195–96.
9. Soodalter, “Price of Coal.”
10. Kentucky Miners’ Struggle, 10.
11. Portelli, They Say in Harlan County, 187.
12. Dreiser, Harlan Miners, 81. Gannes, Kentucky Miners, 9–10.
13. West, “Romantic Appalachia,” 213–14.
14. Portelli, They Say in Harlan County, 75.
15. Dreiser, Harlan Miners, ix.
16. Gannes, Kentucky Miners, 28. See also Kentucky Miners’ Struggle.
17. Gannes, Kentucky Miners, 2.
18. Testimony of James C. Garland, “Hearings before Subcommittee of the Committee on Manufacturers,” U.S. Senate 32nd Cong., May 11, 12, 13, and 19, 1932 (LaFollette Committee), May 11, 1932.
19. Cowley, “Kentucky Coal Town.”
20. Bethell, foreword, 5–6.
21. Sullivan, Days of Hope, 78–79.
22. Hevener, Which Side?, 80–81.
23. Weller, Yesterday’s People, 130.
24. Ibid., 131.
25. Callahan, Work and Faith, 187. Portelli, They Say in Harlan County, 205.
26. Advocate Messenger (Danville, KY), February 29, 1932.
1. For background on the Shades Mountain Murders, see Kelley, Hammer and Hoe, 83–90, and Morrison, Murder.
2. Birmingham News, August 6, 1931.
3. Labor Defender, April 1, 1934, 5.
4. Ibid.
5. Labor Defender, April 1, 1934, 5, 19. See also Herndon, Let Me Live, 148–57.
6. Southern Worker, August 15, 1931.
7. Herndon, Let Me Live, 163.
8. Charles Hamilton Houston, “Confidential Memo, the State v Peterson, Birmingham Alabama, September 2, 1933,” August Meir Papers.
9. Ibid.
10. Southern Worker, December 9, 1931, 2.
11. “Was Victim Shot to Seal His Lips?,” Pittsburgh (PA) Courier, October 17, 1931, 1.
12. Ibid.
13. Ibid.
14. Ibid.
15. Herndon, “You Cannot Kill the Working Class,” 19–20.
16. “Willie Peterson Trials,” folder 0021524-024-0542, Papers of the NAACP.
17. Part 6, group I, series D, reels 23 and 24, legal files, “Willie Peterson Trials,” Papers of the NAACP.
18. Charles McPherson to Walter White, December 9, 1931, series D, box D65, part 06, legal files, Cases Supported: Willie Peterson 1931–1937, Papers of the NAACP.
19. Southern Worker, January 16, 1932.
20. Roderick Beddow to Walter White, March 1, 1932, Correspondence, part 06, folder 001469-015-002, “Willie Peterson Trials,” Papers of the NAACP.
21. Ibid.
22. Kelley, Hammer and Hoe, 84.
23. Tuscaloosa News, May 18, 1933, 4.
24. Oscar W. Adams Sr., Birmingham Reporter, April 1, 1933.
25. Houston, “Confidential Memo.”
26. Box 144, file 8, August Meir Papers.
27. Evening Independent (St. Petersburg, FL), March 9, 1933. See also Southern Worker, October 17, 1931.
28. July 1933, “Scottsboro Case,” Papers of the NAACP.
29. Charles Hamilton Houston to Robert Moton, July 29, 1933, box 144, file 8, August Meir Papers. Southern Worker, February 10, 1934, 2.
30. Horne, Black Revolutionary, 48.
31. Ibid., 48.
32. Pittsburgh (PA) Courier, January 20, 1934, 6.
33. Southern Worker, February 10, 1934.
34. Labor Defender, January 1934, 2.
35. John W. Altman to Charles McPherson, box 144, folder 8, August Meir Papers.
36. Southern Worker, March 25, 1934.
37. San Antonio Register, March 16, 1934.
38. Southern Worker, March 25, 1934.
39. Walter White to Robert Moton, February 5, 1934, box 144, August Meir Papers.
40. Tuscaloosa News, March 6, 1934.
1. Pennybacker, From Scottsboro to Munich, 25. See also Allen, Organizing, 127.
2. Pennybacker, From Scottsboro to Munich, 22.
3. Alice Burke (Jarvis), oral history.
4. Kelley, Hammer and Hoe, 25.
5. Solomon, Cry Was Unity, 118.
6. Painter, Narrative of Hosea Hudson, 110–13.
7. Lawson, “In Dixie Land.”
8. Kelley, “Comrades Praise Gawd,” 62–63.
9. Militant 5, no. 51 (December 31, 1932): 2. And Burke (Jarvis), oral history.
10. Rosen and Rosengarten, “Shootout at Reeltown.”
11. Allen, Organizing, 76.
12. Kelley, Tell Me More.
13. Brooks, Boycotts, Buses, and Passes, 124.
14. Ibid., 125.
15. Theoharis, Rebellious Life, 15. See also McGuire, At the Dark End, 11–13.
16. Jankin, White, 152. See Also Dray, At the Hands, 310.
17. Folder 27, Olive M. Stone Papers.
18. Olive M. Stone, 3B oral history interview.
19. Ibid., 4B.
20. N. Read and D. Read, Deep Family, 240–42.
21. Ibid., 213–21.
22. Stanton, Hand of Esau, 69–70.
23. Ibid., 71. L. Kaufman, “Beatrice Holzman Schneiderman.”
24. Hollis, Alabama Newspaper Tradition, 78.
25. Stone, Agrarian Conflict, 522.
26. Harris, “Running,” 31.
1. “What Happened in Tallapoosa County?”
2. Solomon, Cry Was Unity, 225.
3. Gray, Tuskegee Syphilis Study, 74–76.
4. “What Happened in Tallapoosa County?”
5. Lelyveld, Omaha Blues, 103.
6. Ibid., 103.
7. Shapiro, White Violence, 234. See also Carter, Scottsboro, 176–78, and Kelley, Hammer and Hoe, 49–51.
8. Shapiro, White Violence, 234.
9. For background material on the AAA, see Biles, South and the New Deal, 39–47.
10. Biles, South, 40.
11. John P. Davis, “Black Inventory.”
1. Chambers, Witness, 221–24, 232–34. See also Tanenhaus, Whittaker Chambers, 58.
2. Goodman, Stories, 101.
3. Acker, Scottsboro, 54.
4. Acker, Scottsboro, 55.
5. Ibid., 54–56.
6. Ibid.
7. Rossi, “First Scottsboro Trials.”
8. Allen, Organizing, 302–5.
9. Goodman, Stories, 120.
10. Ibid., 124.
11. Carter, “Reasonable Doubt.”
12. Jonathan Daniels, Raleigh News and Observer, April 8, 1933. Quoted in Goodman, Stories, 172.
13. Ibid.
14. John Spivak, Daily Worker, April 10, 1933.
15. Montgomery Examiner, April 6, 1933. Carter, Scottsboro, 259.
16. Stanton, Hand of Esau, 69–70.
17. Stanton, Journey toward Justice, 112.
18. Olive M. Stone, 4B oral history interview.
19. Fosl, “Life and Times.” N. Read and D. Read, Deep Family, 17–20.
20. Stone, 4B oral history interview.
21. New York World Telegram, August 5, 1933.
22. Linder, “Without Fear or Favor,” 567.
23. Reynolds, Courtroom, 280.
24. Isadore Schneider, Labor Defender 11, no 8 (August 1933): 30.
25. Ibid.
26. Linder, “Without Fear of Favor.”
27. Bellamy, “Scottsboro Boys,” 32.
28. Solomon, Cry Was Unity, 245–47.
29. Leibowitz quoted in Acker, Scottsboro, 142–23. Carter, Scottsboro, 312.
30. Damon, “Scottsboro.”
31. Carter, Scottsboro, 244.
1. This chapter relies primarily on Herndon’s autobiography, Let Me Live, published by Random House, New York City, 1937.
2. Herndon, Let Me Live, 203,345.
3. Ibid., 205.
4. T. Johnson, “We Are Illegal Here,” 462.
5. Herndon, Let Me Live, 228.
6. Southern Exposure review.
7. Angelo Herndon quoted in C. Martin, Angelo Herndon Case, 52.
8. Herndon, Let Me Live, 346.
9. Ibid., 238.
10. Ibid., 250.
11. Ibid., 352.
12. Labor Defender, August 1935, 8,10.
13. Mack, Representing the Race, 170.
14. C. Martin, Angelo Herndon Case, 140–41.
15. C. Martin, Angelo Herndon Case, 168.
16. Ford, “Let My People Live.”
17. George H. Dession, “The Making of a Radical,” Saturday Review, April 3, 1937, 11. Rose C. Field, New York Herald Tribune, March 14, 1937. Correspondence, box 1, folder 6, Let Me Live, Angelo Herndon Papers.
18. L. Jackson, Ralph Ellison, 345–46.
1. Dray, At the Hands, 318.
2. Tuscaloosa News, June 15, 1933.
3. Ibid.
4. Tuscaloosa News, June 18, 1933.
5. Tuscaloosa News, June 15, 1933.
6. Ibid.
7. Bellamy, “Scottsboro Boys.”
8. Hollars, Thirteen Loops, 19.
9. Raper, Plight of Tuscaloosa, 13.
10. Harlem Liberator, August 19, 1933.
11. Sharpe, “Tuscaloosa,” 20.
12. Taub, “Prelude.”
13. Ibid., 6.
14. Cunard, Essays, 212.
15. Taub, “Prelude,” 6.
16. Ibid.
17. Southern Worker, September 20, 1933.
18. Cason, Ninety Degrees, 31.
19. McDonough, “Men and Women,” 92–93.
20. Terry and Simms, They Live on the Land, xxxiii–xxxv.
21. Kelley, Hammer and Hoe, 88.
22. Shapiro, White Violence, 226.
23. Chicago Tribune, August 14, 1933, 7.
24. Raper, Plight of Tuscaloosa, 22.
25. Ibid., 32.
26. Dray, At the Hands, 320.
27. Tuscaloosa News, August 14, 1933, 1.
28. Ibid.
29. Southern Worker, September 20, 1933, 1–2.
30. Sharpe, “Tuscaloosa,” 25.
31. Southern Worker, November 15, 1933.
32. Labor Defender 9, no. 9 (October 1933): 3.
33. Hollars, Thirteen Loops, 32.
34. Time, August 21, 1933, 10.
35. N. Ross, “NRA in the South.”
36. Southern Worker, November 15, 1933.
1. For background on Alice Johnson, see Raper, Plight of Tuscaloosa, 26–39.
2. NCDPP Briefing 2, November 17, 1933, p. 2, part 06, “Lynchings in Tuscaloosa,” file 001-524-002-0101, NAACP Legal Files.
3. Raper, Plight of Tuscaloosa, 28.
4. Ibid., 30.
5. Tuscaloosa News, October 16, 1933.
6. Hollars, Thirteen Loops, 22.
7. Briefs dated November 10 and 17, 1933, both in part 6, “Lynchings in Tuscaloosa,” November 1, 1933, to December 31, 1933, folder 001-524-002-0101, NAACP Legal Files. San Antonio Register, November 3, 1933, 1.
8. NCDPP Brief 2, November 19, 1933, 3, part 06, “Lynchings in Tuscaloosa,” file 001-524-002-0101, NAACP Legal Files.
9. “Lynchings in Tuscaloosa, National Committee for the Defense of Political Prisoners, Alfred Hirsch Report,” November 19, 1933, NAACP Papers.
10. Pittsburgh (PA) Courier, December 23, 1933.
11. Raper, Plight of Tuscaloosa, 37.
12. Ibid., 38.
13. Ibid., 37.
14. Ibid., 39.
15. Ibid., 39.
1. Murphy, “Achievement and Tasks,” 142–43.
2. Honey, Southern Labor 54. Charges against the Atlanta Six were not officially dropped until August 30, 1939.
3. Honey, Going Down Jericho Road, 12–14.
4. Haywood, Black Communist, 205.
5. Ibid., 207.
6. Fannie Henderson’s affidavit quoted in Honey, Black Workers 22.
7. Honey, Southern Labor, 56.
8. Biles, Memphis’ 120.
1. Lorence, Unemployed People’s Movement, 139–40.
2. Adams, James A. Dombrowski, 89–93.
3. Ingalls, “Anti-Radical Violence.”
4. Jamison, Labor Unionism, 298.
5. A. Jackson, “You Can Kill Me.”
6. Kelley, Hammer and Hoe, 165–66.
7. Annie Mae Merriweather quoted in W. Kaufman, Woody Guthrie, 41.
8. Wood, To Live and Die in Dixie, 28–31.
9. Ibid., 31.
10. Shapiro, White Violence, 236.
11. Wood, To Live and Die in Dixie, 29.
12. Montgomery Advertiser quoted in A. Jackson, “You Can Kill Me.” Olive Stone, “A Survey of Civil Rights in the South: A Summary for 1934–5, Chapel Hill: Southern Committee for People’s Rights, April 1936, p. 12, Olive M. Stone Papers.
13. Southern Farm Leader, December 7, 1935.
14. Straus, “Enter the Cotton Picker,” 390.
15. Scales and Nickson, Cause at Heart, 78.
16. Purcell, White Collar Radicals, 50–51.
17. Horne, Black Revolutionary, 65–68.
18. Kelley, Hammer and Hoe, 171–72.
19. Biles, South and the New Deal, 49–50.
20. Linder, “Without Fear or Favor.”
1. Painter, Narrative of Hosea Hudson, 243, 245.
2. Ottanelli, Communist Party, 83–84.
3. Post, “Popular Front.”
4. Ryan, Earl Browder, 103–4.
5. Wechsler, Age of Suspicion, 85–86.
6. Hall, “Earl Browder.”
7. McWhorter, Carry Me Home, 43.
8. Ingalls, “Anti-Radical Violence,” 538–41.
9. Feldman, Politics, Society, 242–43.
10. Gelders, “Teachings of Marx,” 49.
11. Ingalls, “Anti-Radical Violence,” 529.
12. Rittenberg, “We’re C.I.O.s.”
13. Gelders, “Teachings of Marx,” 51.
14. Ingalls, “Anti-Radical Violence,” 532–33.
15. Scales and Nickson, Cause at Heart, 120.
16. Ingalls, “Anti-Radical Violence,” 536.
17. Pat Barr, “Disarm Industry,” Southern Worker, March 1937, 6.
18. Ibid.
19. Ottanelli, Communist Party, 116.
20. Raymond, “Prairie Fire,” 975.
21. Ibid.
22. Ibid.
23. Haywood, Black Communist, 199–200.
24. Virginia Durr, oral history interview.
25. Sullivan, Days of Hope, 61.
26. Sosna, In Search, 88–104, quotation on 90.
27. Egerton, Speak Now against the Day, 188.
28. Kenneth Douty, “The Southern Conference for Human Welfare,” SCHW Collection.
29. Reed, Simple Decency, 50.
30. Krueger, And Promises, 33.
31. Grover Hall quoted in ibid., 33. See also Feldman, Irony, 142.
32. Kelley, Hammer and Hoe, 189.
33. Hall, “Southern Conference,” 64–65.
34. Montgomery Advertiser, December 15, 1938, 2.
35. Governor Grover Hall quoted in Hall, “Southern Conference,” 64–65.
36. Douty, “Southern Conference.”
1. Ryan, Browder, 125, 186.
2. Ibid., 127. Horne, Black Revolutionary, 86.
3. Kelley, Hammer and Hoe, 195.
4. Kelley, “Jacksons,” 178.
5. Ibid.
6. Salmond, Miss Lucy, 78. See also Smith, “Sit-Down Strikes.”
7. Lenin, “Marxism and Reformism.”
8. Taylor, History, 147.
9. Flynt, Alabama Baptists, 375.
10. Cohen and Capaldi, Pete Seeger Reader, 57.
11. Fried, Communism in America, 49–50.
12. “How Alabama Newspapers Failed to Cover Segregation in 1963,” Guardian, November 11, 2011.
13. Smith, “1930’s.”
14. Brown, Standing against Dragons, 94.
15. Connor, “Birmingham Wars.”
16. Brown, Standing against Dragons, 93.
1. G. Johnson, “Why Communists,” 93.
2. “Scottsboro—What Now?”
3. Acker, Scottsboro, 154.
4. Draper, “Communists and Miners,” 391.
5. Charles Hamilton Houston, “An Approach to Better Race Relations,” speech to YWCA Convention, May 5, 1934, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, www.law.cornell.edu/houston/ywcatxt.htm.
6. Moon, Balance of Power, 123.
7. Kazin, American Dreamers, 156.
8. Nikita Khrushchev quoted in Harrison Salisbury, “Khrushchev Talk on Stalin Bares Details of Rule Based on Terror,” New York Times, June 5, 1956, 1.
9. Steve Nelson quoted in Fried, Communism in America, 394–95.
10. Horne, Black Revolutionary, 11, 216.
1. Abraham Lincoln Brigade Archives (ALBA), www.alba-valb.org; also Abraham Lincoln Brigade Archives.
2. “Investigation of Communist Activities in the Seattle, Washington Area, Part 2,” Hearings before the Committee on Un-American Activities, U.S. House of Representatives, 84th Cong., 1st Sess., March 18 and 19, 1955, p. 421.
3. Alvarez, “How Lowell Wakefield.”
4. Guide to the James S. Allen Papers.
5. Elia Kazan quoted in Schwartz, Marilyn Revealed, 58.
6. Kelley, Hammer and Hoe, 125, 225. See also Klehr, Haynes, and Firsov, Secret World, 287–88.
7. Lelyveld, Omaha Blues, 154–60.
8. Fosl, “Life and Times.” See also “Rosario Morales, 1930–2011,” obituary, Puerto Rican Students Association, posted by Aurora Levins Morales, April 2011, www.PuertoAmericanStudies.org.
9. Horne, Black Revolutionary, 97.
10. Wheeler, “We Charge Genocide.” Article 3, Genocide Convention, approved by UN General Assembly December 9, 1948. Horne, Black Revolutionary, 169.
11. Roll, Spirit of Rebellion, 148.
12. Capeci, Lynching of Cleo Wright.
13. Painter, Narrative of Hosea Hudson, 341–62.
14. Kelley, Hammer and Hoe, 125–26.
15. Rob Hall, oral history.
16. Ingalls, “Flogging.”
17. Meyer, Vito Marcantonio, 14.
18. Don Barry, “Up from the Ashes: The Hate That Does Not Win,” New York Times, September 25, 2011.