NOTES

INTRODUCTION

1. The estimated number of those killed in the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, was 3,051 (New York Times, April 11, 2002; see also ibid., Oct. 25, Nov. 21, 2001). For casualty figures at Antietam, see note 56 for chapter 4 of this book. The 15,000 wounded survivors of Antietam, many of them crippled for life, were more than double the number of injured survivors of the attack on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon.

2. Tully McCrea to Belle McCrea, Sept. 20, 1862, in Dear Belle: Letters from a Cadet & Officer to His Sweetheart, 1858–1865, ed. Catherine S. Crary (Middletown, Conn., 1965), p. 155; George Breck’s letter of September 18, published in the Rochester Union and Advertiser, Sept. 26, 1862, from the research notes of John Hennessy, used with permission.

3. Josiah Favill, Diary of a Young Officer (Chicago, 1909), pp. 189–90; The diary of Otho Nesbitt, entry of Sept. 19, 1862, copy in the Antietam National Battlefield Library.

4. Nelson Miles to his brother, Sept. 24, 1862, copy in 61st New York file, and Diary of Ephraim E. Brown, entry of Sept. 19, 1862, in the 64th New York file, Antietam National Battlefield (these regiments were consolidated during the battle); Samuel Wheelock Fiske to Springfield Republican, Sept. 20, 1862, in Mr. Dun Browne’s Experiences in the Army, ed. Stephen W. Sears (New York, 1998), p. 10.

5. Article by “D” in Waterbury American, Oct. 10, 1862, from the research notes of John Hennessy, used with permission.

6. Hagerstown Herald, Sept. 24, 1862, extract in the files of the Antietam National Battlefield Library; William Child to his wife, Sept. 22, 25, Oct. 19, 5th New Hampshire file, Antietam National Battlefield Library.

7. George K. Harlow to his family, June 3, 1863 (misdated; should be June 23), quoted in John M. Priest, Antietam: The Soldiers’ Battle (Shippensburg, Pa., 1989), p. 316.

8. Rufus R. Dawes, Service with the Sixth Wisconsin Volunteers (Madison, 1890), p. 95; survey cited in Stephen W. Sears, Landscape Turned Red: The Battle of Antietam (New Haven, 1983), p. xii.

9. Private Henry J. Savage, in Lee’s Terrible Swift Sword: From Antietam to Chancellorsville: An Eyewitness History, ed. Richard Wheeler (New York, 1992), p. 124.

10. Henry L. Abbott to his father, Nov. 20, 1862, in Fallen Leaves: The Civil War Letters of Major Henry Livermore Abbott, ed. Robert Garth Scott (Kent, Ohio, 1992), p. 143.

11. Quoted in Gary W. Gallagher, ed., The Antietam Campaign (Chapel Hill, 1999), pp. 47, 223.

12. William Child to his wife, Sept. 22, Oct. 19, 20, 1862, 5th New Hampshire file, Antietam National Battlefield Library.

13. Shaw to Francis G. Shaw, Sept. 21, 1862, in Blue-Eyed Child of Fortune: The Civil War Letters of Robert Gould Shaw, ed. Russell Duncan (Athens, Ga., 1992), p. 242.

14. Die Presse (Vienna), Oct. 12, 1862, translated and reprinted in Karl Marx on America and the Civil War, ed. Saul K. Padover (New York, 1972), p. 220; Walter H. Taylor, Four Years with General Lee, ed. James I. Robertson Jr. (Bloomington, Ind., 1962), p. 67.

ONE

1. McClellan to Ellen Marcy McClellan, Aug. 9, 1861, McClellan Papers, Library of Congress.

2. Montgomery Blair to Francis P. Blair, Oct. 1, 1861, Blair–Lee Papers, Firestone Library, Princeton University.

3. George B. McClellan to Samuel L. M. Barlow, Nov. 8, 1861, Barlow Papers, the Huntington Library.

4. The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, ed. Roy P. Basler et al., 9 vols. (New Brunswick, N.J., 1953–1955), 5: 95; “General M.C. Meigs on the Conduct of the Civil War,” American Historical Review 26 (1921): 292.

5. New York Times, Feb. 8, 9, 11, 13, 17, 1862.

6. New York Tribune, Feb. 13, 18, 1862.

7. New York Herald, Feb. 8, 12, 13, 24, March 12, 1862.

8. Harper’s Weekly, March 1, 22, 1862.

9. Ibid., March 8, 1862.

10. Richmond Enquirer, Feb. 14, 1862; Richmond Dispatch, Feb. 17, March 17, 1862.

11. Richmond Examiner, Feb. 21, 1862; Richmond Whig, Feb. 22, 1862.

12. John B. Jones, A Rebel War Clerk’s Diary, ed. Earl Schenck Miers (New York, 1958), pp. 67, 68, 69: diary entries of Feb. 20, 25, 27, 1862; Inside the Confederate Government, The Diary of Robert Garlick Hill Kean, ed. Edward Younger (New York, 1957), p. 23.

13. Stephens quoted in William C. Davis, The Union That Shaped the Confederacy: Robert Toombs & Alexander Stephens (Lawrence, Kansas, 2001), p. 191; Bragg quoted in Stephen W. Sears, To the Gates of Richmond: The Peninsula Campaign (New York, 1992), p. 12.

14. Hudson Strode, Jefferson Davis: Confederate President (New York, 1959), pp. 199, 201.

15. The Diary of Dolly Lunt Burge, ed. James I. Robertson Jr. (Athens, Ga., 1962), pp. 123, 124: entries of Feb. 10, 28, 1862; “Journal of a Secesh Lady”: The Diary of Catherine Ann Devereux Edmondston, 1860–1866, ed. Beth G. Crabtree and James W. Patton (Raleigh, N.C., 1979), pp. 114, 115, 125: entries of Feb. 10, 11, 22, 1862.

16. The Private Journal of Henry William Ravenel, 1859–1887, ed. Arney Robinson Childs (Columbia, S.C., 1947), pp. 118, 129: entries of Feb. 19, March 18, 1862.

17. Mary Jones to Charles C. Jones Jr., Feb. 21, 1862, and Charles C. Jones Jr, to Mary Jones, March 18, 1862, in Children of Pride: A True Story of Georgia and the Civil War, ed. Robert Manson Mayers (New Haven, 1972), pp. 852, 863; James M. Griffin to Leila Griffin, Feb. 26, 1862, in A Gentleman and an Officer: A Military and Social History of James B. Griffin’s Civil War, ed. Judith N. McArthur and Orville Vernon Burton (New York, 1996), pp. 163–65.

18. Richmond Enquirer, Feb. 28, 25, April 22, 1862; Richmond Dispatch, Feb. 13, 14, 1862.

19. John Geary to Mary Geary, April 16, 1862, in A Politician Goes to War: The Civil War Letters of John White Geary, ed. William Alan Blair (University Park, Pa., 1995), p. 41; New York Times, Feb. 25, 1862.

20. War of the Rebellion . . . Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, 128 vols. (Washington, 1880–1901), ser. 1, vol. 10, pt. 1, p. 384. Hereinafter abbreviated O.R.

21. Bruce Catton, Grant Moves South (Boston, 1960), p. 241.

22. New York Times, April 9, 1862; Atlanta Confederacy, reprinted in New York Tribune, April 30, 1862.

23. Bruce Catton, Terrible Swift Sword (New York, 1963), p. 261.

24. Elizabeth Blair Lee to Samuel Phillips Lee, May 7, 1862, in Wartime Washington: The Civil War Letters of Elizabeth Blair Lee, ed. Virginia Jeans Laas (Urbana, Ill., 1991), p. 139; New York Herald, April 30, 1862.

25. New Orleans Delta, April 26, 1862; Norfolk Day Book, April 29, 1862; Raleigh State Journal, May 3, 1862; Richmond Enquirer, April 29, 1862.

26. Milledgeville Union, reprinted in Richmond Enquirer, May 2, 1862; Richmond Dispatch, May 1, 1862.

27. The Diary of Edmund Ruffin, ed. William Kauffman Scarborough, 3 vols. (Baton Rouge, 1972–1989), 3: 291: entry of April 30, 1862; “Journal of a Secesh Lady,” pp. 164–65: entry of April 28, 1862.

28. Mary Chesnut’s Civil War, ed. C. Vann Woodward (New Haven, 1981), p. 330: entry of April 27, 1862; Charles Minor Blackford to his wife, April 30, 1862, in Letters from Lee’s Army, ed. Charles M. Blackford III (New York, 1947), p. 83.

29. New York Tribune, June 5, 1862; Harper’s Weekly, June 21, 1862.

30. Lincoln to McClellan, April 10, 1862, Collected Works of Lincoln, 5: 185.

31. Stephen W. Sears, George B. McClellan: The Young Napoleon (New York, 1988), p. 165.

32. New York Herald, April 2, 1862.

33. Brewster to his mother, May 4, 1862, in When This Cruel War Is Over: The Civil War Letters of Charles Harvey Brewster, ed. David W. Blight (Amherst, Mass., 1992), p. 121; Francis A. Donaldson to Jacob Donaldson, May 25, 1862, in Inside the Army of the Potomac: The Civil War Experience of Captain Francis Adams Donaldson, ed. J. Gregory Acken (Mechanicsburg, Pa., 1998), p. 85; Kerry A. Trask, Fire Within: A Civil War Narrative from Wisconsin (Kent, Ohio, 1995), p. 111.

34. New York Times, May 9, 12, 1862; New York Herald, May 11, 1862.

35. Elizabeth Blair Lee to Samuel Phillips Lee, April 4, June 5, 1862, in Laas, Wartime Washington, pp. 123, 154; Diary of a Union Lady, 1861–1865 (Maria Lydig Daly), ed. Harold Earl Hammond (New York, 1962), p. 127: entry of May 11, 1862.

36. Richmond Enquirer, May 3, 1862.

37. Jones, Rebel War Clerk’s Diary, p. 75: entry of May 9, 1862; Cary Harrison quoted in James Marten, “A Feeling of Restless Anxiety,” in The Richmond Campaign of 1862, ed. Gary W. Gallagher (Chapel Hill, N.C., 2000), p. 124.

38. Jones, Rebel War Clark’s Diary, p. 73: entry of April 18, 1862; Scarborough, The Diary of Edmund Ruffin, 3: 308: entry of May 19, 1862.

39. Helen Keary to her mother, May 7, 1862, in Edward A. Pollard, Southern History of the War, 2 vols. (New York, 1866), pp. 381–82n.

40. The Journals of Josiah Gorgas, 1857–1878, ed. Sarah Woolfolk Wiggins (Tuscaloosa, Ala., 1995), p. 45: entry of May 11, 1862.

41. Charles C. Jones Jr. to Charles C. Jones, May 12, Children of Pride, p. 893.

42. Ephraim Douglass Adams, Great Britain and the American Civil War, 2 vols. (New York, 1925), 1: 263.

43. Brian Jenkins, Britain and the War for the Union, 2 vols. (Montreal, 1974), 1: 104.

44. Richmond Enquirer, June 6, 18, 1862; Judah Benjamin to James Mason, April 12, July 19, 1862, in Virginia Mason, The Public Life and Diplomatic Correspondence of James M. Mason (New York, 1906), pp. 294, 303.

45. Lynn M. Case and Warren F. Spencer, The United States and France: Civil War Diplomacy (Philadelphia, 1970), p. 250; Charles M. Hubbard, The Failure of Confederate Diplomacy (Knoxville, 1998), p. xv; Howard Jones, Union in Peril: The Crisis over British Intervention in the Civil War (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1992), pp. 3, 10.

46. Quoted in Henry Donaldson Jordan and Edwin J. Pratt, Europe and the American Civil War (Boston, 1931), p. 17.

47. Henry Adams to Henry Raymond, Jan. 24, 1862, in The Letters of Henry Adams: Vol. I, 1858–1868, ed. J. C. Levenson (Cambridge, Mass., 1982), p. 272; New York Tribune, February 11, 1862.

48. James Mason to Robert M. T. Hunter, March 11, 1862, in Public Life and Diplomatic Correspondence of Mason, p. 266; Charles Francis Adams to William H. Seward, March 13, 1862, in Papers Relating to the Foreign Affairs of the United States, 1862, pt. 1 (Washington, 1863), p. 48; Henry Adams to Charles Francis Adams Jr., March 15, 1862, in Letters of Henry Adams, pp. 284–85.

49. The Times, March 31, 1862; William L. Dayton to William H. Seward, April 17, 1862, in Papers Relating to Foreign Affairs, 1862, pt. 1, p. 333.

50. Henry Adams to Charles Francis Adams Jr., May 16, Letters of Henry Adams, pp. 297–98; James Mason to Jefferson Davis, May 16, Public Life and Diplomatic Correspondence of Mason, p. 276.

51. James Mason to Lord John Russell, Aug. 2, 1862, and Russell to Mason, Aug. 2, in Public Life and Diplomatic Correspondence of Mason, pp. 327–29; Palmerston to Austen H. Layard, June 19, 1862, in Hubert Du Brulle, “‘A War of Wonders’: The Battle in Britain over Americanization and the American Civil War” (Ph.D. diss., University of California at Santa Barbara, 1999), p. 210n.

52. Adams to Seward, June 26, March 13, 1862, Papers Relating to Foreign Affairs, 1862, pt. 1, pp. 118, 48.

TWO

1. New York Herald, May 26, 1862; New York Times, May 26, 27, 1862.

2. Richmond Enquirer, May 27, 1862.

3. William Nugent to Nellie Nugent, May 26, 1862, in The Brothers’ War: Civil War Letters to Their Loved Ones from the Blue and Gray, ed. Annette Tapert (New York, 1988), p. 57; Charles C. Jones to Charles C. Jones Jr., May 28, 1862, in Children of Pride: A True Story of Georgia and the Civil War, ed. Robert Manson Myers (New Haven, 1972), p. 897.

4. Grace Brown Elmore, Heritage of Woe: The Civil War Diary of Grace Brown Elmore, 1861–1868, ed. Mark F. Weiner (Athens, Ga., 1997), diary entry of May 11, 1862, referring to Jackson’s first victory, at McDowell, Virginia, on May 8.

5. George B. McClellan to Abraham Lincoln, April 20, 1862, in The Civil War Papers of George B. McClellan: Selected Correspondence 1860–1865, ed. Stephen W. Sears (New York, 1989), pp. 244–45; Confederate officer quoted in Douglas Southall Freeman, R. E. Lee: A Biography, 4 vols. (New York, 1934–35), 2:92.

6. O.R., ser. 1, vol. 11, pt. 1, p. 61.

7. Richmond Enquirer, July 4, 1862; Richmond Dispatch, July 2, 1862.

8. Kate Stone, Brokenburn: The Journal of Kate Stone, 1861–1868, ed. John Q. Anderson (Baton Rouge, 1955), p. 129: diary entry of July 9, 1862; Charles C. Jones Jr. to parents, July 9, 1862, in Myers, ed., Children of Pride, p. 927; John B. Jones, A Rebel War Clerk’s Diary, ed. Earl Schenck Miers (New York, 1958), p. 89: entry of July 9, 1862.

9. New York Times, July 3, 1862; New York Herald, July 3, 1862; New York World, July 7, 1862; Chicago Tribune quoted in Allan Nevins, The War for the Union, Vol. 2: War Becomes Revolution (New York, 1960), p. 140; Illinois State Register (Springfield), July 3, 1862.

10. New York World, July 4, 1862; Hannah Ropes to Alice Ropes, July 3, 1862, in Civil War Nurse: The Diary and Letters of Hannah Ropes, ed. John R. Brumgardt (Knoxville, 1980), p. 50.

11. Adam Gurowski, Diary from March 4, 1861 to November 12, 1862 (Boston, 1862; rep. New York, 1968), p. 235: entry of July 4, 1862; Lincoln quoted by Henry C. Deming, in Recollected Words of Abraham Lincoln, ed. Don E. Fehrenbacher and Virginia Fehrenbacher (Stanford, Calif., 1996), pp. 136–37.

12. Quoted in Louis M. Starr, Reporting the Civil War: The Bohemian Brigade in Action, 1861–1865 (New York: Collier Books, 1962), p. 44.

13. Harper’s Weekly, July 19, 1862.

14. New York Times, July 13, 23, Aug. 2, 1862; New York Tribune, July 15, 16, 1862.

15. New York World, July 9, 1862; New York Times, July 22, 1862.

16. Morse to Amos Kendall, July 23, 1862, in Samuel F. B. Morse: His Letters and Journals, ed. Edward L. Morse, 2 vols. (Boston, 1914), 2: 420; Charles Vail to John Vail, July 28, 1862, quoted in William Gillette, Jersey Blue: Civil War Politics in New Jersey 1854–1865 (New Brunswick, N.J., 1995), p. 197.

17. The Diary of George Templeton Strong, Vol. 3: The Civil War, 1860–1865, ed. Allan Nevins and Milton Halsey Thomas (New York, 1952), pp. 239, 241, 269: entries of July 11, 14, Aug. 4, 1862; The Diary of Orville Hickman Browning, ed. James G. Randall, 2 vols. (Springfield, Ill., 1925), 2: 559–60: entry of July 15, 1862.

18. New York Herald, July 7, 15, 1862. See also New York World, July 7, 8, 9, 1862, and New York Times, July 7, 10, 1862.

19. McClellan to Ellen Marcy McClellan, July 13, 22, 1862, George B. McClellan Papers, Library of Congress. Also printed in Sears, ed., Civil War Papers of McClellan, pp. 354, 368.

20. Oliver W. Norton to family, July 9, 13, 1862, in Norton, Army Letters 1861–1865 (Chicago, 1903), pp. 98, 101.

21. John Gibbon to his wife, July 5, 1862, Gibbon Papers, Pennsylvania Historical Society; Thomas A. Tanfield to his sister, July 7, 1862, Tanfield Family Collection, U.S. Army Military History Institute, Carlisle, Pa. From the research notes of John Hennessy, used with permission.

22. Edward Acton to Mollie Acton, July 11, 1862, in “‘Dear Mollie’: Letters of Captain Edward A. Acton to His Wife, 1862,” Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 89 (1965): 35–36; Letter of Edward G. Abbott, July 12, in “Letters from the Harvard Regiments,” ed. Anthony J. Milano, Civil War: The Magazine of the Civil War Society 13, p. 44, from the research notes of John Hennessy, used with permission.

23. All quotations from Bruce Tap, Over Lincoln’s Shoulder: The Committee on the Conduct of the War (Lawrence, Kansas, 1998), pp. 122–25.

24. Brewster to his mother, July 9, 1862, Brewster to Mary Lou (sister), June 21, 1862, in When This Cruel War Is Over: The Civil War Letters of Charles Harvey Brewster, ed. David W. Blight (Amherst, Mass., 1992), pp. 163–64, 152; Kearny quoted in Bruce Catton, Mr. Lincoln’s Army (Garden City, N.Y., 1951), p. 149.

25. Letter of Barlow dated July 12, 1862, Barlow Letters, Massachusetts Historical Society, from the research notes of John Hennessy, used with permission; Alfred Castleman diary, entries of July 13, Aug. 3, 1862, quoted in Kerry A. Trask, Fire Within: A Civil War Narrative from Wisconsin (Kent, Ohio, 1995), p. 124.

26. Keyes to “My Dear Senator,” July 5, 1862, Schoff Collection, Clements Library, University of Michigan, from the research notes of John Hennessy, used with permission.

27. O.R., ser. 1, vol. 12, pt. 3, pp. 473–74.

28. Pope quoted by Salmon P. Chase, in Inside Lincoln’s Cabinet: The Civil War Diaries of Salmon P. Chase, ed. David Donald (New York, 1954), p. 97: entry of July 21, 1862; Fitz-John Porter to J.C.G. Kennedy, July 17, Porter Papers, Library of Congress, from the research notes of John Hennessy, used with permission; George B. McClellan to Ellen Marcy McClellan, July 22, 1862, McClellan Papers, Library of Congress, also printed in Sears, ed., Civil War Papers of McClellan, p. 368.

29. McClellan to Samuel L.M. Barlow, July 23, 1862, Barlow Papers, the Huntington Library.

30. Roy P. Basler et al., eds., The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, 9 vols. (New Brunswick, N.J., 1953–1955), 5: 293–97.

31. Constitutionnel, June 7, 1862; The Times, June 23, 1862.

32. William L. Dayton to William H. Seward, June 12, 1862, Papers Relating to Foreign Affairs, 1861–1862 (U.S. Department of State, Washington, 1862), pt. 1, pp. 349–50.

33. Richmond Dispatch, June 16, 1862; New York Times, July 10, 11, 12, 1862.

34. The Diary of Edmund Ruffin, ed. William Kauffman Scarborough, 3 vols. (Baton Rouge, 1972–1989), 2: 360, entry of June 30, 1862; Richmond Dispatch, July 4, 1862.

35. New York Herald, July 9, 1862; New York Evening Post, quoted in Richmond Dispatch, July 15, 1862. See also New York Tribune, July 2, 5, 1862; New York Times, July 11, 29, 1862; New York World, July 9, 1862.

36. Constitutionnel, July 19, 1862; Lynn M. Case and Warren F. Spencer, The United States and France: Civil War Diplomacy (Philadelphia, 1970), pp. 300–307.

37. The Times, July 17, Aug. 15, 1862; Morning Post, quoted in New York Tribune, July 30, 1862.

38. Bright to Sumner, July 12, 1862; Cobden to Sumner, July 11, 1862, quoted in James Ford Rhodes, History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850 to the McKinley–Bryan Campaign of 1896, 8 vols. (New York, 1920), 4: 85n.

39. De Gasparin to Lincoln, July 18, 1862, Lincoln to de Gasparin, Aug. 4, 1862, in Collected Works of Lincoln, 5: 355–56.

40. Henry Adams to Charles Francis Adams Jr., July 19, 1862, in A Cycle of Adams Letters, 1861–1865, ed. Worthington Chauncey Ford, 2 vols. (Boston, 1920), 1: 166.

41. Ephraim Douglass Adams, Great Britain and the American Civil War, 2 vols. (New York, 1925), 2: 20–23; Howard Jones, Union in Peril: The Crisis over British Intervention in the Civil War (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1992), p. 136.

42. James Mason to his wife, July 20, 1862, in Virginia Mason, The Public Life and Diplomatic Correspondence of James M. Mason (New York, 1906), p. 281; John Slidell to Judah P. Benjamin, July 25, 1862, quoted in Case and Spencer, The United States and France, p. 310.

43. William L. Yancey and A. Dudley Mann to Robert Toombs, May 21, 1861, in A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Confederacy, comp. James D. Richardson, 2 vols. (Nashville, 1906), 2: 37; Lincoln quoted in The Reminiscences of Carl Schurz, 3 vols. (New York, 1907–1908), 2: 309.

44. Saturday Review, Sept. 14, 1861, quoted in Adams, Great Britain and the American Civil War, 2: 181; Economist, Sept. 1861, quoted in Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, The Civil War in the United States, ed. Richard Enmale (New York, 1937), p. 12; Reynolds Weekly Newspaper, Summer 1861, quoted in G. D. Lillibridge, Beacon of Freedom: The Impact of American Democracy upon Great Britain 1830–1870 (Philadelphia, 1955), p. 115.

45. The Journal of Benjamin Moran, 1857–1865 (Chicago, 1949), p. 1042: entry of July 19, 1862.

46. Lincoln to Albert G. Hodges, April 4, 1864, Collected Works of Lincoln, 7:281.

47. Douglass’ Monthly 4 (July 1861), 486; Montgomery Advertiser, Nov. 6, 1861.

48. Charles Brewster to his mother, March 4, 1862, in Blight, ed., When This Cruel War Is Over, p. 92; John C. Buchanan to Sophia Buchanan, Oct. 17, 1861, in “The Negro as Viewed by a Michigan Civil War Soldier: Letters of John C. Buchanan,” ed. George M. Blackburn, Michigan History 47 (1963): 79–80.

49. Charles Wills to family, April 16, 1862, Wills to his brother, Feb. 25, 1862, in Army Life of an Illinois Soldier: Letters and Diary of the Late Charles Wills (Washington, 1906), pp. 83, 158; Henry Andrews to Susan Andrews, Sept. 9, 1862, Andrews Papers, Illinois State Historical Library.

50. Douglass to Charles Sumner, April 8, 1862, Sumner Papers, Houghton Library, Harvard University; Unknown to Christopher A. Fleetwood, April 12, 1862, Fleetwood Papers, Library of Congress.

51. Collected Works of Lincoln, 5: 144–46.

52. Charles M. Segal, ed., Conversations with Lincoln (New York, 1961), pp. 164–68; Basler et al., eds., Collected Works of Lincoln, 5:223.

53. John Beatty, Memoirs of a Volunteer 1861–1863, ed. Harvey S. Ford (New York, 1946), p. 118: diary entry of July 18, 1862; John Sherman to William Tecumseh Sherman, Aug. 24, 1862, in Life in the North During the Civil War, ed. George Winston Smith and Charles Judah (Albuquerque, 1966), p. 99.

54. Illinois officer quoted in Bruce Catton, Grant Moves South (Boston, 1960), p. 294; Brewster to Mary Brewster, May 18, June 21, in Blight, ed., When This Cruel War Is Over, pp. 133, 152; the Iowa private was George Lowe, writing to his wife Elizabeth Lowe, Aug. 17, 1862, Lowe Papers, the Huntington Library. For an astute study of the emergence of “hard war” attitudes in the Union army, see Mark Grimsley, The Hard Hand of War: Union Military Policy toward Southern Civilians, 1861–1865 (New York, 1995).

55. Halleck to Grant, Aug. 2, 1862, in O.R., ser. 1, vol. 17, pt. 2, p. 150.

56. Stephen O. Himoe to his wife, June 26, 1862, in “An Army Surgeon’s Letters to His Wife,” ed. Luther M. Kuhns, Proceedings of the Mississippi Valley Historical Association 7 (1914): 311–12; Lucius Hubbard to Mary Hubbard, Sept. 8, 1862, in “Letters of a Union Officer: L. F. Hubbard and the Civil War,” ed. N. B. Martin, Minnesota History 35 (1957): 314–15.

57. O.R., ser. 1, vol. 12, pt. 2, pp. 50–52.

58. New York Times, July 27, 1862.

59. Freeman, R. E. Lee, 2: 264; McClellan to Ellen Marcy McClellan, July 17, 1862, McClellan Papers, Library of Congress, printed also in Sears, ed., Civil War Papers of McClellan, p. 362.

60. O.R., ser. 1, vol. 11, pt. 1, pp. 73–74.

61. Porter to Manton Marble, May 21, 1862, Marble Papers, Library of Congress, from the research notes of John Hennessy, used with permission; Keyes to Montgomery Meigs, Aug. 21, 1862, Meigs Papers, Library of Congress, from the research notes of John Hennessy, used with permission.

62. Basler et al., eds., Collected Works of Lincoln, 5: 49.

63. Lincoln to Cuthbert Bullitt, July 28, 1862, Lincoln to August Belmont, July 31, 1862, in Basler et al., eds., Collected Works of Lincoln, 5: 344–46, 350–51.

64. John Sherman to William T. Sherman, Aug. 24, 1862, in The Sherman Letters: Correspondence between General and Senator Sherman from 1837 to 1891, ed. Rachel S. Thorndike (New York, 1894), pp. 156–57; Boston Advertiser, Aug. 20, 1862.

65. Basler et al., eds., Collected Works of Lincoln, 5: 317–19.

66. Gideon Welles, “The History of Emancipation,” The Galaxy 14 (1872), 842–43.

67. Basler et al., eds., Collected Works of Lincoln, 5: 336–37; Francis B. Carpenter, Six Months at the White House with Abraham Lincoln (New York, 1866), pp. 20–22.

68. Carpenter, Six Months at the White House, p. 22.

THREE

1. Isaac N. Brown, “The Confederate Gun-Boat ‘Arkansas,’” in Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, ed. Clarence C. Buel and Robert U. Johnson, 4 vols. (New York, 1888), 3:576.

2. Richmond Enquirer, July 21, 1862; Richmond Dispatch, July 31, 1862; The Journals of Josiah Gorgas, 1857–1878, ed. Sarah Woolfolk Wiggins (Tuscaloosa, Ala., 1995), p. 49: entry of July 27, 1862.

3. Richmond Enquirer, July 31, 1862; Bragg to P.G.T. Beauregard, July 22, 1862, quoted in Shelby Foote, The Civil War: A Narrative. Fort Sumter to Perryville (New York, 1958), p. 571.

4. Frank Moore, The Rebellion Record, vol. 5 (New York, 1863), sec. 1: “Diary of Events,” p. 72.

5. New York World, Sept. 9, 1862; Charles Francis Adams Jr. to Charles Francis Adams, Aug. 27, 1862, in A Cycle of Adams Letters 1861–1865, ed. Worthington Chauncey Ford, 2 vols. (Boston, 1920), 1: 177–78.

6. The Diary of Orville Hickman Browning, ed. James G. Randall, 2 vols. (Springfield, Ill., 1925), 1: 563.

7. The best account of this exchange is Stephen W. Sears, George B. McClellan: The Young Napoleon (New York, 1988), pp. 238–42. For the correspondence on this and related matters, see Stephen W. Sears, ed., The Civil War Papers of George B. McClellan: Selected Correspondence, 1860–1865 (New York, 1989), pp. 369–93.

8. McClellan to Ellen Marcy McClellan, Aug. 10, 1862, McClellan Papers, Library of Congress; also in Sears, ed., Civil War Papers of McClellan, pp. 389–90.

9. Charles H. Brewster to Mary Brewster, July 27, 1862, in When This Cruel War Is Over: The Civil War Letters of Charles Harvey Brewster, ed. David W. Blight (Amherst, Mass., 1992), p. 177; New York officer quoted in Nancy S. Garrison, With Courage and Delicacy: Civil War on the Peninsula (Mason City, Iowa, 1999), p. 12.

10. McClellan to Ellen Marcy McClellan, Aug. 10, 23, 24, 1862, McClellan Papers; also in Sears, Civil War Papers of McClellan, pp. 389, 400, 404.

11. Porter to J. Howard Foote, Aug. 12, Porter Papers, Library of Congress, quoted in Bruce Tap, Over Lincoln’s Shoulder: The Committee on the Conduct of the War (Lawrence, Kans., 1998), p. 131; Porter to Manton Marble, Aug. 10, 1862, Marble Papers, Library of Congress, quoted in T. Harry Williams, Lincoln and His Generals (New York, 1952), p. 148.

12. Taylor to Mary Lou Taylor, Aug. 31, 1862, in Lee’s Adjutant: The Wartime Letters of Colonel Walter Herron Taylor, 1862–1865, ed. R. Lockwood Tower (Columbia, S.C., 1995), p. 41.

13. This remarkable series of telegrams and events is conveniently reprinted and chronicled in Sears, ed., Civil War Papers of McClellan, pp. 410–19.

14. Charles Wolcott quoted in John J. Hennessy, Return to Bull Run: The Campaign and Battle of Second Manassas (New York, 1993), p. 437; The Reminiscences of Carl Schurz, 3 vols. (New York, 1907–1908), 2:382.

15. McClellan to Lincoln, Aug. 29, 1862, in Sears, ed., Civil War Papers of McClellan, p. 416; Inside Lincoln’s White House: The Complete Civil War Diary of John Hay, ed. Michael Burlingame and John R. Turner Ettlinger (Carbondale, Ill., 1997), pp. 36–37: entry of Sept. 1, 1862; John G. Nicolay and John Hay, Abraham Lincoln: A History, 10 vols. (New York, 1890), 6:16.

16. Quoted in Stephen W. Sears, Landscape Turned Red: The Battle of Antietam (New Haven, 1983), p. 13.

17. Quotations from New York Tribune, Sept. 4, 1862; New York Times, Sept. 5, 1862. See also the following (all dates in 1862): New York Herald, Sept. 5; New York World, Sept. 1, 5; New York Sunday Mercury, Sept. 7; Elizabeth (N.J.) Unionist, Sept. 13; Chicago Times, Sept. 11.

18. New York Herald, Sept. 5, 1862; Baltimore American, quoted in Richmond Enquirer, Sept. 9, 1862.

19. The Diary of George Templeton Strong, Vol. 3: The Civil War 1860–1865, ed. Allan Nevins and Milton Halsey Thomas (New York, 1952), pp. 251–53: entries of Sept. 3 and 7, 1862; New York Times, Sept. 7, 1862.

20. Henry Pearson to “friend,” Sept. 5, 1862, in The Brothers’ War: Civil War Letters to Their Loved Ones from the Blue and Gray, ed. Annette Tapert (New York, 1988), p. 85; Washington Roebling to his father, early September, in Tragic Years 1860–1865, ed. Paul M. Angle and Earl Schenck Miers, 2 vols. (New York, 1960), 1: 344–45; Francis Barlow to his mother, Sept. 6, 1862, in James V. Murfin, The Gleam of Bayonets: The Battle of Antietam and Robert E. Lee’s Maryland Campaign, September 1862 (Baton Rouge, 1965), p. 83.

21. Orlando Poe to his wife, Sept. 4, 1862, in Hennessy, Return to Bull Run, p. 454; Inside Lincoln’s Army: The Diary of General Marsena Rudolph Patrick, ed. Davis S. Sparks (New York, 1964), p. 140: entry of Sept. 6, 1862.

22. Adams Hill to Sidney Howard Gay, Aug. 31, 1862, quoted in Burlingame and Ettlinger, eds., Inside Lincoln’s White House, p. 293n.; and John Hay’s diary entry of Sept. 1, 1862, from ibid., pp. 36–37.

23. Diary of Gideon Welles, ed. Howard K. Beale, 3 vols. (New York, 1960), 1: 93–102: entries of Aug. 31 and Sept. 1, 1862; The Salmon P. Chase Papers, Vol. 1: Journals, 1829–1872, ed. John Niven (Kent, Ohio, 1993), pp. 366–68: diary entries of Aug. 29, 30, 31, Sept. 1, 1862.

24. McClellan to Ellen Marcy McClellan, Sept. 5, 8, 1862, McClellan Papers; also in Sears, ed., Civil War Papers of McClellan, pp. 435, 440.

25. Diary of Gideon Welles, 1: 104–5: entries of Sept. 2 and 7, 1862; Inside Lincoln’s White House, pp. 38–39, entry of Sept. 5, 1862; The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, ed. Roy P. Basler and others, 9 vols. (New Brunswick, N.J., 1953–1955), 5: 48n.: notation on Sept. 2 Cabinet meeting by Attorney-General Edward Bates.

26. William H. Powell and George Kimball quoted in Buel and Johnson, eds., Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, 2: 490n. and 550–51n.; War Diary and Letters of Stephen Minot Weld 1861–1865 (Boston, 1912), letter of Weld to his father, Sept. 4, 1862, p. 136.

27. Chicago Tribune, Sept. 9, 1862.

28. Lee to Jefferson Davis, Sept. 3, 1862, in The Wartime Papers of R. E. Lee, ed. Clifford Dowdey and Louis H. Manarin (New York, 1961), p. 27.

29. For analyses of Lee’s motives and goals in this campaign, see Douglas Southall Freeman, R. E. Lee: A Biography, 4 vols. (New York, 1934–1935), 2: 350–53; Joseph L. Harsh, Confederate Tide Rising: Robert E. Lee and the Making of Southern Strategy, 1861–1862 (Kent, Ohio, 1998), pp. 1–4; Joseph L. Harsh, Taken at the Flood: Robert E. Lee and Confederate Strategy in the Maryland Campaign of 1862 (Kent, Ohio, 1999), chaps. 1–3; Michael A. Palmer, Lee Moves North: Robert E. Lee on the Offensive (New York, 1998), chap. 1; and D. Scott Hartwig, “Robert E. Lee and the Maryland Campaign,” in Lee the Soldier, ed. Gary W. Gallagher (Lincoln, Neb., 1996), pp. 331–36.

30. Richmond Dispatch, Aug. 29, Sept. 11, 1862; diary of James W. Shinn, copy in 4th North Carolina file, Antietam National Battlefield Library, entry of Aug. 30, 1862.

31. Richmond Enquirer, Sept. 5, 9, 1862; Richmond Examiner, Sept. 5, 1862.

32. Shadows on My Heart: The Civil War Diary of Lucy Rebecca Buck of Virginia, ed. Elizabeth R. Baer (Athens, Ga., 1997), pp. 144–45: entry of Aug. 31, 1862; Charles C. Jones Jr. to Charles C. Jones, Sept. 10, 1862, in Children of Pride: A True Story of Georgia and the Civil War, ed. Robert Manson Myers (New Haven, 1972), pp. 962–63; Richmond Examiner, Sept. 5, 1862.

33. Charles C. Jones Jr. to his mother, Sept. 8, 1862, Children of Pride, p. 960.

34. O.R., series I, vol. 19, pt. 2, pp. 596, 601–2.

35. Lee to Davis, Sept. 8, 1862, in Dowdey and Manarin, eds., Wartime Papers of Lee, p. 301.

36. Newark Journal quoted in Richmond Dispatch, Aug. 2, 1862; Cincinnati Gazette, Oct. 17, 1862, quoted in Allan Nevins, The War for the Union, vol. 2: War Becomes Revolution (New York, 1960), p. 322; Seymour quoted in Richmond Dispatch, July 24, 1862.

37. Richmond Dispatch, July 24, 1862.

38. New York Times, Sept. 22, 1862.

39. Howard Jones, Abraham Lincoln and the New Birth of Freedom (Lincoln, Neb., 1999), p. 96. See also Maria Lydig Daly, Diary of a Union Lady 1861–1865, ed. Harold Earl Hammond (New York, 1962), p. 182: entry of Oct. 4, 1862; and Howard Jones, Union in Peril: The Crisis over British Intervention in the Civil War (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1992), p. 206.

40. Frank L. Owsley, King Cotton Diplomacy: Foreign Relations of the Confederate States of America (Chicago, 1931), p. 353.

41. The Journal of Benjamin Moran, 1857–1865, 2 vols. (Chicago, 1949), 2: 1071–73: entries of Sept. 13, 15, 17, 20, 1862.

42. William L. Dayton to William H. Seward, Sept. 17, 1862, quoted in Jones, Lincoln and the New Birth of Freedom, p. 98; Gladstone to Lord John Russell, Aug. 30, 1862, Gladstone to William Stuart, Sept. 8, 1862, Gladstone Letterbook, quoted in ibid., p. 93.

43. This exchange is conveniently reprinted in Murfin, The Gleam of Bayonets, pp. 394, 396–97, from the Russell Papers, Public Record Office, London.

44. Palmerston to Gladstone, Sept. 24, 1862, in Gladstone and Palmerston, Being the Correspondence of Lord Palmerston with Mr. Gladstone, 1861–1865, ed. Phillip Guedalla (Covent Garden, 1928), pp. 232–33.

45. Russell to Henry R.C. Wellesley, Earl of Cowley (the British Ambassador to France), Sept. 26, 1862, in Frank Merli and Theodore A. Wilson, “The British Cabinet and the Confederacy: Autumn, 1862,” Maryland Historical Magazine 65 (1970): 247n.; Palmerston to Russell, Sept. 23, 1862, Russell Papers, reprinted in Murfin, Gleam of Bayonets, p. 400; Palmerston to Gladstone, Sept. 24, 1862, in Guedalla, ed., Gladstone and Palmerston, p. 233.

46. Taylor to Mary Lou Taylor, Sept. 7, 1862, in Tower, ed., Lee’s Adjutant, p. 43.

FOUR

1. Taylor to Mary Lou Taylor, Sept. 7, 1862, in Lee’s Adjutant: The Wartime Letters of Colonel Walter Herron Taylor, ed. R. Lockwood Tower (Columbia, S.C., 1995), p. 43; Milton Barrett to his brother and sister, Sept. 9, 1862, in The Confederacy Is on Her Way Up the Spout: Letters to South Carolina, 1861–1864, ed. J. Roderick Heller III and Carolynn Ayres Heller (Athens, Ga., 1992), p. 74.

2. Richmond Dispatch, Sept. 11, 1862; Richmond Whig, Sept. 13, 1862; Richmond Enquirer, Sept. 16, 1862.

3. Richmond Examiner, Sept. 23, 1862; letter of James S. Johnston, quoted in John M. Priest, Antietam: The Soldiers’ Battle (Shippensburg, Pa., 1989), p. 4.

4. Richard Wheeler, ed., Lee’s Terrible Swift Sword: From Antietam to Chancellorsville, An Eyewitness History (New York, 1992), pp. 54–55.

5. Mary Bedinger Mitchell, “A Woman’s Recollections of Antietam,” in Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, ed. Clarence G. Buel and Robert U. Johnson, 4 vols. (New York, 1888), 2: 687–88.

6. Union surgeon quoted in The Civil War: The American Iliad as Told by Those Who Lived It, ed. Otto Eisenschiml and Ralph Newman, 2 vols. (New York, 1956), 1: 262; Frederick civilian quoted in Wheeler, Lee’s Terrible Swift Sword, p. 55.

7. Quoted in Joseph L. Harsh, Taken at the Flood: Robert E. Lee and Confederate Strategy in the Maryland Campaign of 1862 (Kent, Ohio, 1999), p. 74.

8. The Journals of Josiah Gorgas, 1857–1878, ed. Sarah Woolfolk Wiggins (Tuscaloosa, Ala., 1995), entry of September 14, 1862.

9. Kate Stone, Brokenburn: The Journal of Kate Stone, 1861–1868, ed. John Q. Anderson (Baton Rouge, 1955), p. 142: entry of Sept. 23, 1862; “Journal of a Secesh Lady”: The Diary of Catherine Ann Devereux Edmondston, 1860–1866, ed. Beth Gilbert Crabtree and James W. Patton (Raleigh, N.C., 1979), p. 251: entry of Sept. 9, 1862.

10. Richmond Dispatch, Sept. 17, 1862.

11. Frank Moore, The Rebellion Record, vol. 5 (New York, 1863), sec. 1: “Diary of Events,” pp. 73–78, a compilation of reports from Pennsylvania newspapers and other sources; Sidney Howard Gay to Adams S. Hill, c. Sept. 10, 1862, in James Ford Rhodes, History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850 to the McKinley–Bryan Campaign of 1896, 8 vols. (New York, 1920), 4: 144n.; Charles Loring Brace to Frederick Law Olmsted, Sept. 12, 1862, in The Papers of Frederick Law Olmsted, vol. 4: Defending the Union, ed. Jane Turner Censor (Baltimore, 1986), p. 415.

12. New York World, Sept. 10, 1862; New York Times, Sept. 13, 1862; New York Herald, Sept. 13, 1862.

13. Meade to his wife, Sept. 12, 1862, in George G. Meade, Life and Letters of George Gordon Meade, 2 vols. (New York, 1913), 1: 309; Charles Merrick to Myra Merrick, Sept. 9, Merrick Papers, Western Reserve Historical Society, Cleveland.

14. Hard Marching Every Day: The Civil War Letters of Private Wilbur Fisk, 1861–1865, ed. Emil and Ruth Rosenblatt (Lawrence, Kans., 1992), letter dated Sept. 9, 1862.

15. Williams to his daughter, Sept. 8, 12, 1862, in From the Cannon’s Mouth: The Civil War Letters of Alpheus S. Williams (Detroit, 1959), pp. 111, 120–21.

16. Elizabeth Blair Lee to Samuel Phillips Lee, Sept. 8, 15, 1862, in Wartime Washington: The Civil War Letters of Elizabeth Blair Lee, ed. Virginia Jeans Laas (Urbana, Ill., 1991), pp. 177, 182.

17. Quoted in Bruce Catton, Mr. Lincoln’s Army (Garden City, N.Y., 1951), p. 167.

18. James Anderson, diary entry of Sept. 14, 1862; Dr. Alfred Castleman, diary entry of Sept. 12, 1862, both in Kerry A. Trask, Fire Within: A Civil War Narrative from Wisconsin (Kent, Ohio, 1995), p. 127.

19. James Bell to Augusta Hallock, Sept. 22, 1862, in James Alvin Bell Papers, The Huntington Library.

20. Ibid.; A Virginia Yankee in the Civil War: The Diaries of David Hunter Strother, ed. Cecil D. Eby (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1961), p. 150: entry of Sept. 13, 1862.

21. Gibbon to his wife, Sept. 16, 1862, Gibbon Papers, Pennsylvania Historical Society, from the research notes of John Hennessy, used with permission; Thomas Francis Galwey, The Valiant Hours, ed. W. S. Nye (Harrisburg, Pa., 1961), p. 35. Several soldiers used the same “God’s country” expression. Writing a description of his war experiences for his children more than forty years later, a veteran of the 104th New York recalled that the regiment’s reception in Maryland “seemed like getting into God’s country again.” H. W. Burlingame, typescript memoirs, 1904, pp. 34–35, copy in 104th New York file, Antietam National Battlefield Library.

22. Letter of James Rush Holmes, Sept. 9, 1862, in “Civil War Letters of James Rush Holmes,” ed. Ida Bright Adams, Western Pennsylvania Historical Magazine 44 (1965): 117; Mark De Wolfe Howe, ed., Touched With Fire: Civil War Letters and Diary of Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., 1861–1864 (Cambridge, Mass., 1946), p. 64.

23. Perry Mayo to his father, Sept. 7, 1862, in “The Civil War Letters of Perry Mayo,” Michigan State University Museum Cultural Series 1 (1967), p. 217; Josiah M. Favill, Diary of a Young Officer (Chicago, 1909), pp. 182–83: entry of Sept. 6, 1862.

24. Stephen W. Sears, Landscape Turned Red: The Battle of Antietam (New Haven, 1983), p. 90.

25. For analyses of events described in this and the following paragraphs, see James V. Murfin, The Gleam of Bayonets: The Battle of Antietam and the Maryland Campaign of 1862 (Baton Rouge, 1965), pp. 328–38; Sears, Landscape Turned Red, pp. 349–52; and Stephen W. Sears, “Last Words on the Lost Order,” in the same author’s Controversies and Commanders: Dispatches from the Army of the Potomac (Boston, 1999), pp. 109–30.

26. John Gibbon, Personal Recollections of the Civil War (New York, 1928), p. 73. Colonel Silas Colgrove of the 27th Indiana claimed that Pittman had served with Chilton in the pre-war army and recognized his handwriting (Colgrove, “The Finding of Lee’s Lost Order,” in Buel and Johnson, Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, 2: 603). But Sears, “Last Words on the Lost Order,” p. 115, shows that while Pittman knew of Chilton before the war, he had not served with him. Sears, however, does not specify how Pittman or anyone else validated the genuineness of the orders.

27. Walter H. Taylor, Four Years With General Lee, ed. James I. Robertson Jr. (Bloomington, Ind., 1962), p. 67; O.R., ser. 1, vol. 19, pt. 2, p. 281.

28. Henry Kyd Douglas, “Stonewall Jackson in Maryland,” Buel and Johnson, Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, 2: 627. Paul R. Teetor, A Matter of Hours: Treason at Harper’s Ferry (Rutherford, N.J., 1982), argues from circumstantial evidence that Miles deliberately sabotaged the defense of the garrison. A retired judge who presented his argument in the manner of a brief against Miles, Teetor cannot be said to have “proved” his case though he raised several disturbing questions.

29. Thomas L. Livermore, Numbers and Losses in the Civil War in America 1861–65 (Boston, 1900), counts a minimum of 2,685 Confederate casualties. Ezra Carman, who made an exhaustive study of the Antietam campaign in the 1880s and 1890s, counted only 1,932 Confederate casualties at Turner’s and Fox’s Gaps. Carman, “The Maryland Campaign of 1862,” unpublished typescript, copy in the Antietam National Battlefield Library, chap. 26, p. 2. Both Livermore and Carman fought at Antietam, Livermore as a lieutenant in the 5th New Hampshire and Carman as colonel of the 13th New Jersey.

30. O.R., ser. 1, vol. 51, pt. 2, pp. 618–19.

31. Ibid., vol. 19, pt. 2, pp. 289, 294–95.

32. New York World, Sept. 16, 1862; Baltimore American, Sept. 15, 1862; New York Herald, Sept. 16, 1862.

33. Roy P. Basler et al., eds., The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, 9 vols. (New Brunswick, N.J., 1953–1955), 5:246.

34. Harsh, Taken at the Flood, p. 288.

35. Ibid., p. 305.

36. Keith S. Bohannon, “Dirty, Ragged, and Ill-Provided For: Confederate Logistical Problems in the 1862 Maryland Campaign and Their Solutions,” in The Antietam Campaign, ed. Gary W. Gallagher (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1999), p. 114.

37. McClellan to Ellen Marcy McClellan, Sept. 16, 1862, McClellan Papers, Library of Congress; also printed in The Civil War Papers of George B. McClellan: Selected Correspondence, 1860–1865, ed. Stephen W. Sears (New York, 1989), p. 466.

38. James B. Casey, ed., “The Ordeal of Adoniram Judson Warner: His Minutes of South Mountain and Antietam,” Civil War History 28 (1982): 218–19.

39. Letter of George Breck dated Sept. 18, 1862, in Rochester Union and Advertiser, Sept. 26, from the research notes of John Hennessy, used with permission.

40. Hooker quoted in New York Times, Sept. 20, 1862; Williams to his daughters, Sept. 22, 1862, in From the Cannon’s Mouth, p. 125.

41. Rufus R. Dawes, Service with the Sixth Wisconsin Volunteers (Madison, 1890), pp. 90–91. The 6th Wisconsin lost forty killed or mortally wounded and 112 wounded at Antietam, nearly 50 percent of the men who went into the battle.

42. O.R., ser. 1, vol. 19, pt. 1, p. 218.

43. James A. Lemon diary: entry of Sept. 18, 1862, 18th Georgia file, Antietam National Battlefield Library.

44. Stephen Elliott Welch to parents, Sept. 22, Hampton Legion file, Antietam National Battlefield Library; undated account by Lt. Col. P. A. Work in 1st Texas file, Antietam National Battlefield Library; Hood quoted in G.F.R. Henderson, Stonewall Jackson and the American Civil War (repr. ed., New York, 1988), p. 541.

45. Andrew E. Ford, diary entry of Oct. 8, 1862, 15th Massachusetts File, Antietam National Battlefield Library.

46. Jonathan P. Stowe diary: entry of Sept. 17, 1862, 15th Massachusetts file, Antietam National Battlefield Library.

47. Thomas L. Livermore, Days and Events, 1860–1866 (Boston, 1920), p. 141.

48. Frederick Tilbert, Antietam (Washington, 1961), p. 39; Edward Porter Alexander, Military Memoirs of a Confederate, ed. T. Harry Williams (Bloomington, Ind., 1962), p. 262.

49. Catton, Mr. Lincoln’s Army, p. 304.

50. O.R., ser. 1, vol. 19, pt. 1, p. 377.

51. The Graham quotations are from the research notes of John Hennessy, used with permission, and from a letter of Graham to Rush C. Hawkins, Sept. 27, 1894, Brown University Library, copy in the 9th New York file, Antietam National Battlefield Library.

52. David L. Thompson, “With Burnside at Antietam,” in Buel and Johnson, eds., Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, 2: 661–62.

53. Murfin, Gleam of Bayonets, p. 282.

54. D. Scott Hartwig, “Who Would Not Be a Soldier: The Volunteers of ‘62 in the Maryland Campaign,” in Gallagher, ed., The Antietam Campaign, p. 143.

55. For Porter’s quoted remark and the surrounding controversy, see Buel and Johnson, eds., Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, 2: 656n. The civilian was a Baltimore merchant, quoted in the Baltimore American, Sept. 20, 1862.

56. For the higher estimate of Confederate casualties, see Livermore, Numbers and Losses, pp. 92–93; for the lower estimate, see Carman, “The Maryland Campaign of 1862,” chap. 26. Sears, Landscape Turned Red, p. 296, accepts Carman’s estimate, but adds that many of the 753 Union soldiers and 1,018 Confederate soldiers listed as “missing” were undoubtedly killed. The casualty figures for Confederates tabulated in Buel and Johnson, Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, 2: 603, are 1,512 killed, 7,816 wounded, and 1,844 missing. Confederates tended to underreport their casualties, and the Carman and Battles and Leaders totals are perhaps too low, while Livermore’s figures are almost certainly too high. A fair estimate of the number of Confederates killed outright (including some of the missing) would be 2,000; the total for the Union (including some of the missing) would be about 2,300. At least 2,000 of the combined total of 17,300 wounded died of their wounds, making an estimated total of 6,300 to 6,500 killed and mortally wounded in the single bloodiest day of American history.

57. Quoted in Sears, Landscape Turned Red, p. 315.

58. O.R., ser. 1, vol. 19, pt. 2, p. 322. The number of Confederates in line on September 18 included stragglers who had been brought up overnight, mostly from A.P. Hill’s division.

59. O.R., ser. 1, vol. 19, pt. 1, pp. 32, 65.

60. Diary of James A. Lemon: entry of Sept. 18, 1862, in 18th Georgia File, Antietam National Battlefield Library.

61. O.R., ser. 1, vol. 19, pt. 2, p. 330.

62. George H. Nye to his wife, Sept. 21, 1862, letter in possession of Nicholas C. Picerno of Claremont, N.H., used with permission; John H. Burnham to his mother, Oct. 4, 1862, 16th Connecticut file, Antietam National Battlefield Library; Thomas Welsh to his wife, Sept. 21, 1862, 45th Pennsylvania file, Antietam National Battlefield Library.

63. Diary of Gideon Welles, ed. Howard K. Beale, 3 vols. (New York, 1960), 1:140.

64. McClellan to Ellen Marcy McClellan, Sept. 20, 1862, McClellan Papers, Library of Congress; also in Sears, ed., Civil War Papers of McClellan, p. 473.

FIVE

1. Joseph L. Harsh, Taken at the Flood: Robert E. Lee and Confederate Strategy in the Maryland Campaign of 1862 (Kent, Ohio, 1999), pp. 432–33.

2. Taylor to Mary Lou Taylor, Sept. 28, 1862, in Lee’s Adjutant: The Wartime Letters of Colonel Walter Herron Taylor, ed. R. Lockwood Tower (Columbia, S.C., 1995), p. 45; O.R., ser. 1, vol. 19, pt. 2, pp. 626–27.

3. Shepherd Pryor to his wife, Sept. 23, 1862, in The Antietam Campaign, ed. Gary W. Gallagher (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1999), p. 22; letter of William Stillwell, undated, from the research notes of John Hennessy, used with permission.

4. Taylor to Mary Lou Taylor, Sept. 21, 1862, in Tower, ed., Lee’s Adjutant, pp. 44–45.

5. Gibbon to his wife, Sept. 21, 1862, Gibbon Papers, Pennsylvania Historical Society, from the research notes of John Hennessy, used with permission; George Breck’s letter dated Sept. 18, 1862, published in the Rochester Union and Advertiser, Sept. 26, from the research notes of John Hennessy, used with permission; Williams to “My Dear Lew,” Sept. 24, 1862, in From the Cannon’s Mouth: The Civil War Letters of Alpheus S. Williams, ed. Milo M. Quaife (Detroit, 1959), pp. 134–35.

6. Willcox to Marie Willcox, Oct. 2, 1862, in Forgotten Valor: The Memoirs, Journals, and Civil War Letters of Orlando B. Willcox, ed. Robert Garth Scott (Kent, Ohio, 1999), p. 369; Frank Lindley Lemont to “Dear Cousin Augusta,” Oct. 17, 1862, from the research notes of John Hennessy, used with permission.

7. New York Sunday Mercury, Sept. 21, 1862, reprinted in Writing and Fighting the Civil War: Soldier Correspondence to the New York Sunday Mercury, ed. William B. Styple (Kearny, N.J., 2000), pp. 124–25; New York Times, Sept. 18, 20, 21, 1862.

8. New York World, Sept. 19, 1862; New York Times, Sept. 20, 1862.

9. New York Times, Sept. 20, 21, 1862; New York Herald, Sept. 21, 1862; New York World, Sept. 20, 1862.

10. Harper’s Weekly, Oct. 4, 1862.

11. Shadows on My Heart: The Civil War Diary of Lucy Rebecca Buck of Virginia, ed. Elizabeth R. Baer (Athens, Ga., 1997), p. 151: entry of Sept. 20, 1862; Charles C. Jones Jr. to Charles C. Jones, Sept. 27, 1862, in Children of Pride: A True Story of Georgia and the Civil War, ed. Robert Manson Myers (New Haven, 1972), p. 966.

12. Richmond Enquirer, Sept. 23, 1862; Richmond Dispatch, Sept. 23, 24, 1862.

13. Richmond Dispatch, Sept. 23, 1862; Richmond Enquirer, Sept. 24, 1862.

14. Richmond Dispatch, Sept. 26, 20, 1862; Richmond Enquirer, Sept. 24, 1862.

15. Gary W. Gallagher, “The Net Result of the Campaign Was in Our Favor,” in Gallagher, ed., The Antietam Campaign, pp. 3–43. See also The Diary of Edmund Ruffin, 3 vols., ed. William Kauffman Scarborough (Baton Rouge, 1972–1989), 2: 449–50: entry of Sept. 23, 1862: “The great balance of gain must be on our side.”

16. Richmond Dispatch, Oct. 9, 1862. See also Richmond Enquirer, Oct. 7, 1862.

17. Richmond Dispatch, Oct. 15, 1862.

18. Inside the Confederate Government: The Diary of Robert Garlick Hill Kean, ed. Edward Younger (New York, 1957), p. 86: entry of June 27, 1863. Davis made this remark to Secretary of War George Wythe Randolph in October 1862; Randolph later quoted Davis to his nephew-in-law Kean, who was chief of the Bureau of War.

19. Maria Lydig Daly, Diary of a Union Lady 1861–1865, ed. Harold Earl Hammond (New York, 1962), p. 174: entry of Sept. 19, 1862; The Diary of George Templeton Strong, Vol. 3: The Civil War, 1860–1865, ed. Allan Nevins and Milton Halsey Thomas (New York, 1952), p. 264: entry of Oct. 8, 1862.

20. New York Herald, Oct. 1, 6, 11, 1862.

21. John G. Nicolay and John Hay, Abraham Lincoln: A History, 10 vols. (New York, 1890), 6:157.

22. The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, ed. Roy P. Basler et al., 9 vols. (New Brunswick, N.J., 1953–1955), 5: 420.

23. Ibid., p. 434. Recognizing the historic nature of this occasion, both Gideon Welles and Salmon P. Chase made long entries in their diaries for September 22 describing the Cabinet meeting and quoting Lincoln directly and indirectly, from which this account is taken. Diary of Gideon Welles, ed. Howard K. Beale, 3 vols. (New York, 1960), 1: 142–45; The Salmon P. Chase Papers, Vol. I: Journals, 1829–1872, ed. John Niven (Kent, Ohio, 1993), pp. 393–95.

24. O.R., ser. 1, vol. 24, pt. 3, p. 157.

25. New York Tribune, Sept. 23, 24, 1862; Douglass’ Monthly, Oct. 1862, p. 721.

26. Gideon Welles, “The History of Emancipation,” The Galaxy 14 (Dec. 1872): 846–47.

27. Porter to Manton Marble, Sept. 30, 1862, Marble Papers, Library of Congress, from the research notes of John Hennessy, used with permission.

28. McClellan to Ellen Marcy McClellan, Sept. 25, Oct. 5, 1862, McClellan Papers, Library of Congress; McClellan to William H. Aspinwall, Sept. 26, 1862, Civil War Collection, the Huntington Library; O.R., ser. 1, vol. 19, pt. 2, pp. 395–96—all items reprinted in The Civil War Papers of George B. McClellan: Selected Correspondence, 1860–1865, ed. Stephen W. Sears (New York, 1989), pp. 481–82, 489–90, 493–94.

29. Springfield Republican, Sept. 24, 1862; Collected Works of Lincoln, 5:530.

30. John Slidell to James Mason, Oct. 2, 1862, enclosing parts of Shaftersbury’s letter, quoted in Charles M. Hubbard, The Failure of Confederate Diplomacy (Knoxville, 1998), p. 117; The Journal of Benjamin Moran (Chicago, 1949), p. 1075: entry of Sept. 27, 1862.

31. London Times, Oct. 2, 1862.

32. Charles Francis Adams to Charles Francis Adams Jr., Oct. 17, 1862, in A Cycle of Adams Letters 1861–1865, ed. Worthington Chauncey Ford, 2 vols. (Boston, 1920), 1: 192; Charles Francis Adams to William H. Seward, Oct. 3, 1862, in Papers Relating to Foreign Affairs, 1861–1862, Part I (Washington, 1862), p. 205.

33. Ephraim Douglass Adams, Great Britain and the American Civil War, 2 vols. (New York, 1925), 2: 43–44, 54–55, reprints these two letters.

34. Palmerston to King Leopold, Nov. 18, 1862, quoted in Frank Merli and Theodore A. Wilson, “The British Cabinet and the Confederacy: Autumn, 1862,” Maryland Historical Magazine 65 (1970):261.

35. Mason to Judah Benjamin, Sept. 18, 1862, Mason to his son, Oct. 1, 1862, Mason to Benjamin, Nov. 7, 1862, in Virginia Mason, The Public Life and Diplomatic Correspondence of James M. Mason (New York, 1906), pp. 338, 342, 353–54.

36. Dayton to Seward, Oct. 14, 1862, Papers Relating to Foreign Affairs, 1861–62, 1:394.

37. Chargé d’affaires quoted in Brian Jenkins, Britain & the War for the Union, 2 vols. (Montreal, 1974–1980), 2: 141; Russell quoted in Howard Jones, Union in Peril: The Crisis over British Intervention in the Civil War (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1992), p. 187.

38. Basler et al., eds., Collected Works of Lincoln, 5:434.

39. London Times, Oct. 7, 1862.

40. Glasgow Herald, Oct. 10, 1862; London Standard, Oct. 7, 1862; London Examiner, Oct. 11, 1862; quoted in Alfred Grant, The American Civil War and the British Press (Jefferson, N.C., 2000), pp. 178, 29, and in Richard A. Heckman, “British Press Reaction to the Emancipation Proclamation,” Lincoln Herald 71 (1969): 150. These studies quote several other newspapers to the same effect.

41. Dan Gow of Manchester quoted in Grant, American Civil War and the British Press, p. 32.

42. John Stuart Mill to John Lothrop Motley, late October 1862, printed in Henry Donaldson Jordan and Edwin J. Pratt, Europe and the American Civil War (Boston, 1931), p. 139; Journal of Benjamin Moran, p. 1077: entry of Oct. 6, 1862.

43. London Morning Star, Oct. 6, 1862, quoted in Allan Nevins, The War for the Union, Vol. 2: War Becomes Revolution (New York, 1960), p. 270.

44. Basler et al., eds., Collected Works of Lincoln, 6:30.

45. Christian Recorder, Jan. 10, 1863.

46. Journal of Benjamin Moran, pp. 1107, 1110, 1115, 1161: entries of Jan. 16, 22, 30, May 13, 1863.

47. Henry Adams to Charles Francis Adams Jr., Jan. 23, 1863, in The Letters of Henry Adams, Vol. 1: 1858–1868, ed. J. C. Levenson (Cambridge, Mass., 1982), p. 327; Richard Cobden to Charles Sumner, Feb. 13, 1863, in Europe Looks at the Civil War, ed. Belle Becker Sideman and Lillian Friedman (New York, 1960), p. 222; James Shepherd Pike to William H. Seward, Dec. 31, 1862, quoted in Dean B. Mahin, One War at a Time: The International Dimensions of the American Civil War (Washington, 1999), p. 139.

48. Basler et al., eds., Collected Works of Lincoln, 5: 436–37.

49. Mark E. Neely Jr., The Fate of Liberty: Abraham Lincoln and Civil Liberties (New York, 1991), esp. Chap. 3.

50. Williston Lofton Jr., “Northern Labor and the Negro during the Civil War,” Journal of Negro History 34 (1949): 254; V. Jacque Voegeli, Free But Not Equal: The Midwest and the Negro during the Civil War (Chicago, 1967), p. 55.

51. New York World, Oct. 18, 1862; Seymour quoted in Nevins, War Becomes Revolution, p. 302n.

52. New York Times, Oct. 1, 1862.

53. Lyons to Lord John Russell, Nov. 17, 1862, in Nicolay and Hay, Abraham Lincoln, 6: 194 and n.

54. New York Tribune, Oct. 7, 1862.

55. Richmond Enquirer, Oct. 21, 31, 1862; Richmond Examiner, quoted in New York Times, Oct. 26, 1862.

56. New York Times, Oct. 8, 1862.

57. The Tribune Almanac for 1861 (New York, 1861), p. 39; The Tribune Almanac for 1863 (New York, 1863), p. 50.

58. New York Times, Oct. 16, 19, 1862.

59. Diary of Gideon Welles, 1: 169, 176: entries of Oct. 13, 18, 1862.

60. New York Tribune, Oct. 27, 1862; John Codman Ropes to John C. Gray, Nov. 9, in War Letters of John Chipman and John C. Ropes, 1862–1865 (Boston, 1927), p. 19.

61. O.R., ser. 1, vol. 19, pt. 1, p. 72; Basler et al., eds., Collected Works of Lincoln, 5:474.

62. Lincoln to McClellan, Oct. 13, 1862, in Basler et al., eds., Collected Works of Lincoln, 5: 460–61.

63. Halleck to Hamilton R. Gamble, Oct. 30, 1862, in O.R., ser. 3, vol. 2, pp. 703–4.

64. Inside Lincoln’s White House: The Complete Civil War Diary of John Hay, ed. Michael Burlingame and John R. Turner Ettlinger (Carbondale, Ill., 1997), p. 232. Lincoln used the metaphor of a dull auger in a remark to Francis Preston Blair; see Blair to Montgomery Blair, Nov. 7, 1862, in William E. Smith, The Francis Preston Blair Family in Politics, 2 vols. (New York, 1933), 2:144.

65. Bruce Catton, Mr. Lincoln’s Army (Garden City, N.Y., 1951), pp. 334–36; William F. Keeler to Anna Keeler, Nov. 9, 1864, in Aboard the USS Florida, 1863–1865: The Letters of Paymaster William F. Keeler, ed. Robert W. Daly (Annapolis, Md., 1968), p. 200.

66. The Diary of George Templeton Strong, p. 271; Peter J. Parish, The American Civil War (New York, 1975), pp. 208–9; Joel H. Silbey, A Respectable Minority: The Democratic Party in the Civil War Era, 1860–1868 (New York, 1977), p. 144.

67. The Tribune Almanac for 1863 (New York, 1863) contains the most complete data on the 1862 elections.

68. Calculated from ibid.

69. Daly, Diary of a Union Lady, p. 333: entry of Jan. 19, 1865, recounting a conversation with Hancock the previous evening; James Longstreet, “The Invasion of Maryland,” in Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, ed. Clarence C. Buel and Robert U. Johnson, 4 vols. (New York, 1888), 2:674. Hancock was still a brigade commander at Antietam.