The Columbia Guide to American Environmental History

African Americans: in the Antellum South (See also slavery); free blacks; frontier narratives of; the fur trade and; in the Gold Rush; manumission of slaves; school desegregation; toxic waste and race; urbanization and; videos on

—environmental thought and activism of; Booker T. Washington; Cora Tucker; George Washington Carver; Phyllis Wheatley. See also environmental justice movement

agrarian ideal: colonial farming and; Crèvecoeur and; of the cultivated garden; Jefferson and; unsuitable in the arid West

agriculture; colonial horticulture and subsistence farming; crop prices; crop rotation; dairy farming; farming technologies; history of (sources); market farming; monocultures; Swords and Plowshares (video). See also Hatch Act; American Indian horticulture; plantation agriculture

Agriculture, Dept. of (USDA); Cooperative Extension Service

air pollution and reform; Air Pollution Control Act; Clean Air Act

Akimel O’odham Indians

Alaska; Bering land bridge; films and videos on; Internet resources on

Alaska National Interests Lands Act

Alaskan Native Claims Settlement Act

almanacs, farmers’

American Antiquities Act

American environment

American Indian horticulture; in the eastern woodlands; in New England; Pueblo; Swords and Plowshares (video)

American Indian Movement (AIM)

American Indians: decimation of population (See also disease epidemics; Indian removal); hunting and gathering subsistence; images of the vanishing; land use and ecology of (See also American Indian horticulture); Native American studies; paleolithic and archaic cultures; precolonial population. See also Native-European encounters; religious ideas and practices of Native Americans; sovereignty of Indian tribes and nations

—by tribe or nation: Acoma; Akimel O’odham; Aleut; Apache; Arapaho; Arikara; Assiniboine; Atsina; Bannock; Calusa; Cheyenne; Chickasaw; Choctaw; Chumash; Commanche; Cree; Creek; Crow; Fox; Hopi; Keres; Kiowa; Klamath; Koyukon; Mandan; Menominee; Miccosukee; Micmac; Miwok; Navajo; Nez Perce; Ojibwa; Paiute; Papago; Pawnee; Piegan; Pima; Ponca; Powhatan; Roanoke; Sac; Salish; Seminole; Shoshone; Timuca; Timuca; Tiwa; Tlinget; Ute; Wampanoag; Yokut; Yosemite; Zuni. See also Blackfeet Indians; Cherokee Indians; Plains Indians; Pueblo Indians; Sioux Indians

American Public Health Association

American society: egalitarian ideal and; Jacksonian democracy and; land as the basis for (Turner); narratives of progress shaping. See also American Indians; economic history (U.S.); federal land policy; narratives (American)

American Society for Environmental History (Internet resources)

American Tobacco Company

Anasazi culture; at Chaco Canyon; at Mesa Verde; The Sun Dagger (video)

Andrews, Charles M., Early American Almanacs

animals: herbivores; imported livestock. See also horses

—native animals; bighorn sheep; buffalo; cougar; decimation of buffalo; endangerment or extinction of; mammoth; sea lions and otters See also buffalo

Antebellum South: cotton cultivation in; rice cultivation in; tobacco cultivation in. See also cotton South; slavery; tobacco South

anthropocentric or homocentric view of ecology

Appalachian mountains; Appalachian Mountain Club; Appalachian Trial

archaeological sites. See also paleolithic and archaic cultures

arid conditions: desert preservation; drought and rainfall on the Great Plains; land-use policies and; Report on the Lands of the Arid Region (Powell); in the West. See also Dust Bowl

Army Corps of Engineers

art. See landscape painting and photography

Asian Americans and the environment: bibliography; Chinese immigrants and the Gold Rush-

associations. See environmental history societies and associations

Atlantic coastal plain

Audubon, John James. See also National Audubon Society

Baily, Florence Mirriam

balance of nature; the homeostatic ecosystem. See also Odum, Eugene

Basque New World voyages

Battle of Wounded Knee

beaver hunting and trade-

Bennett, Hugh Hammond

Benton, Thomas Hart. See also Manifest Destiny

Bering land bridge and the Beringia theory of Indian migration-

Beverley, Robert, The History and Present State of Virginia

Bible. See also Christianization of American Indians

biocentric view of ecology

biodiversity. See also ecological succession; ecosystems

biological approach to population

biological determinism

biome. See also organismic approach to ecology

birds: decline or extinction of; preservation of; spotted owl

birdwatchers and bird preservationists. See also birds

bituminous coal. See coal

black Americans. See African Americans

Blackfeet Indians; removed from Glacier National Park; water rights affirmed-

Black Kettle (Cheyenne)

Blue Ridge mountains

Board of Indian Commissioners

Bob Marshall Wilderness

Bodmer, Carl, “Interior of a Mandan Earth Lodge”

boll weevil infestation; prevention and eradication programs-

Bookchin, Murray. See also social ecology

Boston, Massachusetts

Boulder Dam (Hoover Dam)

Britain. See Great Britain

Brooks, Paul, Speaking for Nature

Bryant, William Cullen

buffalo; buffalo hunting; demise and extermination of; Plains Indian culture and

Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA)

Bureau of Land Management (BLM)

Bureau of Reclamation

Burnham, Philip, Indian Country, God’s Country

Burton, Lloyd, American Indian Water Rights

Byrd, William, History of the Dividing Line

Cabot, John and Sebastian, voyage

California, European settlement of; Indians of; a slavery-free state

California Desert Protection Act

California Federation of Women’s Clubs

California Gold Rush; films and videos on; impact on native peoples; Internet resources on; multicultural character of; westward routes California

California Indian tribes

California Supreme Court

capitalism; commodity production; laissez-faire; Marxist analysis and; the mechanistic worldview and; mercantilism. See also economy; industrialization; market economy

Carson, Rachel: films and videos featuring; Internet resources on; Silent Spring

Carter family (Robert “King” and Robert III)

Cartiér, Jacques, voyages

Carver, George Washington

Cascade mountain range

Cather, Willa, O Pioneers

Catlin, George; North American Indians

cattle; cattle barons; cattle ranching

Central Park, New York

Central Valley, California

Chaco Canyon Anasazi culture

chaos theory and ecology

chemical pollution. See also toxic pollutants

Cherokee Indians; the Trail of Tears

Chinese Exclusion Act

Chinese immigrants and the Gold Rush

Chlorofiuorocarbons (CFCs)

Christianization of American Indians; disease epidemics and. See also Mission system in the Southwest

chronological events. See under environmental history

cigar and cigarette manufacture

Citizens Alliance to Save San Francisco

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

Civil War. See also post-Civil War South

Clark, William (Lewis and Clark expedition)

class; middle-class environmentalists of 19th and early 20th centuries; opulent lifestyle of plantation owners (See also plantation agriculture; slavery); social distinctions among Indians; working class conditions (See also industrialization; labor)

clear-cutting. See also timber industry

Clements, Frederic; Bioecology; Plant Succession; and Victor Shelford, Plant Ecology. See also organismic approach to ecology

cliff drive. See also buffalo

Climate Change Conference (Kyoto)

Clinton, William (Bill)

coal: coal fuel production; coal mining

Coastal Zone Management Act

Coleridge, Samuel Taylor

Cole, Thomas; “The Course of Empire” series

colonial farming: the agrarian ideal and; crop rotation; farm families and subsistence farming; market farming

colonial impacts on the native ecosystem: in the Great Plains; in New England; in the Northeast; in the Southwest. See also European ecological complex; soil depletion

colonial land policy

colonial settlement. See English settlement; French settlement; Spanish exploration and settlement

Colorado Cliff Dwelling Association

Colorado River expedition

Columbus, Christopher

Colville Confederated tribes of Washington

commodities: the commodification of nature; commodity (defined); commodity production

commons; tragedy of the

Community Right-to-Know Act

Congress, United States. See also by legislative act

consciousness; mind-nature split. See also worldviews

conservation: conservation defined; the conservation movement; films and videos on; history and chronology of; Internet resources on. and preservation (Ch. 7); themes of. See also forestry; preservation

conservation policy: California Desert Protection Act; Forest Management (Organic) Act; Forest Reserve Act. See also Forest Service, U.S.; national parks; New Deal; Progressive era

consumers, ecological

Continental Congress

Cooperative Extension Service, U.S.D.A.

Cooper, James Fenimore; biographical resources on (Internet); Leatherstocking tales

Corn Mothers. See also American Indian horticulture

Coronado, Francisco Vasquez de, explorations

cotton production; cotton gin; cotton mills

cotton South: boll weevil infestations; cotton cultivation; films and videos on; Internet resources on; slavery and. See also tobacco South

Council of Energy Resources Tribes

Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ)

Craven, Avery O., Soil Exhaustion

Crèvecoeur, Hector St. John de, Letters from an American Farmer

Cronon, William: Changes in the Land; Nature’s Metropolis; “Telling Tales on Canvas”; “The Trouble With Wilderness”

Crosby, Alfred: Ecological Imperialism; The Columbian Exchange

cultivated garden ideal; the Great Plains as Garden of the World

culture; the mind-nature split and

dairy farming. See also agriculture

dams. See under hydraulic works

Dana, Samuel Trask and Sally K. Fairfax

dark savage, notion of the

Darwin, Charles, Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection

Davis, Rebecca Harding

debris flows. See also hydraulic mining

Declaration of Independence

decline, narratives of, xvi, xvi

deep ecology. See also ecological consciousness

deforestation. See also forests

democracy: Jacksonian; land as the basis of (Turner)

Depression of the 1930s

Detwyler, Thomas R. and Melvin G. Marcus

development; sustainable development. See also resource development

Diamond, Jared, Guns, Germs and Steel

Diamond, Irene. See also ecofeminism

diseases and environmental pollution: cholera from water contamination; infectious diseases and urban squalor; respiratory disease due smoke and smog emissions; typhoid fever from water contamination; yellow fever outbreak from mosquitoes

disease epidemics: bubonic plague; European introduction of; Native Americans lacking immunity; population decimated by; smallpox

diversity-stability hypothesis

domestic technologies

Doughty, Thomas; “Autumn on the Hudson”

Douglas, Marjory Stoneman

Downing, Andrew Jackson

Drake, Francis, expedition

drought and rainfall cycles

Drury, William and Ian Nisbet, “Succession”

Dust Bowl; films and videos about; related historical documents (Internet)

Dutton, Clarence, Tertiary History of the Grand Cañon District

Earle, Carville, “The Myth of the Southern Soil Miner”

Earth Island Institute (EII)

earth mother/Mother Nature

“earth’s household”. See also Ecology

Earth Summit at Rio de Janeiro

eastern woodland Indians: horticulture of; hunting and fishing

ecocentric woldview:. See also ecological consciousness

Ecojustice Network (Internet). See also environmental justice movement

ecological consciousness: deep ecology; ecocentric woldview:; Native American spiritual connection to animals and nature; Koyaanisqatsi (film); the land ethic; theocentric environmentalism. See also worldviews

ecological imperialism. See also colonial impacts on the native ecosystem

ecological revolutions. See also European ecological complex; market economy

ecological succession; forest succession; plant succession

ecological worldviews. See under worldviews

ecology; animal ecology; chaos theory and; climax communities; ecological cycles; economic approach to; films and videos on; history of (Ch. 9); Internet resources on; oekology; organismic approach to; plant associations; University of Chicago school of. See also ecological succession; ecological revolutions; ecosystems; human ecology; land use; population biology; restoration ecology

economic approach to ecology

economic history (U.S.): the Great Depression; the Panic of 1819; welfare policies. See also market economy; New Deal; Progressive era

—Dust Bowl; films and videos about; related historical documents (Internet)

economy: inorganic-based; organic; modes of production; regional economies. See also market economy; trade

ecosystems; ecosystem carrying capacity; consumers and producers in; the ecosystem concept; the pond ecosystem; videos on. See also ecology

education (environmental) electronic resources

Ehle, John, Trail of Tears

Ehrlich, Paul: biographical resources on (Internet); The Population Bomb

Ehrlich, Paul and Ann Ehrlich, The Population Explosion

Eisenhower, Dwight D.

electric power; hydroelectricity; solar power; windpower. See also hydraulic works; nuclear power

electronic resources. See Internet resources on the environment

El Pueblo para el Aire y Agua Limpio

Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act

Emerson, Ralph Waldo; Nature; “The Over-Soul”

emissions. See air pollution and reform

Endangered American Wilderness Act

endangered species and extinctions

Endangered Species Act (ESA)

energy sources. See also electric power

English settlement: British colonial holdings; of Chesapeake Bay; Pilgrims and the Massachusetts Bay colony; Puritan settlement

Environmental Data Index

environment, American

environmental decline; desertification; problems of industrialized cities (See also urban environments); quality of life issues and; tribal issues and. See also air pollution and reform; colonial impacts on the native ecosystem; industrial pollution; toxic pollutants; water pollution

Environmental Defense Fund

environmental era (Ch. 10); films and videos on; from conservationism to environmentalism; Internet resources; the “new ecology”. See also regulation, environmental

environmental ethics; Internet resources. See also land ethic

environmental history; films and videos on. See also education, environmental

—bibliographic sources; discussion of; by topic

—chronological events: the American Revolution and Manifest Destiny; the California Gold Rush; the Civil War; colonial era; era of environmentalism; European exploration of North America; a global environmental agenda; the Great Depression and the Dust Bowl; New Deal conservationism; pioneer expansion and the Western frontier; the plantation and slave system; prehistoric North American settlement; preservationism and Progressive era conservationism; the rise of ecology; rise of the market economy

—films and videos on: the American environment; conservation and preservation; the environmental era; the gold Rush and California settlement; the Great Plains; Indian land policy; Native-European encounters; nature and the market economy; the New England wilderness transformed; the rise of ecology; the Southern plantation and slavery; urban environments; the Western frontier

—Internet resources: archival materials; bibliographic; course syllabi; general Internet resources; societies and associations

Environmental Impact Statement

environmentalism. See also environmental movement

environmental justice movement; Internet resources

Environmental Leadership Summit

environmental movement; ecotage. See also Carson, Rachel; deep ecology; envonmental era

environmental organizations: Earth First!; Earth Island Institute (EII); Ecojustice Network (Internet); Environmental Defense Fund; Internet resources; National Wildlife Federation; Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC); Nature Conservancy; Sierra Club; Wilderness Society

environmental philosophy, Internet resources

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). See also regulation, environmental

environmental science, bibliography

environmental transformation: ecological revolutions; New England wilderness transformed (Ch. 2). See also European ecological complex

epidemics. See disease epidemics

Ernst Haeckel. See also ecology

ethics (environmental); Internet resources. See also land ethic

ethnic diversity, multicultural character of the Gold Rush. See also African Americans; American Indians; Asian Americans

Europe: colonial holdings (See also English settlement; French settlement; Spanish exploration and settlement); the Enlightenment and the European worldview. See also by nation, e.g. Great Britain

European ecological complex; alphanumeric literacy (See also literacy); Christian religion (See also Christianization of Native-Americans); disease pathogens (See also disease epidemics); firearms; livestock introduction (See also horses); trading (See also Trade between colonials and natives). See also colonial impacts on the native ecosystem; Native-European encounters

European exploration of North America; Cartiér voyages; of the Colorado River; of the Columbia River (Lewis and Clark); of the Grand Canyon; Spanish expeditions of the Southwest; voyages of Columbus

Everglades National Park

evolution, theory of

exchange. See barter economy; market economy

Exodus of 1879. See also post-Civil War South

expeditions. See European exploration of North America

extraction: of forest resources (See also forests; fur trade; timber industry); of minerals (See also coal; mining; oil)

Exxon Valdez oil spill

farmers: almanacs; the farmer’s frontier; colonial farm families; women homesteaders

farming. See agriculture; American Indian horticulture

farmworkers. See also sharecroppers

Federal-Aid Highway Act

Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Act

federal land policy; in the arid West; history of. See also agriculture; conservation policy; Homestead Act of 1862; Indian land policy; riparian rights

—legislative acts: Desert Land Act; Federal Land Policy and Management Act; Free Timber Act; General Mining Law; Hatch Act; Land Act of 1796; Land Ordinance of 1785; “Log Cabin Law”; Morill Act; Timber Culture Act; Timber and Stone Act

Federal Land Policy and Management Act

Federal Water Pollution Control Act

Fernow, Bernhard; Economics of Forestry

fertilizers; use in colonial era

films and videos. See under environmental history

fire: forest; Indian firesetting

First National People of Color summit

fishing: commercial; fish hatcheries; Indian subsistence; mechanized; native fishes

Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S.; Internet sites

Flores, Daniel, “Bison Ecology and Diplomacy”

folkways and customs, Indian: banning of; hunting rituals

food chain or web; trophic processes and

Foreign Miner’s Tax

forest history, Internet resources

Forest Management (Organic) Act

forestry; videos on. See also Pinchot, Gifford

forests: ancient or native; deforestation; extraction of resources; forest history (bibliography on); forest products; New England forest; redwood forests; restoration of; Southern forest. See also timber industry; trees

Forest Service, U.S.. See also United States government

fossil fuels: coal extraction and production; petroleum extraction. See also mining

Friends of the Earth

frontier narratives; of women and blacks. See also Western frontier

fuels, fossil. See fossil fuels

fur trade; African Americans and; beaver trade; hide and pelt trade; impact on Indian culture and ecology; mink; sea otters

Gaia hypothesis, video on

garbage and refuse; furnaces for burning; landfills; ocean dumping; removal of; sanitation movement

gardens: ideal of the cultivated garden; slave gardens

gathering. See hunting and gathering subsistence

General Federation of Women’s Clubs

General Land Ordinance; General Land Office

Geological Survey, U.S.. See also United States government

Georgia; Kemble on plantation life in

Ghost Dance movement

Glacier National Park: Blackfeet removed from. See also Blackfeet Indians

Gleason, Henry, “The Individualistic Concept of Plant Association”

global warming; early urban “hot spots”; Kyoto Protocol on

gold: discovery of; panning for; placer. See also gold mining; California Gold Rush

gold mining; hard-rock mining; hydraulic mining and environmental effects; mother lode; placer mining

Gold Rush. See California Gold Rush

Grand Canyon: explorations of; Grand Canyon National Park; Grand Canyon Railway; Internet tour of

Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument

grasslands, perennial

grazing: communal fields; overgrazing; regulation of. See also ranching

Great Britain, colonial holdings. See also English settlement

Great Northern Railroad

Great Plains ecology; decline of perennial grasslands; ecological changes with the introduction of horses; ecological changes with settlement; European settlement of; technologies and; visual resources on. See also Dust Bowl; Plains Indians; Western frontier

Greene, Mrs. Nathaniel

Greenough, Horatio, “The Rescue”

Grinnell, George Bird

grizzly bear, extinction of in the Sierra Nevada

Gutiérrez, Ramón, When Jesus Came the Corn Mothers Went Away

habitat conservation plans (HCPs)

Haeckel, Ernst: Generelle Morphologie; other works

Hamilton, Alice; Industrial Poisons in the United States

Harrison, William Henry

harvesters, mechanized

Hays, Samuel P.; Conservation and the Gospel of Efficiency; Beauty, Health and Permanence: A History of Environmental Politics

hazardous waste. See also toxic pollutants

health: air pollution and; carcinogens; occupational health; public health studies. See also diseases and environmental pollution

heredity. See also evolution theory

Hetch Hetchy Valley, the Raker Act; O’Shaughnessy Dam; the struggle to prevent dam construction at

Hohokam culture. See also Akimel O’odham Indians

homeostatic ecosystem

Homestead Act of 1862; abuses of; unsuitable to the arid West (Powell). See also Dawes Act; public domain

homesteaders: African American; colonial families; women

Hopi Indians. See also Pueblo Indians

horses: ecological effects of in the Great Plains; European introduction of; Indian adaptation to; problem of manure refuse in cities

horticulture: colonial; Swords and Plowshares (video)

—Native American; in the eastern woodlands; in New England; Pueblo;

Hudson River School of painters; Internet site featuring

Hughes, Louis, Thirty Years a Slave

hunting: colonial; Indian buffalo hunting; Indian deer hunting; Indian hunting rituals

hunting and gathering subsistence: of Indians in California; of the Micmac Indians; of the Plains Indians. See also fishing

hydraulic mining and environmental effects

hydraulic works; dams; Hoover Dam; municipal water works; Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA). See also Hetch Hetchy Valley; irrigation

hydroelectricity. See also electric power

immigrants; Chinese immigrants during the the Gold Rush; urbanization and

imperialism; ecological

indentured servitude. See also sharecroppers

Indian Civil Rights Act

Indian land policy (Ch. 8); environmental regulation and; films and videos on; Internet resources on; issue of state control of; national parks creation and; treaties of cessation. See also Indian removal; sovereignty of Indian tribes and nations

—legislative acts: Dawes Act; Indian Emergency Conservation Works Program; Indian New Deal; Indian Reorganization Act; Northwest Ordinance of 1787; Proclamation of 1763; Pueblo Relief Act of 1933; Surface Mining and Control Act

Indian removal; and the Gold Rush; Indian Removal Act; starvation; the Trail of Tears; violation of treaties

Indian Reorganization Act

Indian resistance: battle at Little Big Horn; Battle of Wounded Knee; Mariposa Indian War; Pueblo revolt; Virginia Massacre of

Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act

Indians. See American Indians

Indian water rights; prior appropriation doctrine and

industrialization; cigarette and cigar manufacture; growth in manufacture; labor increasingly alienated (See also labor); meatpacking industry; problems of industrial cities; riparian law and; textile manufacture. See also capitalism; development

industrial pollution; abatement efforts; noise pollution in; urban environments and. See also air pollution and reform; water pollution

inland economy. See also colonial farming

Inness, George, “Lackawanna Valley”

insects. See pest infestations

Institute for Social Ecology

Interior, U.S. Dept. of. See also United States government

Internet resources on the environment: on conservation and preservation; on the environmental era; on environmental organizations and information centers; on environmental philosophy and ethics; on natural history; on natural resources; on nature and the market economy; on the rise of ecology; on urban environments

—on environmental history: archival materials; bibliographic; course syllabi; general Internet resources; societies and associations

iron and steel products and production; video on

irrigation; in the arid West; cooperative irrigation districts proposal (Powell); Hohokam system of; history of. See also hydraulic projects

Isenberg, Andrew, Destruction of the Bison

Jackson, Andrew; Jacksonian democracy

Jackson, Kenneth, The Crabgrass Frontier

Jefferson, Thomas: agrarian ideal and; Internet resources on; land development concerns; and the Louisiana Purchase; Notes on the State of Virginia; video biography of

Keller, Robert H. and Michael F. Turek

Kelley, Robert, Gold vs. Grain

Kemble, Frances Anne

King, Ynestra. See also ecofeminism

Krech, Shepard III, The Ecological Indian

labor: in colonial New England; communal; division of; increasingly distanced from nature; “indentured servants” on plantations (See also slave labor); in the industrial cities; labor-capital split; sharecroppers (post-Civil War); working women. See also slavery

Lacey Act. See also birds; birdwatchers and bird preservationists

laissez-faire capitalism. See also capitalism

land, Indian vs. European conception of

landfills. See also garbage and refuse

Land Ordinance of 1785. See also General Land Ordinance

land policy. See colonial land policy; federal land policy; Indian land policy

landscape architecture; design of Central Park

landscape painting and photography; depictions of Indians in the wild; Hudson River School; landscape photography

land use; colonial; Native American; Native American hunting and gathering. See also American Indian horticulture; Plains Indians

Land and Water Conservation Fund Act

Lear, Linda J., Rachel Carson

Leopold, Aldo: biographical resources on (Internet); Game Management; the land ethic; restoration ecology and; “The Land Ethic”; The Sand County Almanac; video featuring

Leventhal, Herbert, In the Shadow of the Enlightenment

Lewis, Merriwether, Lewis and Clark expedition

Limits to Growth Report

Lindeman, Raymond, “The Trophic-Dynamic Aspect of Ecology”

liquor and effect on Native Americans

livestock; European introduction of. See also horses

logging. See Timber industry

“Lost Colony” of Roanoke

Lovelock, James, video on

lumbering. See timber industry

Lux v. Haggin ruling

McEvoy, Arthur, The Fisherman’s Problem

McHarg, Ian, Design with Nature

McIntosh, Robert P., The Background of Ecology

management of natural resources

manitous (animal spirits)

manufacture: canneries; growth in; textile manufacture; of tobacco. See also industrialization

manumission of slaves

market economy: the commodification of nature in; market farming; the natural environment and (Ch. 4); capitalism and (See also capitalism); Internet resources on; westward migration and; market farming; the rise of commerce. See also Trade

Marshall, James, discovery of gold

Marshall, Robert; video featuring. See also Bob Marshall Wilderness

Marsh, George Perkins; Man and Nature

Martin, Calvin, Keepers of the Game

Marx, Karl, Das Capital

Marx, Leo, The Machine in the Garden

Massachusetts: Boston; Cape Cod; Pilgrim settlement of Massachusetts Bay; yellow fever outbreak

mast timber (white pines)

Meadows Report, Limits to Growth

measles epidemics. See also disease epidemics

mechanistic worldview

Menominee Restoration Act

Merchant, Carolyn, Ecological Revolutions

mercury mining. See also mining

Mesa Verde: Anasazi pueblo; creation of Mesa Verde National Park

Mexicans, participation in the Gold Rush

microcosm-macrocosm theory

Middle Atlantic states

Midwest. See also Great Plains ecology

migration, ecological

Migratory Bird Treaty Act

Miller-Lux Land Company

Miller, Olive Thorne

mineral resources; discovered on Indian lands

mining; coal mining; mercury mining; oil extraction; silver mining; uranium mines

—gold mining; hard-rock mining; hydraulic mining and environmental effects; mother lode; placer mining

—mining history and legislation; Foreign Miner’s Tax; General Mining Law; Surface Mining and Control Act

minorities. See African Americans; American Indians; Asian Americans

Mission system in the Southwest; Franciscan order; Jesuit order. See also Christianization of Native-Americans

Mississippi River; Mississippi-Ohio river system

Mississippi, state of

Morrill Land Grant Act

Mother Nature/earth mother

Mothers of East Los Angeles

mountain sheep, depletion of in Sierra Nevada

Muir, John; biographical resources on (Internet); his struggle to save Hetch Hetchy; theocentric environmentalism of; videos featuring

multicultural character of the Gold Rush. See also Gold Rush

Naess, Arne, “The Shallow and the Deep”

narratives (American): declensionist narratives, xvi; frontier narratives; manifest destiny; narratives of progress; origin stories of Indians

Nash, Roderick, Wilderness and the American Mind

National Audubon Society

National Conservation Congresses

National Environmental Data Index

National Environmental Policy Act

national parks; creation of; Indians lands converted to

National Park Service Act

National Rivers Inventory

National Wildlife Federation

National Wildlife Refuge System

Native-European encounters (Ch. 1); in California; the “Columbian exchange”; in the deep South; ecological imperialism; films and videos on; on the Great Plains; Indian population decimated by disease and epidemics; in the Northeast; in the Southwest. See also Christianization of American Indians; colonial impacts on the native ecosystem; European ecological complex; Indian resistance

Native Americans. See American Indians

native wildlife. See wildlife

native ecosystem. See colonial impacts on the native ecosystem

native forests. See forests

natural history resources (Internet)

natural resources; colonial extraction of forest resources; discovered on Indian lands; ecosystem carrying capacity; exploitation of (defined); Internet listings on; mineral resources. See also energy sources; forests

Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC)

natural selection. See also evolution

nature; aesthetic appreciation of (See also landscape painting and photography); commodification of; and culture; everyday experience of diminishing; as a household (See also oikos); human labor increasingly distanced from; mind-nature split; Puritan view of; romanticism about; social construction of; transcendentalism view of. See also ecosystems; wilderness

—and the market economy (Ch. 4); Internet resources on. See also capitalism; market economy

Nelson, Richard, Make Prayers to the Raven

New Deal; New Deal conservationism; status of Indians improved during; WPA (Works Progress Administration)

New England: colonial effects on ecosystem; extraction of forest resources; Native American horticulture in; native forests of; Pilgrim settlement of; pond ecosystem (video); Puritan settlement of; the wilderness transformed (Ch. 2);

New York City; Central Park; garbage problem; noise pollution in; water supply

“noble savage” the vanishing Indian as. See also American Indians

North American exploration: Colorado River; Drake sails up the West Coast; Lewis and Clark expedition; Spanish expeditions of the Southwest

North American settlement (prehistoric); Bering land bridge

North American Wetlands Conservation Act

Northeast: French settlement of; hunting and gathering cultures of; manufacture and commerce in; Micmac Indians of

Northern Pacific Railroad

Northwest environmental history

Northwest Fur Company

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Norwood, Vera, Made from this Earth

Novak, Barbara, Nature and Culture

Nuclear Regulatory Commission

Occupational Safety and Health Act

Odum, Eugene; Fundamentals of Ecology; video featuring. See also balance of nature

Odum, Eugene and William Odum, “Nature’s Pulsing Paradigm”

oekology. See also ecology

oikos (household). See also ecology

Oil Creek, Pennsylvannia

oil extraction; oil pipelines

Olmsted, Frederick Law

open range. See also rangelands

Oregon territory, treaty ceding the

Orenstein, Gloria. See also ecofeminism

organic world view, colonial

organismic approach to ecology; University of Chicago school of ecology. See also Clements, Frederic

ornithology. See birds

O’Shaughnessy Dam. See Hetch Hetchy Valley

O’Sullivan, John L.

owl, spotted. See also birds

Pacific Northwest. See Northwest

Paiute Indians: horticulture of; removal from Yellowstone land

paleolithic and archaic cultures

passenger pigeon, extinction of

Patterson-Black, Sheryll

PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls)

Pennsylvania; “Dutch” farmers of; oil strike in; Pennsylvania turnpike

Pesticides Information Center (electronic)

pest infestation, boll weevil; bollworm; prevention and eradication programs; tobacco pests

petroleum extraction

philosophy (environmental); Internet resources

physical environment, North American

Pickett, S.T.A. and P.S. White

Pilgrims; settlement of Massachusetts Bay

Pinchot, Gifford; advocacy of dam construction at Hetch Hetchy Valley; biogra0phical resources on (Internet); videos featuring. See also Forestry; Progressive era

pioneers. See colonial farming; Western frontier

Pittman-Robertson Wildlife Restoration Act

placer mining and environmental effects. See also gold mining

Plains Indians; buffalo hunting culture of; decline of; European encounter with; Ghost dance movement of; horses affecting ways of; land use and ecology of; nomadic ways; smallpox epidemic decimating. See also Great Plains ecology; Western frontier

plantation agriculture; cotton cultivation (See also cotton South); opulent lifestyle of plantation owners; tobacco cultivation (See also tobacco South)

Pollution Prevention Act

pollution, bibliography on. See also air pollution and reform; industrial pollution; toxic pollutants; water pollution

polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)

polyculture; Indian. See also American Indian horticulture

polystyrene containers

population; decimation of American Indians by epidemics; global; growth of non-native U.S.; native precolonial

post-Civil War South: economic decline of; exodus of blacks from; the manumission of slaves; share-cropping in

post-World War I, pollution problems

post-World War II: conservation themes; suburbanization and

poverty, the urban poor

Powell, John Wesley: biographical resources on (Internet); cooperative irrigation districts proposal; Grand Canyon expedition; Report on the Lands of the Arid Region

power. See electric power

prairies: ecology of the Great Plains; perennial grasslands; prairie-plains climax. See also Great Plains ecology

Pratt, Richard Henry

Preemption Act of 1841

prehistoric settlement of North America; Bering land bridge

preservation; and conservation (Ch. 7); early measures; forest; the preservation movement; wilderness preservation. See also conservation; Muir, John; national parks

primary consumers. See also ecosystems

printing, invention of. See also literacy

prior appropriation doctrine of riparian rights

Proclamation of 1763

producers, ecological

production, modes of. See also economy

Progressive era; progressive conservationism. See also Pinchot, Gifford

progress, narratives of

property ownership. See also homestead

Prucha, Francis Paul, The Indians in American Society

public domain: defined; homesteading and liberalized land policy; selling of public lands through survey; squatters on public lands; withholding land reserves. See also forest reserves; Homestead Act of 1862; National Parks

public health studies. See also diseases and environmental pollution; sanitation movement; urban environment

Public Works Administration (PWA)

Pueblo Indians; horticulture of; Spanish explorers and settlers and. See also Anasazi; Hohokam; Southwest

Pueblo Relief Act of

pulsing steady-state systems

Puritans; Internet resources on; Puritan religion; view of nature and the wild

Pyne, Stephen: Fire in America; How the Canyon Became Grand

racism; manifest destiny ideal and; notion of the dark savage. See also environmental justice movement; slavery

Radiation Exposure Compensation Act

Railroad Land Grants

railroads: construction of; as icons of progress; lands for; narratives of progress depicting; transcontinental

rainfall; drought and rainfall cycles

ranching; the rancher’s frontier; rancher-sheepherder-home-steader conflicts. See also grazing; rangelands

rangelands. See also ranching

RARE I and II (Roadless Areas Review and Evaluation studies)

reclamation. See also water reclamation policy

rectilinear surveys. See also public domain

reducers, ecological

redwoods (Sequoia sempervirens)

refuse. See garbage and refuse

regulation (environmental); Air Pollution Control Act; air pollution regulation; Clean Air Act; of Indian lands; National Environmental Policy Act. See also Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

Reisner, Marc, Cadillac Desert (video services)

religion and nature; animism; Biblical references; Puritan view. See also Christianization of Native-Americans

religious ideas and practices of Native Americans: banning of rituals; bibliographic sources; burial sites; connection to animals and nature; rituals of the hunt; videos on

reservations: Indian relocation to; reservation system. See also Indian removal

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act

resource development: coastal resources; and management; resource efficiency. See also mineral resources; natural resources

restoration ecology; restoration of forests; restoration of soils

restoration legislation: Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Act; Pittman-Robertson Wildlife Restoration Act

resources. See natural resources

Revolution, American

revolutions: ecological revolutions; the market revolution

Richards, Ellen Swallow. See Swallow, Ellen

riparian rights; conflicts over (video); for Indians; prior appropriation doctrine; prodevelopment laws

rituals, Indian: banning of; of the hunt

river docks and ports

rivers; inventory of; mining debris in; pollution of; preservation of (Wild and Scenic Rivers Act); Rivers of Empire (Worster). See also riparian rights

—by name: Colorado River; Columbia River; Croton River; Cuyahoga River; Genesee River; Grand Calumet River; Los Angeles River; Merrimac River

Roanoke, “Lost Colony” of

Rocky Mountains; descriptions of

Rocky Mountain trench

Rolvaag, Ole; Giants in the Earth

Roosevelt, Franklin D.. See also New Deal

Roosevelt, Theodore; biographical resources on (Internet); film/video on. See also Progressive era

Runte, Alfred, National Parks

rural studies (Internet site)

Russian hunters and traders

Safe Drinking Water Act

Santa Barbara oil spill

Save the Redwoods League

Schrepfer, Susan, The Fight to Save the Redwoods

Sears, Paul, Deserts on the March

secondary consumers. See also ecosystems

secondary succession

Sellers, Charles, The Market Revolution

Sequoia sempervirens

Sessions, George and Bill Devall, Deep Ecology

Seton, Ernest Thompson

17th-century worldview

sewage/sewer systems

Shakespeare, William

sharecroppers, post-Civil War

Sheepeater War. See also Shoshone Indians

Sherman Antitrust Act

Shoshone Indians; called the “Sheepeaters”

Sierra Club; Internet site

Sierra Nevada: foothills; Gold Rush and damage to ecology of; mountain range

silver panning and mining

Silver, Timothy, A New Face on the Countryside

Sinclair, Upton, The Jungle

Sioux Indians; battle at Little Big Horn; Battle of Wounded Knee

Sitting Bull (Sioux chief)

slavery; the Fugitive Slave Law and the Compromise of 1850; Internet site on; manumission of slaves; plantation lifestyle based on; population factors; post-Civil War exodus; regional prohibitions of; slave gardens; the underground railroad (video); videos on. See also Antebellum South

slave trade; banning of

Smithsonian Institute

social class. See class

social ecology; Institute for Social Ecology

social work (Hull House)

soil conservation, early efforts; Soil Conservation Act;

Soil Conservation Service

soil depletion: cotton cultivation and; in the plantation South; small farming and; tobacco cultivation and; urbanization and

Solid Waste Disposal Act

South. See Antebellum South; plantation agriculture; post-Civil War South

Southwest: Four Corners area; maps of (Internet); mineral resources extraction in; Pueblo horticulture in. See also Pueblo Indians; Spanish exploration and settlement

sovereignty of Indian tribes and nations: co-management approach; New Deal improvements; sovereign status revoked (1823); sovereignty reaffirmed; “termination” policy. See also Indian land policy; Indian water rights

Spanish exploration and settlement; encounters with native peoples; expeditions; the Mission system

Spence, Mark David, Dispossessing the Wilderness

Spirituality. See religious ideas and practices of Native Americans; religion and nature

spotted owl. See also birds

squatters: legalization of; on public lands; urban

stability of species

Standing Bear, Luther

states intervening on Indian lands. See also Indian land policy

steady-state systems

Steinbeck, John, The Grapes of Wrath

Steinberg, Theodore, Nature Incorporated

Stortz, Martha Ellen

Stowell, Marion Barber

subsistence; early colonial farming; slave gardens. See also hunting and gathering subsistence; American Indian horticulture

suburban development; the “crabgrass frontier”

Superfund, Act creating

Supreme Court rulings: on antitrust; Winters Decision; Worcester v. Georgia

Surface Mining and Control Act

Surveyor of Pines and Timber

survey of public lands

sustainable development

Swallow, Ellen: in human ecology; on oekology; Sanitation in Daily Life

“swidden” system

“taming” of the wilderness

Tansley, Arthur; “The Use and Abuse of Vegetational Concepts”

Tarkington, Booth, The Turmoil

Tarr, Joel; Search for the Ultimate Sink

teaching resources on the environment (electronic)

technology, early: domestic technologies; farming technologies; Great Plains ecology and; Hohokam system of irrigation; peleotechnologies vs. neotechnologies. See also industrialization

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA). See also hydraulic works

Texas; annexation of

theocentric environmentalism

thermodynamic approaches to ecology

Thoreau, Henry David; biographical resources on (Internet); videos featuring; Walden

timber industry; logging history; lumbering of redwoods; lumberjacks; sawmills; tree cutting

Timber and Stone Act

timelines/chronology of events. See under chronology environmental history

tobacco South: bibliographic resources; cultivation and plantation culture; films and videos on; Internet resources on; slavery in; the tobacco boom. See also cotton South

Topography, of the continental U.S.

toxic pollutants, antitoxic movement; differential effects by race and class; hazardous waste; video on. See also air pollution and reform; environmental justice movement;

Toxic Substances Control Act

trade: between colonials and natives; bone trade; Euroamerican trading system; slave trade; trade routes; whale and tallow trade. See also fur trade

tragedy of the commons. See also commons; public domain

Trail of Tears. See also Indian removal

transcendentalism; Emerson and; Emerson on the Oversoul

transportation: interstate highway system; steamboat; urban; urban-suburban. See also railroads

treaties of cessation. See also Indian land policy

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

tree cutting; clear-cutting

trees: redwood; Sequoia sempervirens; shrubs and; white pine

triangular trading system. See also trade

trophic processes. See also food chain or web

Tuan, Yi-fu, Topophilia

Turner, Frederick Jackson and “The Significance of the Frontier in American History”

Tuolomne River. See also Hetch Hetchy Valley

Tuskegee Negro Conference

United Church of Christ report, “Toxic Wastes and Race in the United States”

United States: physical environment of; U.S. History Index (electronic). See also American society

United States government: agencies (Internet listings); Army Corps of Engineers; Department of Agriculture (USDA); Department of the Interior; Environmental Protection Agency (EPA); Forest Service; Geological Survey; National Parks Service

University of Chicago school of ecology

urban environmentalism.

urban environments (Ch. 6); bibliographic resources; the city as a wilderness; films and videos on; industrialism pollution and; Internet resources on; municipal waterworks; public health studies; street cleaning. See also air pollution and reform; garbage and refuse; toxic pollutants

urban park design. See also Olmsted, Frederick Law

U.S. Steel Corporation

usufruct. See also land use

Ute Indians; removed from Mesa Verde area

Verrazano, Giovanni da, expedition

Viking New World voyages

Virginia; in the plantation era

Virginia Massacre of

visual resources on environmental history: conservation and preservation; era of environmentalism; Indian land policy; Native-European encounters; nature and the market economy; rise of ecology; the tobacco and cotton South; urban environments; western frontiers and pioneer settlement; the wilderness transformed

Walden Pond. See also Thoreau, Henry David

Wärming, Eugenius, Plantesamfund

Washington, Booker T.; films and videos on

waste disposal. See also toxic pollutants

water pollution; mining debris; ocean dumping; river pollution

Water Pollution Control Act

Water Quality Act(s)

water reclamation policy; Bureau of Reclamation. See also hydraulic works

water rights. See riparian rights

water. See pond ecosystem; rivers

water supply. See hydraulic works; irrigation

Watt, Kenneth, Ecology and Resource Management

weapons. See arrows; firearms; nuclear weapons

weather. See climate and weather

Weaver, John and Evan Flory

Webb, Walter Prescott, The Great Plains

web sites on the environment. See Internet resources on the environment

West: the arid; arid conditions in; desert preservation; environmental history of; land-use policies and. See also California; Northwest

Western frontier (Ch. 5); the farmer’s frontier; films and videos on; frontier narratives; the rancher’s frontier; significance in American history (Turner). See also Plains Indians; Western frontier

whaling; whale and tallow trade

Wheatley, Phyllis, Poems on Various Subjects

White, Caroline Barrett

White House Conference on Conservation

White, Richard: “Are You an Environmentalist?”; The Organic Machine

wilderness; aesthetic view of; Puritan view of; transformation of in New England (Ch. 2); as untainted by human habitation; the vanishing or transformed. See also nature

wilderness preservation. See also national parks; preservation; preservation

wildlife: bibliography on. See also forests

—native animals; bighorn sheep; buffalo; cougar; decimation of buffalo; endangerment or extinction of; mammoth; sea lions and otters

—native birds: decline or extinction of; preservation of; spotted owl

Wild and Scenic Rivers Act

Willamette Valley, Oregon

Winters Doctrine (Winters v. United States)

women: and the egalitarian ideal; on the frontier; Native-American; working women

women and the environment; activism of women’s clubs; smoke abatement activism; “Women and Life on Earth” conference

—activists and theorists: Alice Hamilton; Caroline Barrett White; Cora Tucker; Esperanza Maya; Frances Anne Kemble; Florence Merriam Bailey; Isabella Bird; Julia Barnett Rice; Laura White; Lois Gibbs; Marjory Stoneman Douglas; Sarah Orne Jewett; Virginia McClurg. See also Addams, Jane; Carson, Rachel; Swallow, Ellen; Wheatley, Phyllis

wood products. See also forestry; forests

Woods, Robert, The City Wilderness

Worcester v. Georgia

Works Progress Administration (WPA)

worldviews: anthropocentric or homocentric view of ecology; biocentric view of ecology; colonial organic worldview; ecocentric worldview; of the Enlightenment and Europe (17th through 19th centuries); mechanistic worldview; Native-American connectivity to nature; Puritan view of nature; transcendental view of nature