All page numbers in the index refer to the print edition.
Illustrations in the gallery are indicated by fig. 1, fig. 2, and so on.
Ali, Muhammad, 85–86, 109–10, 152, 188, 211
Alta California (newspaper), 20
American Kenpo Karate system, 96, 153. See also Parker, Ed
Anastasi, Jim, 116
Bagwell, Beth, 80
Baker, Bob, 112–14
Ball, Lucille, 96
Baraka, Amiri, 110
Barber, C. Jerome, 191
Bax, Paul, 206
Bennett, Nathaniel, 20
Bing Chan, fig. 3, 112, 132, 134, 147
Black Belt Magazine, 151
Bodhidharma, 40–41
bodybuilding culture, 77–78
Bosman, Charles Maurice, 50
boxing, 85–86, 90, 99–101, 109–10, 125, 144, 188
Bragg, Paul, 77
Bruce Lee–Wong Jack Man fight: debates surrounding, fig. 22, 142–43, 145–47, 148–50, 152, 207, 208; description of, 137–41, 205; impact on Bruce Lee’s approach, 143–45, 208; impact on Wong Jack Man’s career, 149–50, 152, 210; issuing of challenge, 134–36, 204
Burleson, J. Pat, fig. 20
Caldwell, Linda Lee. See Lee, Linda (Emery)
Cantonese Opera, 30, 33–34, 127
Castro, Ralph: image of, fig. 18; late-night martial arts sessions, 93–94, 188; martial arts background of, 94, 95; Valencia Street school of, fig. 18, 4, 93–94, 153; at Wally Jay’s luaus, 4, 162; and the Wong Jack Man fight, 205, 208
Central Guoshou Institute, fig. 6, 45–46
Cervara, Joe, 163
Chan, Warren, 184
Chang, Iris, 166–67
Chang Chung-Wen, Diana, fig. 22, 126, 128, 131, 142
Chen Man Ching, 102
Cheung, Hawkins, 51, 54, 55, 85, 178, 179
Chiang Kai-shek, Madame, 35–36, 171–72
Chin, David, 134–35, 137–38, 141, 143, 146, 149, 152, 205
China: and Hong Kong, 48–49, 51; under the Manchu government, 18; under Mao, 51, 52–53; martial arts development in, 44–46, 175; martial arts origins in, 39–43; Qing Dynasty overthrow, 34. See also Chinese immigration
Chinatown (San Francisco): 1964 New Year parade, 107–9; Bruce Lee’s first tour of, 29–36; Bruce Lee’s reputation in, 6, 57–58, 129–30, 148–49, 163; descriptions of, 13–15; discrimination in, 16, 165; gang culture in, 16, 24–25, 111, 153; history of, 17–20, 24–25, 110–11; martial arts culture in, 37–38, 59–60, 62–64, 111–12, 152–53; nightclubs of, 32, 108, 111; racial exclusion code in, 146–48; theater culture in, 126–28, 201; tong organizations in, 23–25
Chinese Exclusion Acts, 20–21, 35, 111
Chinese Gung Fu (Lee), 101, 129–30, 193
Chinese Hospital (Chinatown), 33–34, 170
Chinese immigration: to California, 15, 18–21, 166, 167, 168; and the gold rush, 15, 18–20, 176; to Hawaii, 87, 166; to Hong Kong, 177; loopholes in, 22, 168; reasons for, 18–19; restrictions on, 20–21, 35; statistics on, 166
Chinese Karate Kung-Fu (Wong and Lee), fig. 8, 75, 185
Chinese Kung-Fu (Wong), 129–30
Chinese Pacific Weekly (newspaper), 142, 150
Chinese Skyroom (nightclub), 32
Choy Kam Man (Master Choy), fig. 9, fig. 10, 61–63, 84, 147–48, 152, 180–81
Choy Li Fut approach, 21. See also Hung Sing (martial arts school); Lau Bun
City Lights bookstore, 31–32
Clay, Cassius, 85–86, 109–10, 152, 188, 211
“closing the gap” technique, fig. 21, 8–9, 140, 133
Coolidge, Calvin, 87
creation myths (martial arts), 44–45, 53, 175
dancing (Bruce Lee), 28, 47–48, 55, 81
Danzan Ryu jujitsu, 90
Delinger, Jack, 78
Delza, Sophia, 62
Der, Ben, 56, 135–36, 141, 143, 170, 179, 207
Dillon, Richard H., 167
Doda, Carol, 111
Donohoe, Kirby “KO,” 100
Dorgan, Michael, 207
Dylan, Bob, 109
Eagle Claw (martial arts style), 44
Earhart, Amelia, 81
earthquake of 1906 (San Francisco), 21, 24, 80
East Wind Modern Kung Fu Club, 75–76
Egan, Mark, 161
Ellsworth, Skip, 66
Emery, Linda. See Lee, Linda (Emery)
exclusion acts, 20–21, 35, 111
fencing, 145
Ferlinghetti, Lawrence, 31
Filipino immigration, 88
fire of 1906 (San Francisco), 22, 24, 168
fitness scene (Bay Area), fig. 12, fig. 25, 77–78
Fong, Hiram, 36
Fong, Leo: and Bruce Lee’s one-inch punch, 112–14, 197; on Bruce Lee’s style, 144–45; image of, fig. 19; on the James Lee–T. Y. Wong fallout, 185; on Mah Sek, 182; on martial arts styles, 120; as martial arts teacher, 153; martial arts training of, fig. 19, 2–3, 97–98, 100–101, 125; as a minister, 99, 100; racism experienced by, 98–99; sounds attached to moves, 192; at Wally Jay’s luau event, 3–4, 5–6, 7–9, 162; and the Wong Jack Man fight, 135, 136, 143–44, 146
Fong, Shirley, 108
Fonoroff, Paul, 128
Forbidden City (nightclub), 32, 108, 111
Francis, Arlene, 173
Fundamentals of Boxing (Ross), 99
gang culture: in Chinatown, 16, 24, 111, 153; in Hong Kong, 51–52, 55. See also street fighting
Geddes, Gerda, 60–62, 147, 180–81
Gee Yau Seah Academy, 59–60, 62, 148, 149
Giants (San Francisco), 32–33, 170
Gilbey, John F., 101–3
Gilman, Michael, 147–48
Ginsberg, Allen, 31
Glover, Jesse, 65, 67, 68, 70, 206
Golden Gate Girl (film), 34, 127
Gomez, Juan, 91
Goodwin, William, 107
Great China Theater, 127, 132, 201
Guangdong Province (China), 19
gung fu. See kung fu
Hatchet Men (Dillon), 167
Hawaii: immigration to, 87–88, 166; kenpo’s origins in, 94–95; martial arts culture in, 86–87
Hayworth, Rita, 127
Heung, Chan, 21
Hilbish, William, 1
Hiligan, Roy, 78
Ho, Eric Peter, 50
Hodge, Dave, 98
Hoi An, Grace (Bruce’s mother): with the Cantonese Opera, 30; family background, 50; in Hong Kong, 49–51; immigration documents of, fig. 1; naming Bruce Lee, 33–34, 171; sending Bruce to the U.S., 29, 56–57; and the Wong Jack Man fight, 143
Ho Kom Tong, 50
Hong Kong: Bruce Lee’s training in, 53–57, 178; Bruce Lee’s visit to, 103–4; Chinese immigration to, 48–49, 51, 176, 177; gang culture in, 51–52, 54–57; history of, 48–49, 176; martial arts culture in, 52–53
Hong Kong Ming Bao Daily (newspaper), 142
Hoover, J. Edgar, 35
Hop Sing Tong: image of, fig. 4; and James Lee, 130; Lau Bun’s role in, 14, 23, 25; and the racial exclusion code, 151; T. Y. Wong’s role in, 37–38
horse stance training, 15–17, 68, 119–21, 165–66
hospital (Chinatown), 33–34, 170
Ho Tong, Robert, 50
Howl (Ginsberg), 31–32
Hung Sing (martial arts school), 13; in the 1964 New Year parade, 108; Bruce Lee in, 57–58; code of conduct in, 58, 136; following Lau Bun’s death, 151; founding of, 25; images of, fig. 3, 164; non-Chinese students in, 146–47; role in Chinatown, 59; size of, 15; training focus in, 15–17, 26–27, 165–66
I Am Bruce Lee (film), 188
Immigration Act of 1924, 87
Inosanto, Dan: on Bruce Lee’s style, 92, 116–17, 120, 132, 188, 198; on Hawaii’s martial arts scene, 88; martial arts background of, 116; at the Sun Sing demonstration, 129, 131, 132
Inouye, Daniel, 36
Inside Kung Fu (magazine), 178
invented tradition, 45
Ip Man, 52–55, 147, 178, 179, 209
iron body training, 64
Island Judo Jujitsu Club, 91
Jackson Street Café, 112, 134–35, 143, 203, 208
Japanese immigration, 87
Jay, Bernice, fig. 16, 2, 84, 153
Jay, Wally: on Bruce Lee, 76, 92; images of, fig. 15, fig. 16; late-night martial arts sessions, 84–87, 188; luau parties of, 1–2, 4, 7, 161; martial arts background of, 85–87, 91–92; students of, 2, 76, 91–92, 116, 153
Jeet Kune Do system, 144–45
Joe, Allen: fitness culture’s influence on, fig. 12, 77–78; image of, fig. 25; late-night martial arts sessions, 188; relationship with Bruce Lee, 76, 78–79, 82, 104, 144, 186
Johnson-Reed Act, 87
Jones, LeRoi, 110
Judkins, Ben, 42, 44, 46, 151, 175, 182
judo, 59, 89–90, 115. See also Jay, Wally
jujitsu, 89
Jun Fan Institute (Oakland), 113, 114, 123, 137–38
Jun Fan Institute (Seattle), 8, 103
Kano, Jigoro, 89
Kawachi, Ken, 91
Kennedy, Brian, 45
Keung, Chan “Bald Head,” 137–38, 141, 149, 207
Kimura, Mits, 91
Kin Mon (martial arts school), 152; in the 1964 New Year parade, 108; challengers to, 68–69, 184; Home show appearance, 39, 173; role in Chinatown, 37, 59; tong racial exclusion code in, fig. 5, 39, 146–47; training focus in, 68
Kono, Tommy, 78
Kubota, Tak, 117–18
kung fu: anglicization of term, 74; assessment of fights in, 69; compared to karate, 68; definition of term, 43; emphasis on softness in, 16, 114; introduction of term, fig. 8; iron body training in, 64; origins of, 41, 43; popularization of, in U.S., 151; styles in the Bay Area, 84–85
Kuo Lien Ying, 153
Kurosawa, Akira, 143
The Lady from Shanghai (film), 127
Lai, Brandon, 153
LaLanne, Jack, 77
Largusa, Ben, 118
Lau Bun: in the 1964 New Year parade, 108; and Bruce Lee, 57–58, 129, 179; death of, 151; descriptions of, 13, 164; images of, fig. 2, fig. 3, fig. 4; immigration agents story, 22–23, 168; martial arts abilities of, 22–23, 165; martial arts background of, 21–23, 84; and the racial exclusion code, 112, 147; role in Chinatown, 13–14, 23, 59, 136. See also Hung Sing (martial arts school)
Lee, Agnes (Bruce’s sister), 49, 55, 178
Lee, Bruce: birth of, 33–34; birth of son, 150; books written by, 101, 129–30, 193; breaking the racial code, 67, 183, 209; childhood years, 29, 49–52; citizenship papers of, fig. 1; as a dance instructor, 28, 47–48, 81; evolution of approach, 55, 82–83, 92, 124–25, 143–46, 188; fight against Yoiche Nakachi, 65, 67–68, 69–70; images of, fig. 1, fig. 13, fig. 14, fig. 18, fig. 20, fig. 22, fig. 24; introduction to Chinatown, 29–36; late-night martial arts sessions, 84–87, 93–94, 112–14, 125, 188; and the Long Beach tournament, 115–21, 196, 198; marriage of, 125–26; martial arts demonstrations by, 4, 5–6, 7–9, 47–48, 162; move to the U.S., 28–29, 56–57; names of, 33–34, 50–51, 54, 56, 170–71, 176–77; Oakland school of, 113, 114, 123, 137–38; original sketch by, fig. 23; polarizing personality, 6, 29, 34, 56, 139; relocating to Oakland, 6–7; reputation of, 6, 57–58, 76, 129–30, 148–49, 163; Seattle students of, 65–67, 103, 183; in show business, 29, 34, 56, 126, 153–54, 163; Sun Sing Theater demonstration, fig. 22, 128–29, 131–34, 203; training in Hong Kong, 53–57, 178; visiting Hong Kong, 103–4. See also Bruce Lee–Wong Jack Man fight
Lee, George, 48, 76, 112–14, 124, 185
Lee, Grace (Bruce’s mother). See Hoi An, Grace (Bruce’s mother)
Lee, Hoi Chuen (Bruce’s father): with the Cantonese Opera, 30, 33–34, 127, 201; in Hong Kong, 49–51; naming Bruce Lee, 33–34; relationship with Bruce, 31, 104; sending Bruce to the U.S., 29, 56–57
Lee, James: brick-breaking technique of, fig. 12, 73, 76, 162, 184; death of, 153; fallout with T. Y. Wong, fig. 8, 75, 100, 129–30, 185; garage training studio of, fig. 14, 73–74, 75–76, 97; in Hawaii, 75, 86–87; images of, fig. 11, fig. 12; late-night martial arts sessions, 84–87, 93–94, 112–14, 188, 197; and the Long Beach tournament, 196; martial arts approach, 3, 75–76, 82; martial arts background, 74–75; martial arts school of, 113–14; publications of, fig. 8, 39, 74, 75, 101, 103, 129–30; and the racial exclusion code, 5, 39; relationship with Bruce Lee, 6–7, 9, 76, 79, 81, 82–83, 104, 126; role in martial arts, 74, 153; at Wally Jay’s luaus, 2, 4–5, 162; and the Wong Jack Man fight, 136, 137–38, 144
Lee, Katherine, 126
Lee, Kem K., 164
Lee, Leona, 31
Lee, Linda (Emery): on Bruce Lee’s demonstrations, 118, 188; children of, 150; marriage of, 125–26; in Oakland, 103, 104, 196; and the Wong Jack Man fight, 137–38, 140, 141, 144
Lee, Peter (Bruce’s brother), 49
Lee, Phoebe (Bruce’s sister), 49, 50
Lee, Robert, 76
Lee, Robert (Bruce’s brother), 49
Lee, Rose Hum, 169
Leese, Jacob, 18
le tai competitions, 38
lion dancing, fig. 3, fig. 4, 59, 108, 132
The Lion’s Den (nightclub), 32
Liston, Sonny, 109–10, 152, 211
Long Beach tournament, fig. 17, fig. 20, 4–5, 96, 115–21, 196, 198
luau party (Wally Jay’s), 1–2, 4–6, 7–9, 161, 162
The Lucy Show (TV show), 95–96
Lup Mo school (Bing Chan’s), 112, 132, 147
Mah Sek, 63–64, 134, 148–49, 152, 182
Malcolm X, 110
Mandarin Theater, 30, 126–27, 201. See also Sun Sing Theater
martial arts: appeal to street fighters, 124; in the Bay Area, 59–60, 84–85, 151–53; connection to tongs, 23–24, 25; development in America, 6, 59, 74, 94–95; development in China, 44–46, 175; global expansion of, 115; in Hawaii, 86–87; in Hong Kong, 52–53; origins of, 39–43, 173–74; practicality in, 200; sounds associated with, 192; and street performers, 64, 182; varying styles within, 44. See also racial exclusion code; individual styles
martial arts schools: continuation of, 151–52, 153; Ed Parker’s network of, 4; Gee Yau Seah Academy, 59–60, 62, 149; Lup Mo (Bing Chan), 112, 132, 147; Valencia Street school, fig. 18, 4, 93–94, 153. See also Hung Sing (martial arts school); Kin Mon (martial arts school)
Mays, Willie, 32–33
McDougal, John, 19
Miller, Dick, 123
Ming Lum, 143
Ming syncretism, 42–43
Mirakian, Anthony, fig. 20
Modern Kung Fu Karate (Lee), 74
Monkey style, 45
Morris, Carl “KO,” 87, 88, 89, 90
Napoleon, Walter, 161
New Treatise on Military Efficiency (Qi), 42
New Year parade (1964), 107–9
Northern Shaolin style, 85, 131, 139
Novak, Al: image of, fig. 25; late-night martial arts sessions, 84–87, 112–14; martial arts school of, 75–76, 153; martial arts training of, 5, 39, 147; military service of, 86; negative reputation of, 130; relationship with James Lee, 5; on the Wong Jack Man fight, 146
Number One Son (film), 122
Ohshima, Tsutomu, fig. 20, 117
Okazaki, Henry, fig. 15
Okazaki, Seishiro, 87, 88–89, 90–91, 92
“one-inch punch” technique, 112–14, 124, 197
opera culture (Chinatown), 30, 127
origin stories (martial arts), 44–45, 53, 175
Palmer, Aaron H., 19
Parker, Darlene, 118
Parker, Ed: in Chinatown, 147; images of, fig. 17, fig. 18, fig. 20; late-night martial arts sessions, 93–94; Long Beach tournament of, 4–5, 115–21, 196, 198; martial arts background, 94, 95–96; role in martial arts, 4, 153; at Wally Jay’s luau, 4–5
Patterson, Floyd, 110
Pearl Harbor attack, 91
Philippines, 88
physical fitness scene (Bay Area), fig. 12, fig. 25, 77–78
police (San Francisco), 36, 164–65
Portsmouth Square, 13–15
President Wilson (ship), 28
Presley, Elvis, 95
racial exclusion code: Bing Chan’s breaking of, 112; Bruce Lee’s breaking of, 67, 183, 209; ending of, 151–52; Master Choy’s breaking of, fig. 10, 61–63, 180–81; Okazaki’s breaking of, 90–91; origins of, 25–26; T. Y. Wong’s breaking of, 39; and the Wong Jack Man fight, 146–48
racism: and Chinese employment options, 169; in derogatory stereotypes, 36; experienced by Leo Fong, 98–99; in immigration exclusion laws, 20–21, 24, 151; impact of Pearl Harbor attacks on, 35; improvements in, 110–11, 151; in San Francisco, 14–15, 20–21, 24. See also racial exclusion code
Rashomon (film), 143
Reeves, Steve, 77–78
Richardson, William, 18
Ross, Barney, 99
Ross, Clancy, 78
San Francisco (CA): 1964 New Year parade, 107–9; Asian American police officers in, 36, 164–65; Chinese immigration to, 167; earthquake and fire (1906), 21, 22, 24, 80, 168; history of, 14–15, 17–20, 79–80; Madame Chiang’s visit to, 171–72; martial arts in, 6, 84–85; racism in, 14–15, 20–21, 24, 110–11; street demonstration image, fig. 7. See also Chinatown (San Francisco)
San Francisco Chronicle (newspaper), 109
San Francisco Examiner (newspaper), 109
San Francisco Giants, 32–33, 170
Saunders, Bob, 123
schools (martial arts). See martial arts schools
Scollan, Barney, fig. 24, 119, 121, 123–24, 197
Sebring, Jay, 121–22
Secret Fighting Arts of the World (Gilbey), 101–3
Shaolin (martial arts style), 39–43, 46, 139, 174
Shaolin Monastery (Shahar), 173–74
Shaolin Temple, 39–43, 46, 53, 174
Shelley, John, 108
Sil Lum system. See Shaolin (martial arts style)
Slomanski, Henry, 116
Small Circle Theory, 91–92. See also Jay, Wally
Smith, Robert W., 102–3, 193–94
Southern Shaolin style, 41, 139
Steen, Allen, fig. 20
street fighting: in Bruce Lee’s method, 5–6, 7–9; in Hong Kong, 55; in Ip Man’s training, 178; in Lau Bun’s training, 26–27; Leo Fong’s experience in, 98–101; martial arts’ effectiveness in, 3, 123–24; unpredictability of, 5–6
Strong, Pat, 198
Study of Shaolin and Wudang (Tang), 46
Sun Sing Theater, 30, 126–29, 131–34, 201, 203
Sun Yat-sen, 34–35
tai chi, fig. 10, 44, 60, 61–63, 180
Takahashi, 89
Ten Thousand Elephants technique, 22
tongs, 23–26. See also gang culture; Hop Sing Tong
tong segregation code. See racial exclusion code
Tracy, Al: on Bay Area martial arts, 6; on James Lee, fig. 11, 130, 153; and the Wong Jack Man fight, 146, 202–3, 204, 205
Twain, Mark, 20
T. Y. Wong. See Wong, Tim Yuen “T.Y.”
Tze, Lady, 50
USS President Wilson, 28
Valencia Street martial arts school, fig. 18, 4, 93–94, 153
Wada, Jack, 63
Warhol, Andy, 109
Welles, Orson, 127
White Crane (martial arts style), 44, 45
Widener (AR), 98–99
Wing Chun (martial arts style), 45, 53, 54, 178. See also kung fu
Wing Chun Kung-Fu (Lee), 130
Wing Woo, James, 134, 168, 172, 202–3
Wong, Tim Yuen “T.Y.”: in the 1964 New Year parade, 108; Chinese Karate Kung-Fu, fig. 8, 39, 75; Chinese Kung-Fu, 129–30; on the Home show, 39, 173; images of, fig. 4, fig. 5, fig. 6, fig. 7; Kin Mon school of, 37, 39, 59, 68–69, 152; martial arts abilities of, 172; martial arts background of, 38; opinion of Bruce Lee, 163; and the racial exclusion code, 39, 112, 147, 152; role in Chinatown’s martial arts, 37–39, 59, 84, 112, 152; tensions with James Lee, fig. 8, 75, 100, 129–30, 185
Wong, YC, 153
Wong Jack Man: challenge to Bruce Lee, 134–36, 204; debates surrounding Bruce Lee fight, 142–43, 145–46; fight against Bruce Lee, 137–41, 205; impact of Bruce Lee fight on, 149–50, 152, 210; martial arts style, 112
Wong Sheun Leoung, 54–55
World War II, 35, 38, 49, 86, 91
Wu, Ronald “Ya Ya,” 134, 137–38, 141, 207
Yang Cheng Fu, 102
Yarick, Ed, 77–78
Yeun Hai, 22
Yip Man. See Ip Man