Abington School District v. Schempp, 192–195, 198–199
Advertising Council, 131–138
Advertising industry, 130–138
Agnew, Spiro (vice president), 248, 253, 265, 271
Alplanalp, Bob (executive), 264
Allen, Ray (Concerned Christians for Reagan), 281
Allen-Bradley Company, 150
“America on Its Knees” (painting), 77
American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), xv–xvi, 84, 99, 107, 121–122, 148
Madalyn Murray and, 194
“One Nation Under God” banners, 240
prayer amendment and, 213, 215
Ronald Reagan and, 279
school mandatory Bible reading and, 192, 194
school prayer and, 172, 174–175
American Council of Christian Churches, 190, 232
American Cyanamid and Chemical Corporation, 18
“American Economic System” ad campaign, 131
American Jewish Committee, 84, 168, 213
American Jewish Congress, 83–84, 147
American Legion
“Back to God” movement, 73–75, 110
“In God We Trust” motto support, 116
“One Nation Under God” banners, 240–241
Pledge of Allegiance change, 104
prayer amendment support, 210–211
promotion of public religion, 207
American Liberty League, 4, 7, 16
“American way of life,” 105–106
Americans for Democratic Action (ADA), 103, 108, 113
Anderson, John B. (representative), 217
Anderson, Robert (secretary of the treasury), 84, 120
Andrews, George (representative), 184
Anti-ballistic-missile treaty, 253–254
Anti-Defamation League, 214
Antiwar protests, 241, 257–259, 266–271
Associated Refineries, 84
AT&T, 254
Atheists/atheism, 106–107, 149, 194, 197, 209–210, 217, 221, 223, 240, 266, 268, 289
“Back to God” movement, 73–75, 110
Baker, George (lawyer), 196
Baptist Joint Committee on Public Affairs (BJC), 213, 226, 228, 234
Barkley, Alben (vice president), 54, 102
Bates, Carl (SBC president), 252
Bayh, Birch (senator), 231, 233–234, 236
Bechtel Corporation, 254
Becker, Frank (representative), 207–211, 213, 216–217
Becker Amendment, 208, 211, 213, 218, 220–224, 226–227, 229
See also Prayer amendment
Belding, Don (advertising executive), 69–70, 141
Bellah, Robert (sociologist), 68
Bellamy, Francis (minister), 100–102
Bennett, Charles E. (representative), 116–124
Benson, Ezra Taft (secretary of agriculture), 81–82, 83, 85
Benson, George S. (college president), 26
Bernardin, Joseph (Catholic archbishop), 252
Bible
Gideon version, 165–169
King James Version, 190
Reader’s Digest version, 138–139
readings in public schools, 190–201, 205
Revised Standard Version, 139
Standard American Version, 191
Billy Graham Evangelical Association, 38, 263
Black, Hugo (justice), 179–182, 185–186, 188, 195–196
Blake, Eugene Carson (minister), 219
Block, Herb (political cartoonist), 187
Bobst, Elmer (executive), 264
Boone, Pat (singer), 154–155, 267, 280, 285
Bowron, Fletcher (mayor), 34, 141
Boy Scouts of America, 23, 71, 270–271
Brennan, Peter (union leader), 259, 265
Brennan, William J., Jr. (justice), 196, 199
Brock, Bill (representative), 253, 261
Brown v. Board of Education, 95
Brownell, Herbert (attorney general), 67, 85
Buchanan, Pat (politician), 285, 290
Buchwald, Art (columnist), 266
Buckley, William F., Jr. (commentator), 148, 161
Bunyan, John (author), 180
Burch, Francis B. (Baltimore city solicitor), 195, 211, 222–223, 227–229
Burnham, James (political theorist), 161
Burns, Arthur (Federal Reserve chairman), 255
Burns, James MacGregor (historian), 5
Burton, Harold (senator), 44–46, 79
Burton, Shrum (minister), 201
Bush, George H. W. (president), 275, 281–282, 284, 286
Bush, George W. (president), 287–290
Butler, William (attorney), 174–177
Byrnes, James (justice), 49
Callahan, Daniel (theologian), 256–257
Campbell, Will (minister), 243
Cannon, Lou (journalist), 279
“Capital Crusade Day,” 88
Capitalism, Christianity linked to, 7–8, 10, 37, 86, 293
Carlson, Emanuel (BJC director), 220, 226, 234
Carlson, Frank (senator), 59–60, 75–76, 78, 91, 248
Carroll, Donald (Florida American Legion commander), 116–118
Carter, Jimmy (president), 277, 279
Case, Clifford (senator), 116
Caterpillar Tractor Company, 264
Celler, Emanuel (representative), 122, 208–209, 212–213, 215–217, 220–224
Ceremonial deism, 99–100, 113, 124, 169, 176, 182, 293
Chandler, Porter (lawyer), 178
Chapin, Dwight (Nixon assistant), 254, 263, 265
Chase, Salmon (secretary of the treasury), 112
Chevrolet, 46
Chicago & Southern Airline, 37
Childs, Marquis (journalist), 63–64
“Christ for Greater Los Angeles” campaign, 36
Christian Action, 62
Christian amendment proposal, 95–98, 100
Christian Anti-Communism Crusade (CACC), 149, 151, 154, 156, 158–161
Christian Coalition, 285
Christian Crusade, 204
Christian Leadership breakfast groups, 41–45, 47–48
Christian libertarianism, xiv–xv, 7–8, 31, 36–39, 72, 103, 109, 140, 149, 273
Dwight D. Eisenhower election and, 293
Fred Schwarz welcomed by, 149
Freedoms Foundation and, 69
Pledge of Allegiance, 104
“Religion in American Life” (RIAL) campaign and, 132
Christian Nationalist Crusade, 204
Christianity, capitalism linked to, 7–8, 10, 37, 86, 293
Chrysler Corporation, 20, 28, 84, 142, 225, 270
Chubb, John (scholar), 283
Church membership/attendance, xv, 68, 132–133, 137–138, 199
Citizens Congressional Committee, 203–204, 222
Civil libertarians, 100, 168, 172, 213, 240
Civil Rights Act (1964), 216, 229
Clark, Tom (justice), 47, 79, 179, 196–199
Clergy
ceremonial deism support, 99–100
Faith and Freedom (publication), 24–27
New Deal support by, 5–6
at Nixon inauguration, 245–246
opposition to prayer amendment, 206–207, 213–215, 217–221, 225–226, 231–234
Spiritual Mobilization recruitment of, 12–14, 16–21, 24–25
White House church services, 251–253, 255–257
Clinton, Bill (president), 285–287
Cohen, Gary (minister), 233
Coins, “In God We Trust” motto on, 112, 116, 119, 121, 176, 209
Cold War, 22, 35–36, 48, 109, 161, 242, 266
Colgate-Palmolive-Peet Company, 20
Colson, Charles (Nixon aide), 250, 253–254
Columbus Day, 101
Committee for the Preservation of Prayer and Bible Reading in Public Schools, 212, 221
Committee to Proclaim Liberty, 27–34, 69–70, 77, 83, 129, 136, 141, 267, 277
Communism
Abraham Vereide and, 48–49
Billy Graham and, 35–36, 38, 61
Cecil B. DeMille and, 140
Christian Anti-Communism Crusade (CACC), 149, 151, 154, 156, 158–161
Fred Schwarz’s anticommunism efforts, 148–161
Compassionate conservatism, 287
Congressional prayer breakfast meetings, 44–45
Continental Can Company, 85, 254
Connally, John (politician), 51
Constitution
Christian amendment proposal, 95–98, 100
First Amendment (see First Amendment)
James W. Fifield and, 11
prayer amendment and, 203–237
Constitutional Prayer Amendment, Inc., 211–212
Constitutional Prayer Foundation, 212, 222, 227
Cook, George T. (minister), 210
Cook, Robert A. (minister), 200, 221
Coonley, Howard (NAM leader), 44–46
Corporations, advertising by, 130–138
Cowling, Donald J. (college president), 11
Cox, Harvey (minister), 256
Crane, Edward (Cato Institute leader), 284
“The Credo of the American Way,” 70–71
Cronkite, Walter (news anchor), 110, 255
Crystal Cathedral, 287
Cushing, Richard (Catholic archbishop), 200
Daiker, Bertram (school board counsel), 177
Daschle, Tom (senator), 289
Dateline Disneyland (TV special), 127
Davis, Elmer (radio commentator), 92–93
Decker, R. L. (NAE director), 90–91
Declaration of Independence, 27–30, 33–34, 56, 67, 90–92, 106, 141, 171, 176–178, 182, 189, 268, 289–290
Deism, ceremonial, 99–100, 113, 124, 169, 176, 182, 293
DeMille, Cecil B. (filmmaker), xv, 9, 33, 41, 140–148, 161
DeMille Foundation for Political Freedom, 141–142
Dent, Harry (Nixon aide), 252–253
Deering-Milliken Company, 158–159
Democratic National Conventions, 5, 152, 290
Depression. See Great Depression
Desmond, Charles S. (judge), 175
Detroit Edison Company, 30
Dickinson, Alfred (minister), 179
Dillon, Read & Company, 85
Dirksen, Everett (senator), 228–237
Dirksen Amendment, 229–231
Discharge petition, 209–212, 224
Disney, Walt (executive), 28, 69, 127–130, 155
Docherty, George M. (minister), 104–107, 109–111, 140
Dodd, Thomas J. (senator), 153–154, 157
Douglas, William O. (justice), xv, 98–99, 176, 178–179, 182–183, 196, 199
Douglass, Walter (developer), 41
Drinan, Robert (dean), 231–232
Duffy, John E. (chaplain), 73–74
Dukakis, Michael (governor), 282–283
Dulles, John Foster (secretary of state), 67, 82–83, 85, 113
DuPont (E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company), 4, 18, 225
Durkin, Martin (secretary of labor), 85
“E Pluribus Unum” motto, 121, 123–124
East Room, religious services in, 249–257
Eastern Airlines, 28
Eastland, James (senator), 185, 228
Eberharter, Herman (representative), 118
Eisenhower, Dwight D. (president)
Advertising Council support, 134
“America on Its Knees” (painting), 77
“Back to God” program, 74–75
Billy Graham and, x, 58–64, 72
cabinet meetings opened with prayer, xii, 81–84
Camp David, 92–93
Constitutional Prayer Amendment, Inc. endorsed by, 211
corporate elite in cabinet, 84–86
“The Credo of the American Way,” 70–71
on Engel decision, 185
Frank Carlson and, 76
Freedoms Foundation and, 69–72
“In God We Trust” on stamps and currency, 113–115, 118, 120
inauguration (1953), ix–xii
at Lincoln Sunday service (1954), 105, 107
National Day of Prayer, 92
National Prayer Breakfast, 78, 80–81
Pledge of Allegiance, 110
presidential campaign (1952), 59–62
public prayer and, 36
Richard M. Nixon’s inauguration, 244
Ronald Reagan’s support for, 276
religious themes, 60, 67–69, 72, 75, 78, 87, 293
religious upbringing, 57–58
Sid Richardson and, 58–59
Statement of Seven Divine Freedoms, 88
welfare state and, 86–87
Elson, Edward L. R. (minister), 73, 139, 197
Engel, Steven (parent), 174
Engel v. Vitale, 174–190
Frank Becker and, 207
Hugo Black and, 179–182, 185–186, 188
reaction to decision, 183–189
religious supporters of decision, 188–190
Ervin, Sam (senator), 236
Estrich, Susan (campaign manager), 283
Evans, Roland (columnist), 204, 222
Everson v. Board of Education, 180
Faith and Freedom (publication), 23–27, 63, 69
Falwell, Jerry (minister), 277–278, 281, 291
Federal Marriage Amendment, 290
Federal Trade Commission, 130
Ferguson, Homer (senator), 109–110, 117
Fifield, James W., Jr. (minister)
Cecil B. DeMille and, 141–142
Don Belding’s praise of, 69
Faith and Freedom (publication), 24–27
First Congregational Church, 8–12
The Freedom Story (radio program), 22–23
“Freedom Under God” celebrations, 34
J. Howard Pew and, 16–17
at NAM annual meeting (1940), 3, 6–7
Spiritual Mobilization, 11–15, 18–27
theology of, 10–11
Finkelstein, Louis (rabbi), 252
Firestone, Harvey (executive), 15, 28
Firestone Tire and Rubber Company, 15, 20
First Amendment, 100
Bible readings in schools, 193
establishment clause, 181, 182, 196, 198
free-exercise clause, 198
religious groups support of, 214, 219, 220, 223
school prayer and, 175, 179, 181–183, 206
separation of church and state, 98–100, 105–106, 141, 147–148, 167–169, 180–184, 197
Southern Baptist Convention and, 237
First Congregational Church (Los Angeles), 8–12, 15, 18, 141, 146, 149
Flag Day, 110–111
Flag “desecration,” 283–284
Flaherty, Vincent (columnist), 154
Flanders, Ralph (senator), 96
Fleischer, Ari (Bush press secretary), 289
Flynt, Wayne (historian), 179
Foundation for Economic Education, 18, 23, 28
Frady, Marshall (author), 243
Frankfurter, Felix (justice), 178–179
Fraternal Order of Eagles, 145–148
Frawley, Patrick (executive), 152–154, 156, 264
Free enterprise
advertising and, 130–132
Freedoms Foundation and, 69–70
James W. Fifield’s defense of, 6–7, 14
NAM promotion of, 4
Spiritual Mobilization and, 28, 32, 37
Walt Disney and, 129
See also Capitalism
The Freedom Story (radio program), 22–23, 27, 70, 92
“Freedom Under God” celebrations, 27–34, 56, 73, 88, 92, 102, 129, 136, 141, 251, 272
“Freedom Under God” idea, xiv, 26–27, 34, 63, 88, 109, 146, 149, 293
Freedoms Foundation, 28, 69–72, 77, 86, 141, 151
Friberg, Arnold (painter), 144
Frost, Robert (poet), 184
Frum, David (author), 287
Fry, Franklin Clark (minister), 190
Fulbright, William (senator), 119
General Foods Corporation, 85
General Motors Company, 3, 4, 13, 17, 18, 20, 26, 28, 84, 85, 134, 142, 254, 264
Gibbons, James (Catholic archbishop), 216
Gideons International, Inc., 165–169
“God Bless America,” Reagan sign-off, 275–276
Goldberg, Arthur (justice), 196, 199
Goldwater, Barry (senator), 87, 148, 150, 185
Goodwill Industries, 39–40
Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company, 254
Gore, Al, Jr. (senator-vice president), 286
Gore, Albert (senator), 261
“Government Under God” theme, xii, 78, 79, 81, 83, 87, 92, 108
Graham, Billy (minister)
“Christ for Greater Los Angeles” campaign, 36
crusades, 49–50, 53–55, 59–60, 104, 141, 149, 242–243, 260–263
Dwight D. Eisenhower and, 58–64, 72
on Engel decision, 188–189
film production company, 51
Fred Schwarz and, 149
free enterprise and, 37–38, 51
George H. W. Bush and, 281
Harry S. Truman and, 52–54, 56, 61
Honor America Day, 263, 265–269
Hour of Decision (TV show), 53, 139
National Day of Prayer, 55–57
National Prayer Breakfast, 78, 80, 248–251
political connections, 52, 54, 58–64
at Republican National Conventions, 242, 275
Richard M. Nixon and, 242–244, 246–247, 252, 260–263
White House church service, 249, 254–255
Grant, George (representative), 184
Graves, John Temple (journalist), 63
Great Depression, 4–5, 8, 10, 40, 80, 130, 273, 275, 292
Greater New York School of Anti-Communism, 160–161
Haake, Alfred (economist), 17–18, 24
Hagerty, Jim (Eisenhower press secretary), 73, 81
Haldeman, H. R. (Nixon chief of staff), 250–251, 260, 263–265
Halverson, Richard (minister), 252
Hargis, Billy James (evangelist), 204
Harlan, John Marshall II (justice), 179, 196, 199
Harlow, Bryce (Eisenhower aide), 120
Harris, Frederick Brown (chaplain), 78
Harrison, Benjamin (president), 101
Harte, Mary (school board member), 173–174
Hartke, Vance (senator), 228
Hawkes, Albert W. (executive-senator), 9, 15, 18
Hayakawa, S. I. (college president), 254
Hayek, Friedrich (economist), 19
Haynesworth, Clement (judge), 255
Hearst, William Randolph, Jr. (publisher), 183, 212
Hennings, Thomas (senator), 121
Herberg, Will (sociologist), 68
Herrick Union Free School District, 173–174
Heston, Charlton (actor), 146–147, 282
Hiat, Philip (rabbi), 190
Hill, E. V. (minister), 281
Hilleboe, Guy (superintendent of schools), 167
Hilton, Conrad (executive), 28, 76–77, 81, 212
Hobby, Oveta Culp (secretary of health, education and welfare), 83, 85
Hocking, William (philosopher), 11
Hoffman, Julius (judge), 255
Holiday Inn, 37
Holland, Spessard L. (senator), 123
“Hollywood’s Answer to Communism,” 154–156, 158
Honor America Day, 263–273
Hoover, Herbert (president), 12–14, 19, 28, 70–71, 185
Hope, Bob (entertainer), 263–266, 271
Hopper, Hedda (columnist), 129
Hour of Decision (TV show), 53, 139
House of Representatives
code of ethics, 117
discharge petition, 209–212, 224
hearings on prayer amendment, 206, 212–224, 226, 228, 230–231
“In God We Trust” motto displayed in, 185
prayer amendment and, 207–224
prayer breakfast meetings, 44–45
Un-American Activities Committee, 129, 140, 149
Howard, Irving (minister), 25
Howes, Robert (priest), 212, 221–222
Hruska, Roman (senator), 232
Hughes Aircraft Company, 28
Humphrey, George (secretary of the treasury), 84, 118
Humphrey, Hubert (senator), 242
Hunter, David (priest), 232–233
Hutchinson, B. E. (executive), 28, 225
Hutton, E. F. (stock broker), 28, 69
“In God We Trust” motto, 99–100, 293–294
classroom placement of, 191
on coins, 112
courtroom display of, 175
House of Representatives display of, 185
as official national motto, 121–124
origin of, 111–112
on paper currency, 116–121, 125
Independence Day, framed as religious event, 27, 30–34, 56, 91–92
Ingalls, E. K. (parent), 167
Ingebretsen, James (Freedom Under God organizer), 32–33
Ingersoll, Roy (executive), 46
Inouye, Daniel (senator), 228
International Business Machines (IBM), 45
International Council for Christian Leadership (ICCL), 48, 62, 96, 117–118, 149
International Peace Garden, 146–147
Ivins, Molly (columnist), 285
J. Walter Thompson Company, 33, 131–132, 136, 138, 251, 263
Jackson, C. D. (publisher), 155–158
Jaeger and Jessen Company, 91
Jefferson, Thomas (president), xiii, 180
Jepsen, Roger (senator), 279
John Birch Society, 155–156, 158, 205, 240
Johnson, Lyndon B. (president), 50, 110, 217, 228, 246, 249
Johnson, William (editor-journalist), 23–24
Johnston, Olin (senator), 49
Judd, Walter (representative), 134, 153–154, 157
Kehr, Ernest (columnist), 112–113
Kelley, Dean (minister), 188, 213–214, 216, 218, 224, 226
Kemp, Jack (representative), 281–282
Kennedy, John F. (president), 184, 249
Kennedy, Robert (attorney general-senator), 159, 228
Kent State shootings, 257, 259, 266
Kerpelman, Leonard (attorney), 196
Kerry, John (senator), 290
Kertzer, David (anthropologist), 284
Khrushchev, Nikita (Soviet premier), 152
King, Martin Luther, Jr. (civil rights leader), 267–268
Knight, Goodwin (governor), 127–128
Knights of Columbus, 102–104, 207, 239–240
Knowland, William (senator), 110
Krauthammer, Charles (columnist), 291
LaGuardia, Fiorello (mayor), 43
Lane, Rose Wilder (author), 24
Langlie, Arthur (mayor-governor), 42, 60–61
Lantry, Walter (longshoreman), 239–241
Latta, Del (representative), 218
Leaming, Charles (minister), 212, 221
Lecoque, Ralph (parent), 168
Leedom, Boyd (judge), 244
Lefkowitz, David Jr. (rabbi), 74
Lerner, Monroe (parent), 174
LeTourneau, R. G. (executive), 47
Lewis, Anthony (columnist), 213
Lewis, Hobart (publisher), 264
Lichtenstein, Dan and Ruth (parents), 173–174
Lincoln, Abraham (president), 55, 96, 104–105, 112, 153
Lippmann, Walter (columnist), 64
Long, Huey (senator), 204
Lord, John Wesley (Methodist bishop), 219
Luccock, Halford (minister), 139
Luce, Henry (publisher), 28, 49, 242
Lyons, Lenore (parent), 173–174
MacArthur, Douglas (general), 28, 61
MacKenzie, Aeneas (screenwriter), 142–143
A Man Called Peter (film), 104, 140
Manion, Clarence (radio host-author), 23–24, 30
Mansfield, Mike (senator), 113, 236
Mark A. Hanna Company, 84
Marriott, J. Willard (executive), 244, 264–266, 273
Marshall, Fred (representative), 185
Marshall, Peter (minister), 104, 140
Martin, William (religious scholar), 244
Marshall Field and Company, 28, 45, 264
Massachusetts Citizens for Public Prayer, 212, 221
Matthews, Billy (representative), 218
McBain, Hughston (executive), 28, 45
McCain, John (senator), 291
McCarthy, Joseph (senator), 95
McCormack, John (representative), 52, 56, 185
McGrory, Mary (columnist), 273
McIntire, Carl (minister), 200, 204–205, 233–234
McIntyre, James Francis (Catholic archbishop), 200
McWilliams, Carey (journalist), 21
Memorial Day Massacre (1937), 21
Meyer, Bernard (judge), 175
Meyer, Frank S. (editor), 151, 161
Miller, Edward O. (minister), 188
Miller, William Lee (theologian), 67–68, 116, 171
Milliken, Roger (executive), 158–159
Minton, Sherman (justice), 47
Monroney, Mike (senator), 119
Monsanto Chemical Company, 130
Moody, Dwight (evangelist), 57
Moore, Art, Jr. (representative), 219
Morrison, William A. (representative), 219
Morse, Wayne (senator), 119–120, 228
Mosk, Stanley (California attorney general), 160
Multer, Abraham (representative), 118–119
Mundt, Karl (senator), 61
Murphy, George (senator), 154–155, 157–158
Murray, Madalyn (parent), 194, 197, 211, 239
Murray v. Board of School Commissioners of Baltimore City, 194–195, 198–199
National Association of Evangelicals (NAE), 88–91, 120, 200, 221, 232
National Association of Manufacturers (NAM), 3, 6–7, 16–17, 44–46, 69
National Association of Religious Broadcasters (NARB), 279
National Conference of Christians and Jews (NCCJ), 111
National Council for Christian Leadership (NCCL), 46
National Council of Churches (NCC), 74, 82, 114, 199, 210, 213–214, 218, 220, 225, 232–235, 286
National Day of Prayer, 55–57, 92, 176
National Flag Conference, 102
National Labor Relations Board, 79, 159, 244
National Lay Committee, 225
National Prayer Breakfast, xii, 75–81, 184, 248–249, 266, 278, 284, 286–288
National Presbyterian Church (Washington, D.C.), 73, 197
National Reform Association, 96, 98
New Deal
advertising industry and, 130
Cecil B. DeMille and, 140
clergy support for, 5–6
Dwight D. Eisenhower and, 86–87
J. Howard Pew and, 16
James W. Fifield’s attacks on, 6–7, 11–14
Ralph Flanders and, 96
Social Gospel and, 5–6
Spiritual Mobilization and, 19, 24, 28
New Testament, Gideon Bibles and, 165–169
New York Avenue Presbyterian Church (Washington, D.C.), 104–105, 140
New York Board of Rabbis, 172
New York Board of Regents, 170–172, 189
Newdow v. Elk Grove Unified School District, 289
Niebuhr, Reinhold (theologian), 62, 103, 189, 256
Nixon, Richard M. (president)
“Back to God” program, 74–75
Billy Graham and, 242–244, 246–247, 252, 260–263
church services inside the White House, 244, 249–257
construction workers support, 259
Earl Warren and, 246–247
Honor America Day, 271–272
“In God We Trust” stamp, 114
inauguration, 244–248
meeting antiwar protesters, 258
National Prayer Breakfast, 80, 248–249
polarization of public religion, 294
Statement of Seven Divine Freedoms, 91
University of Tennessee appearance (1970), 260–263
Noerdlinger, Henry (researcher), 143
North American Aviation, 84
Novak, Robert (columnist), 204, 222
Oakman, Charles (representative), 108–109
Obama, Barack (president), 290–291
Olsen, Alec (representative), 212
“One Nation Under God” banners, 239–240
“One nation under God” motto, 99–100, 107, 109, 111, 124, 170, 273–274, 288–289, 294
“One Nation Under God” postcards, 240–241
Opinion Research Corporation, 85–86
Opitz, Edmund A. (minister), 225
“Our American Heritage” campaign, 131
Pacific Mutual Life Insurance Company, 9
Paper currency, “In God We Trust” motto, 112, 116–121, 124–125
Parochial schools, xvi, 99, 103, 180
Paschall, H. Franklin (SBC president), 234
Pastore, John (senator), 115–116
Patriotism, piety and, 130, 135, 153, 169, 206, 241, 243, 277, 286, 290
Patterson, J. Renwick (minister), 98
Peabody, Stuart (Advertising Council chairman), 132
Peale, Norman Vincent (minister-author), 14, 27, 45, 74, 139, 245, 247, 250
Pearson, Drew (columnist), 52, 224
Pendergrast, J. Gilbert (judge), 194
Penney, J. C. (executive), 28, 45
Pentagon, religious practices at, 83
PepsiCo., 254
Percy, Walker (novelist), 243
Perot, H. Ross (executive), 265
Pew, J. Howard, Jr. (executive), 16–17, 20–22, 28, 46, 103, 225, 252, 264
Pew, Joseph Newton, Jr. (executive), 46
Pfeffer, Leo (lawyer), 168
Philbin, Philip J. (representative), 118
Phillips, John (representative), 48
Piety, patriotism and, 130, 135, 153, 169, 206, 241, 243, 277, 286, 290
Pike, James A. (Episcopal bishop), 189, 212
Pledge of Allegiance
celebrations of new, 110–111
George H. W. Bush’s use as partisan issue, 282–283
George M. Docherty and, 105–107
music, 111
as official pledge, 102
original, 100–102
required recitations in schools, 288
“under God” inserted into, 102–104, 106–110, 116, 124, 169, 178, 186, 272, 293
Pollock, Channing (author), 15
Potter, Charles (senator), 113
Powers, James E. (American Legion commander), 210–211
Prayer
cabinet meetings opened with, 81–84
corporate, 190
First Amendment and, 175, 179, 181, 182
John F. Kennedy’s comments on, 184–185
National Day of Prayer, 55–57
in public schools, 170–190, 205
at Republican National Convention, 275
See also Public prayer
Prayer amendment, 203–237
hearings in the House, 215–224
in House of Representatives, 207–224
opposition to, 206–207, 213–215, 217–221, 223, 225–226, 231–234
in Senate, 227–237
separation of church and state, 209, 224–225
Prayer breakfast meetings, 36, 41–45, 79–80, 278–279
Precision Valve Corporation, 264
Prentis, H. W. (NAM president), 6, 15
Protestant Council, 172
Protestants and Other Americans United for the Separation of Church and State (POAU), xvi, 99, 123, 240
Proudly They Came . . . To Honor America (album), 272–273
national heritage of, 175
Nixon inauguration, 244
as political development, 36
popularization of, 38–39
school prayer amendment, 203–237
Public relations
Advertising Council and, 131
faith emphasized in campaigns, 6
National Association of Manufacturers (NAM), 4, 6
piety and, 251
prayer and, 37
Public service campaigns, 131
Publishing, religion in, 138–139
Puder, Glen D. (minister), 128
Quaker Oats Company, 46
Rabaut, Louis C. (representative), 102–104, 108–111, 113–115
Racial segregation, 95, 184, 205
Randolph, William (representative), 185
Rayburn, Sam (representative), 50, 54, 102
Reagan, Ronald (president), xiv, 28, 275–281
Committee to Proclaim Liberty and, 28
Disneyland dedication, 127–128
Fred Schwarz and, 148
“God Bless America” phrase use, 275–277
“Hollywood’s Answer to Communism” and, 155
National Affairs Briefing of the Religious Roundtable, 278
National Association of Religious Broadcasters (NARB) address, 279
National Prayer Breakfast, 278
renomination as president, 280–281
at Republican National Convention, 275–276
sacralization of state by, 278
school prayer amendment, 278–279
at Southern California School of Anti-Communism, 153–154
“Regents’ Prayer,” 171–173, 175, 177–179, 182–183, 185
Reitman, Alan (ACLU official), 123
Religion
in politics, 124, 130, 244, 255, 280, 286
in popular culture, 130
in public life, 82, 166, 190, 206, 237, 244, 292–294
in public schools, 165–201
“Religion in American Life” (RIAL) campaign, 132–138
Religious revival
“Back to God” movement, 73–75
Eisenhower administration and, 87–88, 96, 100, 130, 293
March of Freedom and, 90
Nixon administration and, 247
Reagan administration and, 276–277
“Religion in American Life” (RIAL) campaign and, 134
Religious heritage
generalizations about, 172
Hugo Black and, 180
school prayer and, 170, 172, 180
Religious nationalism, 161, 169, 241–242, 246, 273, 292
Religious Observance Committee, 244–245
Religious right, 277–279, 281, 287, 290, 293
Republic Steel Corporation, 20, 21, 23, 28, 69, 254
Republican National Conventions, ix, 46, 59, 60, 62, 153, 216, 224, 242, 275–276, 282, 285, 288
Reston, James “Scotty” (journalist), 60
Reuther, Walter (labor leader), 103, 160
Rhodes, Fred (lay preacher), 252–253
Richards, Ann (governor), 282
Richardson, Sid (oilman), 50–51, 54, 58–59, 64, 69, 84, 87
Richfield Oil Company, 130, 153, 156–159
Ridgway, Matthew (general), 33
The Road to Serfdom (Hayek), 19
Robb, R. E. (columnist), 97
Roberts, Cliff (investment banker), 72
Robertson, A. Willis (senator), 47, 54
Robertson, Pat (evangelist), 47, 277, 278, 279, 282, 285, 291–292
Robinson, Claude (Opinion Research president), 86
Romney, George (governor), 247
Romney, Mitt (governor), 292
Roosevelt, Franklin D. (president), 4–8, 11–14, 16, 28, 39–40, 89, 128, 140, 275
Roosevelt, Theodore (president), 112
Ross, Roy (minister), 114
Rostow, Eugene (dean), xv, 98–99, 176, 293
Roth, Larry (parent), 174–175
Rove, Karl (Bush strategist), 290
Rovere, Richard (writer), 159
Rucker, Allen W. (author), 26
Ruegemer, E. J. (judge), 145–147
Rushdoony, R. J. (missionary), 26
Russell, Henry Edward (minister), 253
Russell, Richard (senator), 253
Safire, William (Nixon speechwriter), 284
Salit, Norman (Synagogue League of America president), 114
San Diego Gas & Electric Company, 29–30
Sawyer, Henry (attorney), 195
Schempp, Edward (parent), 193, 197–198
Schempp, Ellory (high school student), 192–193
Schick Safety Razor Company, 152, 156, 158
Schools
Bible readings in, 190–201, 205
Engel v. Vitale, 174–190
Gideon Bible distribution to, 165–169
“In God We Trust” motto placement in classrooms, 191
Pledge of Allegiance required recitations, 288
prayer amendment and, 203–237, 278–279
prayer in public schools, 170–190, 205
Schools of Anti-communism, 150–153, 158, 160–161
Schuller, Robert (minister), 287
Schulz, Charles (cartoonist), 187
Schwartz, Herman (rabbi), 167
Schwarz, Fred (doctor-activist), 148–161
C. D. Jackson and, 155–158
Christian Anti-Communism Crusade (CACC), 149, 151, 154, 156, 158–161
congressional testimony, 149–150
“Hollywood’s Answer to Communism,” 154–156, 158
on Meet The Press (1962), 161
Patrick Frawley and, 152–154
Roger Milliken and, 158–159
Schools of Anti-communism, 150–153, 158, 160–161
You Can Trust the Communists ( . . . To Do Exactly as They Say), 150, 157
Scott, Bob (governor), 249
Scott, Hugh (senator), 228
Seaton, Fred (secretary of the interior), 138
Seattle Gas Company, 43
Seldes, Gilbert (dean), 159
Senate
prayer amendment and, 227–237
prayer breakfast meetings, 44, 45, 47, 76, 79, 96, 278–279
Separation of church and state
Everson v. Board of Education, 180
Gideons International and, 166–169
Hugo Black and, 179–182
John F. Kennedy and, 184
prayer amendment and, 209, 224–225
in public schools, 166–169, 179–182
religious organizations support of, 218–219
Thomas Jefferson and, xiii, 180
Tudor v. Board of Rutherford and the Gideons International, 168
Shales, Tom (media critic), 275
Sheen, Fulton (Catholic bishop), 92, 139, 221, 270
Shepherd, David R. (author), 280
Sherwin Williams Company, 69
Silent Majority, 241, 260–261, 263–267, 270
Skelton, Red (comedian), 271–272
Skousen, W. Cleon (author), 151, 152, 154
Sloan, Alfred (executive), 26
Slosser, Bob (author), 280
Smith, Gerald L. K. (activist), 204
Smith, Howard W. (representative), 184
Snyder, Murray (Eisenhower deputy press secretary), 120
Social Gospel, 5–7, 25, 108, 273
Society of Christian Socialists, 100
Sollitt, Kenneth W. (minister), 32
Southern Baptist Convention (SBC), 226–227, 234, 252–253, 278
Southern California Edison Company, 27
Southern California School of Anti-Communism, 152–154, 158
Soviet Union, 22, 35–36, 49, 109, 152
Spellman, Francis (Catholic archbishop), 114, 189, 212
Spiritual Mobilization
attacks on, 21
Cecil B. DeMille and, 141–142
“The Christian’s Political Responsibility,” 63
clergy recruitment by, 12–14, 16–21, 24–25
Committee to Proclaim Liberty, 27–34
Don Belding and, 69
Faith and Freedom, 23–27, 63, 69
founding, 11–12
The Freedom Story, 22–23, 70, 92
“Freedom Under God” celebrations, 27–34, 73, 92
J. Howard Pew and, 16–18, 20–22, 28
James W. Fifield and, 11–15, 18–27
minister-representatives, 18–19
pledge, 14
sermon competitions, 20, 30–32
St. Clair, William (executive), 41
St. George, Katharine (representative), 78
Stamps, “In God We Trust” motto on, 113–116, 125
“The Star-Spangled Banner,” 111–112, 121
Stassen, Harold (Eisenhower assistant), 81
Statement of Seven Divine Freedoms, 88–89, 91
Stennis, John (senator), 47
Stephens, R. G. (representative), 212
Stevenson, Adlai (governor), 61–62, 63
Stewart, Jimmy (actor), 33, 155, 272
Stewart, Potter (justice), 177, 179, 181–183, 196
Stone, I. F. (journalist), 243
Strauss, Bob (party chairman), 283
Strikes, labor, 13, 21, 37–38, 40–41, 128
Strout, Richard (journalist), 85, 160
Student protests, 254, 257–259, 262
Sullivan, Amy (journalist), 290
Sun Shipbuilding Company, 46
Summerfield, Arthur (postmaster general), 85, 113–114
Sumner, Charles (senator), 96
Supreme Court, U.S.
Abington School District v. Schempp, 194–195, 198–199
Brown v. Board of Education, 95
Engel v. Vitale, 176–190
Everson v. Board of Education, 180
flag desecration statutes, 283–284
Murray v. Board of School Commissioners of Baltimore City, 194–195, 198–199
Tudor v. Board of Rutherford and the Gideons International, 168
Synagogue Council of America, 200, 220
Szilagyi, Stephen T. (minister), 258
Talmadge, Herman (senator), 185
Taylor, Clyde (NAE official), 88
Technicolor Corporation, 154, 156, 158
Television, religious programming on, 139–140
Teller, Edward (physicist), 153, 159
Ten Commandments monuments, xv, 145–148
The Ten Commandments (film), 140, 142–145
Thomas, Cal (Moral Majority spokesman), 279
Thurmond, Strom (politician), 49, 160
Timmons, Bill (Nixon aide), 253
Todt, George (columnist), 154
Truman, Harry S. (president), 22, 26, 28, 52–54, 56, 61, 102, 185
Tudor, Bernard (parent), 168
Tudor v. Board of Rutherford and the Gideons International, 168
Tuller, Edwin H. (minister), 218–219
Tydings, Joe (senator), 233–234
Un-American Activities Committee, 129, 140, 149
Union Carbide and Carbon Corporation, 69, 132, 264
Unitarian Ministers Association, 107
United Airlines, 28
US Chamber of Commerce, 6, 9, 14, 28, 33, 37, 51, 136, 273
US Rubber Company, 69
US Steel Corporation, 13, 20, 28, 264
Utah Power & Light Company, 30
Van Deerlin, Lionel (representative), 212
Vereide, Abraham (minister), 36–37
Billy Graham and, 53
charity work, 39–40
communism and, 48–49
Dwight D. Eisenhower supported by, 62–63
Franklin D. Roosevelt and, 39–40
Fred Schwarz and, 149
International Council for Christian Leadership (ICCL), 48, 62, 96, 117
National Council for Christian Leadership (NCCL), 46
political connections, 43–49
prayer breakfast meetings, 36, 41–45, 78–80
Vietnam War, 240–241, 257, 262, 266, 284
Vinson, Fred (justice), x, 47, 78–79
Vitale, William J., Jr. (school board president), 174
von Mises, Ludwig (philosopher-economist), 23, 26
“Wake Up America!” rally, 266
Walker, Ronald (Nixon aide), 265
Wallace, DeWitt (publisher), 264
Wallace, George (governor), 205, 241–242
Ward, Philip (lawyer), 195
Warren, Earl (governor-justice), 34, 79–80, 95, 177, 179, 196–197, 246–247
Warner Bros. Pictures, 155
Washington, George (president), 137
Washington Pilgrimage of American Churchmen, 104, 111
Watkinson, M. R. (minister), 112
Watson, Albert (representative), 253
Watson, Allan (minister), 253
Watson, Thomas (executive) 45
Wayne, John (actor), 154–155, 160
Weeks, Sinclair (secretary of commerce), 84–86
Welch, Robert (John Birch Society founder), 155–156
Welfare state, 5–7, 24, 26, 32, 53, 61, 86–87, 89, 108, 153
Wells, Kenneth (Freedoms Foundation president), 151
Weyerhauser, F. K. (executive), 46
White, Bryon (justice), 196
White, Charles (executive), 21–22, 69
White, K. Owen (SBC president), 226–227
White, Theodore (journalist), 50
Whittaker, Charles Evans (justice), 178
Wicker, Tom (journalist), 247–248, 258
Wiley, Alexander (senator), 78
Williams, John B. (chaplain), 74
Wills, Garry (writer), 257, 260–261, 285
Wilson, Charles (representative), 214
Wilson, Charles E. (General Electric executive), 132
Wilson, Charles E. (General Motors executive), 28, 83–84
Winchell, Walter (columnist), 161
Winchester, Lucy (Nixon social secretary), 257
Winegarner, Charles W. (Citizens Congressional Committee official), 203–204, 222
Woll, Matthew (labor leader), 28
Wright, Jeremiah (minister), 291
Wright, Jim (speaker of the House), 283
Yardley, Jonathan (writer), 287
Yorty, Sam (mayor), 153
You Can Trust the Communists ( . . . To Do Exactly as They Say) [Schwarz], 150, 157
Young, James Webb (advertising executive), 131
Zorach v. Clauson, 98