ENDNOTES

Chapter 1

1 Jeremy Herb and Manu Raju, “House Judiciary Holds Marathon 2-Day Debate Ahead of Committee Impeachment Vote,” CNN, last updated December 11, 2019, https://www.cnn.com/2019/12/11/politics/house-judiciary-committee-markup-impeachment/index.html; Nicholas Fandos, “Pelosi Is Prepared to Send Impeachment Articles to Senate, Just Not Yet,” New York Times, January 9, 2020, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/09/us/politics/impeachment-articles.html.

2 Stephen Dinan and Valerie Richardson, “Rates Fall Flat As Most Americans Tune Out Impeachment Spectacle,” Washington Times, November 20, 2019, https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2019/nov/20/impeachment-hearings-draw-low-ratings-most-america/; Mark Sumner, “Judiciary Committee Returns for Final Vote After Jerry Nadler Gives Republicans a Midnight Surprise,” Daily Kos, December 13, 2019, https://www.dailykos.com/stories/2019/12/13/1905366/-Judiciary-Committee-returns-for-final-vote-after-Jerry-Nadler-gives-Republicans-a-midnight-surprise.

3 Adam Edelman, “Trump Impeachment: The 15 Best Lines from the House Debate,” NBC News, December 18, 2019, https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/trump-impeachment-inquiry/trump-impeachment-10-best-lines-house-debate-so-far-n1104341.

4 Ibid.

5 Ibid.

6 Simon Tisdall, “It’s Time to Throw the Kitchen Sink at Trump, and the Cutlery Too,” Guardian, November 2, 2019, https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/nov/02/its-time-to-throw-the-kitchen-sink-at-trump-impeachment; Charles Lipson, “The Democrats’ High-Risk Gamble on Impeachment,” Real Clear Politics, November 5, 2019, https://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2019/11/05/the_democrats_high-risk_gamble_on_impeachment_141655.html.

7 John Bowden, “FBI Agents in Texts: ‘We’ll Stop’ Trump from Becoming President,” Hill, June 14, 2018, https://thehill.com/policy/national-security/392284-fbi-agent-in-texts-well-stop-trump-from-becoming-president.

8 H. Res. 755, 116th Cong. (2019), https://www.congress.gov/116/crec/2019/12/18/modified/CREC-2019-12-18-pt1-PgH12130.htm; Tisdall, “It’s Time to Throw the Kitchen Sink at Trump, and the Cutlery Too”; Lipson, “The Democrats’ High-Risk Gamble on Impeachment.”

9 Adam Entous, Devlin Barrett, and Rosalind S. Helderman, “Clinton Campaign, DNC Paid for Research That Led to Russia Dossier,” Washington Post, October 24, 2017, https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/clinton-campaign-dnc-paid-for-research-that-led-to-russia-dossier/2017/10/24/226fabf0-b8e4-11e7-a908-a3470754bbb9_story.html; Paul R. Gregory, “Why Was the Steele Dossier Not Dismissed As Fake?,” Hoover Institution, February 3, 2020, https://www.hoover.org/research/why-was-steele-dossier-not-dismissed-fake.

10 Scott Shane, Nicholas Confessore, and Matthew Rosenberg, “How a Sensational, Unverified Dossier Became a Crisis for Donald Trump,” New York Times, January 11, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/11/us/politics/donald-trump-russia-intelligence.html; Byron York, “New Report Details Comey Plan to Ambush Trump with Moscow Sex Allegation,” Washington Examiner, August 29, 2019, https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/opinion/columnists/new-report-details-comey-plan-to-ambush-trump-with-moscow-sex-allegation.

11 Jack Crowe, “Barr: Trump Did Not Obstruct Investigation Despite Being ‘Frustrated and Angry,’” National Review, April 18, 2019, https://www.nationalreview.com/news/william-barr-donald-trump-did-not-obstruct-investigation/; Monica Showalter, “Did Ciaramella Have Conflict of Interest on Burisma?,” American Thinker, January 30, 2020, https://www.americanthinker.com/blog/2020/01/witness_time_did_eric_ciaramella_have_a_conflict_of_interest_on_ukraines_burisma.html.

12 Peter Baker, “Impeachment Trial Updates: Senate Acquits Trump, Ending Historic Trial,” New York Times, February 6, 2020, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/05/us/politics/impeachment-vote.html; H. Res. 755, “Final Vote Results for Roll Call 696,” House.gov, December 18, 2019, http://clerk.house.gov/evs/2019/roll696.xml.

13 Frank Newport, “Partisan Polarization and Ratings of the Economy,” Gallup, February 28, 2020, https://news.gallup.com/opinion/polling-matters/287105/partisan-polarization-ratings-economy.aspx; Charlie Savage, “We Just Got a Rare Look at National Security Surveillance. It Was Ugly.,” New York Times, December 11, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/11/us/politics/fisa-surveillance-fbi.html; Glenn Greenwald, “The Inspector General’s Report on 2016 FBI Spying Reveals a Scandal of Historic Magnitude: Not Only for the FBI but Also the U.S. Media,” Intercept, December 12, 2019, https://theintercept.com/2019/12/12/the-inspector-generals-report-on-2016-fb-i-spying-reveals-a-scandal-of-historic-magnitude-not-only-for-the-fbi-but-also-the-u-s-media/?comments=1.

14 David Von Drehle, “Vladimir Putin’s Virus: How the Russian President Has Infected Our National Trust,” Washington Post, March 2, 2020, https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2020/03/02/did-vladimir-putin-turn-america-itself/?arc404=true.

15 Julia Ioffe, “What Putin Really Wants,” Atlantic, January/February 2008, https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2018/01/putins-game/546548/; Darren Samuelsohn, “Facebook: Russian-linked Accounts Bought $150,000 in Ads During 2016 Race,” Politico, September 6, 2017, https://www.politico.com/story/2017/09/06/facebook-ads-russia-linked-accounts-242401; Jo Becker and Mike McIntire, “Cash Flowed to Clinton Foundation Amid Russian Uranium Deal,” New York Times, April 23, 2015, https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/24/us/cash-flowed-to-clinton-foundation-as-russians-pressed-for-control-of-uranium-company.html; James Surowiecki, “Putin’s Power Play,” New Yorker, March 17, 2014, https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/03/24/putins-power-play.

16 Ioffe, “What Putin Really Wants”; Samuelsohn, “Facebook: Russian-linked Accounts Bought $150,000 in Ads During 2016 Race.”

17 Ibid.

18 Memorandum from Cheryl Moss Herman to Vadim Mikerin, President, Tenam Corporation, “Policy/Legislative Issues Affecting the Business Climate in the U.S. for TENAM/Tenex,” October 7, 2010; Dr. Tom Borelli, “Utility Industry Aids Putin’s Stealth War on US Uranium Mining,” Conservative Review, March 28, 2019, https://www.conservativereview.com/news/utility-industry-aids-putins-stealth-war-u-s-uranium-mining/; Surowiecki, “Putin’s Power Play”; Madison Freeman, “How Russia, China Use Nuclear Reactors to Win Global Influence,” Defense One, July 13, 2018, https://www.defenseone.com/ideas/2018/07/china-and-russia-look-dominate-global-nuclear-power/149642/.

19 Ibid.

20 Becker and McIntire, “Cash Flowed to Clinton Foundation Amid Russian Uranium Deal”; Robert Sam Anson, “Obama’s Power Grid,” Vanity Fair, October 13, 2011, https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2011/10/obama-nuclear-201110.

21 Mary Elise Sarotte, “Putin’s View of Power Was Formed Watching East Germany Collapse,” Guardian, October 1, 2014, https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/oct/01/putin-power-east-germany-russia-kgb-dresden; Susan B. Glasser, “Putin the Great: Russia’s Imperial Impostor,” Foreign Affairs, September/October 2019, https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/russian-federation/2019-08-12/putin-great.

22 Glasser, “Putin the Great: Russia’s Imperial Impostor”; Kim R. Holmes, “Putin’s Asymmetrical War on the West,” Foreign Policy, May 5, 2014, https://foreignpolicy.com/2014/05/05/putins-asymmetrical-war-on-the-west/; A Minority Staff Report Prepared for the Use of the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, “Putin’s Asymmetric Assault on Democracy in Russia and Europe: Implications for U.S. National Security,” 115th Cong. (2018), https://www.foreign.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/FinalRR.pdf; Andrew Meier, Black Earth: A Journey Through Russia After the Fall (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2005), 244.

23 Sarotte, “Putin’s View of Power Was Formed Watching East Germany Collapse”; Evan Osnos, David Remnick, and Joshua Yaffa, “Trump, Putin, and the New Cold War,” New Yorker, March 6, 2017, https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/03/06/trump-putin-and-the-new-cold-war.

24 Michael Barbaro and Alison Smale, “Jeb Bush, on European Tour, Opens by Rebuking Putin,” New York Times, June 9, 2015, https://www.nytimes.com/politics/first-draft/2015/06/09/jeb-bush-tells-germans-hed-confront-ruthless-putin/; Carlos Alberto Montaner, “Putin Wants to Follow Peter the Great,” Real Clear Politics, September 30, 2008, https://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2008/09/putin_wants_to_follow_peter_th.html; Anna Ohanyan, “Why Russia Starts So Many Conflicts on Its Own Borders,” Washington Post, September 12, 2018, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2018/09/12/russia-has-a-lot-of-conflicts-along-its-borders-thats-by-design/.

25 Robert W. Ortung and Indra Overland, “A Limited Toolbox: Explaining the Constraints on Russia’s Foreign Energy Policy,” Journal of Eurasian Studies 2, no. 1 (January 2011), https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1879366510000394; Garrett M. Graff, “A Guide to Russia’s High Tech Tool Box for Subverting US Democracy,” Wired, August 13, 2017, https://www.wired.com/story/a-guide-to-russias-high-tech-tool-box-for-subverting-us-democracy/; Michael Crowley, “Putin’s Revenge,” Politico, December 16, 2016, https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2016/12/russia-putin-hack-dnc-clinton-election-2016-cold-war-214532.

26 Steve Clemons, “US-Russian Relations After Crimea,” Aspen Ideas Festival, 2014, https://www.aspenideas.org/sessions/us-russian-relations-after-crimea; Crowley, “Putin’s Revenge.”

27 Filip Novokmet, Thomas Piketty, and Gabriel Zucman, “From Soviets to Oligarchs: Inequality and Property in Russia, 1905-2016,” VoxEU.org, November 9, 2017, https://voxeu.org/article/inequality-and-property-russia-1905-2016; Alan Cullison, “A Trio of Wealthy Russians Made an Enemy of Putin. Now They’re All Dead.,” Wall Street Journal, October 10, 2018, https://www.wsj.com/articles/a-trio-of-wealthy-russians-made-an-enemy-of-putin-now-theyre-all-dead-1539181416; Ariel Cohen, “A New Paradigm for U.S.-Russia Relations: Facing the Post-Cold War Reality,” Heritage Foundation, March 6, 1997, https://www.heritage.org/europe/report/new-paradigm-us-russia-relations-facing-the-post-cold-warreality.

28 “U.S. Support for Perestroika,” Roy Rosenzweig Center for History & New Media, accessed September 1, 2019, http://chnm.gmu.edu/1989/items/show/61; “Remarks and a Question-and-Answer Session with the Students and Faculty at Moscow State University,” Roy Rosenzweig Center for History & New Media, Ronald Reagan interview, May 31, 1988, http://chnm.gmu.edu/1989/archive/files/reagan-interview-5-31-88_54d35167fe.pdf; Thomas L. Friedman, “How Washington Shifted to Embracing Gorbachev,” New York Times, October 22, 1989, https://www.nytimes.com/1989/10/22/world/how-washington-shifted-to-embracing-gorbachev.html; Tom Parfitt, “Billionaires Boom As Putin Puts Oligarchs at No 2 in Global Rich List,” Guardian, February 19, 2008, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/feb/19/russia; A Minority Staff Report Prepared for the Use of the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, “Putin’s Asymmetric Assault on Democracy in Russia and Europe: Implications for U.S. National Security.”

29 Daisy Sindelar, “Russia: Moscow Seeks to Reignite Nuclear Power Industry,” Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, February 14, 2006, https://www.rferl.org/a/1065754.html; Becker and McIntire, “Cash Flowed to Clinton Foundation Amid Russian Uranium Deal.”

30 Steven Lee Myers, “White House Unveils $1 Billion Georgia Aid Plan,” New York Times, September 3, 2008, https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/04/world/europe/04cheney.html.

31 “2008 Georgia Russia Conflict Fast Facts,” CNN, last updated April 1, 2019, https://www.cnn.com/2014/03/13/world/europe/2008-georgia-russia-conflict/index.html; Mary Beth Nikitin, “U.S.-Russian Civilian Nuclear Cooperation Agreement: Issues for Congress,” Congressional Research Service, January 11, 2011, https://fas.org/sgp/crs/nuke/RL34655.pdf.

32 Condoleezza Rice, “Russia Invaded Georgia 10 Years Ago. Don’t Say America Didn’t Respond,” Washington Post, August 8, 2018, https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/russia-invaded-georgia-10-years-ago-dont-say-america-didnt-respond/2018/08/08/ba4279d4-9b3e-11e8-8d5e-c6c594024954_story.html.

33 Ibid.

34 Jamie M. Putnam, “One Man’s Reaction to NATO Expansion,” International Relations Honors Papers, Ursinus College, April 25, 2016, https://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1000&context=int_hon; Steven Rosefielde and Daniel Quinn Mills, The Trump Phenomenon and the Future of U.S. Policy (New Jersey: World Scientific, 2016), 92.

35 Kathrin Hille, “Sanctions Extend Influence of Hardmen in Putin’s Kremlin,” Financial Times, September 18, 2014, https://www.ft.com/content/8fcc4068-3f49-11e4-a5f5-00144feabdc0; Ortung and Overland, “A Limited Toolbox: Explaining the Constraints on Russia’s Foreign Energy Policy.”

36 Julian Hans, “The Evidence is Strong,” interview, Panama Papers, Suddeutsche Zeitung, April 15, 2016, https://panamapapers.sueddeutsche.de/articles/57161f07a1bb8d3c3495bc36/; Jake Bernstein et al., “All Putin’s Men: Secret Records Reveal Money Network Tied to Russian Leader,” International Consortium of Investigative Journalists, April 3, 2016, https://www.icij.org/investigations/panama-papers/20160403-putin-russia-offshore-network/; “Vladimir Putin,” OCCRP, accessed January 15, 2020, https://www.occrp.org/en/panamapapers/persons/putin/.

37 Christian Lowe and Pavel Polityuk, “Russia Cuts Off Gas to Ukraine,” Reuters, January 1, 2009, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-ukraine-gas/russia-cuts-off-gas-to-ukraine-idUSTRE4BN32B20090101; David M. Herszenhorn and Andrew E. Kramer, “Russia Offers Cash Infusion for Ukraine,” New York Times, December 17, 2013, https://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/18/world/europe/russia-offers-ukraine-financial-lifeline.html; Neil MacFarquhar, “Gazprom Cuts Russia’s Natural Gas Supply to Ukraine,” New York Times, June 16, 2014, https://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/17/world/europe/russia-gazprom-increases-pressure-on-ukraine-in-gas-dispute.html; Harvey Fierstein, “Russia’s Anti-Gay Crackdown,” New York Times, July 21, 2013, https://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/22/opinion/russias-anti-gay-crackdown.html; Karoun Demirjian, “Meanwhile in Russia, Putin Passes Law Against Protests,” Washington Post, July 22, 2014, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2014/07/22/meanwhile-in-russia-putin-passes-law-against-protests/; Shaun Walker, “The Murder That Killed Free Media in Russia,” Guardian, October 5, 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/oct/05/ten-years-putin-press-kremlin-grip-russia-media-tightens; Dave Davies, “In New Book, Journalist Alleges Russian Links to Mysterious Deaths Abroad,” NPR, November 19, 2019, https://www.npr.org/2019/11/19/780759713/in-new-book-journalists-alleges-russian-links-to-mysterious-deaths-abroad.

38 “Selected Maps and Schemes of Gas Pipelines of Russia and the FSU,” Archipelago Gazprom, last updated November 2, 2019, https://eegas.com/maps.htm.

39 U.S. Senate, Hearing before the Committee on Armed Services, “Russian Strategy and Military Operations,” 114th Cong. (2015), https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-114shrg20922/html/CHRG-114shrg20922.htm; Borelli, “Utility Industry Aids Putin’s Stealth War on US Uranium Mining.”

40 U.S. Energy Information Administration, “Megatons to Megawatts Program Will Conclude at the End of 2013,” September 24, 2013, https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=13091.

41 Aleksandr Nikitin, “Rosatom State Corporation,” Bellona, on Internet Archive, November 27, 2007, https://web.archive.org/web/20080705015311/https:/bellona.org/position_papers/rosatom_corporation (the screenshot of the site was captured on July 5, 2008); Sindelar, “Russia: Moscow Seeks to Reignite Nuclear Power Industry”; James A. Lyons, “The Criminalization of America’s Government Agencies,” Washington Times, November 14, 2017, https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2017/nov/14/obama-officials-did-nothing-to-halt-uranium-deal-w/.

42 Becker and McIntire, “Cash Flowed to Clinton Foundation Amid Russian Uranium Deal”; Lyons, “The Criminalization of America’s Government Agencies”; Paul Roderick Gregory, “Why Was Obama’s Justice Department Silent on Criminal Activity by Russia’s Nuclear Agency?,” Forbes, October 25, 2017, https://www.forbes.com/sites/paulroderickgregory/2017/10/25/why-was-obamas-justice-department-silent-on-criminal-activity-by-russias-nuclear-agency/#427a7acebe17.

43 John Solomon and Alison Spann, “FBI Uncovered Russian Bribery Plot Before Obama Administration Approved Controversial Nuclear Deal with Moscow,” Hill, October 17, 2017, https://thehill.com/policy/national-security/355749-fbi-uncovered-russian-bribery-plot-before-obama-administration; A Minority Staff Report Prepared for the Use of the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, “Putin’s Asymmetric Assault on Democracy in Russia and Europe: Implications for U.S. National Security”; Borelli, “Utility Industry Aids Putin’s Stealth War on US Uranium Mining.”

44 John Solomon, “The Case for Russia Collusion… Against the Democrats,” Hill, February 10, 2019, https://thehill.com/opinion/white-house/429292-the-case-for-russia-collusion-against-the-democrats.

45 Benjamin Haddad and Alina Polyakova, “Don’t Rehabilitate Obama on Russia,” Brookings Institution, March 5, 2018, https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2018/03/05/dont-rehabilitate-obama-on-russia/; Sara M. Birkenthal, “Grand Strategy in U.S. Foreign Policy: The Carter, Bush, and Obama Doctrines” (CMC Senior Theses, Claremont Colleges, 2013), Paper 598, https://scholarship.claremont.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1671&context=cmc_theses; Jeffrey Mankoff, “The Tricky U.S.-Russia ‘Reset’ Button,” Council on Foreign Relations, February 17, 2009, https://www.cfr.org/expert-brief/tricky-us-russia-reset-button; Conor Lynch, “Why Neocons Really Hate Trump: He’s Hastening the Deadline of American Empire,” Salon, February 25, 2018, https://www.salon.com/2018/02/25/why-neocons-really-hate-trump-hes-hastening-the-decline-of-american-empire/.

46 Ibid.

47 James Blitz, “Biden Proposes to ‘Press Reset Button’ with Moscow,” Financial Times, February 7, 2009, https://www.ft.com/content/21cb9768-f525-11dd-9e2e-0000779fd2ac; Peter Brookes, “Russian ‘Reset’ a Resounding Failure,” Heritage Foundation, April 5, 2016, https://www.heritage.org/arms-control/commentary/russian-reset-resounding-failure; “Clinton, Lavrov Push Wrong Reset Button on Ties,” Reuters, March 6, 2009, https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN06402140; Michael McFaul, “The Smear That Killed the ‘Reset,’” Washington Post, May 11, 2018, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/posteverything/wp/2018/05/11/feature/putin-needed-an-american-enemy-he-picked-me/; Jim Geraghty, “The Infamous ‘Reset’ Button: Stolen from a Hotel Pool or Jacuzzi,” National Review, March 3, 2014, https://www.nationalreview.com/the-campaign-spot/infamous-reset-button-stolen-hotel-pool-or-jacuzzi-jim-geraghty/.

48 Pavel K. Baev, “The Russia-US “Reset” and Medvedev’s Non-Leadership,” Jamestown Foundation, July 6, 2010, https://jamestown.org/program/the-russia-us-reset-and-medvedevs-non-leadership/; John R. Schindler, “Hillary’s Secret Kremlin Connection Is Quickly Unraveling,” Observer, August 25, 2016, https://observer.com/2016/08/hillarys-secret-kremlin-connection-is-quickly-unraveling/; Solomon and Spann, “FBI Uncovered Russian Bribery Plot Before Obama Administration Approved Controversial Nuclear Deal with Moscow.”

49 Ibid.; Hearing Before the Committee on Foreign Affairs, U.S. House of Representatives, “Time to Pause the Reset? Defending U.S. Interests in the Face of Russian Aggression,” 112th Cong. (2011), https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-112hhrg67304/html/CHRG-112hhrg67304.htm; “Russian Foreign Direct Investment – Net Flows,” Trading Economics, n.d., https://tradingeconomics.com/russia/foreign-direct-investment.

50 Joel Schectman, “Exclusive: Secret Witness in Senate Clinton Probe Is Ex-Lobbyist for Russian Firm,” Reuters, November 16, 2017, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-clinton-informant-exclusive/exclusive-secret-witness-in-senate-clinton-probe-is-ex-lobbyist-for-russian-firm-idUSKBN1DG1SB; Solomon and Spann, “FBI Uncovered Russian Bribery Plot Before Obama Administration Approved Controversial Nuclear Deal with Moscow”; John Solomon and Alison Spann, “FBI Watched, Then Acted As Russian Spy Moved Closer to Hillary Clinton,” Hill, October 22, 2017, https://thehill.com/policy/national-security/356630-fbi-watched-then-acted-as-russian-spy-moved-closer-to-hillary.

51 Borelli, “Utility Industry Aids Putin’s Stealth War on US Uranium Mining”; Luke O’Brien, “Putin’s Washington,” Politico, January/February 2015, https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2015/01/putins-washington-113894.

52 Becker and McIntire, “Cash Flowed to Clinton Foundation Amid Russian Uranium Deal”; Schindler, “Hillary’s Secret Kremlin Connection Is Quickly Unraveling”; Solomon and Spann, “FBI Watched, Then Acted As Russian Spy Moved Closer to Hillary Clinton”; Kevin G. Hall, “WikiLeaks Emails Show How Clinton’s Campaign Chief Once Opened Doors for Energy Firm,” McClatchyDC, October 19, 2016, https://www.mcclatchydc.com/news/politics-government/election/article109203352.html; Government Accountability Institute, “From Russia With Money: Hillary Clinton, the Russian Reset, and Cronyism,” August 2016, https://www.g-a-i.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Report-Skolkvovo-08012016.pdf.

53 Ibid.

54 Ben Kamisar, “Clinton Slams ‘Clinton Cash’ on New Rapid-Response Site,” Hill, May 5, 2015, https://thehill.com/blogs/ballot-box/presidential-races/241052-clinton-slams-clinton-cash-on-new-rapid-response-site; Clinton campaign insider, background interview with author.

55 Ibid.

56 E-mail message from MirandaL@dnc.org to PaustenbachM@dnc.org, “FW: You Saw This, Right?,” Wikileaks, May 4, 2016, https://wikileaks.org/dnc-emails/emailid/3962; Clinton campaign insider, background interview with author; Michelle Ye Hee Lee, “The Facts Behind Trump’s Repeated Claim about Hillary Clinton’s Role in the Russian Uranium Deal,” Washington Post, October 26, 2016, https//www.washingtonpost.com/news/fact-checker/wp/2016/10/26/the-facts-behind-trumps-repeated-claim-about-hillary-clintons-role-in-the-russian-uranium-deal/

57 E-mail message from MirandaL@dnc.org to PaustenbachM@dnc.org, “FW: You Saw This, Right?”

58 Glenn Simpson and Peter Fritsch, Crime in Progress: Inside the Steele Dossier and the Fusion GPS Investigation of Donald Trump (New York: Random House, 2019).

59 Ibid; Simpson and Fritsch, Crime in Progress; John Solomon, “Russian Oligarch, Justice Department and a Clear Case of Collusion,” Hill, August 28, 2018, https://thehill.com/hilltv/rising/404061-russian-oligarch-justice-department-and-a-clear-case-of-collusion; Olivia Beavers, “DOJ Releases Notes from Official Bruce Ohr’s Russia Probe Interviews,” Hill, August 9, 2019, https://thehill.com/policy/national-security/456835-justice-department-releases-bruce-ohr-interviews-from-russia-probe; Donald J. Trump (@realDonaldTrump), “Terrible! Just found out that Obama had my “wires tapped” in Trump Tower just before the victory. Nothing found. This is McCarthyism!,” Twitter, March 4, 2017, 6:35 AM, https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/837989835818287106; Philip Rucker, Ellen Nakashima, and Robert Costa, “Trump, Citing No Evidence, Accuses Obama of ‘Nixon/Watergate’ Plot to Wiretap Trump Tower,” Washington Post, March 4, 2017, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2017/03/04/trump-accuses-obama-of-nixonwatergate-plot-to-wire-tap-trump-tower/.

60 Simpson and Fritsch, Crime in Progress.

61 Kimberley A. Strassel, “Mueller’s Report Speaks Volumes,” Wall Street Journal, April 18, 2019, https://www.wsj.com/articles/muellers-report-speaks-volumes-11555629994; Nicholas Kristof, “Dangerous Times for Trump and the Nation,” New York Times, May 17, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/17/opinion/trump-russia-mueller-special-counsel.html; Kimberley A. Strassel, “Schiffting to Phase 2 of Collusion,” Wall Street Journal, February 21, 2019, https://www.wsj.com/articles/schiffting-to-phase-2-of-collusion-11550794762; Ryan Teague Beckwith, “Here Are All of the Indictments, Guilty Pleas and Convictions from Robert Mueller’s Investigation,” Time, November 15, 2019, https://time.com/5556331/mueller-investigation-indictments-guilty-pleas/.

62 Sharyl Attkisson, “The Curious Timeline for Taking Down Trump,” Hill, November 8, 2019, https://thehill.com/opinion/white-house/469504-the-curious-timeline-for-taking-down-trump; Harriet Agerholm, “Donald Trump Told to ‘Get Ready for Impeachment’ by Senior Democrat Maxine Waters,” Independent, March 22, 2017, https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/maxine-waters-donald-trump-democrat-congresswoman-california-get-ready-impeachment-a7642681.html; Cameron Cawthorne, “Waters: Trump’s Disclosure of Classified Info to Russia Moves Us Closer to ‘Impeachment,’” Washington Free Beacon, May 16, 2017, https://freebeacon.com/national-security/waters-trumps-disclosure-classified-info-russia-moves-closer-impeachment/; Kevin Daley, “Nadler: New Evidence from Michael Cohen Suggests Impeachable Offense Could Indict President Trump,” NewsLI.com, December 9, 2018, https://www.newsli.com/2018/12/09/nadler-new-evidence-from-michael-cohen-suggests-impeachable-offense-could-indict-president-trump/; Alexandra Ma, “Incoming Top Democrats Talk of Impeachment and Jail Time for Trump with Increasing Confidence,” Business Insider, December 10, 2018, https://www.businessinsider.com/schiff-nadler-predict-trump-impeachment-and-jail-over-illegal-payments-2018-12; “Three Top Democrats Warn Trump Not to Interfere with Michael Cohen Testimony,” CBS News, January 14, 2019, https://www.cbsnews.com/news/three-top-democrats-warn-trump-not-to-interfere-with-michael-cohen-testimony/.

63 Ian Bateson, “What Rudy Giuliani’s Version Reality Looks Like from Ukraine,” Washington Post, December 27, 2019, https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2019/12/27/what-rudy-giulianis-version-reality-looks-like-ukraine/.

64 Andrew E. Kramer, Mike McIntire, and Barry Meier, “Secret Ledger in Ukraine Lists Cash for Donald Trump’s Campaign Chief,” New York Times, August 14, 2016, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/15/us/politics/what-is-the-black-ledger.html; Nolan D. McCaskill, Alex Isenstadt, and Shane Goldmacher, “Paul Manafort Resigns from Trump Campaign,” Politico, August 19, 2016, https://www.politico.com/story/2016/08/paul-manafort-resigns-from-trump-campaign-227197.

65 Jason Leopold et al., “The Mueller Report’s Secret Memos,” Buzzfeed News, November 2, 2019, https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/jasonleopold/mueller-report-secret-memos-1; John Solomon, “Key Witness Told Team Mueller That Russia Collusion Evidence Found in Ukraine Was Fabricated,” Just the News, last updated February 23, 2020, https://justthenews.com/accountability/political-ethics/key-witness-told-team-mueller-russia-collusion-evidence-found.

66 Rosalind S. Helderman, “How the Ukraine Pressure Campaign Began As an Effort to Undercut the Mueller Investigation,” Washington Post, December 3, 2019, https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/how-the-ukraine-pressure-campaign-began-as-an-effort-to-undercut-the-mueller-investigation/2019/12/02/208204c8-12c9-11ea-9cd7-a1becbc82f5e_story.html; Grace Panetta, “Rudy Giuliani Claims He’s ‘the Real Whistleblower’ and That No One Will Know the Real Story on Trump and Ukraine ‘If I Get Killed,’” Business Insider, September 27, 2019, https://www.businessinsider.com/rudy-giuliani-says-real-whistleblower-trump-ukraine-2019-9.

67 Becker and McIntire, “Cash Flowed to Clinton Foundation Amid Russian Uranium Deal”; Solomon and Spann, “FBI Uncovered Russian Bribery Plot Before Obama Administration Approved Controversial Nuclear Deal with Moscow”; John Solomon, “Five New Revelations in the Russian Uranium Case,” Hill, November 20, 2017, https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/361290-five-new-revelations-in-the-russian-uranium-case.

68 Haddad and Polyakova, “Don’t Rehabilitate Obama on Russia”; Tim Hains, “Montage: Mainstream Media Hype about Russia Collusion,” Real Clear Politics, March 25, 2019, https://www.realclearpolitics.com/video/2019/03/25/montage_mainstream_media_hype_about_russia_collusion.html.

Chapter 2

1 Vladimir Putin, translated by Catherine A. Fitzpatrick, First Person: An Astonishingly Frank Self-Portrait by Russia’s President (New York: PublicAffairs, 2000).

2 Dmitry Sudakov, “Russian Nuclear Energy Conquers the World,” Pravda, January 22, 2013, https://www.pravdareport.com/russia/123551-russia_nuclear_energy/.

3 Ibid.; “Russia’s Rosatom Is Aiming to Become the World’s Largest Supplier of Uranium in the Coming Years,” InvestorIntel, January 23, 2013, https://investorintel.com/sectors/uranium-energy/uranium-energy-intel/russias-rosatom-is-aiming-to-become-the-worlds-largest-supplier-of-uranium-in-the-coming-years/; Marin Katusa, The Colder War: How the Global Energy Trade Slipped from America’s Grasp (Vermont: John Wiley & Sons, 2015), 90; Jo Becker and Mike McIntire, “Cash Flowed to Clinton Foundation Amid Russian Uranium Deal,” New York Times, April 23, 2015, https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/24/us/cash-flowed-to-clinton-foundation-as-russians-pressed-for-control-of-uranium-company.html.

4 John Solomon and Alison Spann, “FBI Uncovered Russian Bribery Plot Before Obama Administration Approved Controversial Nuclear Deal with Moscow,” Hill, October 17, 2017, https://thehill.com/policy/national-security/355749-fbi-uncovered-russian-bribery-plot-before-obama-administration; John Solomon and Alison Spann, “Clintons Understated Support from Firm Hired by Russian Nuclear Company,” Hill, November 28, 2017, https://thehill.com/homenews/news/362234-clintons-understated-support-from-firm-hired-by-russian-nuclear-company.

5 Hugo Driscoll, “Putin and the Tiger – Russian President’s Four Best Photo-Ops,” Guardian, August 1, 2014, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/aug/01/putin-and-the-tiger-russian-presidents-four-best-photo-ops.

6 Katusa, The Colder War, 133.

7 Becker and McIntire, “Cash Flowed to Clinton Foundation Amid Russian Uranium Deal”; U.S. International Trade Commission, “Uranium from Russia,” Publication 3872, August 2006, https://www.usitc.gov/publications/701_731/pub3872.pdf.

8 Ned Mamula, “Russia’s Uranium Gambit: The Real Uranium One Scandal,” Capital Research Center, January 15, 2019, https://capitalresearch.org/article/russias-uranium-gambit-part-4/; Dr. Tom Borelli, “Utility Industry Aids Putin’s Stealth War on US Uranium Mining,” Conservative Review, March 28, 2019, https://www.conservativereview.com/news/utility-industry-aids-putins-stealth-war-u-s-uranium-mining/.

9 Joe Weisenthal, “Interest Brews in the Other Yellow Metal: Uranium,” Business Insider, December 1, 2009, https://www.businessinsider.com/interest-brews-in-the-other-yellow-metal-uranium-2009-12; Tom DiChristopher, “Nuclear Wasteland: The Explosive Boom and Long, Painful Bust of American Uranium Mining,” CNBC, August 4, 2018, https://www.cnbc.com/2018/08/04/the-miners-that-fuel-americas-nuclear-power-and-atomic-arsenal-are-di.html; 50th Anniversary Booklet, Tenex, accessed September 15, 2019, https://www.tenex.ru/download/201/booklet_for_tenex_50_sup_th__sup__anniversary.pdf.

10 Katusa, The Colder War, 128-129.

11 Sudakov, “Russian Nuclear Energy Conquers the World”; Becker and McIntire, “Cash Flowed to Clinton Foundation Amid Russian Uranium Deal.”

12 Sudakov, “Russian Nuclear Energy Conquers the World”; Katusa, The Colder War, 90.

13 Geert De Clercq, Svetlana Burmistrova, and Jack Stubbs, “Rosatom’s Global Nuclear Ambition Cramped by Kremlin Politics,” Reuters, June 26, 2016, https://uk.reuters.com/article/us-russia-nuclear-rosatom-idUKKCN0ZC0QZ.

14 Ibid.; Vera Ponomareva, translated by Charles Digges, “As Russia’s Nuclear Power Utility Goes Private, Who Will Actually Buy Nuclear Power Stations?,” Bellona, August 29, 2008, https://bellona.org/news/nuclear-issues/2008-08-as-russias-nuclear-power-utility-goes-private-who-will-actually-buy-nuclear-power-stations; Aleksandr Nikitin, “Rosatom State Corporation,” Bellona, November 27, 2007, on Internet Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20080705015311/https:/bellona.org/position_papers/rosatom_corporation (the screenshot of the site was captured on July 5, 2008).

15 Sudakov, “Russian Nuclear Energy Conquers the World”; Becker and McIntire, “Cash Flowed to Clinton Foundation Amid Russian Uranium Deal”; Digges, “As Russia’s Nuclear Power Utility Goes Private, Who Will Actually Buy Nuclear Power Stations?”; Nikitin, “Rosatom State Corporation”; Peter Schweizer, Clinton Cash: The Untold Story of How Foreign Governments and Businesses Made Bill and Hillary Rich (New York: HarperCollins, 2015), 48.

16 David Trifunov, “Iran Nuclear Power Plant at Bushehr Reaches Full Capacity,” PRI, September 1, 2012, https://www.pri.org/stories/2012-09-01/iran-nuclear-power-plant-bushehr-reaches-full-capacity; Greg Bruno, “Iran’s Nuclear Program,” Council on Foreign Relations, March 10, 2010, https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/irans-nuclear-program; Julian Borger, “Binyamin Netanyahu Demands ‘Red Line’ to Stop Iran Nuclear Programme,” Guardian, September 28, 2012, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/sep/27/binyamin-netanyahu-iran-nuclear-programme.

17 Sun Shangwu, “Hu, Putin Promote Partnership,” China Daily, last updated March 27, 2007, https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2007-03/27/content_836856.htm; Simon Romero, “Putin Visits Venezuela to Discuss Oil and Arms,” New York Times, April 2, 2010, https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/03/world/americas/03venez.html; Letter from four House ranking members regarding CFIUS Case 10-40, to The Honorable Timothy F. Geithner, U.S. Department of the Treasury, Chairman, CFIUS, October 5, 2010, http://www.judicialwatch.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/JW-v-DOJ-Uranium-One-doc-00722.pdf.

18 Larry Bell, “Obama: Putin’s Gift That Keeps on Giving,” Forbes, September 17, 2013, https://www.forbes.com/sites/larrybell/2013/09/17/obama-putins-gift-that-keeps-on-giving/#1ecc8290a373; Lee Smith, “Framing Trump: The Russia Job,” in The Plot Against the President (New York: Hachette Book Group, 2019).

19 John R. Schindler, “Hillary’s Secret Kremlin Connection Is Quickly Unraveling,” Observer, August 25, 2016, https://observer.com/2016/08/hillarys-secret-kremlin-connection-is-quickly-unraveling/; Peter Schweizer, “The Clinton Foundation, State and Kremlin Connections,” Wall Street Journal, July 31, 2016, https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-clinton-foundation-state-and-kremlin-connections-1469997195.

20 Ibid.; Bell, “Obama: Putin’s Gift That Keeps on Giving.”

21 Mamula, “Russia’s Uranium Gambit: The Real Uranium One Scandal.”

22 “Statement by Boris Yeltsin,” Kremlin.ru, December 31, 1999, http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/transcripts/24080; Hans M. Kristensen and Matt Korda, “Status of World Nuclear Forces,” Federation of American Scientists, last updated May 2019, https://fas.org/issues/nuclear-weapons/status-world-nuclear-forces/; Mariel Synan, “What Is the Largest Country in the World?,” History.com, last updated August 22, 2018, https://www.history.com/news/what-is-the-largest-country-in-the-world; Owen Matthews, “Vladimir Putin’s New Plan for World Domination,” Spectator, February 22, 2014, https://www.spectator.co.uk/2014/02/putins-masterplan/.

23 Áine Cain, “Before He Became the President of Russia, Vladimir Putin Was a KGB Spy – Take a Look at His Early Career,” Business Insider, July 16, 2018, https://www.businessinsider.com/vladimir-putin-kgb-spy-2017-9; Celestine Bohlen, “Putin Tells Why He Became a Spy,” New York Times, March 11, 2000, https://www.nytimes.com/2000/03/11/world/putin-tells-why-he-became-a-spy.html; Katusa, The Colder War, 58.

24 Ibid.

25 “Vladimir Putin: A Biographical Timeline,” NPR, accessed September 1, 2019, https://www.npr.org/news/specials/putin/biotimeline.html; “Vladimir Putin,” History.com, last updated August 21, 2018, https://www.history.com/topics/russia/vladimir-putin; “Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin – Early Life,” GlobalSecurity.org, accessed September 1, 2017, https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/russia/putin-early.htm; Katusa, The Colder War, 58-59; David Hoffman, “Putin’s Career Rooted in Russia’s KGB,” Washington Post, January 30, 2000, https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/longterm/russiagov/putin.htm.

26 Hoffman, “Putin’s Career Rooted in Russia’s KGB.”

27 Karen Dawisha, Putin’s Kleptocracy: Who Owns Russia? (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2014), 53; Hoffman, “Putin’s Career Rooted in Russia’s KGB”; Michael Wines, “PATH TO POWER: A Political Profile.; Putin Steering to Reform, but with Soviet Discipline,” New York Times, February 20, 2000, https://www.nytimes.com/2000/02/20/world/path-power-political-profile-putin-steering-reform-but-with-soviet-discipline.html.

28 Andrew Osborn, “Vladimir Putin Saved KGB Offices from East German Looters,” Telegraph, October 29, 2009, https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/russia/6455858/Vladimir-Putin-saved-KGB-offices-from-East-German-looters.html; Dawisha, Putin’s Kleptocracy, 116-117.

29 Pavel Felgenhauer, “Russian Military Reform: Ten Years of Failure,” Federation of American Scientists, March 26 and 27, 1997, https://fas.org/nuke/guide/russia/agency/Felg.htm; Thomas E. Graham, Jr., Russia’s Decline and Uncertain Recovery (Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2002), https://carnegieendowment.org/files/RussiasDecline.pdf.

30 Ibid.; “The First Bloody Battle,” BBC News, March 16, 2000, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/482323.stm; Robert Coalson, “S Novym Godom! The New Year’s Messages of Soviet and Russian Leaders over the Decades,” Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, December 31, 2019, https://www.rferl.org/a/new-years-messages-of-soviet-and-russian-leaders-over-the-decades/30352967.html.

31 Dawisha, Putin’s Kleptocracy, 29, 82, 104; “The Putin Interviews,” Showtime, accessed September 1, 2019, https://www.sho.com/the-putin-interviews; Filip Novokmet, Thomas Piketty, and Gabriel Zucman, “From Soviets to Oligarchs: Inequality and Property in Russia 1905-2016” (working paper, World Inequality Lab, April 6, 2018), 9, https://wid.world/document/soviets-oligarchs-inequality-property-russia-1905-2016/.

32 Dawisha, Putin’s Kleptocracy, 78- 79.

33 Joe Barnes, “Putin’s Rise to Power REVEALED: Does Newsnight Unearth Truth Behind Putin’s Russian Rule?,” Daily Express, March 1, 2018, https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/925683/BBC-Newsnight-Vladimir-Putin-Ksenia-Sobchak-Anatoly-Sobchak-Russia-election.

34 Dawisha, Putin’s Kleptocracy, 5, 98, 133, 148.

35 Vladimir Putin, translated by Catherine A. Fitzpatrick, First Person: An Astonishingly Frank Self-Portrait by Russia’s President (New York: PublicAffairs, 2000); Dawisha, Putin’s Kleptocracy, 103, 150, 163, 175.

36 Putin, First Person, 113; Roberto Petitpas, “2015 President – EN,” Vimeo, accessed September 1, 2019, https://tributetoapresident.blogspot.com/2017/05/bfirst-person-part-6-democrat.html; Dawisha, Putin’s Kleptocracy, 121.

37 Dawisha, Putin’s Kleptocracy, 95.

38 Fiona Hill and Clifford G. Gaddy, “How the 1980s Explains Vladimir Putin,” Atlantic, February 14, 2013, https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2013/02/how-the-1980s-explains-vladimir-putin/273135/#; Dawisha, Putin’s Kleptocracy, 94-99.

39 V. Milov, B. Nemtsov, V. Ryzhkov, and O. Shorina, translated by Dave Essel, “Putin. Corruption. An Independent White Paper,” Putin-itogi.ru, 2011, https://www.putin-itogi.ru/putin-corruption-an-independent-white-paper/; Dawisha, Putin’s Kleptocracy, 127, 165.

40 Dawisha, Putin’s Kleptocracy, 165.

41 Ibid.

42 Katusa, The Colder War, 8; Dawisha, Putin’s Kleptocracy, 163-165.

43 Katusa, The Colder War, 8.

44 Ibid., 6-10.

45 “Yeltsin: I Knew about Lewinsky Plot Before Clinton,” UPI (archives), October 7, 2000, https://www.upi.com/Archives/2000/10/07/Yeltsin-I-knew-about-Lewinsky-plot-before-Clinton/1451970891200/.

46 Testimony of Anne Williamson Before the House Banking Committee, House of Representatives, “The Rape of Russia” (106th Cong., 1999); John Lloyd, “The Russian Devolution,” New York Times, August 15, 1999, https://www.nytimes.com/1999/08/15/magazine/the-russian-devolution.html; Liam Anderson, “Corruption in Russia: Past, Present, and Future,” in Corruption in Comparative Perspective: Sources, Status and Prospects (United Kingdom: Ashgate, 2012), 15, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289020599_Corruption_in_Russia_Past_present_and_future; Testimony of Anne Williamson Before the House Banking Committee, House of Representatives, “The Rape of Russia.”

47 Bernard Black, Reinier Kraakman, and Anna Tarassova, “Russian Privatization and Corporate Governance: What Went Wrong?,” Stanford Law Review 52, no. 6 (July 2000): 1731-808, https://www.jstor.org/stable/1229501?; Testimony of Anne Williamson Before the House Banking Committee, House of Representatives, “The Rape of Russia”; Janine R. Wedel, “How the Chubais Clan, Harvard Fed Corruption,” Los Angeles Times, September 12, 1999, https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1999-sep-12-op-9170-story.html; “The Humbling of Chubais,” Economist, November 20, 1997, https://www.economist.com/special/1997/11/20/the-humbling-of-chubais; “To the Rescue,” Economist, July 16, 1998, https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics/1998/07/16/to-the-rescue; Ariel Cohen, “No IMF Loans to Russia,” Heritage Foundation, February 16, 1996, https://www.heritage.org/europe/report/no-imf-loans-russia.

48 Black, Kraakman, and Tarassova, “Russian Privatization and Corporate Governance: What Went Wrong?,” 12; Anderson, “Corruption in Russia: Past, Present, and Future,” in Corruption in Comparative Perspective: Sources, Status and Prospects.

49 Marshall I. Goldman, “Putin and the Oligarchs,” Foreign Affairs, November/December 2004, https://www.cfr.org/world/putin-oligarchs/p7517; Alessandra Stanley, “Russian Reformer’s Credibility Undercut by Scandal,” New York Times, November 17, 1997, https://www.nytimes.com/1997/11/17/world/russian-reformer-s-credibility-undercut-by-scandal.html; Committee to Protect Journalists, “Attacks on the Press in 1997 - Russia,” United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, February 1998, https://www.refworld.org/docid/47c5654923.html.

50 “Finance Minister of the Year 1997: Chubais Forces the Pace,” Euromoney, August 31, 1997, http://www.euromoney.com/Article/1005909/Category/774/ChannelPage/10685/Finance-Minister-of-the-Year-1997-Chubais-forces-the-pace.html; Nick Timothy, Kate McCann, Claire Newell, and Luke Heighton, “George Soros, the Man Who ‘Broke the Bank of England’, Backing Secret Plot to Thwart Brexit,” Telegraph, February 8, 2018, https://www.telegraph.co.uk/politics/2018/02/07/george-soros-man-broke-bank-england-backing-secret-plot-thwart/.

51 Janine R. Wedel, “The Harvard Boys Do Russia,” Nation, May 14, 1998, https://www.thenation.com/article/harvard-boys-do-russia/.

52 “Finance Minister of the Year 1997: Chubais Forces the Pace”; Guy Chazan, “George Soros Works to Rescue Investment in Russia’s Svyazinvest,” Wall Street Journal, April 30, 2001, https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB988575067628109309.

53 “The Humbling of Chubais”; David Hoffman, “Kremlin Strips Reformer of Finance Post,” Washington Post, November 20, 1997, https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/longterm/russiagov/stories/chubais112097.htm; Alessandra Stanley, “Russian Banking Scandal Poses Threat to Future of Privatization,” New York Times, January 28, 1996, https://www.nytimes.com/1996/01/28/world/russian-banking-scandal-poses-threat-to-future-of-privatization.html; Peter Reddaway, “Beware the Russian Reformer,” Washington Post, August 24, 1997, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/exussr/sep/16/chubais.htm.

54 Peter Beinart, “The U.S. Needs to Face Up to Its Long History of Election Meddling,” Atlantic, July 22, 2018, https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2018/07/the-us-has-a-long-history-of-election-meddling/565538/; Alessandra Stanley, “Moscow Journal; The Americans Who Saved Yeltsin (Or Did They?),” New York Times, July 9, 1996, https://www.nytimes.com/1996/07/09/world/moscow-journal-the-americans-who-saved-yeltsin-or-did-they.html.

55 Alessandra Stanley, “TV WEEKEND; Courting Voters in Moscow? It Just Takes Yankee Ingenuity,” New York Times, March 12, 2004, https://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/12/movies/tv-weekend-courting-voters-in-moscow-it-just-takes-yankee-ingenuity.html; Beinart, “The U.S. Needs to Face Up to Its Long History of Election Meddling.”

56 Fred Gardner, “Irrefutable Proof: Russian Election Meddling Documented!,” CounterPunch, May 19, 2017, https://www.counterpunch.org/2017/05/19/irrefutable-proof-russian-election-meddling-documented/; Axel Dreher, Valentin Lang, B. Peter Rosendorff, and James Raymond Vreeland, “Dirty Work: Buying Votes at the UN Security Council,” VoxEU.org, November 24, 2018, https://voxeu.org/article/buying-votes-un-security-council.

57 Ariel Cohen, “The IMF’s $22.6 Billion Failure in Russia,” Heritage Foundation, August 24, 1998, https://www.heritage.org/report/the-imfs-226-billion-failure-russia; Simon Pirani and Paul Farrely, “IMF Knew about Russian Aid Scam,” Guardian, October 16, 1999, https://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/oct/17/russia.business; Reddaway, “Beware the Russian Reformer”; Michael R. Gordon and David E. Sanger, “RESCUING RUSSIA: A Special Report.; The Bailout of the Kremlin: How U.S. Pressed the I.M.F.,” New York Times, July 17, 1998, https://www.nytimes.com/1998/07/17/world/rescuing-russia-special-report-bailout-kremlin-us-pressed-imf.html; Sean Guillory, “Dermokratiya, USA,” Jacobin, March 13, 2017, https://www.jacobinmag.com/2017/03/russia-us-clinton-boris-yeltsin-elections-interference-trump/.

58 Reddaway, “Beware the Russian Reformer.”

59 Richard C. Paddock, “Russia Lied to Get Loans, Says Aide to Yeltsin,” Los Angeles Times, September 9, 1998, https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1998-sep-09-mn-21002-story.html.

60 Simon Shuster, “Rewriting Russian History: Did Boris Yeltsin Steal the 1996 Presidential Election?,” Time, February 24, 2012, http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2107565,00.html; Sarah Mendelson, “Democracy Assistance and Political Transition in Russia: Between Success and Failure,” Quarterly Journal: International Security 25, no. 4 (Spring 2001): 68-106, https://www.belfercenter.org/publication/democracy-assistance-and-political-transition-russia-between-success-and-failure.

61 Michael R. Gordon, “SHAKE-UP IN RUSSIA: THE KREMLIN DRAMA; In Russia Reformer’s Fall, Wealthy Insider Triumphs,” New York Times, August 27, 1998, https://www.nytimes.com/1998/08/27/world/shake-up-russia-kremlin-drama-russia-reformer-s-fall-wealthy-insider-triumphs.html; Reddaway, “Beware the Russian Reformer”; Edward Lucas, Deception: The Untold Story of East-West Espionage Today (New York: Bloomsbury Publishing USA, 2012).

62 “Finance Minister of the Year 1997: Chubais Forces the Pace”; Sharon Lafraniere, “Yeltsin Dismisses Premier,” Washington Post, August 24, 1998, https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/longterm/russiagov/stories/dismiss082498.htm.

63 Lafraniere, “Yeltsin Dismisses Premier.”

64 “Yeltsins’s Man Wins Approval,” BBC News, August 16, 1999, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/422001.stm.

65 Katusa, The Colder War, 8; Dawisha, Putin’s Kleptocracy, 182; Lucas, Deception.

66 Dawisha, Putin’s Kleptocracy, 182-183.

67 Ibid.; “The Making of a Neo-KGB State,” Economist, August 23, 2007, https://www.economist.com/briefing/2007/08/23/the-making-of-a-neo-kgb-state.

68 Lucas, Deception; “Andrei Illarionov,” Cato Institute, accessed September 1, 2019, https://www.cato.org/people/andrei-illarionov; Andrei Illarionov, “The Siloviki in Charge,” Journal of Democracy 20, no. 2 (April 2009), 70, https://www.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/articles/andrei_illarionov_the_siloviki_in_charge.pdf; Paddy Rawlinson, “Corruption, Organised Crime and the Free Market in Russia,” in Corruption and Organized Crime in Europe: Illegal Partnerships (Abingdon: Routledge, 2012), 168; Dawisha, Putin’s Kleptocracy, 264, 335.

69 Dawisha, Putin’s Kleptocracy, 187.

70 Ibid., 182-183, 187.

71 Ibid., 188, 210-211; Mary Dejevsky, “Russian Mafia ‘Laundered $10bn at Bank of New York,’” Independent, August 20, 1999, https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/russian-mafia-laundered-10bn-at-bank-of-new-york-p-1113796.html.

72 Dawisha, Putin’s Kleptocracy, 187-188.

73 “Timeline: Vladimir Putin – 20 Tumultuous Years As Russian President or PM,” Reuters, August 19, 2019, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-putin-timeline/timeline-vladimir-putin-20-tumultuous-years-as-russian-president-or-pm-idUSKCN1UZ185; Floriana Fossato, “Russia: Duma Approves Putin As Prime Minister,” Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, August 9, 1999, https://www.rferl.org/a/1091966.html.

74 Mark Tran, “Yeltsin Sacks Prime Minister,” Guardian, August 9, 1999, https://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/aug/09/russia.marktran.

75 Katusa, The Colder War, 8-14.

76 Ibid.

77 Dawisha, Putin’s Kleptocracy, 207-208.

78 Ibid., 208; Katusa, The Colder War, 9; David Holley, “Separatists Tied to ‘99 Bombings. Announcement Doesn’t Quell Suspicion That Russia Officials Were Behind the Blasts.,” Los Angeles Times, May 1, 2003, on Internet Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20060719174541/http://eng.terror99.ru/publications/094.htm (the screenshot of the site was captured on July 19, 2006); “Russia Hit by New Islamic Offensive,” BBC News, September 5, 1999, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/438691.stm.

79 Preeti Bhattacharji, “Chechen Terrorism (Russia, Chechnya, Separatist),” Council on Foreign Relations, April 8, 2010, https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/chechen-terrorism-russia-chechnya-separatist; “Dozens Dead in Moscow Blast,” BBC News, September 13, 1999, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/445529.stm; Katusa, The Colder War, 9; Dawisha, Putin’s Kleptocracy, 208.

80 Katusa, The Colder War, 10; Dawisha, Putin’s Kleptocracy, 208.

81 Ibid.

82 Dawisha, Putin’s Kleptocracy, 212; Katusa, The Colder War, 11.

83 Lucas, Deception; Katusa, The Colder War, 11; Dawisha, Putin’s Kleptocracy, 212-213.

84 David Satter, “The Mystery of Russia’s 1999 Apartment Bombings Lingers – the CIA Could Clear It Up,” National Review, February 2, 2017, https://www.nationalreview.com/2017/02/russia-apartment-bombings-september-1999-vladimir-putin-fsb-cia/; Katusa, The Colder War, 14.

85 Katusa, The Colder War, 11-12; Dawisha, Putin’s Kleptocracy, 212-214, 218.

86 Katusa, The Colder War, 9-12; Satter, “The Mystery of Russia’s 1999 Apartment Bombings Lingers – the CIA Could Clear It Up.”

87 Dawisha, Putin’s Kleptocracy, 209, 213-214; Katusa, The Colder War, 11-13.

88 Anne Speckhard, “Sochi’s Grim Reapers,” Daily News, February 9, 2014, https://www.nydailynews.com/opinion/sochi-grim-reapers-article-1.1606377; Katusa, The Colder War, 12.

89 Katusa, The Colder War, 13; Lucas, Deception.

90 Lucas, Deception.

91 Dawisha, Putin’s Kleptocracy, 272; “Russia Appoints Chechen Leader,” BBC News, June 12, 2000, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/787811.stm; Bhattacharji, “Chechen Terrorism (Russia, Chechnya, Separatist)”; Katusa, The Colder War, 13-14.

92 Dawisha, Putin’s Kleptocracy, 220.

93 Ibid., 210-211; Strobe Talbott, interview, Frontline, PBS, accessed September 1, 2019, https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/kosovo/interviews/talbott.html.

94 Dawisha, Putin’s Kleptocracy, 210; Strobe Talbott, interview, Frontline; Prepared Testimony of Strobe Talbott, Deputy Secretary of State, Before the Senate Appropriations Committee, Subcommittee on Foreign Operations, “Pursuing U.S. Interests with Russia & with President-Elect Putin,” the 107th Cong. (2000), on Frontline, https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/yeltsin/putin/talbott00.html.

95 Lucas, Deception.

96 Ibid.

97 Guy Chazan, “Russian Government Adopts Proposal to Break Up Unified Energy System,” Wall Street Journal, May 21, 2001, https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB990392286777881144.

98 Ibid.; Cynthia Romero, “Russia’s Latin Affections?,” Atlantic Council, February 13, 2009, https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/new-atlanticist/russia-s-latin-affections/.

99 “HEU Achievement,” Tenex, accessed September 27, 2019, https://www.tenex.ru/resources/ca5a980045a8aa1b89f0bb470124f4f9/HEU_Book_Final.pdf; Lucas, Deception; Dawisha, Putin’s Kleptocracy, 98.

100 Dawisha, Putin’s Kleptocracy, 98, 133, 139-140, 305.

101 Ibid., 65, 95-97; 95.

102 Ibid., 64; “Minchenko Consulting Group: Politburo 2.0: Dismantling or Reset?,” Institute of Modern Russia, November 11, 2016, https://imrussia.org/en/the-rundown/research-recaps/2665-minchenko-consulting-group-politburo-2-0-dismantling-or-reset,-7-november-2016; Stephen Grey, Andrey Kuzmin, and Elizabeth Piper, “Putin’s Daughter, a Young Billionaire and the President’s Friends,” Reuters, November 10, 2015, https://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/russia-capitalism-daughters/; United States Securities and Exchange Commission, Form CB, JSC OGK-1, March 19, 2012, https://www.interrao.ru/upload/docs/2SEC2012.pdf; “Inter RAO UES PJSC,” Bloomberg, accessed October 2, 2019, https://www.bloomberg.com/quote/IRAO:RU.

103 Grey, Kuzmin, and Piper, “Putin’s Daughter, a Young Billionaire and the President’s Friends”; “Rossiya Bank,” OCCRP, June 3, 2016, https://www.occrp.org/documents/bank-rossiya/5_Rossiya-bank-founded-in-1990.pdf; Dawisha, Putin’s Kleptocracy, 66; Danilo Elia, “Bank Rossiya, Putin’s Bank,” eastwest.eu, June 18, 2016, https://eastwest.eu/en/opinions/riding-the-russian-rollercoaster/bank-rossiya-putin-s-bank.

104 Dawisha, Putin’s Kleptocracy, 70.

105 “Alexey Miller: Gazprom,” European CEO, profiles, August 4, 2014, https://www.europeanceo.com/profiles/alexey-miller-gazprom/; “Alexey Miller,” Gazprom, accessed October 3, 2019, https://www.gazprom.com/about/management/board/miller/; Amelia Gentleman, “Putin Puts Old Crony in to Shake Up Huge Gas Firm Racked by Scandals,” Guardian, May 30, 2001, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/may/31/russia.ameliagentleman.

106 Bill Gertz, “Putin Corruption Network Revealed,” Washington Free Beacon, April 7, 2014, https://freebeacon.com/national-security/putin-corruption-network-revealed/; M. Garside, “Gazprom’s Net Revenue from 2011 to 2018 (in Billion U.S. Dollars)*,” Statista, June 24, 2019, https://www.statista.com/statistics/350719/net-revenue-gazprom-worldwide/.

107 Grey, Kuzmin, and Piper, “Putin’s Daughter, a Young Billionaire and the President’s Friends.”

108 Ibid.; Luke Harding, “The Russian President’s Best Friend Portrays Himself As a Modest Musician, but Leaked Documents Reveal His Role in a Secret Money-go-round,” Guardian, April 3, 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/news/2016/apr/03/sergei-roldugin-the-cellist-who-holds-the-key-to-tracing-putins-hidden-fortune; Stella Roque, “New Investigation Sheds Light on Putin’s Eldest Daughter,” OCCRP, February 1, 2016, https://www.occrp.org/en/daily/4877-new-investigation-sheds-light-on-putin-s-eldest-daughter.

109 Dawisha, Putin’s Kleptocracy, 5, 98, 133, 141.

110 Ibid., 80-81, 133.

111 Ibid., 83-84, 87.

112 Ibid., 32-33.

113 Ibid., 132-133, 141-142.

114 Ibid., 132-133, 134, 136, 141-142; Luke Harding, “Revealed: The $2bn Offshore Trail That Leads to Vladimir Putin,” Guardian, April 3, 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/news/2016/apr/03/panama-papers-money-hidden-offshore.

115 “People of Interest: Vladimir Sergeevich Kumarin,” OCCRP, accessed August 28, 2019, https://www.reportingproject.net/peopleofinterest/profil.php?profil=49; McKenzie O’Brien, “Organization Attributes Sheet – Tambovskaya,” Matthew B. Ridgway Center for International Security Studies, http://research.ridgway.pitt.edu/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/TambovskayaPROFILEFINAL.pdf; Dawisha, Putin’s Kleptocracy, 79, 127, 134.

116 Dawisha, Putin’s Kleptocracy, 134.

117 Ibid., 142.

118 Ibid., 133, 142, 145-152, 86.

119 Derek Scally, “Putin Sat on Board of Firm in Russian Mafia Inquiry,” Irish Times, May 15, 2003, https://www.irishtimes.com/business/putin-sat-on-board-of-firm-in-russian-mafia-inquiry-1.359050; Екип на Биволь, “Juergen Roth: Putin Is KGB Product and Works with Criminal Groups When He Needs It,” Биволь, October 13, 2017, https://bivol.bg/en/juergen-roth-putin-is-kgb-product-and-works-with-criminal-groups-when-he-needs-it.html; Dawisha, Putin’s Kleptocracy, 120-135, 138-140.

120 Dawisha, Putin’s Kleptocracy, 132, 141 , 147-151.

121 “Our History,” Gunvor, accessed October 3, 2019, https://gunvorgroup.com/our-history/; Dawisha, Putin’s Kleptocracy, 6, 68, 112-113.

122 Dawisha, Putin’s Kleptocracy, 6; Gertz, “Putin Corruption Network Revealed”; Andy Bloxham, “WikiLeaks: Putin’s ‘Secret Billions,’” Wikileaks, December 2, 2010, on Internet Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20110128115530/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/wikileaks/8175406/WikiLeaks-Putins-secret-billions.html (the screenshot of the site was captured on January 28, 2011).

123 Dawisha, Putin’s Kleptocracy, 139-140; “Rogatory Letter on SPAG to Liechtenstein,” Transborder Corruption Archive, November 14, 2018, https://tbcarchives.org/rogatory-letter-on-spag-to-liechtenstein/; Scally, “Putin Sat on Board of Firm in Russian Mafia Inquiry”; Sarah-Christian Müller and Dr. Karen Dawisha, Appendices of Stasi Documents from Vladimir Putin, Operation LUCH and Matthias Warnig: The Secret KGB-Stasi Relationship, Miami University, 2014, http://miamioh.edu/cas/_files/documents/havighurst/stasi-documents.pdf; Mark Hosenball, “A Stain on Mr. Clean,” Newsweek, September 2, 2001, https://www.newsweek.com/stain-mr-clean-152259.

124 Dawisha, Putin’s Kleptocracy, 140-141.

125 Ibid., 52-55.

126 Jules Gray, “Banking’s Golden Age: Six Institutions That Shaped Europe,” European CEO, September 7, 2015, https://www.europeanceo.com/business-and-management/bankings-golden-age-six-institutions-that-shaped-europe/.

127 Dawisha, Putin’s Kleptocracy, 54-55.

128 Ibid., 55.

129 Ibid., 5-6; Katusa, The Colder War, 19-20; Alan Cullison, “Off to the Gulag: A Day in the Life of a Russian Tycoon,” Wall Street Journal, November 30, 2005, https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB113331623541309782.

130 Kenneth P. Vogel and Matthew Rosenberg, “Agents Tried to Flip Russian Oligarchs. The Fallout Spread to Trump,” New York Times, September 1, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/01/us/politics/deripaska-ohr-steele-fbi.html; “Russian Oligarch Has London Extradition Hearing Halted After His Mother Is ‘Murdered’ in Moscow,” Daily Mail, August 6, 2010, https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1300934/Extradition-Russian-oligarch-halted-mother-murdered-Moscow.html; Alan Cullison, “In Russian Murder Case, a Long List of Enemies,” Wall Street Journal, May 23, 2007, https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB117982581360410657; Katusa, The Colder War, 20.

131 Dawisha, Putin’s Kleptocracy, 194-195; Katusa, The Colder War, 19-20.

132 Katusa, The Colder War, 22.

133 Ibid.

134 Ibid., 22-23.

135 Ibid., 25.

136 Ibid., 25-26.

137 Ibid.

138 Ibid., 26-27.

139 Ibid., 25; Nicole Sinclair, “Fund Manager Explains Why He Estimates Putin’s Net Worth to Be $200 Billion,” Yahoo Finance, July 20, 2017, https://finance.yahoo.com/news/fund-manager-explains-estimates-putins-net-worth-200-billion-105932448.html.

140 Katusa, The Colder War, 28-29.

141 Ibid., 30; Timothy L. O’Brien, “The Capitalist in the Cage,” New York Times, June 20, 2004, https://www.nytimes.com/2004/06/20/business/the-capitalist-in-the-cage.html; Sinclair, “Fund Manager Explains Why He Estimates Putin’s Net Worth to Be $200 Billion.”

142 “The Russian Federal Property Fund (Hereinafter – the Seller) Announces a Tender for the Sale of the Arrested Shares of OAO Yuganskneftegaz,” Rossiyskaya Gazeta, November 19, 2004, https://rg.ru/2004/11/19/uganskneftegaz-dok.html; Andrew E. Kramer, “Bankruptcy Auction Closes Book on Yukos,” New York Times, May 11, 2007, https://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/11/business/worldbusiness/11iht-yukos.4.5672974.html.

143 Katusa, The Colder War, 29; “The Russian Federal Property Fund (Hereinafter – the Seller) Announces a Tender for the Sale of the Arrested Shares of OAO Yuganskneftegaz.”

144 Katusa, The Colder War, 29; “Yukos Unit Fetches $9bn at Sale,” BBC News, last updated December 20, 2004, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4108509.stm; “Rosneft Wins First Yukos Auction,” BBC News, last updated March 27, 2007, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/6498163.stm; MosNews, “Russia’s State-Owned Rosneft Bought Baikal Finance Group for $350 – Newspaper,” CbondS, December 29, 2004, http://cbonds.com/news/item/306146.

145 “The Last Days of Yukos,” Economist, July 29, 2004, https://www.economist.com/business/2004/07/29/the-last-days-of-yukos; Steven Lee Myers and Andrew E. Kramer, “From Ashes of Yukos, New Russian Oil Giant Emerges,” New York Times, March 27, 2007, https://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/27/world/europe/27russia.html.

146 Katusa, The Colder War, 20.

147 Ian Jeffries, Political Developments in Contemporary Russia (Abingdon: Routledge, 2011), 147.

Chapter 3

1 Mary Ann Koruth, “Russia’s Would-Be Masters,” Atlantic, March 2005, https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2005/03/russias-would-be-masters/303878/.

2 Ministry of Energy of the Russian Federation, “The Summary of the Energy Strategy of Russia for the Period of up to 2020,” 2003, on Internet Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20071129125038/http://ec.europa.eu/energy/russia/events/doc/2003_strategy_2020_en.pdf (the screenshot of the site was captured on November 29, 2007).

3 Ibid.

4 “The Mystery of Vladimir Putin’s Dissertation,” Brookings Institution, March 30, 2006, https://www.brookings.edu/events/the-mystery-of-vladimir-putins-dissertation/; “The Mystery of Vladimir Putin’s Dissertation,” Edited versions of presentations by the authors at a Brookings Institution, Foreign Policy Program panel, March 30, 2006, https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Putin-Dissertation-Event-remarks-with-slides.pdf; Dmitry Volchek and Robert Coalson, “Cut-and-Paste Job: ‘My Father Wrote Putin’s Dissertation,’” Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, March 7, 2018, https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-litvinenko-olga-says-father-wrote-putins-dissertation/29085343.html.

5 “History of the Company,” Rosoboronexport, accessed October 3, 2019, http://roe.ru/eng/rosoboronexport/history/; Karen Dawisha, Putin’s Kleptocracy: Who Owns Russia (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2014), 183, 338; Guy Chazan, “Russian Car Maker Comes Under Sway of Old Pal of Putin,” Wall Street Journal, May 19, 2006, https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB114800303736957408; Polina Beliakova and Sam Perlo-Freeman, “Corruption in the Russian Defense Sector,” World Peace Foundation, May 11, 2018, https://sites.tufts.edu/wpf/files/2018/05/Russian-Defense-Corruption-Report-Beliakova-Perlo-Freeman-20180502-final.pdf.

6 Brookings Institution, “The Brookings Foreign Policy Studies Energy Security Series: The Russian Federation,” October 2006, https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/2006russia.pdf; Marshall I. Goldman, Petrostate: Putin, Power, and the New Russia (New York: Oxford University Press, 2008), 49, http://willzuzak.ca/cl/putin/Goldman2008PetrostatePutinPower.pdf; Craig E. Levitt, “Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union,” CIA.gov, approved for release on September 8, 2000, https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP78-01634R000100060001-4.pdf.

7 Goldman, Petrostate, 2, 49; Sunita Meena, “Energy As a Political Weapon of Foreign Policy: The Russian Case,” International Journal of Academic Research and Development 3, no. 5 (September 2018), https://www.academia.edu/37645461/Energy_as_a_political_weapon_of_foreign_policy_The_Russian_case.

8 Dawisha, Putin’s Kleptocracy, 83; “Key Kremlin Figure Removed,” BBC News, last updated October 30, 2003, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3229107.stm; Goldman, Petrostate, 104, 140.

9 Josh Cohen, “Vladimir Putin’s Most Effective Weapon Is Gas - but Not the Poison Kind,” Reuters, July 28, 2015, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-cohen-gazprom-idUSKCN0Q302820150729.

10 “Delivery Statistics,” Gazprom Export, accessed October 3, 2019, http://www.gazpromexport.ru/en/statistics/; Steven Woehrel, “Russian Energy Policy Toward Neighboring Countries,” Congressional Research Service, September 2, 2009, https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL34261.pdf; Goldman, Petrostate.

11 Steven Erlanger, “Russia and Ukraine Settle Dispute over Black Sea Fleet,” New York Times, June 10, 1995, https://www.nytimes.com/1995/06/10/world/russia-and-ukraine-settle-dispute-over-black-sea-fleet.html; Major S.B. Carr, Nato Enlargement and Russia: The Need for a Dual-Track Policy, Canadian Forces College, April 21, 2008, https://www.cfc.forces.gc.ca/259/290/294/286/carr.pdf; Graeme P. Herd and Jennifer D.P. Moroney, Security Dynamics in the Former Soviet Bloc (London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2003), 107; Viktor Luhovyk, “Ukraine Pressed for Debt Payments,” Associated Press, July 15, 1999, https://apnews.com/3c7d1272f079588532c548cfc2a6c05a.

12 Ibid.

13 Ibid.

14 Dawisha, Putin’s Kleptocracy, 239-240.

15 Ibid.

16 Cohen, “Vladimir Putin’s Most Effective Weapon Is Gas - but Not the Poison Kind”; “Russia Report: November 18, 2004,” Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, reports archive, November 18, 2004, https://www.rferl.org/a/1344329.html.

17 Simon Jenkins, “What Is David Cameron Doing in Kazakhstan?,” Guardian, July 1, 2013, https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/jul/01/david-cameron-kaszakhstan-britain; Nate Schenkkan, “Customs Disunion: Putin’s Plans for Regional Integration Go Boom,” Foreign Affairs, May 12, 2014, https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/armenia/2014-05-12/customs-disunion; “Russia Report: November 18, 2004”; Paul Wasserman, “Between a Bear and a Dragon: New Challenges for Kazakhstan,” Global Risk Insights, March 26, 2019, https://globalriskinsights.com/2019/03/kazakhstan-china-russia-leader/.

18 “Russia Report: November 18, 2004”; Goldman, Petrostate, 7.

19 Ian Traynor, “US Campaign Behind the Turmoil in Kiev,” Guardian, November 25, 2004, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/nov/26/ukraine.usa.

20 Marin Katusa, The Colder War: How the Global Energy Trade Slipped from America’s Grasp (Vermont: John Wiley & Sons, 2015), 62, 72-73; Traynor, “US Campaign Behind the Turmoil in Kiev”; “A Chestnut Revolution,” Wall Street Journal, February 11, 2004, https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB107645635194826171; “Chestnuts and Revolutions,” Wall Street Journal, November 15, 2004, https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB110047360291873634; Katherine T. Hinkle, “Russia’s Reactions to the Color Revolutions” (master’s thesis, Naval Postgraduate School, 2017), https://calhoun.nps.edu/bitstream/handle/10945/52991/17Mar_Hinkle_Katherine.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.

21 Katusa, The Colder War, 73; “Russia: Putin Defends Reforms, Condemns ‘Revolutions,’” Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, December 23, 2004, https://www.rferl.org/a/1056558.html; Fiona Hill, “Putin and Bush in Common Cause? Russia’s View of the Terrorist Threat After September 11,” Brookings Institute, June 1, 2002, https://www.brookings.edu/articles/putin-and-bush-in-common-cause-russias-view-of-the-terrorist-threat-after-september-11/; “Russia’s Western Neighbours: Ukraine Comes to the Forefront,” Economist, September 11, 2008, https://www.economist.com/taxonomy/term/122?page=35.

22 Gerard Toal and John O’Loughlin, “How People in South Ossetia, Abkhazia and Transnistria Feel about Annexation by Russia,” Washington Post, March 20, 2014, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2014/03/20/how-people-in-south-ossetia-abkhazia-and-transnistria-feel-about-annexation-by-russia/.

23 Dawisha, Putin’s Kleptocracy, 345.

24 “Scenesetter for Visit of FBI Director Mueller to Moscow, November 15-17, 2009,” Wikileaks, November 9, 2009, https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/09MOSCOW2749_a.html.

25 “FACTBOX: Russian Oil and Gas Export Interruptions,” Reuters, August 29, 2008, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-energy-russia-cutoffs/factbox-russian-oil-and-gas-export-interruptions-idUSLS57897220080829; R. L. Larsson, “Russia’s Energy Policy: Security Dimensions and Russia’s Reliability As an Energy Supplier,” National Technical Reports Library, 2006, https://ntrl.ntis.gov/NTRL/dashboard/searchResults/titleDetail/PB2007106453.xhtml; Robert W. Ortung and Indra Overland, “A Limited Toolbox: Explaining the Constraints on Russia’s Foreign Energy Policy,” Journal of Eurasian Studies 2, no. 1 (January 2011), 74-85, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1879366510000394#bbib26.

26 Ministry of Energy of the Russian Federation, “The Summary of the Energy Strategy of Russia for the Period of up to 2020.”

27 “Russia Report: November 18, 2004.”

28 “TENEX Ceded All Its Shares to the State,” Tenex, June 29, 2001, on Internet Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20100505002931/http:/www.tenex.ru/en/press/events/?id=145 (the screenshot of the site was captured on May 5, 2010).

29 Ibid.; “Russian Spent Nuclear Fuel,” Nuclear Threat Initiative, February 1, 2003, https://www.nti.org/analysis/articles/russian-spent-nuclear-fuel/; C.M. Johnson, “The Russian Federation’s Ministry of Atomic Energy: Programs and Developments,” International Atomic Energy Agency, Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy, February 2000, https://inis.iaea.org/collection/NCLCollectionStore/_Public/31/051/31051595.pdf.

30 “Russia Close to Accepting World’s Nuclear Waste,” Environment News Service, December 22, 2000, http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/dec2000/2000-12-22-12.html.

31 Charles Digges, “World Funding Pours into Russia for Nuclear Cleanup and Sub Dismantling,” Bellona, July 16, 2003, https://bellona.org/news/nuclear-issues/radioactive-waste-and-spent-nuclear-fuel/2003-07-world-funding-pours-into-russia-for-nuclear-cleanup-and-sub-dismantling; Gregory Palast, “To Russia with Love and $15bn,” Guardian, July 28, 2001, https://www.theguardian.com/business/2001/jul/29/columnists.theobserver1.

32 Ibid.; “Russian Spent Nuclear Fuel”; “Minatom Official Discusses Attempted Thefts of Fissile Materials,” Nuclear Threat Initiative, September 28, 2000, https://www.nti.org/analysis/articles/minatom-official-discusses-attempted-thefts-fissile-materials/.

33 Dawisha, Putin’s Kleptocracy, 97-98.

34 Ibid., 139-140; Mark Hosenball, “A Stain on Mr. Clean,” Newsweek, September 2, 2001, https://www.newsweek.com/stain-mr-clean-152259; Edward Lucas, Deception: The Untold Story of East-West Espionage Today (New York: Bloomsbury Publishing USA, 2012).

35 Ibid.

36 Dawisha, Putin’s Kleptocracy, 140; Roman Shleinov, “Seated Father: One Person Owns Russia – Its Manager,” NovayaGazeta.ru, February 7, 2005, https://web.archive.org/web/20060213091039/http://2005.novayagazeta.ru/nomer/2005/09n/n09n-s26.shtml (the screenshot of the site was captured on February 13, 2006).

37 Alexander Litvinenko, “Why I Believe Putin Wanted Me Dead…,” Daily Mail, November 25, 2006, https://www.mailonsunday.co.uk/news/article-418652/Why-I-believe-Putin-wanted-dead-.html; Dawisha, Putin’s Kleptocracy, 13, 187; Ben Judah, “Grinda’s War,” American Interest, June 12, 2018, https://www.the-american-interest.com/2018/06/12/grindas-war/; Alex Goldfarb and Anastasia Kirilenko, “Fresh Evidence Suggests Litvinenko Was Killed to Keep Him Quiet,” Guardian, January 12, 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jan/12/alexander-litvinenko-russia-murder; Luke Harding, A Very Expensive Poison: The Assassination of Alexander Litvinenko and Putin’s War in the West (New York: Vintage Books, 2016).

38 Alessandra Stanley, “After Yeltsin Shake-Up, Business As Usual,” New York Times, March 25, 1998, https://www.nytimes.com/1998/03/25/world/after-yeltsin-shake-up-business-as-usual.html; Dawisha, Putin’s Kleptocracy, 228.

39 “Kiriyenko, Sergei,” Kremlin.ru, accessed October 3, 2019, http://en.kremlin.ru/catalog/persons/175/biography; Ministry of Energy of the Russian Federation, “The Summary of the Energy Strategy of Russia for the Period of up to 2020”; Jonathan B. Tucker, “Russia’s New Plan for Chemical Weapons Destruction,” Arms Control Association, accessed October 1, 2019, https://www.armscontrol.org/act/2001-07/features/russia%E2%80%99s-new-plan-chemical-weapons-destruction.

40 Alexander Nikitin, “Rosatom State Corporation,” Bellona, November 26, 2007, https://bellona.org/news/nuclear-issues/nuclear-russia/2007-11-rosatom-state-corporation.

41 Ibid.

42 Stanley, “After Yeltsin Shake-Up, Business As Usual”; Alessandra Stanley, “Threatening Parliament, Yeltsin Names Neophyte Premier,” New York Times, March 28, 1998, https://www.nytimes.com/1998/03/28/world/threatening-parliament-yeltsin-names-neophyte-premier.html.

43 “HEU Achievement,” Tenex, accessed September 27, 2019, https://www.tenex.ru/resources/ca5a980045a8aa1b89f0bb470124f4f9/HEU_Book_Final.pdf.

44 “History,” Tenex, accessed October 1, 2019, https://tenex.ru/en/about/history/; Behnam Ben Taleblu and Andrea Stricker, “Washington Must Revoke Sanctions Waiver After Latest Nuclear Violation,” Hill, November 16, 2019, https://thehill.com/opinion/international/470781-washington-must-revoke-sanctions-waiver-after-latest-nuclear-violation; “Russia and China Deal on Uranium, Enrichment and Power,” World Nuclear News, November 8, 2007, https://www.world-nuclear-news.org/Articles/Russia-and-China-deal-on-uranium,-enrichment-and-p.

45 50th Anniversary Booklet, Tenex, accessed September 15, 2019, https://www.tenex.ru/download/201/booklet_for_tenex_50_sup_th_sup_anniversary.pdf; Anton Khlopkov and Valeriya Chekina, “Governing Uranium in Russia,” Danish Institute for International Studies (DIIS), DIIS Report No. 2014:19, https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/120406/1/818453915.pdf.

46 William J. Broad, “From Warheads to Cheap Energy,” New York Times, January 27, 2014, https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/28/science/thomas-l-neffs-idea-turned-russian-warheads-into-american-electricity.html.

47 John Ritch, “This Uranium Deal Was No Scandal,” New York Times, November 21, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/21/opinion/uranium-deal-clinton-russia.html%20(1993);%20; U.S. House of Representatives, Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations of the Committee on Commerce, “Privatization of the U.S. Enrichment Corporation and Its Impact on the Domestic Uranium Industry,” 106th Cong. (2000), https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-106hhrg64028/html/CHRG-106hhrg64028.htm.

48 “Megatons to Megawatts Program: Hard Lessons and New Opportunities for US-Russian Nuclear Cooperation,” Russia Direct, no. 4 (March 2014); Fern Shen, “Uranium, Converted from Russian Nuclear Warheads, Comes Through Baltimore’s Port,” Baltimore Brew, December 10, 2013, https://www.baltimorebrew.com/2013/12/10/uranium-converted-from-russian-nuclear-warheads-comes-through-baltimores-port/; Seamus Bruner, Compromised (New York: Post Hill Press, 2018), 58-63.

49 “UxC Published Interview with TENEX Director General,” Oreanda-News, October 2, 2012, https://www.oreanda.ru/en/promyshlennost/article660259/; John Solomon and Alison Spann, “FBI Uncovered Russian Bribery Plot Before Obama Administration Approved Controversial Nuclear Deal with Moscow,” Hill, October 17, 2017, https://thehill.com/policy/national-security/355749-fbi-uncovered-russian-bribery-plot-before-obama-administration%20.

50 “UxC Published Interview with TENEX Director General”; “Interview with TENEX Director General, Alexei Grigoriev,” TENEX, September 24, 2012, https://tenex.ru/en/media-center/coverage/interview-with-tenex-director-general-alexei-grigoriev/.

51 Paul Kerr, “Iran, Russia Reach Nuclear Agreement,” Arms Control Association, accessed October 3, 2019, https://www.armscontrol.org/act/2005-04/iran-nuclear-briefs/iran-russia-reach-nuclear-agreement; Lionel Beehner, “Russia’s Nuclear Deal with Iran,” Council on Foreign Relations, February 28, 2006, https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/russias-nuclear-deal-iran; Anton Khlopkov, “Iran Breakthrough for Russian Nuclear Industry,” Moscow Defense Brief, 2010, on Internet Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20100309020452/http:/mdb.cast.ru/mdb/1-2010/item2/article2/ (the screenshot of the site was captured on March 9, 2010).

52 Beehner, “Russia’s Nuclear Deal with Iran”; U.S. Energy Information Administration, “Megatons to Megawatts Program Will Conclude at the End of 2013,” September 24, 2013, https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=13091.

53 Ned Mamula, “Russia’s Uranium Gambit: The Real Uranium One Scandal,” Capital Research Center, January 15, 2019, https://capitalresearch.org/article/russias-uranium-gambit-part-4/; Dr. Tom Borelli, “Utility Industry Aids Putin’s Stealth War on US Uranium Mining,” Conservative Review, March 28, 2019, https://www.conservativereview.com/news/utility-industry-aids-putins-stealth-war-u-s-uranium-mining/.

54 Peter Baker, “The Seduction of George W. Bush,” Foreign Policy, November 6, 2013, https://foreignpolicy.com/2013/11/06/the-seduction-of-george-w-bush/; Andrew Glass, “President Bush Cites ‘Axis of Evil,’ Jan. 29, 2002,” Politico, January 29, 2019, https://www.politico.com/story/2019/01/29/bush-axis-of-evil-2002-1127725; “Kremlin Releases New Footage of Putin’s 2001 Visit to Bush in Texas,” Moscow Times, January 29, 2020, https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2020/01/29/kremlin-releases-new-footage-of-putins-2001-visit-to-bush-in-texas-a69089; “User Clip: Bush Saw Putin’s Soul,” C-SPAN, March 9, 2018, video, https://www.c-span.org/video/?c4718091/user-clip-bush-putins-soul.

55 Kim Murphy, “U.S. Slaps Sanctions on Russian Arms Maker for Sales to Tehran,” Los Angeles Times, September 17, 2013, https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2003-sep-17-fg-russarms17-story.html; Alex Wagner, “Bush, Putin Disagree on Russia-Iran Nuclear, Missile Cooperation,” Arms Control Association, June 2002, https://www.armscontrol.org/act/2002-06/news/bush-putin-disagree-russia-iran-nuclear-missile-cooperation.

56 Khlopkov, “Iran Breakthrough for Russian Nuclear Industry.”

57 Sara A. Carter, “Treasure Trove of Documents Tying Russia to Uranium One,” Sean Hannity Show, November 21, 2017, on Internet Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20171121024416/https://hannity.com/content/2017-11-20-sara-carter/ (the screenshot of the site was captured on November 21, 2017); Sara Carter, “FBI Informant on Uranium One Breaks Silence,” Sara Carter’s website, on Internet Archive, February 7, 2018, https://web.archive.org/web/20180209211913/https:/saraacarter.com/fbi-informant-uranium-one-breaks-silence-today/ (the screenshot of the site was captured on February 9, 2018).

58 Baker, “The Seduction of George W. Bush”; Jim Rutenberg, “Putin Arrives in Kennebunkport for 2-Day Visit with the Bushes,” New York Times, July 2, 2007, https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/02/washington/02putin.html; Gregory L. White, “Putin Woos Evans for Rosneft Job,” Wall Street Journal, December 16, 2005, https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB113468313847923770.

59 David E. Sanger and Elaine Sciolino, “Bush and China Endorse Russia’s Nuclear Plan for Iran,” New York Times, January 27, 2006, https://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/27/politics/bush-and-china-endorse-russias-nuclear-plan-for-iran.html; Susan Cornwell, “Lawmakers Urge Bush to Shelve Russia Nuclear Deal,” Reuters, May 7, 2008, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-nuclear-russia-usa/lawmakers-urge-bush-to-shelve-russia-nuclear-deal-idUSL0659405920080507.

60 Baker, “The Seduction of George W. Bush.”

61 North Atlantic Treaty Organization, “Bucharest Summit Declaration,” press release, April 3, 2008, https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/official_texts_8443.htm; John J. Mearsheimer, “Getting Ukraine Wrong,” New York Times, March 13, 2014, https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/14/opinion/getting-ukraine-wrong.html.

62 Katusa, The Colder War, 63.

63 Ibid.; Amnesty International, “Civilians in the Line of Fire: The Georgia-Russia Conflict,” November 2008, https://web.archive.org/web/20081212205224/http://amnesty.org/en/library/asset/EUR04/005/2008/en/d9908665-ab55-11dd-a4cd-bfa0fdea9647/eur040052008eng.pdf (the screenshot of the report was captured on December 12, 2008).

64 Mary Beth Nikitin, “U.S.-Russian Civilian Nuclear Cooperation Agreement: Issues for Congress,” Congressional Research Service, January 11, 2011, https://fas.org/sgp/crs/nuke/RL34655.pdf; Thom Shanker and Nicholas Kulish, “Russia Lashes Out on Missile Deal,” New York Times, August 15, 2008, https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/15/world/europe/16poland.html?hp.

65 “Russian Rules Out Any War with U.S.,” New York Times, October 1, 2008, https://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/01/world/europe/01iht-georgia.4.16622086.html.

66 Baker, “The Seduction of George W. Bush.”

67 “Putin Ratifies Law on Formation of Rosatom,” World Nuclear News, December 3, 2007, http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/Articles/Putin-ratifies-law-on-formation-of-Rosatom; Nikitin, “Rosatom State Corporation”; Tatiana Kachalina, “Employee Ownership in Russia: Evolution and Current Status,” in Sharing Ownership, Profits, and Decision-making in the 21st Century (Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing, 2013), 184.

68 Nikitin, “Rosatom State Corporation.”

69 Ibid.; “National Operator for Radioactive Waste Management,” Rosatom, accessed October 16, 2019, https://www.rosatom.ru/en/rosatom-group/back-end/national-operator-for-radioactive-waste-management/.

70 Nikitin, “Rosatom State Corporation.”

71 Oksana Boyko and Darya Pushkova, “Prominent Russians: Sergey Kiriyenko,” Russiapedia, accessed October 16, 2019, https://russiapedia.rt.com/prominent-russians/politics-and-society/sergey-kirienko/; Daisy Sindelar, “Russia: Moscow Seeks to Reignite Nuclear Power Industry,” Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, February 14, 2006, https://www.rferl.org/a/1065754.html; Victor Yasmann, “Russia: Sergei Kiriyenko – Russia’s ‘Kinder Surprise,’” Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, February 15, 2006, https://www.rferl.org/a/1065790.html; Victor Yasmann, “Russia: Moscow’s New Nuclear Strategy,” Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, February 15, 2006, https://www.rferl.org/a/1065789.html.

72 Lucy Martirosyan, “20 Years of Putin in Power: A Timeline,” PRI, January 15, 2020, https://www.pri.org/stories/2019-08-09/20-years-putin-power-timeline; Will Englund and Kathy Lally, “Medvedev Confirms He Will Step Aside for Putin to Return to Russia’s Presidency,” Washington Post, September 24, 2011, https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/dmitry-medvedev-asks-putin-to-run-for-president-of-russia/2011/09/24/gIQAXGwpsK_story.html; Adrian Blomfield, “Dmitry Medvedev Wins Russian Election,” Telegraph, March 3, 2008, https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1580592/Dmitry-Medvedev-wins-Russian-election.html.

73 Katusa, The Colder War, 63.

74 Ian Bremmer, “Putin Won. But Russia Is Losing,” Time, March 22, 2018, https://time.com/5210520/putin-won-but-russia-is-losing/.

75 “The ‘Illegals’: Russian Spies Living in America?,” Week, June 29, 2010, https://theweek.com/articles/493105/illegals-russian-spies-living-america.

76 Peter Foster, “US Isn’t Global Policeman but We Must Lead by Diplomacy – Obama,” Independent.ie, May 28, 2014, https://www.independent.ie/world-news/americas/us-isnt-global-policeman-but-we-must-lead-by-diplomacy-obama-30313633.html.

77 Richard Prince, “In Putin’s Circle, Obama Was the ‘N-Word,’” Root, March 16, 2018, https://journalisms.theroot.com/putins-circle-considered-obama-the-n-word-1823832442.

78 Dan Bilefsky, “Bulgaria, a Russian Ally, Is Left Cold and Angry,” New York Times, January 12, 2009, https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/12/world/europe/12iht-bulgaria.3.19283860.html; Luke Harding and Dan McLaughlin, “Deal to Resume Russian Gas Eludes EU As 11 People Die in Big Freeze-Up,” Guardian, January 10, 2009, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/jan/11/russia-ukraine-gas-supplies-dispute; Simon Pirani, Jonathan Stern, and Katja Yafimava, “The Russo-Ukrainian Gas Dispute of January 2009: A Comprehensive Assessment,” Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, February 2009, https://www.oxfordenergy.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/NG27-TheRussoUkrainianGasDisputeofJanuary2009AComprehensiveAssessment-JonathanSternSimonPiraniKatjaYafimava-2009.pdf.

79 Ibid.

80 Robert Coalson, “Russia Steps Up Cooperation with Breakaway Georgian Regions,” Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, April 30, 2009, https://www.rferl.org/a/Russia_Steps_Up_Cooperation_With_Breakaway_Georgian_Regions/1619281.html.

81 David J. Kramer, “Resetting U.S.-Russian Relations: It Takes Two,” Washington Quarterly 33, no. 1 (2010): 63, https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/01636600903418694; Jesse Lee, “A Hopeful Reset,” Obama White House (archive), speech, July 7, 2009, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/blog/2009/07/07/a-hopeful-reset.

82 Pat Ralph, “What Happened Every Other Time Putin Met with US Presidents,” Business Insider, July 17, 2018, https://www.businessinsider.com/putin-met-obama-bush-trump-clinton-us-presidents-2018-7; I. Lee, “President Barack Obama’s Moscow Speech: President Addresses New Economic School Graduation,” Bydewey.com, July 7, 2009, https://www.bydewey.com/obamamoscowspeech09.html.

83 Ibid.

84 “David J. Kramer,” McCain Institute, accessed October 15, 2019, https://www.mccaininstitute.org/staff/david-j-kramer/; Kramer, “Resetting U.S.-Russian Relations: It Takes Two.”

85 Marc A. Thiessen, “Obama Took Lying to New Heights with the Iran Deal,” Washington Post, June 8, 2018, https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/obama-took-lying-to-new-heights-with-the-iran-deal/2018/06/07/b75f72d2-6a7c-11e8-9e38-24e693b38637_story.html; Lee Smith, The Plot Against the President (New York: Hachette Book Group, 2019), 31-32; Vladimir Frolov, “Why Russia Wants the Iran Nuclear Deal (Op-ed),” Moscow Times, May 8, 2018, https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2018/05/08/why-russia-wants-the-iran-deal-op-ed-a61386; Alla Eshchenko, “Obama, Putin Congratulate Each Other for Iran Deal,” CNN, July 16, 2015, https://www.cnn.com/2015/07/16/politics/obama-putin-iran-nuclear-deal/index.html.

86 Ibid.

Chapter 4

1 “Remarks by President Barack Obama in Prague As Delivered,” Obama White House (archive), press release, April 5, 2009, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/remarks-president-barack-obama-prague-delivered.

2 “Birth of the Atomic Bomb,” Multiwavelength Astronomy, accessed November 1, 2019, http://ecuip.lib.uchicago.edu/multiwavelength-astronomy/gamma-ray/history/.

3 “USEC, Tenex, ConverDyn Sign Agreement on Uranium Shipments to Russia,” Centrus, news release, March 15, 2001, http://investors.centrusenergy.com/news-releases/news-release-details/usec-tenex-converdyn-sign-agreement-uranium-shipments-russia; Opensecrets.org, “Honeywell International: Summary,” profile for all cycles, accessed November 1, 2019, https://www.opensecrets.org/orgs/summary.php?id=D000000334&cycle=A; “Obama’s Crony Capitalism Posts More Pitiful Results,” Washington Examiner, April 22, 2013, https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/examiner-editorial-obamas-crony-capitalism-posts-more-pitiful-results.

4 Ben Smith, “Cashing in on ‘CHANGE,’” Politico, July 16, 2008, https://www.politico.com/blogs/ben-smith/2008/07/cashing-in-on-change-010324.

5 Opensecrets.org, “Client Profile: Honeywell International,” summary, 2008, https://www.opensecrets.org/federal-lobbying/clients/summary?cycle=2008&id=D000000334; Opensecrets.org, “Client Profile: Exelon Corp,” summary, 2009, https://www.opensecrets.org/federal-lobbying/clients/summary?cycle=2009&id=D000000368.

6 Oliver Staley, “All the Benefits Corporate Executives Unlock When They Get Access to the White House,” Quartz, May 3, 2017, https://qz.com/974629/all-the-benefits-ceos-from-companies-like-ge-and-honeywell-hon-unlock-when-they-get-access-to-the-white-house/; Dr. Tom Borelli, “Utility Industry Aids Putin’s Stealth War on US Uranium Mining,” Conservative Review, March 28, 2019, https://www.conservativereview.com/news/utility-industry-aids-putins-stealth-war-u-s-uranium-mining/.

7 Ibid.; Jo Becker and Mike McIntire, “Cash Flowed to Clinton Foundation Amid Russian Uranium Deal,” New York Times, April 23, 2015, https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/24/us/cash-flowed-to-clinton-foundation-as-russians-pressed-for-control-of-uranium-company.html.

8 William J. Broad and David E. Sanger, “Obama’s Youth Shaped His Nuclear-Free Vision,” New York Times, July 4, 2009, https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/05/world/05nuclear.html; Barack Obama, “Breaking the War Mentality,” Sundial, March 10, 1983, http://www.columbia.edu/cu/computinghistory/obama-sundial.pdf.

9 Joint Subcommittee Hearing, U.S. House of Representatives, “Russian Arms Control Cheating: Violation of INF Treaty and the Administration’s Responses One Year Later,” 114th Cong. (2015), on Internet Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20170430153234/https://foreignaffairs.house.gov/hearing/joint-subcommittee-hearing-russian-arms-control-cheating-violation-of-the-inf-treaty-and-the-administrations-responses-one-year-later/ (the screenshot of the site was captured on April 30, 2017); Borelli, “Utility Industry Aids Putin’s Stealth War on US Uranium Mining.”

10 Broad and Sanger, “Obama’s Youth Shaped His Nuclear-Free Vision.”

11 Mara D. Bellaby, “Russia Apologizes to Lugar, Obama After Detention at Airport,” Nwi.com, August 29, 2005, https://www.nwitimes.com/news/state-and-regional/russia-apologizes-to-lugar-obama-after-detention-at-airport/article_39f411de-2421-587e-bcfc-bde7613e546f.html; Jeff Zeleny, “A Foreign Classroom for Junior Senator,” Chicago Tribune, September 23, 2005, https://www.chicagotribune.com/nation-world/chi-0509230360sep23-story.html.

12 Zeleny, “A Foreign Classroom for Junior Senator”; Joint Subcommittee Hearing, U.S. House of Representatives, “Russian Arms Control Cheating: Violation of INF Treaty and the Administration’s Responses One Year Later.”

13 Lucy Martirosyan, “20 Years of Putin in Power: A Timeline,” PRI, January 15, 2020, https://www.pri.org/stories/2019-08-09/20-years-putin-power-timeline; Adrian Blomfield, “Dmitry Medvedev Wins Russian Election,” Telegraph, March 3, 2008, https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1580592/Dmitry-Medvedev-wins-Russian-election.html; Will Englund and Kathy Lally, “Medvedev Confirms He Will Step Aside for Putin to Return to Russia’s Presidency,” Washington Post, September 24, 2011, https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/dmitry-medvedev-asks-putin-to-run-for-president-of-russia/2011/09/24/gIQAXGwpsK_story.html.

14 Sam Savage, “Latvian Commentary Says Recognition of Abkhazia, S Ossetia Hurts Russia,” RedOrbit, August 28, 2008, https://www.redorbit.com/news/international/1536309/latvian_commentary_says_recognition_of_abkhazia_s_ossetia_hurts_russia/; Englund and Lally, “Medvedev Confirms He Will Step Aside for Putin to Return to Russia’s Presidency”; Hillary Rodham Clinton, Hard Choices (London: Simon and Schuster, 2014), 222.

15 Mark Tran, Julian Borger, and Ian Traynor, “EU Threatens Sanctions Against Russia,” Guardian, August 28, 2008, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/aug/28/eu.russia; Brookings Institution, “The Brookings Foreign Policy Studies Energy Security Series: The Russian Federation,” October 2006, https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/2006russia.pdf.

16 Mark Landler, “How Hillary Clinton Became a Hawk,” New York Times, April 21, 2016, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/24/magazine/how-hillary-clinton-became-a-hawk.html; Ognyan Minchev, “Why Russia Distrusts America,” Real Clear World, June 27, 2012, https://www.realclearworld.com/2012/06/27/why_russia_distrusts_america_137477.html; Erick Erickson, “Barack Obama’s Post-Modern Liberal Syllogisms Keep Falling Apart,” RedState, December 27, 2009, https://www.redstate.com/diary/erick/2009/12/27/barack-obamas-post-modern-liberal-syllogisms-keep-falling-apart/; Salena Zito, “Elite Democrats Lose,” Real Clear Politics, April 20, 2008, https://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2008/04/elite_democrats_historically_los.html; John Cassidy, “What Kind of Liberal Is Obama? An Increasingly Crafty One,” New Yorker, January 22, 2013, https://www.newyorker.com/news/john-cassidy/what-kind-of-liberal-is-obama-an-increasingly-crafty-one; Douglas Perry, “Hillary Clinton’s ‘Goldwater Girl’ Days Unnerve Progressives, Fail to Convince Republicans,” Oregonian, September 16, 2016, https://www.oregonlive.com/history/2016/09/hillary_clintons_goldwater_gir.html.

17 Toby Harnden, “Barack Obama: ‘Arrogant US Has Been Dismissive’ to Allies,” Telegraph, April 3, 2009, https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/barackobama/5100338/Barack-Obama-arrogant-US-has-been-dismissive-to-allies.html.

18 Gordon Lubold, “Obama Says U.S. Will No Longer Be the World’s Policeman,” Foreign Policy, May 28, 2014, https://foreignpolicy.com/2014/05/28/obama-says-u-s-will-no-longer-be-the-worlds-policeman/; Ryan Lizza, “Leading from Behind,” New Yorker, April 26, 2011, https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/leading-from-behind.

19 David Remnick, The Bridge: The Life and Rise of Barack Obama (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2010), 81, 125-126; Eric Lipton, “Ties to Obama Aided in Access for Big Utility,” New York Times, August 22, 2012, https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/23/us/politics/ties-to-obama-aided-in-access-for-exelon-corporation.html.

20 U.S. Mission to International Organizations in Geneva, “Geneva Press Briefing by Secretary of State Clinton and Foreign Minister Lavrov,” March 6, 2009, https://geneva.usmission.gov/2009/03/06/clintonlavrov/.

21 Jim Geraghty, “The Infamous ‘Reset’ Button: Stolen from a Hotel Pool or Jacuzzi,” National Review, March 3, 2014, https://www.nationalreview.com/the-campaign-spot/infamous-reset-button-stolen-hotel-pool-or-jacuzzi-jim-geraghty/; Eli Lake, “Russia Uses Dirty Tricks Despite U.S. ‘Reset,’” Washington Times, August 4, 2011, https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2011/aug/4/russia-uses-dirty-tricks-despite-us-reset/.

22 Jill Dougherty, “Clinton ‘Reset Button’ Gift to Russian FM Gets Lost in Translation,” Political Ticker (blog), March 6, 2009, http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2009/03/06/clinton-reset-button-gift-to-russian-fm-gets-lost-in-translation/.

23 Abby Ohlheiser, “A Not-So-Brief List of All the Things President Obama Has Bowed to,” Atlantic, April 24, 2014, https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2014/04/a-not-so-brief-list-of-all-the-things-president-obama-has-bowed-to/361160/.

24 Robert M. Gates, Duty: Memoirs of a Secretary at War (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2014), 261; Associated Press, “Russian Spies Receive Top Honours.”

25 Gates, Duty, 261.

26 Ibid.

27 “Suspected Russian Spies Charged in US,” BBC News, June 29, 2010, https://www.bbc.com/news/10442223; Seamus Bruner, Compromised (New York: Post Hill Press, 2018), 16, 59, 65.

28 Gates, Duty, 261.

29 Ibid.

30 Ibid.; Bruner, Compromised, 65.

31 Gates, Duty, 261.

32 Ibid.

33 Ibid.; Associated Press, “Russian Spies Receive Top Honours,” Guardian, October 19, 2010, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/oct/19/russian-spies-receive-top-honours; Shaun Walker, “The Russian Spy Who Posed As a Canadian for More Than 20 Years,” Guardian, August 23, 2019, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/aug/23/russian-spy-elena-vavilova-posed-as-a-canadian-estate-agent-for-over-20-years.

34 Associated Press, “Russian Spies Receive Top Honours”; Edecio Martinez, “Anna Chapman (PICTURES): Who Is the Russian “Femme Fatale”?,” CBS News, June 30, 2010, https://www.cbsnews.com/news/anna-chapman-pictures-who-is-the-russian-femme-fatale/.

35 Associated Press, “Russian Spies Receive Top Honours”; “Elena Vavilova: Writer, Speaker, and Ex-Spy,” Elenavavilova.ru, accessed on October 29, 2019.

36 Tom Parfitt, “Vladimir Putin Consoles Exposed Russian Spies with ‘Singalong,’” Guardian, July 25, 2010, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jul/25/vladimir-putin-russian-spy-ring.

37 Monica Showalter, “Putincide? Quite a Few Russian Diplomats Meeting Untimely Ends,” American Thinker, February 27, 2017, https://www.americanthinker.com/blog/2017/02/putincide_quite_a_few_russian_diplomats_meeting_untimely_ends.html; Former National Intelligence Council Chairman Fritz Ermarth, interview with author.

38 Ken Dilanian, “Obama Scraps Bush Missile-Defense Plan,” ABC News, September 17, 2009, https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/obama-scraps-bush-missile-defense-plan/story?id=8604357.

39 “Russia’s Western Neighbours: Ukraine Comes to the Forefront,” Economist, September 11, 2008, https://www.economist.com/taxonomy/term/122?page=35.

40 David J. Kramer, “Resetting U.S.-Russian Relations: It Takes Two,” Washington Quarterly 33, no. 1 (2010): 65-68, https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/01636600903418694; Thom Shanker and Nicholas Kulish, “U.S. and Poland Set Missile Deal,” New York Times, August 14, 2008, https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/15/world/europe/15poland.html; Gates, Duty, 254.

41 Peter Baker, “Obama Offered Deal to Russia in Secret Letter,” New York Times, March 2, 2009, https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/03/washington/03prexy.html; “Obama Explains Medvedev Missile Letter,” YouTube video, posted by “Themantesdotcom,” March 3, 2009, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bg2rBa7miqI.

42 Gates, Duty, 256-257.

43 Ibid., 254-256.

44 Central Intelligence Agency, “Biography of Mr. Robert M. Gates,” August 19, 2011, https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP90G00152R000801530018-4.pdf.

45 “Timeline: Missile Defense, 1944-2002,” Frontline, PBS, accessed October 14, 2019, https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/missile/etc/cron.html.

46 “Robert M. Gates Oral History,” Miller Center, transcript, July 23-24, 2000, https://millercenter.org/the-presidency/presidential-oral-histories/robert-m-gates-deputy-director-central.

47 “Timeline: Missile Defense, 1944-2002.”

48 Gates, Duty, 104, 254; “Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI),” Atomic Heritage Foundation, July 18, 2018, https://www.atomicheritage.org/history/strategic-defense-initiative-sdi.

49 Michael Frane, “Providing Adequate Funding for Defense,” Heritage Foundation, January 24, 2007, https://www.heritage.org/defense/commentary/providing-adequate-funding-defense; Baker Spring, “Clinton’s Failed Missile Defense Policy: A Legacy of Missed Opportunities,” Heritage Foundation, September 21, 2000, https://www.heritage.org/defense/report/clintons-failed-missile-defense-policy-legacy-missedopportunities.

50 Gates, Duty, 104, 254; “Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI),” Atomic Heritage Foundation.

51 Gates, Duty, 254.

52 Terence Neilan, “Bush Pulls Out of ABM Treaty; Putin Calls Move a Mistake,” New York Times, December 13, 2001, https://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/13/international/bush-pulls-out-of-abm-treaty-putin-calls-move-a-mistake.html; World Freedom Foundation, Vladimir Putin – Direct Speech Without Cuts: Russian Strategy for Winning the Geopolitical Game (Int’l Business Publications: 2015), 168; Cadence Quaranta, “Former U.S. Ambassador to Russia Michael McFaul Says U.S. and Russia Are Not Natural Enemies,” Daily Northwestern, May 17, 2019, https://dailynorthwestern.com/2019/05/17/campus/former-u-s-ambassador-to-russia-michael-mcfaul-says-u-s-and-russia-are-not-natural-enemies/; Amber Phillips, “18 Not-So-Nice Things U.S. Politicians Have Said about Vladimir Putin,” Washington Post, June 10, 2015, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2015/06/10/from-honest-to-killer-u-s-leaders-have-said-many-disparate-things-about-putin/.

53 “President Obama’s Remarks in Turkey,” New York Times, April 6, 2009, https://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/06/us/politics/06obama-text.html; “Barack Obama Tells Muslims ‘Americans Are Not Your Enemy,’” Telegraph, January 27, 2009, https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/barackobama/4354579/Barack-Obama-tells-Muslims-Americans-are-not-your-enemy.html.

54 Nile Gardiner and Morgan Lorraine Roach, “Barack Obama’s Top 10 Apologies: How the President Has Humiliated a Superpower,” Heritage Foundation, June 2, 2009, https://www.heritage.org/node/14384/print-display; “Obama’s G20 Press Conference,” CBS News, transcript, April 2, 2009, https://www.cbsnews.com/news/transcript-obamas-g20-press-conference/.

55 Jaime Sneider, “Obama’s Missing Thesis,” Washington Examiner, July 25, 2008, https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/weekly-standard/obamas-missing-thesis; Broad and Sanger, “Obama’s Youth Shaped His Nuclear-Free Vision”; Obama, “Breaking the War Mentality”; Joby Warrick, “Obama’s Policy on Iran Bears Some Fruit but Nuclear Program Still Advances,” Washington Post, September 24, 2012, https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/obamas-policy-on-iran-bears-some-fruit-but-nuclear-program-still-advances/2012/09/24/f51f9a04-fc21-11e1-a31e-804fccb658f9_story.html; Jacqueline Cabasso, “Atoms for Peace, Then and Now,” Western States Legal Foundation, Summer 2012, http://www.wslfweb.org/docs/atomsforpeace2012.pdf.

56 Cabasso, “Atoms for Peace, Then and Now”; Emily B. Landau and Azriel Bermant, “The Nuclear Nonproliferation Regime at a Crossroads,” Institute for National Security Studies, Memo No. 137, May 2014,https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/180773/memo137%20(5)_May%2020.pdf; Alexander Mooney, “Obama Says Time to Rid World of Nuclear Weapons,” CNN, accessed November 2, 2019, https://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/07/16/obama.speech/;

57 U.S. Department of Defense, “New START Treaty: Executive Summary,” Active Strategic Treaties, accessed October 14, 2019, https://www.acq.osd.mil/tc/nst/NSTexecsum.htm.

58 Gates, Duty, 259.

59 Mary Beth Nikitin, “U.S.-Russian Civilian Nuclear Cooperation Agreement: Issues for Congress,” Congressional Research Service, January 11, 2011, https://fas.org/sgp/crs/nuke/RL34655.pdf; U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, “Nuclear Regulatory Legislation,” 112th Cong. (September 2013), https://www.nrc.gov/docs/ML1327/ML13274A489.pdf.

60 Nikitin, “U.S.-Russian Civilian Nuclear Cooperation Agreement: Issues for Congress”; Holly Ellyatt, “Russia Is Still Occupying 20% of Our Country, Georgia’s Prime Minister Says,” CNBC, January 22, 2019, https://www.cnbc.com/2019/01/22/russia-is-still-occupying-20percent-of-our-country-georgias-leader-says.html.

61 “The U.S.-Russian Agreement for Peaceful Nuclear Cooperation,” Nuclear Threat Initiative, June 22, 2010, https://www.nti.org/analysis/articles/us-russian-peaceful-cooperation/; Nikitin, “U.S.-Russian Civilian Nuclear Cooperation Agreement: Issues for Congress.”

62 “Russian Spent Nuclear Fuel,” Nuclear Threat Initiative, February 1, 2003, https://www.nti.org/analysis/articles/russian-spent-nuclear-fuel/; “The U.S.-Russian Agreement for Peaceful Nuclear Cooperation.”

63 Bureau of Public Affairs, “The Agreement Between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the Russian Federation… (U.S.-Russia 123 Agreement),” U.S. Department of State, press release, January 12, 2011, https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2011/01/154318.htm; Zeba Reyahzuddin, e-mail message to Nathan P. Lane, “CFIUS Certification to Congress,” U.S. Department of State, November 4, 2010; Jessica Kwong, “Russia Routed Millions to Influence Clinton in Uranium Deal, Informant Tells Congress,” Newsweek, February 8, 2018, https://www.newsweek.com/russia-routed-millions-influence-clinton-uranium-deal-informant-tells-congress-801686.

64 Lake, “Russia Uses Dirty Tricks Despite U.S. ‘Reset’”; John R. Schindler, “Hillary’s Secret Kremlin Connection Is Quickly Unraveling,” Observer, August 25, 2016, https://observer.com/2016/08/hillarys-secret-kremlin-connection-is-quickly-unraveling/; Andrew C. McCarthy, “The Obama Administration’s Uranium One Scandal,” National Review, October 21, 2017, https://www.nationalreview.com/2017/10/uranium-one-deal-obama-administration-doj-hillary-clinton-racketeering/; Benjamin Haddad and Alina Polyakova, “Don’t Rehabilitate Obama on Russia,” Brookings Institution, March 5, 2018, https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2018/03/05/dont-rehabilitate-obama-on-russia/.

65 Ibid.

66 John Judis, “Creation Myth,” New Republic, September 10, 2008, https://carnegieendowment.org/2008/09/10/creation-myth-pub-20444; Remnick, The Bridge, 40.

67 Broad and Sanger, “Obama’s Youth Shaped His Nuclear-Free Vision”; Jeremy Kuzmaro, Obama’s Unending Wars: Fronting the Foreign Policy of the Permanent Warfare State (Atlanta: Clarity Press, 2019).

68 Sneider, “Obama’s Missing Thesis.”

69 Obama, “Breaking the War Mentality”; Jonah Goldberg, “Obama in Denial on Russia,” National Review, March 6, 2014, https://www.nationalreview.com/2014/03/obama-denial-russia-jonah-goldberg/.

70 Remnick, The Bridge, 76.

71 “U.S. Public Interest Research Group (US-PIRG),” Influence Watch, accessed October 23, 2019, https://www.influencewatch.org/non-profit/u-s-public-interest-research-group/; “About Us,” U.S. PIRG, accessed October 23, 2019, https://uspirg.org/page/usp/about-us-pirg-0.

72 Remnick, The Bridge, 76.

73 Ibid., 76, 80-82, 86.

74 Ibid., 80-82.

75 Ibid., 81-83.

76 Lipton, “Ties to Obama Aided in Access for Big Utility”; Remnick, The Bridge, 81.

77 Kimberley A. Strassel, “Obama and the Chicago Machine,” Wall Street Journal, July 9, 2010, https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704111704575355222465098664.

78 Remnick, The Bridge, 125-126.

79 Ibid., 81, 126; James Warren, “Rahm the Screwup,” Politico, April 8, 2015, https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2015/04/rahm-emanuel-election-chicago-116765.

80 Lachlan Markay, “Obama Hails Green Energy Profit Potential at Environmental Business Summit,” Washington Free Beacon, August 25, 2015, https://freebeacon.com/issues/obama-hails-green-energy-profit-potential-at-environmental-business-summit/.

81 Remnick, The Bridge, 59, 73, 83.

82 Ibid., 64, 123, 126; Binyamin Appelbaum, “Obama Haunted by Friend’s Help Securing Dream House,” Boston.com (archive), March 16, 2008, http://archive.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2008/03/16/obama_haunted_by_friends_help_securing_dream_house/; Bob Goldsborough, “Obama Foundation CEO Buys Kenwood House Near Barack Obama’s for $900,000,” Hartford Courant, June 22, 2018, https://www.courant.com/ct-re-elite-street-david-simas-20180622-story.html.

83 Appelbaum, “Obama Haunted by Friend’s Help Securing Dream House”; Brian Ross and Rhonda Schwartz, “The Rezko Connection: Obama’s Achilles Heel?,” ABC News, January 9, 2008, https://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/rezko-connection-obamas-achilles-heel/story?id=4111483.

84 Appelbaum, “Obama Haunted by Friend’s Help Securing Dream House”; Remnick, The Bridge, 146-147.

85 Appelbaum, “Obama Haunted by Friend’s Help Securing Dream House”; Tim Novak, “Broken Promises, Broken Homes,” Chicago Sun Times, on Internet Archive, April 24, 2007, https://web.archive.org/web/20080324131917/http://www.suntimes.com/news/metro/355099,cst-nws-rez24a.article (the screenshot of the site was captured on Mach 24, 2008).

86 Andrew Stern, “One-time Obama Fundraiser Guilty in Corruption Trial,” Reuters, June 4, 2008, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-crime-rezko/one-time-obama-fundraiser-guilty-in-corruption-trial-idUSN0539204420080605; “Tony Rezko Gets 10½ Years,” NBC Chicago, November 22, 2011, https://www.nbcchicago.com/blogs/ward-room/Tony-Rezko-Gets-10-and-a-Half-Years-134329878.html; Patrick J. Fitzgerald, “Businessman and Political Fundraiser Antoin Rezko Indicted in Two Fraud Cases, Including Scheme to Extort Millions of Dollars from Firms Seeking Teachers’ Pension Fund Investments,” U.S. Department of Justice, press release, October 11, 2006, https://www.justice.gov/archive/usao/iln/chicago/2006/pr1011_01.pdf; Mike Parker, Dana Kozlov, and the Associated Press, “Jury Finds Tony Rezko Guilty on 16 of 24 Charges,” CBS2 Chicago, on Internet Archive, June 4, 2008, https://web.archive.org/web/20080605063726/http://cbs2chicago.com/local/rezko.trial.verdict.2.740375.html (the screenshot of the site was captured on June 5, 2008); Ray Long and Rick Pearson, “Impeached Illinois Gov. Rod Blagojevich Has Been Removed from Office,” Chicago Tribune, January 30, 2009, https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/chi-blagojevich-impeachment-removal-story.html.

87 Ibid.

88 “Exelon Generation: Nuclear,” Exelon, accessed November 1, 2019, https://www.exeloncorp.com/companies/exelon-generation/nuclear; Thomas Heath and Aaron C. Davis, “D.C. Regulators Give Green Light to Pepco-Exelon Merger, Creating Largest Utility in the Nation,” Washington Post, March 23, 2016, https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/dc-politics/in-a-surprise-move-dc-regulators-give-green-light-to-pepco-exelon-merger/2016/03/23/4ace2bc0-f10e-11e5-89c3-a647fcce95e0_story.html.

89 U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, “Operating Nuclear Power Reactors,” accessed November 2, 2019, https://www.nrc.gov/info-finder/reactors/; “Nuclear Share of Electricity Generation in 2018,” International Atomic Energy Agency, last updated February 29, 2020, https://pris.iaea.org/PRIS/WorldStatistics/NuclearShareofElectricityGeneration.aspx; Ed Lasky, “The President’s Utility: Crony Capitalism in Chicago Turns “Green” into Greenbacks,” Capital Research Center, September 10, 2013, https://capitalresearch.org/article/14995/; “Nuclear Power in the European Union,” World Nuclear Association, last updated February 2020, https://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/others/european-union.aspx.

90 Ibid.; “Exelon Generation: Nuclear”; “Powering a Cleaner and Brighter Future for Our Customers and Communities,” Exelon, 2018 Summary Annual Report, https://www.exeloncorp.com/company/Documents/Exelon-Annual-Report-2018.pdf; “About Exelon: America’s Leading Energy Power,” Exelon, accessed November 1, 2019, https://www.exeloncorp.com/company/about-exelon.

91 Stacie Babula, “Clinton Backs Deregulation * Large Power Providers Divided on How to Promote Nationwide Measure,” Morning Call, April 16, 1999, https://www.mcall.com/news/mc-xpm-1999-04-16-3255468-story.html.

92 Leonard S. Hyman, “The Best Laid Schemes…,” mThink, accessed November 1, 2019, https://mthink.com/legacy/www.utilitiesproject.com/content/pdf/UTP2_wp_hyman.pdf; Lucas W. Davis and Catherine Wolfram, “Deregulation, Consolidation, and Efficiency: Evidence from U.S. Nuclear Power,” Stanford University, August 2011, https://web.stanford.edu/group/SITE/archive/SITE_2011/2011_segment_6/2011_segment_6_papers/wolfram.pdf; W.M. Warwick, “A Primer on Electric Utilities, Deregulation, and Restructuring of U.S. Electricity Markets,” Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy Federal Energy Management Program, July 2000, https://www.pnnl.gov/main/publications/external/technical_reports/PNNL-13906.pdf; Travis Hoium, “Why Consolidation is the Name of the Game in the Utility Space,” Motley Fool, June 4, 2016, https://www.fool.com/investing/2016/06/04/why-consolidation-is-the-name-of-the-game-in-the-u.aspx.

93 “Exelon Executive Wins Lifetime Achievement Award for Contributions to the Energy Industry,” Exelon, December 3, 2010, https://www.exeloncorp.com/newsroom/Pages/pr_20101203_EXC_MolerLifetimeAchievement.aspx; United States Securities and Exchange Commission, Form 8-K, Exelon Corporation, June 20, 2002, https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/22606/000095015902000382/ex99-7.txt; Eamon Javers, “How Rahm Got Rich,” Politico, November 19, 2008, https://www.politico.com/story/2008/11/how-rahm-got-rich-015760.

94 Javers, “How Rahm Got Rich”; Curtis Black, “Chicago’s Violence Tied to Policies of Rahm’s Past,” Chicago Reporter, April 23, 2014, https://www.chicagoreporter.com/chicagos-violence-tied-policies-rahms-past/; Lasky, “The President’s Utility.”

95 Javers, “How Rahm Got Rich.”

96 Michael Luo, “In Banking, Emanuel Made Money and Connections,” New York Times, December 3, 2008, https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/04/us/politics/04emanuel.html.

97 Ibid.; Remnick, The Bridge.

98 Javers, “How Rahm Got Rich.”

99 “Order No. 888,” Federal Energy Regulatory Commission; “Order No. 888,” Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, issued April 24, 1996, https://www.ferc.gov/legal/maj-ord-reg/land-docs/rm95-8-00w.txt; “Order No. 889,” Federal Energy Regulatory Commission; “Order No. 889,” Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, issued April 24, 1996, https://www.ferc.gov/legal/maj-ord-reg/land-docs/rm95-9-00k.txt; Martha M. Hamilton, “Clinton to Offer Plan to Deregulate Power,” Washington Post, March 25, 1998, https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/govt/admin/stories/pena032598.htm; “Energy Incentives Reborn: Deregulation Driven Funding for Energy-Efficiency Strategies,” GreenBiz, May 13, 2002, https://www.greenbiz.com/news/2002/05/13/energy-incentives-reborn-deregulation-driven-funding-energy-efficiency-strategies; Javers, “How Rahm Got Rich.”

100 Javers, “How Rahm Got Rich”; “ComEd, Peco Expect Rapid Merger Review,” Natural Gas Intelligence, November 29, 1999, https://www.naturalgasintel.com/articles/94299-comed-peco-expect-rapid-merger-review.

101 “Dresdner Buys Wasserstein,” CNN Money, September 18, 2000, https://money.cnn.com/2000/09/18/deals/dresdner_wasserstein/index.htm; Javers, “How Rahm Got Rich”; “Dresdner Closes Its Acquisition of U.S. Firm Wasserstein Perella,” Wall Street Journal, January 5, 2001, https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB978639345602612988; United States Securities and Exchange Commission, Form 8-K, Exelon Corporation, October 26, 2006, https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/78100/000095013706011523/c09463e8vk.htm; Edward A. Weihman, “Gasification Technologies 2004” (presentation, Washington, DC, October 3-6, 2004), https://www.globalsyngas.org/uploads/eventLibrary/15WEIH.pdf.

102 Ibid.; David Crawford, “Dresdner’s Man in Russia,” Wall Street Journal, April 26, 2005, https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB111446508809216383.

103 Kathy Bergen, “One Year In: Mayor Rahm Emanuel Tightens Ties with Business,” Chicago Tribune, May 14, 2012, https://www.chicagotribune.com/business/ct-xpm-2012-05-14-ct-biz-0511-rahm-business-20120514-story.html; Aaron Cynic, “Rahm’s Email Dump Pulls Back the Curtain on Top Donor Interests,” Chicagoist, December 22, 2016, https://chicagoist.com/2016/12/22/emanuels_emails_reveal_interests_of.php; Michael Dobbs, “Obama’s ‘Backroom Deal’?,” Washington Post, February 14, 2008, http://voices.washingtonpost.com/fact-checker/2008/02/obamas_backroom_deal.html; Lipton, “Ties to Obama Aided in Access for Big Utility”; Lasky, “The President’s Utility”; Mike McIntire, “Nuclear Leaks and Response Tested Obama in Senate,” New York Times, February 3, 2008, https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/03/us/politics/03exelon.html?_r=1&hp&oref=slogin.

104 Lasky, “The President’s Utility.”

105 Ibid.

106 Ibid.; Rich Miller, “Rate Freeze Updates…UPDATE: Forby Shafted by Jones,” Capitol Fax, April 20, 2007, https://capitolfax.com/wp-mobile.php?p=3465&more=1; “ECON, ComEd Rate Increases,” Proviso Probe (blog), September 15, 2006, http://provisoprobe.blogspot.com/2006/09/econ-comed-rate-increases.html; Crystal Yednak, “ComEd Is Behind ‘Consumer’ Warning,” Chicago Tribune, on Internet Archive, January 5, 2007, https://web.archive.org/web/20070228000945/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-0701050175jan05,0,719876,print.story (the screenshot of the site was captured on February 28, 2007).

107 “Exelon Corp,” LittleSis, accessed November 1, 2019, https://littlesis.org/org/283561-Exelon_Corporation/political; Eric Lipton, “Ties to Obama Aided in Access for Big Utility.”

108 “Christopher M. Crane,” LittleSis, profile, accessed November 1, 2019, https://littlesis.org/person/2840-Christopher_M_Crane/political; Lasky, “The President’s Utility”; Opensecrets.org, “Barack Obama’s Bundlers,” accessed November 1, 2019, https://www.opensecrets.org/pres12/bundlers.php.

109 Robert Sam Anson, “Obama’s Power Grid,” Vanity Fair, October 13, 2011, https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2011/10/obama-nuclear-201110; Opensecrets.org, “Barack Obama (D),” accessed November 1, 2019, https://www.opensecrets.org/pres08/bundlers.php?id=N00009638; “Frank M. Clark,” LittleSis, accessed November 1, 2019, https://littlesis.org/person/2333-Frank_M_Clark/political; Steve Daniels, “ComEd CEO Frank Clark Sets Retirement,” Crain’s Chicago Business, September 8, 2011, https://www.chicagobusiness.com/article/20110908/NEWS11/110909911/comed-ceo-frank-clark-sets-retirement.

110 Eloise Harper and Tahman Bradley, “Clinton Accuses Obama of Cutting Deals with Contributor,” ABC News, April 14, 2009, https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/Vote2008/story?id=4275897&page=1; “Irony Alert: Clinton Criticized Obama over Backroom Nuclear Deals in 2008,” Week, April 27, 2015, https://theweek.com/speedreads/551824/irony-alert-clinton-criticized-obama-over-backroom-nuclear-deals-2008; Dobbs, “Obama’s ‘Backroom Deal’?”

111 “Illinois Sues Exelon for Radioactive Tritium Releases Since 1996,” Environment News Service, March 21, 2006, http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/mar2006/2006-03-21-02.asp.

112 Dobbs, “Obama’s ‘Backroom Deal’?”; Robyn Monaghan, “Exelon’s Cover-up,” Daily Journal, January 29, 2006, https://www.daily-journal.com/news/local/exelon-s-cover-up/article_64b1d6b7-2616-59d7-95e5-d009746fcd0f.html.

113 Dobbs, “Obama’s ‘Backroom Deal’?”

114 McIntire, “Nuclear Leaks and Response Tested Obama in Senate”; Taylor Marsh, “Obama Hearts Nuke Giant Exelon,” Huffington Post, February 4, 2008, https://www.huffpost.com/entry/obama-hearts-nuke-giant-e_b_84824; Dobbs, “Obama’s ‘Backroom Deal’?”

115 “Irony Alert: Clinton Criticized Obama over Backroom Nuclear Deals in 2008”; Lisa Lerer, “Obamamania Verges on Obsession,” Politico, February 20, 2008, https://www.politico.com/story/2008/02/obamamania-verges-on-obsession-008605; Becker and McIntire, “Cash Flowed to Clinton Foundation Amid Russian Uranium Deal”; McCarthy, “The Obama Administration’s Uranium One Scandal.”

116 LD-2 lobbying disclosure form for Exelon Business Services, LLC, for 2008, quarter 4, https://soprweb.senate.gov/index.cfm?event=getFilingDetails&filingID=1BF930B1-826B-4A68-9A87-B83A07DA0F7D&filingTypeID=78.

117 Opensecrets.org, “Client Profile: Exelon Corp.”

118 Lasky, “The President’s Utility.”

119 Lipton, “Ties to Obama Aided in Access for Big Utility.”

120 Ibid.; Nancy Pfotenhauer, “Solyndra, Cronyism, and Double-Dipping on the Taxpayers’ Dime,” U.S. News, July 23, 2012, https://www.usnews.com/opinion/blogs/nancy-pfotenhauer/2012/07/23/solyndra-cronyism-and-double-dipping-on-the-taxpayers-dime-; Lasky, “The President’s Utility”; Charles Herrick, “President Obama’s War on Coal? Some Historical Perspective,” Issues XXXIV, no. 2 (Winter 2018), https://issues.org/real-numbers-president-obamas-war-on-coal/.

121 Deborah Zabarenko, “Rift at U.S. Chamber of Commerce over Climate Change,” Reuters, September 30, 2009, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-climate-usa-commerce/rift-at-u-s-chamber-of-commerce-over-climate-change-idUSTRE58S5XH20090930; “NRG Energy, Inc. Joins United States Climate Action Partnership,” Business Wire, press release, July 18, 2007, https://investors.nrg.com/node/10911/pdf.

122 Pfotenhauer, “Solyndra, Cronyism, and Double-Dipping on the Taxpayers’ Dime”; Kellan Howell and Stephen Dinan, “Solyndra Misled Government to Get $535M Solar Project Loan: Report,” Washington Times, August 26, 2015, https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/aug/26/solyndra-misled-government-get-535-million-solar-p/; Kristen Lombardi, “Stimulus Recipient, Polluter Gives Dems $10 Million Credit Line,” Public Integrity, March 17, 2011, https://publicintegrity.org/politics/stimulus-recipient-polluter-gives-dems-10-million-credit-line/.

123 Charles Digges, “Russia Secures America’s Exelon As Its Fourth Customer in Growing Number of Commercial Uranium Deals,” Bellona, June 9, 2009, https://bellona.org/news/nuclear-issues/radioactive-waste-and-spent-nuclear-fuel/2009-06-russia-secures-americas-exelon-as-its-fourth-customer-in-growing-number-of-commercial-uranium-deals; “Exelon Corp Signs Uranium Supply Deal with Russia,” Reuters, June 3, 2009, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-exelon-russia-uranium-idUSTRE5522VB20090603; “Exelon and Tenex Sign Long-Term Enrichment Contract in Edinburgh During WNFM,” Tenex, February 6, 2009, https://tenex.ru/en/media-center/news/exelon-and-tenex-sign-long-term-enrichment-contract-in-edinburgh-during-wnfm/.

124 Anson, “Obama’s Power Grid.”

125 U.S. International Trade Commission, “Uranium from Russia,” Investigation No. 731-TA-539-C, February 2012, https://www.usitc.gov/publications/701_731/pub4307.pdf; Techsnabexport v. United States, 515 F. Supp. 2d 1363 (Ct. Intl. Trade 2007), https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/818162/techsnabexport-v-united-states/.

126 Ibid.

127 Borelli, “Utility Industry Aids Putin’s Stealth War on US Uranium Mining.”

128 Keith B. Payne and Mark B. Schneider, “The Nuclear Treaty Russia Won’t Stop Violating,” Wall Street Journal, February 11, 2014, https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-nuclear-treaty-russia-won8217t-stop-violating-1392166706; Becker and McIntire, “Cash Flowed to Clinton Foundation Amid Russian Uranium Deal”; Samuel Charap, “Obama’s Russia Reset Is Crucial for European Security,” Guardian, November 18, 2010, https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/cifamerica/2010/nov/18/barack-obama-russia-reset-european-security; Polina Sinovets, “Why Russia Undermines the Norm of Nuclear Disarmament,” PONARS Eurasia, Memo No. 305, December 2013, http://www.ponarseurasia.org/memo/why-russia-undermines-norm-nuclear-disarmament.

129 U.S. International Trade Commission, “Uranium from Russia.”

130 Dmitry Sudakov, “Russian Nuclear Energy Conquers the World,” Pravda.ru, January 22, 2013, https://www.pravdareport.com/russia/123551-russia_nuclear_energy/.

131 Steve Gutterman, “U.S.-Russian Civilian Nuclear Deal Boosts,” Reuters, January 11, 2011, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-usa-nuclear/u-s-russian-civilian-nuclear-deal-boosts-reset-idUSTRE70A5LB20110111; Borelli, “Utility Industry Aids Putin’s Stealth War on US Uranium Mining.”

132 U.S. International Trade Commission, “Uranium from Russia”; Ben Goldey, “50 Members of Congress and Stakeholders Urge the President to Make American Uranium Great Again,” Congressional Western Caucus, press release, July 12, 2019, https://westerncaucus.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID=3082; Ana Swanson, “Trump Backs Away from Barriers on Foreign Uranium,” New York Times, July 13, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/13/us/politics/trump-uranium-trade.html.

133 Ibid.; Borelli, “Utility Industry Aids Putin’s Stealth War on US Uranium Mining.”

134 Lynn Sweet, “Obama Foundation First Corporate Donors: Exelon, Microsoft Give $1 Mil,” Chicago Sun Times, July 14, 2017, https://chicago.suntimes.com/2017/7/14/18350402/obama-foundation-first-corporate-donors-exelon-microsoft-give-1-mil; Manya Brachear Pashman, “Exelon, Microsoft Among Latest Donors to Obama Foundation,” Chicago Tribune, July 14, 2017, https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/obama-center/ct-obama-foundation-donors-met-0714-20170714-story.html.

135 Ibid.; “Contributors,” Obama.org, accessed November 2, 2019, https://www.obama.org/contributors/; Diana Stancy Correll, “Obama Delivers Speech to Boeing After $10M Donation Made to His Presidential Center,” Washington Examiner, January 28, 2019, https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/obama-delivers-speech-to-boeing-after-10m-donation-made-to-his-presidential-center.

136 Charles D’agata, “Putin’s Poll Numbers Plummet, But He’s Still on Top,” CBS News, December 16, 2011, https://www.cbsnews.com/news/putins-poll-numbers-plummet-but-hes-still-on-top/; Joshua Keating, “Vova and Dima 4eva?,” Foreign Policy, September 16, 2019, https://foreignpolicy.com/slideshow/vova-and-dima-4eva/.

137 Clinton, Hard Choices, 222.

138 Gates, Duty, 259.

139 “Obama Tells Russia’s Medvedev More Flexibility After Election,” Reuters, March 26, 2012, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-nuclear-summit-obama-medvedev/obama-tells-russias-medvedev-more-flexibility-after-election-idUSBRE82P0JI20120326; Jillian Rayfield, “Obama: The ‘80s Called, They Want Their Foreign Policy Back,” Salon, October 23, 2012, https://www.salon.com/2012/10/23/obama_the_80s_called_they_want_their_foreign_policy_back/.

140 “Barack Obama: The Changes of the Human Spirit Make This World a Better Place,” Russia House, August 4, 2011, http://russiahouse.org/current_news.php?language=eng&id_current=91.

141 Haddad and Polyakova, “Don’t Rehabilitate Obama on Russia”; Lake, “Russia Uses Dirty Tricks Despite U.S. ‘Reset.’”

142 Harnden, “Barack Obama: ‘Arrogant US Has Been Dismissive’ to Allies.”

143 Chris Cillizza, “President Obama Admits His Biggest Mistake: Arrogance,” Washington Post, November 17, 2015, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2015/11/17/president-obamas-biggest-mistake-in-office-thinking-you-can-separate-politics-from-policy/; Karl Rove, “The President’s Apology Tour,” Wall Street Journal, April 23, 2009, https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB124044156269345357; Gates, Duty, 256.

144 Stephen Greenspan, “Foolish Arrogance: When High Self-Esteem Blinds You to Risk,” Psychology Today, January 9, 2012, https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/incompetence/201201/foolish-arrogance; Jonathan A. Knee, The Accidental Investment Banker: Inside the Decade that Transformed Wall Street (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006), 190.

145 Ester Bloom, “4 Celebrities Who Didn’t Pay Off Their Student Loans Until Their 40s,” CNBC, May 12, 2017, https://www.cnbc.com/2017/05/12/4-celebrities-who-didnt-pay-off-their-student-loans-until-their-40s.html; Rachel Wallace, “Barack and Michelle Obama Buy an $11.75 Million Home on Martha’s Vineyard,” Architectural Digest, December 6, 2019, https://www.architecturaldigest.com/story/barack-and-michelle-obama-buy-a-home-on-marthas-vineyard.

Chapter 5

1 “$100,000,000 Donation by Vancouver Tycoon,” Vancouver Sun, June 22, 2007; James Rickards, Aftermath: Seven Secrets of Wealth Preservation in the Coming Chaos (New York: Penguin, 2019).

2 “HarperCollins Announces Publication of Peter Schweizer’s Explosive Clinton Expose,” HarperCollins Publishers, press release, March 5, 2015; “Clinton Cash,” HarperCollins Publishers, on sale May 5, 2015, https://www.harpercollins.com/9780062369284/clinton-cash/.

3 E-mail message from robbymook2015@gmail.com to john.podesta@gmail.com and melias@perkinscoie.com, “Re: SCHWEIZER / Clinton Cash,” Wikileaks, March 21, 2015, https://wikileaks.org/podesta-emails/emailid/29; Meghan Daum, “These Two Sisters Couldn’t Be Closer – Or More Politically Opposed,” Vogue, December 15, 2015, https://www.vogue.com/article/sisters-kori-kristina-schake-politics-liberal-democrat-republican/.

4 Ibid.; Anne Gearan and Philip Rucker, “Hillary Clinton Recruits Chief Strategist, Media Adviser for 2016 Effort,” Washington Post, January 13, 2015, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2015/01/13/hillary-clinton-recruits-chief-strategist-media-advisor-for-2016-effort/.

5 Ibid.

6 Ibid.

7 Ibid.

8 E-mail message from robbymook2015@gmail.com to MElias@perkinscoie.com, “Re: BROCK,” Wikileaks, March 21, 2015, https://wikileaks.org/podesta-emails/emailid/1560; E-mail message from robbymook2015@gmail.com to john.podesta@gmail.com and melias@perkinscoie.com, “Re: SCHWEIZER / Clinton Cash.”

9 Michael Sainato, “Hillary Clinton Must Sever Ties to Psycho Dirty Tricks Hitman David Brock,” Observer, March 31, 2016, https://observer.com/2016/03/hillary-clinton-must-sever-ties-with-dirty-tricks-hitman-david-brock/; Robert L. Borosage, “The Poisonous Politics of David Brock,” Nation, January 19, 2017, https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/the-poisonous-politics-of-david-brock/.

10 Daniel Halper, “Blunt Clinton Aide Calls Her Loyal Attack Dog ‘Bats-t Crazy,’” New York Post, November 4, 2016, https://nypost.com/2016/11/04/blunt-clinton-aide-calls-her-loyal-attack-dog-bats-t-crazy/; E-mail message from ntanden@americanprogress.org to john.podesta@gmail.com, “I hope,” Wikileaks, February 11, 2015, https://wikileaks.org/podesta-emails/emailid/43904.

11 Borosage, “The Poisonous Politics of David Brock.”

12 Ibid.; Kenneth P. Vogel, “David Brock Expands Empire,” Politico, August 13, 2014, https://www.politico.com/story/2014/08/david-brock-citizens-for-responsibility-and-ethics-in-washington-110003; Jason Horowitz, “Inside Hillary Clinton’s Outrage Machine, Allies Push the Buttons,” New York Times, September 22, 2016, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/23/us/politics/hillary-clinton-media-david-brock.html.

13 Jane Mayer, “Abramson and Anita Hill,” New Yorker, June 3, 2011, https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/abramson-and-anita-hill; Tod Lindberg, “Strange Justice, by Jane Mayer and Jill Abramson,” Commentary, February 1995, https://www.commentarymagazine.com/articles/tod-lindberg-3/strange-justice-by-jane-mayer-and-jill-abramson/.

14 E-mail message from kristinakschake@gmail.com to robbymook2015@gmail.com, “Re: DRAFT Questions for HRC Media Prepare,” Wikileaks, March 22, 2015, https://wikileaks.org/podesta-emails/emailid/1903; E-mail message from nmerrill@hroffice.com to kristinakschake@gmail.com, “Re: DRAFT Questions for HRC Media Prepare,” Wikileaks, March 22, 2015, https://wikileaks.org/podesta-emails/emailid/313.

15 E-mail message from nmerrill@hrcoffice.com to kristinakschake@gmail.com, “Re: DRAFT Questions for HRC Media Prepare.”

16 E-mail message from Jennifer.m.palmieri@gmail.com to john.podesta@gmail.com, “Re: DRAFT Questions for HRC Media Prepare,” Wikileaks, March 23, 2015, https://wikileaks.org/podesta-emails/emailid/820.

17 E-mail message from brentbbi@webtv.net to john.podesta@gmail.com, “Warning to Hillary Clinton,” Wikileaks, March 21, 2015, https://wikileaks.org/podesta-emails/emailid/6900; “Contributor: Brent Budowsky,” Huffington Post, accessed November 1, 2019, https://www.huffpost.com/author/brent-budowsky?guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS8&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAAGuHQcmbTm_d8wpTNPvsWF0QK9t-HzefUjNuUzih5gLYTToLqYLx5V2_bxvxDrsa9-Od6vDPqaQyMRdPFTArGRWhRIMnFwfSb0loz4SSR1cnNQcu9XSsH3ZYzjrA8COKRpetF-M_Jb6VJuteDsaCsKaarVj0HrY1iSMxKBCRwDFj; Brent Budowsky, “Big Truths about Hillary,” Hill, September 9, 2015, https://thehill.com/opinion/brent-budowsky/253154-brent-budowsky-big-truths-about-hillary; Tyler O’Neil, “Wikileaks Bombshell: Clinton Relied on Trump Primary Win, GOP Obliged,” PJ Media, October 10, 2016, https://pjmedia.com/trending/2016/10/10/wikileaks-bombshell-clinton-relied-on-trump-primary-win-gop-obliged/.

18 Ibid.

19 E-mail message from JFernandez@gibsondunn.com to john.podesta@gmail.com, “Helping with the Campaign,” Wikileaks, April 17, 2015, https://wikileaks.org/podesta-emails//emailid/2053.

20 Written Statement of Mr. Jose W. Fernandez, Nominee, Assistant Secretary of State for Economic, Energy and Business Affairs, Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, September 15, 2009, https://www.foreign.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/FernandezTestimony090915a.pdf; U.S. Department of State, “2011 Economic, Energy and Business Affairs Remarks,” accessed November 1, 2019, https://2009-2017.state.gov/e/eb/rls/rm/2011/index.htm; “Jose W. Fernandez,” Gibson Dunn, accessed November 1, 2019, https://www.gibsondunn.com/lawyer/fernandez-jose-w/.

21 Lachlan Markay, “Podesta Group Clients Donated to Podesta’s Center for American Progress,” Washington Free Beacon, December 17, 2013, https://freebeacon.com/politics/podesta-group-clients-donated-to-podestas-center-for-american-progress/; E-mail message from JFernandez@gibsondunn.com to john.podesta@gmail.com, “Meeting,” March 30, 2015, https://wikileaks.org/podesta-emails/emailid/2055.

22 E-mail message from JFernandez@gibsondunn.com to john.podesta@gmail.com, “Meeting.”

23 “The Podesta Emails,” Wikileaks, accessed November 1, 2019, https://wikileaks.org/podesta-emails/?q=&mfrom=JFernandez%40gibsondunn.com&mto=&title=&notitle=&date_from=&date_to=&nofrom=&noto=&count=50&sort=6#searchresult.

24 Jennifer Epstein, “Hillary Clinton Inks Deal for ‘Brooklyn Cool’ Offices,” Bloomberg, April 3, 2015, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-04-03/hillary-clinton-inks-deal-for-brooklyn-cool-offices.

25 E-mail message from milia.fisher@gmail.com to john.podesta@gmail.com, “Logistics for Tomorrow @HQ,” Wikileaks, April 16, 2015, https://wikileaks.org/podesta-emails/emailid/2054.

26 E-mail message from JFernandez@gibsondunn.com to john.podesta@gmail.com, “Helping with the Campaign,” Wikileaks, April 17, 2015, https://wikileaks.org/podesta-emails/emailid/2053.

27 Ibid.

28 “Clinton Cash: The Untold Story of How and Why Foreign Governments and Businesses Helped Make Bill and Hillary Rich,” Goodreads, first published January 1, 2015, https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/25163753-clinton-cash?ac=1&from_search=true&qid=XVaXZj4Vy5&rank=3.

29 Becker and McIntire, “Cash Flowed to Clinton Foundation Amid Russian Uranium Deal.”

30 E-mail message from ha16@hillaryclinton.com to re47@hillaryclinton.com, “Re: The Book,” Wikileaks, April 18, 2015, https://wikileaks.org/podesta-emails/emailid/44729.

31 Ibid.; E-mail message from jferguson@hillaryclinton.com to Jesse@jesseferguson.com, “4 23 Friends and Allies TP - Clinton Cash,” Wikileaks, April 23, 2015, https://wikileaks.org/podesta-emails/emailid/860.

32 E-mail message from bfallon@hillaryclinton.com to ha16@hillaryclinton.com, john.podesta@gmail.com, cheryl.mills@gmail.com, craig@minassianmedia.com, mpally@clintonfoundation.org, “FOR REVIEW: Statement for NYT Story on Clinton Cash,” Wikileaks, April 19, 2015, https://wikileaks.org/podesta-emails/emailid/1330; “BLOOMBERG: Will Clinton Cash Consume Hillary’s Campaign,” YouTube video, posted by “Government Accountability Institute,” June 30, 2015, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H8YsDW9l_k0.

33 Jonathan S. Tobin, “Remember the Clinton Cash Scandals?,” Commentary, May 13, 2016, https://www.commentarymagazine.com/politics-ideas/campaigns-elections/remember-clinton-cash-scandals/.

34 E-mail message from john.podesta@gmail.com to John.Hardwood@nbcuni.com, “Re:,” Wikileaks, April 20, 2015, https://wikileaks.org/podesta-emails/emailid/57691.

35 E-mail message from jpalmieri@hillaryclinton.com to hdr29@hrcoffice.com, ha16@hillaryclinton.com, nmerrill@hillaryclinton.com, jp66@hillaryclinton.com, and john.podesta@gmail.com, “Fwd: Formal Response from Me,” Wikileaks, April 23, 2015, https://wikileaks.org/podesta-emails//emailid/1489; Colin Campbell, “This is the ‘Blockbuster Exposé’ Rand Paul Says Will Wreck Hillary Clinton’s Campaign,” Business Insider, April 20, 2015, https://www.businessinsider.com/this-is-the-blockbuster-expos-rand-paul-says-will-wreck-hillary-clintons-campaign-2015-4.

36 E-mail message from jpalmieri@hillaryclinton.com to hdr29@hrcoffice.com, ha16@hillaryclinton.com, nmerrill@hillaryclinton.com, jp66@hillaryclinton.com, and john.podesta@gmail.com, “Fwd: Formal Response from Me.”

37 E-mail message from jpalmieri@hillaryclinton.com to hdr29@hrcoffice.com, ha16@hillaryclinton.com, nmerrill@hillaryclinton.com, jp66@hillaryclinton.com, and john.podesta@gmail.com, “Fwd: Formal Response from Me”; Memo from Brian Fallon, Hillary for America National Press Secretary, to Friends and Allies, “Re: It’s Official: Book Attacking Hillary Clinton Full of Discredited, Disproved Attacks,” Wikileaks, April 23, 2015, https://wikileaks.org/podesta-emails/fileid/972/201.

38 “Peter Schweizer Appears on ABC’s This Week with George Stephanopoulos to Discuss CLINTON CASH,” YouTube video, posted by “Government Accountability Institute,” April 26, 2015, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8hc6ESwRf8c.

39 E-mail message from nmerrill@hillaryclinton.com to kfinney@hillaryclinton.com, “Re: ‘This Week’ Transcript: ‘Clinton Cash’ Author Peter Schweizer,” Wikileaks, April 26, 2015, https://wikileaks.org/podesta-emails/emailid/1986.

40 E-mail message from aphillips@hillaryclinton.com to aphillips@hillaryclinton.com, “H4A News Clips 5.15.15.,” Wikileaks, May 15, 2015, https://wikileaks.org/podesta-emails/emailid/1668; “BIAS ALERT: Stephanopoulos Gets Tough on Clinton Foundation, Leaves out His Own Donations,” Fox News, August 22, 2016, https://www.foxnews.com/us/bias-alert-stephanopoulos-gets-tough-on-clinton-foundation-leaves-out-his-own-donations; Eric Wemple, “Donation Disclosure Issue Snowballing for ABC News, Stephanopoulos,” Washington Post, May 14, 2015, https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/erik-wemple/wp/2015/05/14/donation-disclosure-issue-snowballing-for-abc-news-stephanopoulos/.

41 “George Stephanopoulos Apologizes Again for Clinton Donations,” YouTube video, posted by “Fox Business,” May 19, 2015, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fvEbbl0Z1s8; “George Stephanopoulos Apologizes for Keeping Clinton Donations a Secret,” YouTube video, posted by “Inside Edition,” May 15, 2015, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XzfEM44uN9U; Wemple, “Donation Disclosure Issue Snowballing for ABC News, Stephanopoulos”; Mark Hensch, “‘Clinton Cash’ Author: Stephanopoulos ‘Favorable’ to Clintons,” Hill, May 17, 2015, https://thehill.com/blogs/blog-briefing-room/news/242337-clinton-cash-author-stephanopoulos-favorable-to-clintons.

42 Doyle McManus, “Column: Hillary Clinton’s Conflict-of-Interest Problems,” Los Angeles Times, May 2, 2015, https://www.latimes.com/nation/la-oe-0503-mcmanus-clinton-foundation-20150503-column.html; David A. Graham, “Hillary’s Campaign Is Built on a Shaky Foundation,” Atlantic, March 20, 2015, https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2015/03/hillarys-campaign-is-built-on-a-shaky-foundation/388324/.

43 Peter Schweizer, Clinton Cash: The Untold Story of How Foreign Governments and Businesses Made Bill and Hillary Rich (New York: HarperCollins, 2015), 44; Rosalind S. Helderman and Tom Hamburger, “1,100 Donors to a Canadian Charity Tied to Clinton Foundation Remain Secret,” Washington Post, April 28, 2015, https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/1100-donors-to-a-canadian-charity-tied-to-clinton-foundation-remain-secret/2015/04/28/c3c0f374-edbc-11e4-8666-a1d756d0218e_story.html; Michael Patrick Leahy, “Clinton Foundation Refuses to Release Names of 1,076 Secret Foreign Donors,” Breitbart, June 3, 2015, https://www.breitbart.com/politics/2015/06/03/clinton-foundation-refuses-to-release-names-of-1076-secret-foreign-donors/.

44 “The Podesta Emails; Part One,” Wikileaks, accessed May 22, 2018, https://wikileaks.org/podesta-emails/press-release.

45 Ibid.

46 Ibid.

47 E-mail message from oshur@hillaryclinton.com to jbenenson@bsgco.com, gruncom@aol.com, Jim.margolis@gmmb.com, re47@hillaryclinton.com, David@db-research.com, john@algpolling.com…, “RE: NH Primary Toplines and Memo,” Wikileaks, June 28, 2015, https://wikileaks.org/podesta-emails/emailid/692; Devlin Barrett, “FBI in Internal Feud over Hillary Clinton Probe,” Wall Street Journal, October 30, 2016, https://www.wsj.com/articles/laptop-may-include-thousands-of-emails-linked-to-hillary-clintons-private-server-1477854957; Devlin Barrett, “Secret Recordings Fueled FBI Feud in Clinton Probe,” Wall Street Journal, November 2, 2016, https://www.wsj.com/articles/secret-recordings-fueled-fbi-feud-in-clinton-probe-1478135518; “Rep. Sean Duffy on the Possible Prosecutions of Clinton; Rep. Tim Ryan Speaks out about Challenging Pelosi,” Fox News, November 22, 2016, https://www.foxnews.com/transcript/rep-sean-duffy-on-the-possible-prosecutions-of-clinton-rep-tim-ryan-speaks-out-about-challenging-pelosi; “The Corruption of Hillary Clinton,” FrontPage Magazine Archive, November 28, 2016, https://archives.frontpagemag.com/fpm/corruption-hillary-clinton-frontpagemagcom/.

48 E-mail message from oshur@hillaryclinton.com to jbenenson@bsgco.com, gruncom@aol.com, Jim.margolis@gmmb.com, re47@hillaryclinton.com, David@db-research.com, john@algpolling.com…, “RE: NH Primary Toplines and Memo.”

49 Seamus Bruner, “7 Reasons Why the Uranium One Scandal Won’t Go Away,” Epoch Times, May 9, 2019, https://www.theepochtimes.com/7-reasons-why-the-uranium-one-scandal-wont-go-away_2914343.html.

50 Schweizer, Clinton Cash, 54-55.

51 Letter from Terry Krinvic, Director of Scheduling and Advance, to Jim Thessin, “RE: Speech Host for State Department Conflict of Interest Review,” Judicial Watch, April 5, 2010, https://www.judicialwatch.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Clinton-Inc-February-25-2014-pg-192-196.pdf; Letter from Terry Krinvic, Director of Scheduling and Advance, to Richard Visek, “RE: Speech Host for State Department Conflict of Interest Review,” Judicial Watch, January 9, 2012, https://www.judicialwatch.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Clinton-Inc-February-25-2014-pg-657-667.pdf.

52 Ibid.

53 Ibid.

54 John Solomon and Alison Spann, “Bill Clinton Sought State’s Permission to Meet with Russian Nuclear Official During Obama Uranium Decision,” Hill, October 19, 2017, https://thehill.com/policy/national-security/356323-bill-clinton-sought-states-permission-to-meet-with-russian-nuclear; Schweizer, Clinton Cash, 51.

55 Ibid.; Ben Geier, “Here’s How Much the Clintons Earn from Paid Speeches,” Fortune, February 4, 2016, https://fortune.com/2016/02/04/clinton-family-values/; Robert Yoon, “$153 Million in Bill and Hillary Clinton Speaking Fees, Documented,” CNN, February 6, 2016, https://www.cnn.com/2016/02/05/politics/hillary-clinton-bill-clinton-paid-speeches/index.html.

56 “State Dept. Emails Raise Questions about Vetting Process, Conflicts for Pres. Clinton Speeches,” Chuck Grassley’s Senate page, August 28, 2015, https://www.grassley.senate.gov/news/news-releases/state-dept-emails-raise-questions-about-vetting-process-conflicts-pres-clinton; Kimberley A. Strassel, “The Clinton ‘Charity’ Begins at Home,” Wall Street Journal, June 4, 2015, https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-clinton-charity-begins-at-home-1433459849; Solomon and Spann, “Bill Clinton Sought State’s Permission to Meet with Russian Nuclear Official During Obama Uranium Decision”; Rachael Bade, “Hillary Named on Document Formalizing Abedin Job Change,” Politico, September 24, 2015, https://www.politico.com/story/2015/09/clinton-abedin-state-job-approved-214038.

57 Strassel, “The Clinton ‘Charity’ Begins at Home”; Solomon and Spann, “Bill Clinton Sought State’s Permission to Meet with Russian Nuclear Official During Obama Uranium Decision.”

58 Solomon and Spann, “Bill Clinton Sought State’s Permission to Meet with Russian Nuclear Official During Obama Uranium Decision.”

59 Ibid.; 14th Annual Investor Conference, Renaissance Capital, June 28-29, 2010; Conference Agenda, Renaissance Capital, June 28-29, 2010.

60 Solomon and Spann, “Bill Clinton Sought State’s Permission to Meet with Russian Nuclear Official During Obama Uranium Decision.”

61 Message from the President of the United States, “Treaty with Russia on Measures for Further Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms,” 111th Cong. (2013), https://www.congress.gov/111/cdoc/tdoc5/CDOC-111tdoc5.pdf; Bill Gertz, “Uranium One and New START,” Washington Times, November 1, 2017, https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2017/nov/1/uranium-one-new-start-investigations-urged/.

62 Robert M. Gates, Duty: Memoirs of a Secretary at War (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2014), 259.

63 Peter Baker, “Obama Expands Modernization of Nuclear Arsenal,” New York Times, May 13, 2010, https://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/14/us/politics/14treaty.html; Ken Dilanian, “Obama Scraps Bush Missile-Defense Plan,” ABC News, September 17, 2009, https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/obama-scraps-bush-missile-defense-plan/story?id=8604357; Katrina Heikkinen, “New START: 564th MS Silos Being Eliminated,” U.S. Air Force, March 4, 2014, https://www.afgsc.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/629635/new-start-564th-ms-silos-being-eliminated/.

64 Gates, Duty, 260; Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton, Congressional Testimony on the on the New START Treaty, Senate Foreign Relations Committee, May 18, 2010, https://www.foreign.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/ClintonTestimony100518a.pdf.

65 Ben Smith, “Clinton Toils in the Shadows,” Politico, June 23, 2009, https://www.politico.com/story/2009/06/clinton-toils-in-the-shadows-024067; Gates, Duty, 259-260.

66 Gates, Duty, 260.

67 Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton, Congressional Testimony on the on the New START Treaty, Senate Foreign Relations Committee, May 18, 2010.

68 Keith B. Payne and Mark B. Schneider, “The Nuclear Treaty Russia Won’t Stop Violating,” Wall Street Journal, February 11, 2014, https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-nuclear-treaty-russia-won8217t-stop-violating-1392166706; Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton, Congressional Testimony on the on the New START Treaty, Senate Foreign Relations Committee, May 18, 2010.

69 Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton, Congressional Testimony on the on the New START Treaty, Senate Foreign Relations Committee, May 18, 2010; Bill Gertz, “Uranium One and New START”; “Clinton Urges Early Senate Action on Arms Treaty with Russia,” VOA News, August 10, 2010, https://www.voanews.com/usa/clinton-urges-early-senate-action-arms-treaty-russia.

70 Solomon and Spann, “Bill Clinton Sought State’s Permission to Meet with Russian Nuclear Official During Obama Uranium Decision.”

71 John Solomon and Alison Spann, “FBI Watched, then Acted As Russian Spy Moved Closer to Hillary Clinton,” Hill, October 22, 2017, https://thehill.com/policy/national-security/356630-fbi-watched-then-acted-as-russian-spy-moved-closer-to-hillary; Dan Farber, “Former Presidents Putin and Clinton Talk Russian Spy Arrests,” CBS News, June 29, 2010, https://www.cbsnews.com/news/former-presidents-putin-and-clinton-talk-russian-spy-arrests/; “Espionage: Spies Like Us,” Economist, July 1, 2010, https://www.economist.com/node/16486569/all-comments; Solomon and Spann, “Bill Clinton Sought State’s Permission to Meet with Russian Nuclear Official During Obama Uranium Decision.”

72 Gates, Duty, 260-261.

73 U.S. Department of State, “Secretary Clinton’s Daily Calendar,” November 5, 2015, https://foia.state.gov/search/results.aspx?searchText=marty+torrey+chris&beginDate=&endDate=&publishedBeginDate=7-15-2018&publishedEndDate=&caseNumber=.

74 Gates, Duty; Leon Panetta, Worthy Fights (New York: Penguin Press, 2014); McFaul, From Cold War to Hot Peace; Hillary Rodham Clinton, Hard Choices (London: Simon and Schuster, 2014).

75 Letter from Donna L. Wichers, Senior Vice President, ISR Operations, to Keith McConnell, Deputy Director, Decommissioning and Uranium Recovery Licensing Directorate, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Uranium One, July 20, 2010, https://www.nrc.gov/docs/ML1020/ML102090404.pdf.

76 Solomon and Spann, “Bill Clinton Sought State’s Permission to Meet with Russian Nuclear Official During Obama Uranium Decision.”

77 U.S. Department of Justice, Executive Office for United States Attorneys, “Export Control Laws,” November 2013, vol. 61, no. 6, https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/usao/legacy/2014/10/01/usab6106.pdf; Rickards, Aftermath; Becker and McIntire, “Cash Flowed to Clinton Foundation Amid Russian Uranium Deal.”

78 Becker and McIntire, “Cash Flowed to Clinton Foundation Amid Russian Uranium Deal.”

79 Ibid.

80 Andy Hoffman, “Renaissance Man,” Globe and Mail, Jun 27, 2008, http://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/renaissance-man/article17988489/?page=all; “Mining Magnate Frank Giustra Takes a Break from Producing Blade Runner Sequel to Return to His First Love – Mining,” Financial Post, May 19, 2017, https://business.financialpost.com/personal-finance/high-net-worth/frank-giustra-takes-a-break-from-the-blade-runner-sequel-and-an-italian-olive-estate-to-return-to-his-first-love-a-gold-mine; Miro Cernetig, “Frank Giustra: A Man of Many Hats,” BCBusiness, November 5, 2012, http://www.bcbusiness.ca/people/frank-giustra-a-man-of-many-hats; Jo Becker and Don Van Natta Jr., “After Mining Deal, Financier Donated to Clinton,” New York Times, January 31, 2008, http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/31/us/politics/31donor.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0.

81 “How Canadian Tycoon Giustra Builds Ten Baggers in Mining and Energy,” Mining.com, July 17, 2014, https://www.mining.com/web/how-canadian-tycoon-giustra-builds-ten-baggers-in-mining-and-energy/.

82 Becker and Van Natta Jr., “After Mining Deal, Financier Donated to Clinton.”

83 Hobart M. King, “Diamond Mines in the United States,” Geology.com, accessed November 4, 2019, https://geology.com/gemstones/united-states-diamond-production.shtml.

84 “History of the Diamond Mine,” Arkansas State Parks, accessed November 4, 2019, https://www.arkansasstateparks.com/parks/crater-diamonds-state-park/history/history-of-the-diamond-mine; Jacquie McNish, The Big Score: Robert Friedland and the Voisey’s Bay Hustle (Doubleday Canada, 1998), 38-52.

85 McNish, The Big Score, 36-52; Paul Waldie, “Mining Promoter Boulle Hit with Huge Tax Bill,” Globe and Mail, May 8, 2006, https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/mining-promoter-boulle-hit-with-huge-tax-bill/article708526/; “About Us,” Jean Boulle Group, accessed November 4, 2019, https://jeanboullegroup.com/about-us/.

86 “Top Arkansas Lawyer Helped Hillary Clinton Turn Big Profit,” New York Times, March 18, 1994, http://www.nytimes.com/1994/03/18/us/top-arkansas-lawyer-helped-hillary-clinton-turn-big-profit.html; Richard C. Morais, “Friends in High Places,” Forbes, August 10, 1998, http://www.forbes.com/global/1998/0810/0109038a.html; McNish, The Big Score, ix, 40; Dick Morris and Eileen McGann, Armageddon: How Trump Can Beat Hillary (West Palm Beach: Humanix Books, 2016), 53.

87 Morais, “Friends in High Places.”

88 Ibid.; McNish, The Big Score, ix, 40.

89 Morais, “Friends in High Places”; “Board of Directors,” Clinton Foundation, accessed 2014, https://www.clintonfoundation.org/about/board-directors; Schweizer, Clinton Cash, 24-25; Jeffrey St. Clair, “Diamond Dogs: Clinton Family Jewels,” CounterPunch, June 3, 2016, https://www.counterpunch.org/2016/06/03/diamond-dogs-clinton-family-jewels/.

90 McNish, The Big Score, 11-15; Dylan Love, “Steve Jobs’ College Mentor Was a Drug Dealer Turned Billionaire Mining Magnate*,” Business Insider, October 24, 2011, https://www.businessinsider.com/steve-jobs-robert-friedland-2011-10.

91 McNish, The Big Score, 7; Robert Weller, “Miner Agrees to Pay $30M in Spill,” Associated Press, December 22, 2000, https://apnews.com/0bf12eb3b5564e0134b9797257e0c36c; “Cyanide-Spill Suit Is Settled in Colorado,” New York Times, December 24, 2000, https://www.nytimes.com/2000/12/24/us/cyanide-spill-suit-is-settled-in-colorado.html; Joshua Zapf, “Robert Friedland,” Mining.com, June 29, 2012, https://www.mining.com/robert-toxic-bob-friedland-49502/; Robert McClure, “Innocent Financier or Irresponsible Polluter?,” Seattle Post-Intelligence Reporter, June 12, 2001, https://www.seattlepi.com/news/article/Innocent-financier-or-irresponsible-polluter-1057037.php.

92 McNish, The Big Score, 206-207; “The View from the Goldcorp Chairman’s Office,” Mining.com, November 3, 2017, http://www.mining.com/web/view-goldcorp-chairmans-office/.

93 McNish, The Big Score, ix, 45; Schweizer, Clinton Cash, 35-36; Becker and McIntire, “Cash Flowed to Clinton Foundation Amid Russian Uranium Deal.”

94 “The View from the Goldcorp Chairman’s Office,” Mining.com; McNish, The Big Score, 206-207; Conference Agenda, Renaissance Capital, June 28-29, 2010.

95 Anu Narayanswamy, “Travels with Bill and Frank: A Look at the Clinton-Giustra Friendship,” Washington Post, May 3, 2015, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2015/05/03/travels-with-bill-and-frank-a-look-at-the-clinton-giustra-friendship/; Hoffman, “Renaissance Man”; Becker and Van Natta Jr., “After Mining Deal, Financier Donated to Clinton”; Washington Post, “The Clinton Family, a Luxury Jet and Their US$100 Million Canadian Donors,” Financial Post, May 4, 2015, https://business.financialpost.com/news/fp-street/the-clinton-family-a-luxury-jet-and-their-us100-million-canadian-donors.

96 NYS Board of Elections for U.S. Senate, November 7, 2000, https://www.elections.ny.gov/NYSBOE/elections/2000/wussen2000.pdf;NYS Board of Elections for U.S. Senate, November 7, 2006, http://www.elections.ny.gov/NYSBOE/elections/2006/general/2006_ussen.pdf; Philip Rucker, Tom Hamburger, and Alexander Becker, “How the Clintons Went from Dead Broke to Rich: Bill Earned $104.9 Million for Speeches,” Washington Post, June 26, 2014, https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/how-the-clintons-went-from-dead-broke-to-rich-bill-earned-1049-million-for-speeches/2014/06/26/8fa0b372-fd3a-11e3-8176-f2c941cf35f1_story.html.

97 Becker and Van Natta Jr., “After Mining Deal, Financier Donated to Clinton.”

98 “How to Make Money in Kazakhstan,” TheNewswire.ca, October 14, 2011, https://web.archive.org/web/20130923061726/http://www.metalinvestmentnews.com:80/how-to-make-money-in-kazakhstan/; “Kazakhstan: Mining, Minerals and Fuel Resources,” AZoMining, August 1, 2012, https://www.azomining.com/Article.aspx?ArticleID=64.

99 Becker and Van Natta Jr., “After Mining Deal, Financier Donated to Clinton.”

100 World Health Organization, “Summary Country Profile For HIV/AIDS Treatment Scale-Up,” December 2005, http://www.who.int/hiv/HIVCP_KAZ.pdf; UNAIDS, Sub-Saharan Africa Fact Sheet, May 25, 2006, http://data.unaids.org/pub/GlobalReport/2006/200605-fs_subsaharanafrica_en.pdf.

101 Simon Jenkins, “What Is David Cameron Doing in Kazakhstan?,” Guardian, July 1, 2013, https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/jul/01/david-cameron-kaszakhstan-britain; Jim Nichol, “Kazakhstan: Recent Developments and U.S. Interests,” Congressional Research Service, June 20, 2008; Joshua Foust, “The Gilded Cage of Asia,” Foreign Policy, April 11, 2013, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/04/11/the_gilded_cage_of_asia; Nicholas Watt, “Kazakhstan’s Autocratic President Tells David Cameron: I Would Vote for You,” Guardian, July 1, 2013, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/01/kazakhstan-president-david-cameron-vote; Encyclopedia Britannica Online, s.v. “Nursultan Nazarbayev,” accessed November 2, 2019, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Nursultan-Nazarbayev.

102 Walter Mayr, “Ex-Stepson Talks in Family Feud: Tapping Kazakhstan’s Natural Resources,” Spiegel, May 19, 2009; Vlad Lavrov and Irene Velska, “Kazakhstan: President’s Grandson Hid Assets Offshore,” OCCRP, April 4, 2016, https://www.occrp.org/en/panamapapers/kazakh-presidents-grandson-offshores/; “#715 Dinara Kulibaeva,” Forbes, last updated February 28, 2020, https://www.forbes.com/profile/dinara-kulibaeva/#22d8b0547a01; “#715 Timur Kulibaev,” Forbes, last updated February 28, 2020, https://www.forbes.com/profile/timur-kulibaev/#bd9408d329f5; James Love, “The Well-Connected Dictator,” Huffington Post, October 6, 2007, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/james-love/the-wellconnected-dictato_b_67423.html; James Kilner, “Copper Tycoon Tops Kazakhstan’s Rich List,” Telegraph, May 15, 2012, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/kazakhstan/9268133/Copper-tycoon-tops-Kazakhstans-rich-list.html; Neil Buckley, “ENRC Founders Made Good in Kazakhstan,” Financial Times, May 2, 2013, http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/71a13774-b3e0-11e2-ace9-00144feabdc0.html#axzz351P7vNvu; “Billionaires: The Richest People in the World,” Forbes, March 5, 2019, https://www.forbes.com/billionaires/#24f2ca06251c.

103 Nichol, “Kazakhstan: Recent Developments and U.S. Interests”; Joanna Lillis, “Kazakhstan: UK Courts Nazarbayev amid Human Rights Concerns,” Eurasianet, July 1, 2013, http://www.eurasianet.org/node/67200; Schweizer, Clinton Cash, 22; United States Diplomatic Mission to Kazakhstan, U.S. Embassy, “Trafficking in Persons Report 2013”; “Kazakhstan: Events of 2018,” Human Rights Watch, accessed November 7, 2019, https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2019/country-chapters/kazakhstan.

104 Becker and Van Natta Jr., “After Mining Deal, Financier Donated to Clinton.”

105 Nichol, “Kazakhstan: Recent Developments and U.S. Interests.”

106 Becker and Van Natta Jr., “After Mining Deal, Financier Donated to Clinton”; “The Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe,” Icelandic Human Rights Centre, accessed November 1, 2019, http://www.humanrights.is/en/human-rights-education-project/human-rights-concepts-ideas-and-fora/human-rights-fora/the-organization-for-security-and-cooperation-in-europe; Schweizer, Clinton Cash, 30.

107 Elliot Blair Smith, “Clinton Used Giustra’s Plane, Opened Doors for Deals (Correct),” Bloomberg, February 22, 2008, http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aa2b8Mj3NEWQ; Embassy of the Republic of Kazakhstan, “Weekly News Bulletin,” September 7, 2005, http://web.archive.org/web/20060324003505/http://www.kazakhembus.com/090705.html.

108 Smith, “Clinton Used Giustra’s Plane, Opened Doors for Deals (Correct)”; Schweizer, Clinton Cash, 34.

109 Schweizer, Clinton Cash, 30-31.

110 Hoffman, “Renaissance Man”; Cernetig, “Frank Giustra: A Man of Many Hats”; Becker and Van Natta Jr., “After Mining Deal, Financier Donated to Clinton.”

111 Hoffman, “Renaissance Man”; Smith, “Clinton Used Giustra’s Plane, Opened Doors for Deals (Correct)”; Peter Baker, “The Mellowing of William Jefferson Clinton,” New York Times, May 26, 2009, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/31/magazine/31clinton-t.html?pagewanted=all.

112 Hoffman, “Renaissance Man”; Tommy Humphreys, “Stop Taking Yourself So Seriously, Says Tycoon Frank Giustra,” Mining.com, June 28, 2013, http://www.mining.com/web/stop-taking-yourself-so-seriously-says-tycoon-frank-giustra/; Schweizer, Clinton Cash, 23.

113 Hoffman, “Renaissance Man.”

114 Cernetig, “Frank Giustra: A Man of Many Hats”; Smith, “Clinton Used Giustra’s Plane, Opened Doors for Deals (Correct).”

115 Andy Hoffman and Sinclair Stewart, “How to (Still) Get Rich in Mining,” Globe and Mail, May 19, 2007, https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/how-to-still-get-rich-in-mining/article18139221/; Hoffman, “Renaissance Man”; Schweizer, Clinton Cash, 24.

116 Ibid.

117 Schweizer, Clinton Cash, 25.

118 Jessica Taylor, “More Surprises: FBI Releases Files on Bill Clinton’s Pardon of Marc Rich,” NPR, November 1, 2016, https://www.npr.org/2016/11/01/500297580/more-surprises-fbi-releases-files-on-bill-clintons-pardon-of-marc-rich; Peter Schweizer, “Bill Clinton’s Pardon of Fugitive March Rich Continues to Pay Big,” New York Post, January 17, 2016, https://nypost.com/2016/01/17/after-pardoning-criminal-marc-rich-clintons-made-millions-off-friends/.

119 Becker and Van Natta Jr., “After Mining Deal, Financier Donated to Clinton.”

120 Ibid.

121 Schweizer, Clinton Cash, 25.

122 Becker and Van Natta Jr., “After Mining Deal, Financier Donated to Clinton”; Signature Resources Ltd, “Signature Enters into Acquisition Agreement with UrAsia Energy (B.V.I.) Ltd,” September 20, 2005, http://www.infomine.com/index/pr/Pa299684.PDF; Schweizer, Clinton Cash, 27-28; “Uranium and Nuclear Power in Kazakhstan,” World Nuclear Association, last updated March 2020, https://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-g-n/kazakhstan.aspx.

123 Becker and Van Natta Jr., “After Mining Deal, Financier Donated to Clinton”; Hoffman, “Renaissance Man.”

124 Human Rights Watch, “Kazakhstan: Events of 2005,” World Report 2006, http://www.hrw.org/world-report-2006/kazakhstan; Schweizer, Clinton Cash, 32; Joel Brinkley, “Rice Takes Democracy Call to Central Asians,” New York Times, October 14, 2005, http://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/14/international/asia/14rice.html?_r=0.

125 Becker and Van Natta Jr., “After Mining Deal, Financier Donated to Clinton”; “Kazakhstan President Nursultan Nazarbayev,” About Kazakhstan, accessed November 1, 2019, http://aboutkazakhstan.com/about-kazakhstan-government/kazakhstan-president.

126 Schweizer, Clinton Cash, 32.

127 Becker and Van Natta Jr., “After Mining Deal, Financier Donated to Clinton.”

128 Signature Resources Ltd, “Signature Enters into Acquisition Agreement with UrAsia Energy (B.V.I.) Ltd”; Schweizer, Clinton Cash, 32-33.

129 Schweizer, Clinton Cash, 32; Hoffman and Stewart, “How to (Still) Get Rich in Mining”; Bob Moriarty, “Girls and Peak Gold: Wheaton River Jr.,” 321gold.com (archives), October 7, 2007, accessed November 2, 2014, http://www.321gold.com/editorials/moriarty/moriarty103007.html; Andy Hoffman, “Ian Telfer: ‘I’m More of an Opportunist Than a Visionary,’“ Globe and Mail, May 27, 2011, http://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/careers/careers-leadership/ian-telfer-im-more-of-an-opportunist-than-a-visionary/article582085/?page=all.

130 Becker and Van Natta Jr., “After Mining Deal, Financier Donated to Clinton”; Jason Kirby, “Uranium Blockbuster,” National Post, January 31, 2006; Schweizer, Clinton Cash, 33.

131 “Coming Soon! A New Uranium Stock,” Morningstar, November 7, 2005, accessed November 2, 2014; “Uranium Mining and Exploration Post # 2119,” Investors Hub, November 7, 2005, accessed November 2, 2014, http://investorshub.advfn.com/boards/read_msg.aspx?message_id=8398619; Kirby, “Uranium Blockbuster”; Schweizer, Clinton Cash, 33.

132 “Uranium One and UrAsia Energy Announce Combination to Create Emerging Senior Uranium Company,” Investegate, news release, February 12, 2007, https://www.investegate.co.uk/urasia-energy-ltd--uuu-/rns/plans-merger-with-sxr-uranium/200702120726400752R/; Schweizer, Clinton Cash, 33.

133 Sinclair Stewart and Andy Hoffman, “Uranium One Ensnared in Kazakh Scandal,” Globe and Mail, May 27, 2009, https://www.theglobeandmail.com/globe-investor/uranium-one-ensnared-in-kazakh-scandal/article4211504/; Becker and Van Natta Jr., “After Mining Deal, Financier Donated to Clinton”; Schweizer, Clinton Cash, 28.

134 Robert Lenzner, “Clinton Commits No Foul in Kazakhstan Uranium Deal,” Forbes, January 12, 2009, http://www.forbes.com/2009/01/12/giustra-clinton-kazakhstan-pf-ii-in_rl_0912croesus_inl.html; Becker and Van Natta Jr., “After Mining Deal, Financier Donated to Clinton.”

135 Becker and Van Natta, Jr., “After Mining Deal, Financier Donated to Clinton”; Lenzner, “Clinton Commits No Foul in Kazakhstan Uranium Deal”; Peter Baker and Helene Cooper, “Clinton Vetting Includes Look at Mr. Clinton,” New York Times, November 16, 2008, http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/17/us/politics/17memo.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0.

136 Love, “The Well-Connected Dictator”; Schweizer, Clinton Cash, 34; “President Nursultan Nazarbayev Takes Part in the Clinton Global Initiative Forum in New York,” Official Site of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, September 26, 2007.

137 Sarah Westwood, “Clinton ‘Fact-Check’ Under Fire,” Washington Examiner, May 7, 2015, https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/clinton-fact-check-under-fire; “Uranium One and UrAsia Energy Announce Combination to Create Emerging Senior Uranium Company.”

138 Westwood, “Clinton ‘Fact-Check’ Under Fire”; “Uranium One and UrAsia Energy Announce Combination to Create Emerging Senior Uranium Company”; Liezel Hill, “Uranium One Wraps Up UrAsia Acquisition, Eyes London Listing,” Engineering News, April 23, 2007, http://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article/uranium-one-wraps-up-urasia-acquisition-eyes-london-listing-2007-04-23; Schweizer, Clinton Cash, 34, 196-197; Uranium One Inc. Annual Information Form 2007, March 31, 2008; David Stellfox, “Uranium One’s Russian Deals Pushes Kazakh Probes to the Background,” Platts Nucleonics Week, June 18, 2009; “UrAsia Energy Ltd Plans Merger with SXR Uranium,” London Stock Exchange Aggregated Regulatory News Service, February 17, 2007.

139 “Uranium One Signs US$100 Million Credit Facility,” Norton Rose Fulbright, June 27, 2008, on Internet Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20160318062912/http://www.nortonrosefulbright.com/ca/en/about-us/client-work/ca-uranium-one-signs-us100-million-credit-facility-49178.aspx (the screenshot of the site was captured on March 18, 2016); Rickards, Aftermath.

140 “Uranium One to Buy Energy Metals,” World Nuclear News, June 4, 2007, on Internet Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20110324020545/http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/newsarticle.aspx?id=13506 (the screenshot of the site was captured on March 24, 2011).

141 Rickards, Aftermath; “Uranium One to Buy Energy Metals.”

142 “Uranium One and UrAsia Energy Announce Combination to Create Emerging Senior Uranium Company.”

143 Energy Metals Corporation, “Uranium One and Energy Metals Receive CFIUS Approval for Proposed Arrangement,” news release, July 31, 2007, https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1361605/000106299307002905/rule425.htm.

144 “Uranium One and UrAsia Energy Announce Combination to Create Emerging Senior Uranium Company”; Hill, “Uranium One Wraps Up UrAsia Acquisition, Eyes London Listing.”

145 Becker and McIntire, “Cash Flowed to Clinton Foundation Amid Russian Uranium Deal.”

146 U.S. Energy Information Administration, “U.S. Uranium Concentrate Production in 2017 Was the Lowest Since 2004,” February 26, 2018, https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=35092; Schweizer, Clinton Cash, 34; “The Next Trade War Commodity: Uranium,” Pinnacle Digest, July 28, 2018, https://www.pinnacledigest.com/uncategorized/nuclear-power-relies-foreign-imports/.

147 Becker and McIntire, “Cash Flowed to Clinton Foundation Amid Russian Uranium Deal”; Judy Fahys, “How a Tiny Utah Town Got Thrown into the ‘Real’ Russia Scandal,” Keur 90.1, December 15, 2017, https://www.kuer.org/post/how-tiny-utah-town-got-thrown-real-russia-scandal#stream/0.

148 Ned Mamula, “Russia’s Uranium Gambit: The Real Uranium One Scandal,” Capital Research Center, January 15, 2019, https://capitalresearch.org/article/russias-uranium-gambit-part-4/.

149 Ibid.; Seamus Bruner, Compromised (New York: Post Hill Press, 2018), 100.

150 Correspondence from Senator Richard G. Lugar to Rebecca Schmidt, “Sale of Uranium Mines in Wyoming to a Russian Company,” December 22, 2010, https://adamswebsearch2.nrc.gov/webSearch2/view?AccessionNumber=ML103570140.

151 Becker and Van Natta, “After Mining Deal, Financier Donated to Clinton”; Schweizer, Clinton Cash, 35, 198; Hoffman, “Renaissance Man.”

152 “Contributor Information,” Clinton Foundation, accessed 2014, https://www.clintonfoundation.org/contributors?category=%24250%2C001+to+%24500%2C000; Schweizer, Clinton Cash, 35, 198; “Frank Edward Holmes,” Bloomberg, accessed November 2, 2019, https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/person/14001742.

153 JT Long, “Is It 2003 All Over Again? U.S. Global Investors’ Frank Holmes Predicts a Resurgence of the Love Trade for Gold,” Kitco News, June 19, 2014, http://www.kitco.com/ind/GoldReport/2014-06-19-Is-It-2003-All-Over-Again-U-S-Global-Investors-Frank-Holmes-Predicts-a-Resurgence-of-the-Love-Trade-for-Gold.html; Schweizer, Clinton Cash, 35, 198; “Frank Edward Holmes,” Bloomberg.

154 Hoffman, “Renaissance Man”; “Press Release: President Clinton and Business Leaders Launch Sustainable Development Initiative in the Developing World,” Clinton Foundation, June 21, 2007, https://www.clintonfoundation.org/main/news-and-media/press-releases-and-statements/press-release-president-clinton-and-business-leaders-launch-sustainable-developm.html; Schweizer, Clinton Cash, 35, 198; “Management,” Endeavour Mining Corporation, accessed November 1, 2019.

155 “Clinton Foundation Donors,” The Wall Street Journal, December 18, 2008, http://online.wsj.com/public/resources/documents/st_clintondonor_20081218.html; Schweizer, Clinton Cash, 35, 198; “Transactions (Page 2),” Haywood Securities Inc, accessed 2014.

156 “Clinton Foundation Donors”; “Paul D. Reynolds,” Bloomberg, accessed November 1, 2019, https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/person/6250118; Schweizer, Clinton Cash, 35, 198.

157 Andy Hoffman, “Clinton Charities Take Hit from Mining Bust,” Globe and Mail, December 19, 2008, http://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/clinton-charities-take-hit-from-mining-bust/article665023/; Schweizer, Clinton Cash, 35, 198; Signature Resources Ltd, “Signature Enters into Acquisition Agreement with UrAsia Energy (B.V.I.) Ltd”; Canaccord Capital Inc., “Canaccord Capital Inc. Reports Record Third Quarter Results,” news release, February 8, 2006, http://www.canaccordgenuitygroup.com/EN/IR/FinReports/Documents/Q3%2006_Earnings%20Release.pdf.

158 “Press Release: President Clinton and Business Leaders Launch Sustainable Development Initiative in the Developing World”; Schweizer, Clinton Cash, 35, 198; Hoffman, “Renaissance Man”; Kirby, “Uranium Blockbuster.”

159 “Press Release: President Clinton and Business Leaders Launch Sustainable Development Initiative in the Developing World”; Schweizer, Clinton Cash, 36, 198; “Robert Melvin Douglas Cross MBA,” Investing.businessweek.com, accessed November 1, 2019.

160 “Global Metals & Mining Biographies,” BMO Capital Markets, accessed 2014; Schweizer, Clinton Cash, 36, 198; “Uranium One and UrAsia Energy Announce Combination to Create Emerging Senior Uranium Company.”

161 Hoffman, “Renaissance Man”; Kirby, “Uranium Blockbuster”; Schweizer, Clinton Cash, 36, 198.

162 Hoffman, “Renaissance Man”; “Sergey Vladimirovich Kurzin Ph.D.” Investing.businessweek.com, accessed November 1, 2014; Schweizer, Clinton Cash, 36, 198; Dmitry Sidorov, “An Interview With Sergei Kurzin,” Forbes, April 20, 2009, http://www.forbes.com/2009/04/17/clinton-sergei-kurzin-opinions-contributors-sidorov.html.

163 Hoffman, “Renaissance Man”; “Board of Directors,” Uranium One, accessed 2014; Schweizer, Clinton Cash, 36, 199.

Chapter 6

1 William D. Campbell, interview with author; John Solomon and Alison Spann, “FBI Uncovered Russian Bribery Plot Before Obama Administration Approved Controversial Nuclear Deal with Moscow,” Hill, October 17, 2017, https://thehill.com/policy/national-security/355749-fbi-uncovered-russian-bribery-plot-before-obama-administration.

2 Campbell v. Mikerin, 1:16—cv-01888 (D. Maryland 2016), https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/8423862/campbell-v-mikerin/; John Solomon, “FBI Informant Gathered Years of Evidence on Russian Push for US Nuclear Fuel Deals, Including Uranium One, Memos Show,” Hill, November 20, 2017, https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/361276-fbi-informant-gathered-years-of-evidence-on-russian-push-for-us.

3 CNN, “DOJ Gives FBI Informant Green Light to Testify on Russian Uranium Efforts,” RTV6 Indianapolis, October 26, 2017, https://www.theindychannel.com/news/national/doj-gives-fbi-informant-green-light-to-testify-on-russian-uranium-efforts; Solomon and Spann, “FBI Uncovered Russian Bribery Plot Before Obama Administration Approved Controversial Nuclear Deal with Moscow”; Sara A. Carter, “Treasure Trove of Documents Tying Russia to Uranium One,” Sean Hannity Show, on Internet Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20171121024416/https://hannity.com/content/2017-11-20-sara-carter/ (the screenshot of the site was captured on November 21, 2017).

4 “FBI Informant Opens Up about Russia-Uranium Controversy,” YouTube video, posted by “Fox News,” March 28, 2018, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2fIk0haqdwg.

5 Campbell v. Mikerin, 1:16—cv-01888 (D. Maryland 2016); William D. Campbell, interview with author.

6 Letter from Charles E. Grassley, Chairman, Committee on the Judiciary, to The Honorable Rex W. Tillerson, Secretary, U.S. Department of State, October 12, 2017, https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/2017-10-12%20CEG%20to%20DOS%20(Uranium%20One%20Follow%20up).pdf; “House Also Probing Obama-Era Uranium One Deal, DeSantis Says,” Fox News, October 22, 2017, https://www.foxnews.com/politics/house-also-probing-obama-era-uranium-one-deal-desantis-says; Interview Summary, To: Members of the House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, Members of the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Members of the Senate Committee on the Judiciary, Fr: Democratic Staff, “Re: Interview Summary of Uranium One ‘Confidential Informant’ William Campbell,” Congress of the United States, March 8, 2018, https://oversight.house.gov/sites/democrats.oversight.house.gov/files/2018-03-08.Interview%20Summary%20of%20Campbell%20Interview%20for%20Members-2.pdf.

7 U.S. Department of Justice, “Russian Nuclear Energy Official Pleads Guilty to Money Laundering Conspiracy Involving Violations of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act,” press release, August 31, 2015, https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/russian-nuclear-energy-official-pleads-guilty-money-laundering-conspiracy-involving; United States of America v. Vadim Mikerin, August 27, 2015, https://www.justice.gov/criminal-fraud/file/782186/download; “Affidavit in Support of an Application Under Rule 41 for a Warrant to Search 2/6/15,” Scribd, https://www.scribd.com/document/361793720/Affidavit-in-support-of-an-application-under-rule-41-for-a-warrant-to-search-2-6-15 (uploaded by Caroline McKee on October 17, 2017); “United States of America v. Vadim Mikerin – Original Indictment 11/12/14,” Scribd, https://www.scribd.com/document/361793697/United-States-of-America-v-Vadim-Mikerin-Original-Indictment-11-12-14 (uploaded by Caroline McKee on October 17, 2017); “Evidence Exhibits for Uranium One and Mark Lambert Uranium One Trial 159-Pages Filed April 26th 2019,” Scribd, https://www.scribd.com/document/408071998/Evidence-exhibits-for-Uranium-One-and-Mark-Lambert-Uranium-One-trial-159-pages-filed-April-26th-2019 (uploaded by Harry the Greek on April 29, 2019); John Solomon, “FBI’s 37 Secret Pages of Memos about Russia, Clintons and Uranium One,” Hill, October 1, 2018, https://thehill.com/opinion/white-house/409356-fbis-37-secret-pages-of-memos-about-russia-clintons-and-uranium-one.

8 Michael Isikoff, “Doubts Surface about Key Witness in Uranium One Probe of Clinton,” Yahoo News, November 17, 2017, https://www.yahoo.com/news/doubts-surface-key-witness-uranium-one-probe-clinton-203614558.html; Joel Schectman, “Exclusive: Secret Witness in Senate Clinton Probe Is Ex-Lobbyist for Russian Firm,” Reuters, November 16, 2017, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-clinton-informant-exclusive/exclusive-secret-witness-in-senate-clinton-probe-is-ex-lobbyist-for-russian-firm-idUSKBN1DG1SB; Sophie Tatum, “DOJ Gives FBI Informant Green Light to Testify on Russian Uranium Efforts,” CNN, October 27, 2017, https://www.cnn.com/2017/10/26/politics/doj-fbi-informant-uranium-congress/index.html; Interview Summary, “Re: Interview Summary of Uranium One ‘Confidential Informant’ William Campbell,” Congress of the United States, March 8, 2018.

9 Michael Isikoff, “Doubts Surface about Key Witness in Uranium One Probe of Clinton”; Joel Schectman, “Exclusive: Secret Witness in Senate Clinton Probe Is Ex-Lobbyist for Russian Firm.”

10 William D. Campbell, interview with author.

11 Ibid.

12 Ibid.

13 “Evidence Exhibits for Uranium One and Mark Lambert Uranium One Trial 159-Pages Filed April 26th 2019”; William D. Campbell, interview with author.

14 Ibid.

15 Ibid.

16 Ibid.

17 Ibid.

18 Sara Carter, “FBI Informant on Uranium One Breaks Silence,” Sara Carter’s website, on Internet Archive, February 7, 2018, https://web.archive.org/web/20180209211913/https:/saraacarter.com/fbi-informant-uranium-one-breaks-silence-today/ (the screenshot of the site was captured on February 9, 2018); William D. Campbell, interview with author; “FBI Informant: Russians Bragged Clintons Had Influence over CFIUS in Uranium One,” People’s Pundit Daily, February 8, 2018, https://www.peoplespunditdaily.com/news/politics/2018/02/08/fbi-informant-russians-bragged-clintons-influence-cifius-uranium-one/.

19 Ibid.

20 Anthony C. Cain, John Gearson, and Lee Willett, eds., “Deterrence in the Twenty-First Century,” September 2010, https://media.defense.gov/2017/Apr/05/2001727306/-1/-1/0/B_0118_DETERRENCE_TWENTYFIRST_CENTURY.PDF; Carter, “FBI Informant on Uranium One Breaks Silence”; Jo Becker and Mike McIntire, “Cash Flowed to Clinton Foundation Amid Russian Uranium Deal,” New York Times, April 23, 2015, https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/24/us/cash-flowed-to-clinton-foundation-as-russians-pressed-for-control-of-uranium-company.html; Alexander Nikitin, “Rosatom State Corporation,” Bellona, November 26, 2007, https://bellona.org/news/nuclear-issues/nuclear-russia/2007-11-rosatom-state-corporation.

21 Becker and McIntire, “Cash Flowed to Clinton Foundation Amid Russian Uranium Deal”; Carter, “FBI Informant on Uranium One Breaks Silence”; William D. Campbell, interview with author.

22 “Mr. Rod Fisk,” Daher-TLI, August 12, 2011, https://www.tliusa.com/index.php/about/news/67-mr-rod-fisk; William D. Campbell, interview with author; “Evidence Exhibits for Uranium One and Mark Lambert Uranium One Trial 159-Pages Filed April 26th 2019.”

23 Cristiano Lima, “Sessions Praises Lifting of Gag Order on FBI Informant in Uranium Probe,” Politico, October 27, 2017, https://www.politico.com/story/2017/10/27/jeff-sessions-doj-gag-order-fbi-informant-uranium-244262; “Evidence Exhibits for Uranium One and Mark Lambert Uranium One Trial 159-Pages Filed April 26th 2019”; Julie Hirschfeld Davis, “Trump Urged Gag Order to Be Lifted on Federal Informant,” New York Times, October 27, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/27/us/politics/trump-gag-order-justice-department.html.

24 Solomon and Spann, “FBI Uncovered Russian Bribery Plot Before Obama Administration Approved Controversial Nuclear Deal with Moscow”; William D. Campbell, interview with author.

25 Taylor Marsh, “Obama Hearts Nuke Giant Exelon,” Huffington Post, February 4, 2008, https://www.huffpost.com/entry/obama-hearts-nuke-giant-e_b_84824; Robert Sam Anson, “Obama’s Power Grid,” Vanity Fair, October 13, 2011, https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2011/10/obama-nuclear-201110; Mikheil Saakashvili, “When Russia Invaded Georgia,” Wall Street Journal, August 7, 2018, https://www.wsj.com/articles/when-russia-invaded-georgia-1533682576.

26 Campbell v. Mikerin, 1:16—cv-01888 (D. Maryland 2016), document 1, filed June 6, 2016, Scribd, https://www.scribd.com/document/369163681/Document (uploaded by DownTheRabbitHole on January 15, 2018); William D. Campbell, interview with author.

27 William D. Campbell, interview with author; Campbell v. Mikerin, 1:16—cv-01888 (D. Maryland 2016), document 1.

28 Ibid.; “Affidavit in Support of an Application Under Rule 41 for a Warrant to Search 2/6/15”; “Evidence Exhibits for Uranium One and Mark Lambert Uranium One Trial 159-Pages Filed April 26th 2019”; “Indictment Affidavit,” Scribd, https://www.scribd.com/document/361782806/Indictment-Affidavit (uploaded by M Mali on October 17, 2017); “A Russian Nuclear Firm Under FBI Investigation Was Allowed to Purchase US Uranium Supply,” Circa, on Internet Archive, October 17, 2017, https://web.archive.org/web/20180122094147/https://www.circa.com/story/2017/10/17/national-security/the-fbi-uncovered-russian-nuclear-kickback-scheme-months-before-the-obama-administration-passed-uranium-one-deal-with-moscow (the screenshot of the site was captured on January 22, 2018).

29 Ibid.

30 Ibid.

31 William D. Campbell, interview with author.

32 Ibid.

33 Ibid.

34 Ibid.

35 Ibid.

36 Ibid.

37 Ibid.

38 Ibid.

39 Ibid.

40 Ibid.; Campbell v. Mikerin, 1:16—cv-01888 (D. Maryland 2016), document 1.

41 William D. Campbell, interview with author.

42 Ibid.

43 Ibid.

44 Ibid.

45 Andrew C. McCarthy, “Collusion with Russia, a Bipartisan Affair,” in Ball of Collusion: The Plot to Rig an Election and Destroy a Presidency (New York: Encounter Books, 2019).

46 William D. Campbell, interview with author.

47 Jill Dougherty, “Clinton to Meet Medvedev for Wide-Ranging Talks,” CNN, 2009, https://www.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/europe/10/12/us.russia.clinton.medvedev/index.html; Jeff Mason, “Clinton Fails to Win Russia Pledge on Iran Sanctions,” Reuters, October 13, 2009, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-clinton/clinton-fails-to-win-russia-pledge-on-iran-sanctions-idUSTRE59B5JB20091013; “Dmitry Medvedev Met with U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton,” Kremlin.ru, October 13, 2009, http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/5728.

48 “US and Russia Seek to Show Unity on Iran,” Times of Malta, October 14, 2009, https://timesofmalta.com/articles/view/us-and-russia-seek-to-show-unity-on-iran.277373; “Beginning of Meeting with U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton,” Kremlin.ru, October 13, 2009, http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/transcripts/48482.

49 U.S. Department of State, “Secretary Clinton’s Interview with Ekho Moskvy Radio,” interview, October 14, 2009, https://2009-2017.state.gov/secretary/20092013clinton/rm/2009a/10/130546.htm; Charles Digges, “UPDATE: Reports That New Megatons to Megawatts Deal Is Being Brokered on Sidelines of Start Talks Met with Scepticism from Nuke Industry Experts,” Bellona, November 10, 2009, https://bellona.org/news/nuclear-issues/nuclear-agreements/2009-11-update-reports-that-new-megatons-to-megawatts-deal-is-being-brokered-on-sidelines-of-start-talks-met-with-scepticism-from-nuke-industry-experts.

50 Charles Digges, “US and Russia Ink First Ever Completely Commercial Uranium Sales Deal Estimated at $1 Billion,” Bellona, May 26, 2009, https://bellona.org/news/nuclear-issues/nuclear-russia/2009-05-us-and-russia-ink-first-ever-completely-commercial-uranium-sales-deal-estimated-at-1-billion; U.S. Energy Information Administration, “Megatons to Megawatts Program Will Conclude at the End of 2013,” September 24, 2013, https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=13091.

51 Mary Beth Nikitin, “U.S.-Russian Civilian Nuclear Cooperation Agreement: Issues for Congress,” Congressional Research Service, January 11, 2011, https://fas.org/sgp/crs/nuke/RL34655.pdf.

52 “The U.S.-Russian Agreement for Peaceful Nuclear Cooperation,” Nuclear Threat Initiative, accessed January 15, 2020, https://www.nti.org/analysis/articles/us-russian-peaceful-cooperation/; Steve Gutterman, “U.S.-Russian Civilian Nuclear Deal Enters Force,” Reuters, January 11, 2011, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-usa-nuclear/u-s-russian-civilian-nuclear-deal-enters-force-idUSTRE70A1SF20110111.

53 U.S. Department of State, “Secretary Clinton’s Interview with Ekho Moskvy Radio”; U.S. Department of State, “Arms Control and International Security: Releases,” n.d., https://2009-2017.state.gov/p/eur/ci/rs/usrussiabilat/c37593.htm; Andrea Noble, “Uranium One Deal Informant Sued to Recoup More than $700K Lost in Bribes,” Washington Times, November 16, 2017, https://m.washingtontimes.com/news/2017/nov/16/uranium-one-deal-informant-sued-recoup-more-700k/; Solomon, “FBI Informant Gathered Years of Evidence on Russian Push for US Nuclear Fuel Deals, Including Uranium One, Memos Show”; “A Russian Nuclear Firm Under FBI Investigation Was Allowed to Purchase US Uranium Supply,” Circa, on Internet Archive, October 17, 2017, https://web.archive.org/web/20180122094147/http://www.circa.com/story/2017/10/17/national-security/the-fbi-uncovered-russian-nuclear-kickback-scheme-months-before-the-obama-administration-passed-uranium-one-deal-with-moscow (the screenshot of the site was captured on January 22, 2018).

54 Solomon, “FBI Informant Gathered Years of Evidence on Russian Push for US Nuclear Fuel Deals, Including Uranium One, Memos Show.”

55 Bureau of Public Affairs, “The Agreement Between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the Russian Federation… (U.S.-Russia 123 Agreement),” U.S. Department of State, press release, January 12, 2011, https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2011/01/154318.htm; “Russia, U.S. Sign Deal to Reduce Nuclear Risk,” Reuters, December 7, 2010, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-usa-nuclear/russia-u-s-sign-deal-to-reduce-nuclear-risk-idUSTRE6B61T820101207; Michael McFaul, From Cold War to Hot Peace: An American Ambassador in Putin’s Russia (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2018).

56 “The U.S.-Russian Agreement for Peaceful Nuclear Cooperation”; Eli Lake, “4 GOP Leaders Warn of Uranium Mine Sale,” Washington Times, October 5, 2010, https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2010/oct/5/4-gop-leaders-warn-of-uranium-mine-sale/; E-mail message from Carol Gallagher to Rulemaking Comments, “FW: National Security Concerns with Uranium Mines in Wyoming,” Nuclear Regulatory Commission, January 20, 2011, https://www.nrc.gov/docs/ML1102/ML110250286.pdf; “Pentagon Wanted Longer Review of U.S.-Russian Nuclear Trade Pact,” Nuclear Threat Initiative, September 22, 2010, https://www.nti.org/gsn/article/pentagon-wanted-longer-review-of-us-russian-nuclear-trade-pact/.

57 Michael Mariotte, “Is U.S. Nuclear Energy or Isn’t It Dependent on Russian Enriched Uranium? (Part 2),” Foreign Policy in Focus, April 9, 2014, https://fpif.org/u-s-nuclear-energy-isnt-dependent-russian-enriched-uranium-part-2/; “Putin Admits Russian Forces Were Deployed to Crimea,” Reuters, April 17, 2014, https://www.reuters.com/article/russia-putin-crimea/putin-admits-russian-forces-were-deployed-to-crimea-idUSL6N0N921H20140417.

58 William D. Campbell, interview with author; Becker and McIntire, “Cash Flowed to Clinton Foundation Amid Russian Uranium Deal.”

59 Carter, “Treasure Trove of Documents Tying Russia to Uranium One”; William D. Campbell, interview with author.

60 Ibid.

61 E-mail message from Rod Fisk to William D. Campbell, “Russian Uranium,” June 24, 2010.

62 Ibid.

63 William D. Campbell, interview with author; Lake, “4 GOP Leaders Warn of Uranium Mine Sale.”

64 Lake, “4 GOP Leaders Warn of Uranium Mine Sale.”

65 E-mail message from Rod Fisk to William D. Campbell, “ARMZ + Uranium One,” October 6, 2010.

66 E-mail message from William D. Campbell to MikerinV@tenex.ru and Fefelov.V.I@tenex.ru, “C.M. Herman-Sigma Transnational Report,” October 7, 2010; Memorandum from Cheryl Moss Herman to Vadim Mikerin, President, Tenam Corporation, “Policy/Legislative Issues Affecting the Business Climate in the U.S. for TENAM/Tenex,” October 7, 2010; Sara A. Carter, “Current DOE Official Once Consulted for Russian Nuclear Companies,” Sara A. Carter’s website, November 3, 2017, http://s698055499.onlinehome.us/2017/11/03/; Carter, “Treasure Trove of Documents Tying Russia to Uranium One”; William D. Campbell, interview with author.

67 “Policy/Legislative Issues Affecting the Business Climate in the U.S. for TENAM/Tenex.”

68 Ibid.

69 Ibid.

70 “Evidence Exhibits for Uranium One and Mark Lambert Uranium One Trial 159-Pages Filed April 26th 2019”; William D. Campbell, interview with author.

71 Solomon, “FBI’s 37 Secret Pages of Memos about Russia, Clintons and Uranium One”; William D. Campbell, interview with author.

72 Ibid.

73 “Russia Boosts Nuclear Fuel Exports,” World Nuclear News, October 6, 2010, https://www.world-nuclear-news.org/ENF-Russia_boosts_nuclear_fuel_exports-0610104.html; Jeb Handwerger, “Is America Falling Asleep at the Switch with Uranium?,” Seeking Alpha, December 16, 2020, https://seekingalpha.com/article/242340-is-america-falling-asleep-at-the-switch-with-uranium.

74 William D. Campbell, interview with author.

75 John Solomon, “Uranium One Informant Makes Clinton Allegations to Congress,” Hill, February 7, 2018, https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/372861-uranium-one-informant-makes-clinton-allegations-in-testimony; William D. Campbell, interview with author.

76 Interview Summary, “Re: Interview Summary of Uranium One ‘Confidential Informant’ William Campbell,” Congress of the United States, March 8, 2018; Katie Bo Williams, “Dems: Uranium One Informant Provided ‘No Evidence’ of Clinton ‘Quid Pro Quo,’” Hill, March 8, 2018, https://thehill.com/policy/national-security/377404-dems-uranium-one-informant-provided-no-evidence-of-wrongdoing-by; Paul Waldman, “Democrats Strike a Blow Against GOP Efforts to Shield Trump,” Washington Post, March 8, 2018, https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/plum-line/wp/2018/03/08/democrats-strike-a-blow-against-gop-efforts-to-shield-trump/; Jonah Goldberg, “Good for Shep Smith,” National Review, November 15, 2017, https://www.nationalreview.com/corner/shep-smith-uranium-one-hillary-clinton-story-not-treason/.

77 Paul Rosenzweig, “Unpacking Uranium One: Hype and Law,” Lawfare, October 27, 2017, https://www.lawfareblog.com/unpacking-uranium-one-hype-and-law; Solomon, “FBI’s 37 Secret Pages of Memos about Russia, Clintons and Uranium One.”

78 Nuclear Regulatory Commission, “Response to Request for Information, Senator John Barrasso, Letter Dated December 11, 2017,” https://www.nrc.gov/docs/ML1802/ML18023B016.pdf; Letter from Donna Wichers, President, Uranium One USA, Inc., to Andrew Persinko, Deputy Director, Nuclear Regulatory Commission, and Robert J. Torres, Senior Health Physicist, Nuclear Regulatory Commission, January 29, 2013, https://www.nrc.gov/docs/ML1304/ML13043A505.pdf.

79 Ibid.

80 Ibid.

81 Joseph Tipograph and Lisha Zhou, “US-China Trade War: New Risks for Dealmakers,” PaRR, September 2018, https://www.dealreporter.com/assets/PaRRUSChinaTradeWarFinal_0.pdf; William D. Campbell, interview with author; Carter, “Treasure Trove of Documents Tying Russia to Uranium One.”

82 Solomon, “Uranium One Informant Makes Clinton Allegations to Congress”; William D. Campbell, interview with author.

83 William D. Campbell, interview with author.

84 Ibid.

85 Brooke Singman, “Uranium One Informant Says Moscow Paid Millions in Bid to Influence Clinton,” Fox News, February 8, 2018, https://www.foxnews.com/politics/uranium-one-informant-says-moscow-paid-millions-in-bid-to-influence-clinton; William D. Campbell, interview with author; Solomon, “Uranium One Informant Makes Clinton Allegations to Congress.”

86 Ibid.

87 Dmitry Sudakov, “Russian Nuclear Energy Conquers the World,” Pravda, January 22, 2013, https://www.pravdareport.com/russia/123551-russia_nuclear_energy/.

88 William D. Campbell, interview with author.

89 Solomon, “Uranium One Informant Makes Clinton Allegations to Congress.”

90 European Court of Human Rights, Application #20914/07 by Maria Anna Carter against Russia, lodged on May 21, 2007, https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng-comold#{%22itemid%22:[%22003-3345303-3743418%22]}; Peter Finn, “Most Polonium Made Near the Volga River,” Moscow Times, January 11, 2007, https://www.themoscowtimes.com/archive/most-polonium-made-near-the-volga-river; William D. Campbell, interview with author; Luke Harding, chap. 15 in A Very Expensive Poison: The Assassination of Alexander Litvinenko and Putin’s War in the West (New York: Vintage Books, 2016).

91 William D. Campbell, interview with author; Carter, “Treasure Trove of Documents Tying Russia to Uranium One”; Solomon, “Uranium One Informant Makes Clinton Allegations to Congress.”

92 Ibid.

93 Ibid.

94 Ibid.

95 Memorandum from William D. Campbell to FBI Special Agent Tim Taylor, “Explanation of New Transfer Coordinates from Cyprus by Internal Tenex Network Directive,” August 23, 2010.

96 William D. Campbell, interview with author.

97 Ibid.

98 Ibid.

99 Memorandum from William D. Campbell to FBI Special Agent Tim Taylor, “Explanation of New Transfer Coordinates from Cyprus by Internal Tenex Network Directive”; William D. Campbell, interview with author.

100 Memorandum from William D. Campbell to FBI Special Agent Tim Taylor, “Explanation of New Transfer Coordinates from Cyprus by Internal Tenex Network Directive.”

101 William D. Campbell, interview with author.

102 Andis Kudors and Robert Orttung, “Russian Public Relations Activities and Soft Power,” Russian Analytical Digest 81 (June 16, 2010), https://www.research-collection.ethz.ch/handle/20.500.11850/26212; William D. Campbell, interview with author.

103 Memorandum from William D. Campbell to FBI Special Agent Tim Taylor, “Explanation of New Transfer Coordinates from Cyprus by Internal Tenex Network Directive.”

104 Ibid.

105 William D. Campbell, interview with author.

106 “Former Jockey for Vladimir Putin Moves Tack to U.S.,” Paulick Report, November 11, 2013, https://www.paulickreport.com/news/people/former-jockey-for-vladimir-putin-moves-tack-to-u-s/; William D. Campbell, interview with author.

107 William D. Campbell, interview with author.

108 “About Us,” Kentucky Colonels, n.d., https://www.kycolonels.org/about-us/; William D. Campbell, interview with author.

109 Official Kentucky Colonel certificate for Vladimir V. Putin, October 15, 2012.

110 Ibid.

111 William D. Campbell, memos to FBI Special Agent Tim Taylor, 2010-2012.

112 Lake, “4 GOP Leaders Warn of Uranium Mine Sale”; Memorandum from Cheryl Moss Herman to Vadim Mikerin, President, Tenam Corporation, “Policy/Legislative Issues Affecting the Business Climate in the U.S. for TENAM/Tenex”; William D. Campbell, interview with author.

113 Memorandum from William D. Campbell to FBI Special Agent Tim Taylor, “Explanation of New Transfer Coordinates from Cyprus by Internal Tenex Network Directive.”

114 William D. Campbell, interview with author; “Timeline of Nuclear Diplomacy with Iran,” Arms Control Association, March 2020, https://www.armscontrol.org/factsheet/Timeline-of-Nuclear-Diplomacy-With-Iran.

115 Restricted IAEA report, “Re: Iran Enrichment Activities - May 2010”; E-mail message from Rod Fisk to William D. Campbell, “Analysis of IAEA Report,” May 31, 2010; Julian Borger, “Iran Lets in UN Inspectors Ahead of Nuclear Report,” Guardian, August 20, 2009, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/aug/20/iran-un-nuclear-iaea-report.

116 Ibid.

117 Iran memo from FBI Special Agent Taylor to William D. Campbell, February 1, 2012; William D. Campbell, interview with author.

118 Ibid.

119 Ibid.

120 Ibid.

121 Ibid.

122 Ibid.

123 “Evidence Exhibits for Uranium One and Mark Lambert Uranium One Trial 159-Pages Filed April 26th 2019”; Carter, “Treasure Trove of Documents Tying Russia to Uranium One”; William D. Campbell, interview with author.

124 “FBI Informant: Russians Bragged Clintons Had Influence over CFIUS in Uranium One”; William D. Campbell, interview with author; Solomon, “Uranium One Informant Makes Clinton Allegations to Congress.”

125 “Evidence Exhibits for Uranium One and Mark Lambert Uranium One Trial 159-Pages Filed April 26th 2019”; Carter, “Treasure Trove of Documents Tying Russia to Uranium One”; Ruben Castaneda, “Profile of Rod Rosenstein, U.S. Attorney for Maryland,” Washington Post, October 9, 2011, https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/profile-of-rod-rosenstein-us-attorney-for-maryland/2011/09/29/gIQAfOTWYL_story.html.

126 John Solomon, “DOJ Failed to Interview FBI Informant Before it Filed Charges in Russian Nuclear Bribery Case,” Hill, December 4, 2017, https://thehill.com/homenews/news/363019-doj-failed-to-interview-fbi-informant-before-it-filed-charges-in-russian; Isikoff, “Doubts Surface about Key Witness in Uranium One Probe of Clinton”; William D. Campbell, interview with author.

127 Solomon, “FBI Informant Gathered Years of Evidence on Russian Push for US Nuclear Fuel Deals, Including Uranium One, Memos Show”; William D. Campbell, interview with author; United States of America v. Mark T. Lambert, Case No. TDC-18-0012, document 65, filed April 29, 2019, https://globalinvestigationsreview.com/digital_assets/2a9cde07-b000-4a68-a65b-585c85199444/D.-Md.-18-cr-00012-dckt-000065_000-filed-2019-04-29.pdf.

128 Ibid.

129 Ibid.

130 “Warrant Affidavit,” Scribd, https://www.scribd.com/document/361783030/Warrant-Affidavit (uploaded by M Mali on October 17, 2017); United States v. Mikerin, Criminal Action No. TDC-14-0529 (D. Md. May. 7, 2015), https://casetext.com/case/united-states-v-mikerin.

131 “Warrant Affidavit,” Scribd.

132 U.S. Department of Justice, “Russian National and Three Others Charged in Kickback Scheme to Obtain Contracts to Transport Russian Nuclear Fuel to the U.S.,” press release, October 31, 2014, https://www.justice.gov/usao-md/pr/russian-national-and-three-others-charged-kickback-scheme-obtain-contracts-transport; U.S. Department of Justice, “Former Russian Nuclear Energy Official Sentenced to 48 Months in Prison for Money Laundering Conspiracy Involving Foreign Corrupt Practices Act Violations,” press release, December 15, 2015, https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/former-russian-nuclear-energy-official-sentenced-48-months-prison-money-laundering-conspiracy.

133 Joel Schectman, “U.S. Sentences Russian Nuclear Official to Four Years for Bribe Scheme,” Reuters, December 15, 2015, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-crime-russia/u-s-sentences-russian-nuclear-official-to-four-years-for-bribe-scheme-idUSKBN0TY2V420151215.

134 Ibid.

135 William D. Campbell, photographer, check from Justice Federal Credit Union to William Douglas Campbell, January 7, 2016; William D. Campbell, interview with author.

136 E-mail message from David Gadren to William D. Campbell, “RE: ONGC Individuals,” June 21, 2017.

137 Carter, “FBI Informant on Uranium One Breaks Silence.”

138 Campbell v. Mikerin, 1:16—cv-01888 (D. Maryland 2016), document 1; William D. Campbell, interview with author.

139 Letter from Linda Dale Hoffa to William D. Campbell, “Re: William Douglas Campbell, et al. v. Vadim Mikerin, et al., Case No. 1:16-cv-01888-MJG (D. Md.) – Voluntarily Dismissing Suit,” August 4, 2016.

140 Sara Carter, “Attorney for FBI Informant Presses DOJ for Leak Investigation,” Sara A. Carter’s website, on Internet Archive, February 21, 2018, https://web.archive.org/web/20180221174047/https://saraacarter.com/attorney-fbi-informant-presses-doj-leak-investigation/ (the screenshot of the site was captured on February 21, 2018); “FBI’s 37 Secret Pages of Memos about Russia, Clintons and Uranium One.”

141 United States of America v. Mark T. Lambert, Case No. TDC-18-0012, document 65; Carter, “FBI Informant on Uranium One Breaks Silence”; Solomon, “FBI’s 37 Secret Pages of Memos about Russia, Clintons and Uranium One”; “Evidence Exhibits for Uranium One and Mark Lambert Uranium One Trial 159-Pages Filed April 26th 2019”; William D. Campbell, interview with author; Solomon, “Uranium One Informant Makes Clinton Allegations to Congress.”

142 Ibid.

Chapter 7

1 Hillary Rodham Clinton, “Interview with Vladimir Pozner of First Channel Television,” U.S. Department of State, March 19, 2010, https://2009-2017.state.gov/secretary/20092013clinton/rm/2010/03/138712.htm.

2 Hearing Before the Committee on Armed Services, United States Senate, “Briefing by Representatives from the Departments and Agencies Represented on the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CFIUS) to Discuss the National Security Implications of the Acquisition of Peninsular and Oriental Steamship Navigation Company by Dubai Ports World, a Government-owned and –controlled Firm of the United Arab Emirates (UAE),” 109th Cong. (2006), http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-109shrg32744/html/CHRG-109shrg32744.htm.

3 Reid Pillifant, “Hillary Clinton Remembers ‘Friend and Mentor’ Robert Byrd,” Observer, June 28, 2010, https://observer.com/2010/06/hillary-clinton-remembers-friend-and-mentor-robert-byrd/; Senate Armed Services Committee, “U.S. Seaport Security” C-SPAN, February 23, 2006, video, 14:11, https://www.c-span.org/video/?191340-1/us-seaport-security; “User Clip: 2006-02-23 – HRC CFIUS Dubai Ports,” C-SPAN, December 10, 2019, video, https://www.c-span.org/video/?c4837338/user-clip-2006-02-23-hrc-cfius-dubai-ports.

4 Hearing Before the Committee on Armed Services, United States Senate, “Briefing by Representatives from the Departments and Agencies Represented on the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CFIUS)…,” 109th Cong. (2006).

5 Ibid.

6 Ibid.

7 Congressional Research Service, “Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CFIUS),” updated February 14, 2020, http://fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/RL33388.pdf; “Executive Orders: Executive Order 11858—Foreign Investment in the United States,” National Archives, last updated August 15, 2016, http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/codification/executive-order/11858.html.

8 Jill Priluck, “The Mysterious Agency That Can Block a Global Merger,” Reuters (blog), July 8, 2013, http://blogs.reuters.com/great-debate/2013/07/08/the-mysterious-agency-that-can-block-a-global-merger/; Congressional Research Service, “Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CFIUS).”

9 Z. Byron Wolf, “Frist Joins Critics Opposing Port Deal As Bush Presses Forward,” ABC News, February 22, 2006, http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/story?id=1645140; Peter Schweizer, Clinton Cash (New York: HarperCollins, 2015), 54; Associated Press, “Bush Backs Transfer of U.S. Ports to Dubai Firm,” NBC News, February 21, 2006, http://www.nbcnews.com/id/11474440/ns/us_news-security/t/bush-backs-transfer-us-ports-dubai-firm/#.XkHNnBNKiDU.

10 Hearing Before the Committee on Armed Services, United States Senate, “Briefing by Representatives from the Departments and Agencies Represented on the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CFIUS)…,” 109th Cong. (2006); Stephanie Kirchgaessner, “Hillary Clinton ‘Unaware’ of Bill’s Dubai Ties,” MSNBC, on Internet Archive, March 4, 2006, https://web.archive.org/web/20060313171317/http://msnbc.msn.com/id/11657573 (the screenshot of the site was captured on March 13, 2006).

11 Stephanie Kirchgaessner, “Bill Clinton Helped Dubai on Ports Deal,” Financial Times, March 1, 2006, https://www.ft.com/content/60414c4c-a95e-11da-a64b-0000779e2340; Dick Morris, “Clintons’ UAE Quid Pro Quo,” Hill, March 17, 2015, https://thehill.com/opinion/dick-morris/236033-dick-morris-clintons-uae-quid-pro-quo; Robert Novak, “The Clintons on Dubai,” Real Clear Politics, March 2, 2006, https://www.realclearpolitics.com/Commentary/com-3_2_06_RN.html.

12 Ibid.

13 Morris, “Clintons’ UAE Quid Pro Quo.”

14 “The Clintons and the Emirates,” Wall Street Journal, October 16, 2015, https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-clintons-and-the-emirates-1445036941.

15 Raphael Schweber-Koren, “Matthews Cut Short Schumer Quote, Omitting Gist of Schumer’s Concern over Ports Deal,” Media Matters for America, February 27, 2006, https://www.mediamatters.org/nbc/matthews-cut-short-schumer-quote-omitting-gist-schumers-concern-over-ports-deal.

16 Associated Press, “Bush Backs Transfer of U.S. Ports to Dubai Firm”; “Obama Statement on Administration’s Approval of Plan to Outsource U.S. Ports to United Arab Emirates,” Barack Obama’s Senate page, on Internet Archive, February 21, 2006, https://web.archive.org/web/20080131080732/http://obama.senate.gov/press/060221-obama_statement_17/ (the screenshot of the site was captured on January 31, 2008).

17 Hearing Before the Committee on Armed Services, United States Senate, “Briefing by Representatives from the Departments and Agencies Represented on the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CFIUS)…,” 109th Cong. (2006); Report on Legislative and Oversight Activities of the House Committee on Homeland Security, Together with Additional Views, House of Representatives, “Nomination of Hillary R. Clinton to Be Secretary of State,” 109th Cong. (2006).

18 “Marketplace: Concern over Control of U.S. Ports,” NPR, February 20, 2006, https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5225229.

19 “Five Years After 9/11 Attacks: U.S. Ports More Secure Than Ever; Progress Must Continue,” American Association of Port Authorities, news release, September 1, 2006, https://www.aapa-ports.org/advocating/PRdetail.aspx?itemnumber=1092.

20 Simon Romero and Heather Timmons, “A Ship Already Sailed,” New York Times, February 24, 2006, https://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/24/business/a-ship-already-sailed.html.

21 Neil King Jr. and Greg Hitt, “Dubai Ports World Sells U.S. Assets,” Wall Street Journal, December 12, 2006, https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB116584567567746444.

22 “AIG Pledges $5.25 Million to Microfinance Project Headed by Ex-President Clinton,” Insurance Journal, September 25, 2006, https://www.insurancejournal.com/news/international/2006/09/25/72757.htm.

23 “The Clintons and the Emirates”; James Rickards, Aftermath: Seven Secrets of Wealth Preservation in the Coming Chaos (New York: Penguin, 2019).

24 “Hillary Clinton Promotes Plan for Strong Defense and Good Jobs in Indiana,” American Presidency Project, on Internet Archive, press release, April 12, 2008, https://web.archive.org/web/20150816160113/http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=96587 (the screenshot of the site was captured on August 16, 2015).

25 Jo Becker and Mike McIntire, “Cash Flowed to Clinton Foundation Amid Russian Uranium Deal,” New York Times, April 23, 2015, https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/24/us/cash-flowed-to-clinton-foundation-as-russians-pressed-for-control-of-uranium-company.html.

26 Hearing Before the Committee on Armed Services, United States Senate, “Briefing by Representatives from the Departments and Agencies Represented on the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CFIUS)…,” 109th Cong. (2006).

27 Morris, “Clintons’ UAE Quid Pro Quo”; Rickards, Aftermath; Schweizer, Clinton Cash, 54.

28 “About Us,” Clinton Global Initiative, Clinton Foundation, accessed November 15, 2019, https://www.clintonfoundation.org/clinton-global-initiative/about-us/cgi-mission; Anna Massoglia, “Clinton Foundation’s Revenue Hit 15-Year Low After 2016 Presidential Election,” Opensecrets.org, December 13, 2018, https://www.opensecrets.org/news/2018/12/clinton-foundation-revenue-low/.

29 Michael Sainato, “Exclusive: Wikileaks Guccifer 2.0 Teaser Exposes Pay-to-Play and Financial Data,” Observer, October 5, 2016, https://observer.com/2016/10/exclusive-wikileaks-guccifer-2-0-teaser-exposes-pay-to-play-and-financial-data/; Tyler Durden, “Clinton Foundation Allegedly Hacked Exposing Thousands of Donor Databases; “Pay to Play” Folder,” Zero Hedge, October 4, 2016, https://www.zerohedge.com/news/2016-10-04/clinton-foundation-hacked-exposing-thousands-donor-databases-pay-play-folder.

30 James V. Grimaldi and Anupreeta Das, “Clinton Foundation’s Fundraisers Pressed Donors to Steer Business to Former President,” Wall Street Journal, October 26, 2016, https://www.wsj.com/articles/clinton-foundations-fundraisers-pressed-donors-to-steer-business-to-former-president-1477527597.

31 Massoglia, “Clinton Foundation’s Revenue Hit 15-Year Low After 2016 Presidential Election”; Anna Massoglia and Yue Stella Yu, “Clinton Foundation Cash Flow Continues to Drop Years After 2016 Election Loss,” Opensecrets.org, November 18, 2019, https://www.opensecrets.org/news/2019/11/clinton-foundation-cash-flow-drop/.

32 Hearing Before the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, “Nomination of Hillary R. Clinton to be Secretary of State,” 111th Cong. (2009), https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-111shrg54615/html/CHRG-111shrg54615.htm; Seamus Bruner, Compromised (New York: Post Hill Press, 2018), 78-79.

33 Bruner, Compromised, 80; Jonathan Swan, “Seven Ways the Clinton Foundation Failed to Meet Its Transparency Promises,” Hill, August 27, 2016, https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/293507-seven-ways-the-clinton-foundation-failed-to-meet-its-transparency-promises.

34 Swan, “Seven Ways the Clinton Foundation Failed to Meet Its Transparency Promises”; Schweizer, Clinton Cash, 35-36, 45; Siobhan Hughes and James V. Grimaldi, “Clinton Foundation Provides Details on Canadian Donation,” Wall Street Journal, April 26, 2015, https://www.wsj.com/articles/clinton-foundation-provides-details-on-canadian-donation-1430092540; “Revealed: Washington Post Uncovers 1,100 Hidden Foreign ‘Clinton Cash’ Donations,” Breitbart, April 28, 2015, https://www.breitbart.com/politics/2015/04/28/revealed-washington-post-uncovers-1100-hidden-foreign-clinton-cash-donations/; Michael Patrick Leahy, “Clinton Foundation Refuses to Release Names of 1,076 Secret Foreign Donors,” Breitbart, June 3, 2015, https://www.breitbart.com/politics/2015/06/03/clinton-foundation-refuses-to-release-names-of-1076-secret-foreign-donors/; “The Clinton Giustra Enterprise Partnership (Canada),” Clinton Global Initiative, Clinton Foundation, accessed November 15, 2019, https://www.clintonfoundation.org/clinton-global-initiative/commitments/clinton-giustra-enterprise-partnership-canada; Claudia Parsons, “Clinton, Mining Industry Launch Anti-Poverty Effort,” Reuters, June 21, 2007, https://uk.reuters.com/article/environment-clinton-poverty-mining-dc/clinton-mining-industry-launch-anti-poverty-effort-idUKN2139844220070621; Rosalind S. Helderman and Tom Hamburger, “1,100 Donors to a Canadian Charity Tied to Clinton Foundation Remain Secret,” Washington Post, April 28, 2015, https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/1100-donors-to-a-canadian-charity-tied-to-clinton-foundation-remain-secret/2015/04/28/c3c0f374-edbc-11e4-8666-a1d756d0218e_story.html; Energy Metals Corporation, “Uranium One and Energy Metals Receive CFIUS Approval for Proposed Arrangement,” news release, July 31, 2007, https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1361605/000106299307002905/rule425.htm.

35 Uranium One Inc., “Uranium One Special Committee and Board Recommend Transaction with ARMZ,” Cision, July 15, 2010, https://www.newswire.ca/news-releases/uranium-one-special-committee-and-board-recommend-transaction-with-armz-544710692.html.

36 Rickards, Aftermath.

37 Ibid., 32.

38 Ibid., 31-32.

39 Ibid., 31-35.

40 Bruner, Compromised, 73; Becker and McIntire, “Cash Flowed to Clinton Foundation Amid Russian Uranium Deal.”

41 Rickards, Aftermath.

42 U.S. Department of the Treasury, “CFIUS Overview,” accessed November 2, 2019, https://home.treasury.gov/policy-issues/international/the-committee-on-foreign-investment-in-the-united-states-cfius/composition-of-cfius; Rickards, Aftermath.

43 Rickards, Aftermath.

44 Ibid.

45 E-mail message from Zeba Reyahzuddin to Nathan P. Lane, “CFIUS Certification to Congress,” U.S. Department of State, November 4, 2010, https://foia.state.gov/Search/results.aspx?searchText=%2220101004+AM+CFIUS+10-40.doc%22&beginDate=&endDate=&publishedBeginDate=&publishedEndDate=&caseNumber=.

46 “FACT SHEET: U.S. – Russia Bilateral Presidential Commission,” Obama White House (archive), press release, July 6, 2009, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/fact-sheet-us-russia-bilateral-presidential-commission; “Joint Statement by the Coordinators of the U.S.-Russia Presidential Commission,” Obama White House (archive), accessed November 15, 2019, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/u.s.-russia_presidential_commission_joint_statement.pdf.

47 U.S. Department of State, “Economic Statecraft,” Remarks by Hillary Rodham Clinton, October 14, 2011, https://2009-2017.state.gov/secretary/20092013clinton/rm/2011/10/175552.htm.

48 Ben Jacobs, “Hillary Clinton Aides’ Wall Street Links Raise Economic Policy Doubts,” Guardian, July 26, 2015, https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/jul/26/wall-street-links-hillary-clinton-aides-economic-policy-doubts; U.S. Department of State, “Daily Appointments Schedule for June 18, 2010,” June 18, 2010, https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/prs/appt/2010/06/143304.htm.

49 “PART 2 RUSSIA – US BUSINESS DIALOGUE.mp4,” YouTube video, posted by “SPIEF,” October 14, 2010, https://youtu.be/ofsMBcSI80o?t=377; U.S. Department of State, “Daily Appointments Schedule for June 18, 2010.”

50 Sarah Westwood, “Emails Show Clinton Ties to Russian Oligarch Under Investigation,” Washington Examiner, September 12, 2016, https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/emails-show-clinton-ties-to-russian-oligarch-under-investigation; “PART 2 RUSSIA – US BUSINESS DIALOGUE.mp4.”

51 Owen Matthews, “How Obama Bought Russia’s (Expensive) Friendship,” Newsweek, June 24, 2010, https://www.newsweek.com/how-obama-bought-russias-expensive-friendship-73289; “Is Barack Obama Tough Enough?,” Economist, February 25, 2010, https://www.economist.com/united-states/2010/02/25/is-barack-obama-tough-enough; James Joyner, “Europe’s Obama Fatigue,” Foreign Policy, October 29, 2009, https://foreignpolicy.com/2009/10/29/europes-obama-fatigue/.

52 Letter from four House ranking members regarding CFIUS Case 10-40, to The Honorable Timothy F. Geithner, U.S. Department of the Treasury, Chairman, CFIUS, October 5, 2010, https://www.judicialwatch.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/JW-v-DOJ-Uranium-One-Treasury-doc-00722.pdf.

53 Letter from Charles E. Grassley, Chairman, Committee on the Judiciary, to The Honorable Rex W. Tillerson, Secretary, U.S. Department of State, October 12, 2017, https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/2017-10-12%20CEG%20to%20DOS%20(Uranium%20One%20Follow%20up).pdf; Letter from John Barrasso, M.D., Chairman, Committee on Environment and Public Works, to The Honorable Rick Perry, Secretary, U.S. Department of Energy, and to The Honorable Kristine Svinicki, Chairman, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, December 11, 2017, https://www.nrc.gov/docs/ML1734/ML17346A446.pdf.

54 E-mail message from Ari N. Sulby to Helen Recinos, “FW: Additional Information on Russian Nuclear Cooperation with Iran: CFIUS Case 10-40,” U.S. Department of State, obtained by Judicial Watch, Inc., October 31, 2018, http://www.judicialwatch.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/JW-v-DOJ-Uranium-One-records-00722-production-3-pg-13.pdf/.

55 Ibid.

56 Letter from Eric F. Stein, Director, Office of Information Programs and Services, to Mr. William F. Marshall, Judicial Watch, August 31, 2018, http://www.judicialwatch.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/JW-v-DOJ-Uranium-One-records-00722.pdf.

57 Ibid.

58 Ibid

59 Ibid.

60 Letter from four House ranking members regarding CFIUS Case 10-40, to The Honorable Timothy F. Geithner, U.S. Department of the Treasury, Chairman, CFIUS, October 5, 2010.

61 Ibid.

62 Bureau of Counterterrorism, “State Sponsors of Terrorism,” U.S. Department of State, accessed November 1, 2019, https://www.state.gov/state-sponsors-of-terrorism/.

63 Letter from four House ranking members regarding CFIUS Case 10-40, to The Honorable Timothy F. Geithner, U.S. Department of the Treasury, Chairman, CFIUS, October 5, 2010.

64 Rickards, Aftermath.

65 Letter from four House ranking members regarding CFIUS Case 10-40, to The Honorable Timothy F. Geithner, U.S. Department of the Treasury, Chairman, CFIUS, October 5, 2010; Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Response to Request for Information, Senator John Barrasso, Letter dated December 11, 2017, https://www.nrc.gov/docs/ML1802/ML18023B016.pdf.

66 Melissa Akin and Julie Gordon, “3-Russia’s ARMZ to Take Uranium One Private for $1.3 Bln,” Reuters, January 14, 2013, https://www.reuters.com/article/uranium-one-private/update-3-russias-armz-to-take-uranium-one-private-for-1-3-bln-idUSL6N0AJ0BA20130114.

67 Rickards, Aftermath.

68 Ibid.

69 Federal Bureau of Investigation, “Uranium One Transaction Part 01 of 01,” accessed July 23, 2019, https://vault.fbi.gov/uranium-one-transaction/uranium-one-transaction-part-01-of-01/view; Letter from Charles E. Grassley, Chairman, Committee on the Judiciary, to The Honorable Daniel R. Coats, Director, Office of the Director of National Intelligence, October 12, 2017, https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/2017-10-12%20CEG%20to%20DNI%20(Uranium%20One%20Follow%20up).pdf.

70 John Solomon and Alison Spann, “FBI Uncovered Russian Bribery Plot Before Obama Administration Approved Controversial Nuclear Deal with Moscow,” Hill, October 17, 2017, https://thehill.com/policy/national-security/355749-fbi-uncovered-russian-bribery-plot-before-obama-administration; Bruner, Compromised, 46.

71 Bruner, Compromised, 63-65.

72 William D. Campbell, interview with author.

73 Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Response to Request for Information, Senator John Barrasso, Letter dated December 11, 2017; Bruner, Compromised, 63-65.

74 Bruner, Compromised, 63-65.

75 Ibid., 63-64.

76 Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Response to Request for Information, Senator John Barrasso, Letter dated December 11, 2017; Bruner, Compromised, 57.

77 Letter from Donna L. Wichers, Senior Vice President, ISR Operations, to Keith McConnell, Deputy Director, Decommissioning and Uranium Recovery Licensing Directorate, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Uranium One, July 20, 2010, https://www.nrc.gov/docs/ML1020/ML102090404.pdf; Uranium One, Notice of Change of Control and Ownership Information, NRC Form 313, https://www.nrc.gov/docs/ML1020/ML102090404.pdf.

78 Letter from Donna L. Wichers, Senior Vice President, ISR Operations, to Keith McConnell, Deputy Director, Decommissioning and Uranium Recovery Licensing Directorate, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Uranium One, July 20, 2010.

79 Ibid.

80 Paul Rosenzweig, “Unpacking Uranium One: Hype and Law,” Lawfare, October 27, 2017, https://www.lawfareblog.com/unpacking-uranium-one-hype-and-law.

81 Uranium One, Notice of Change of Control and Ownership Information, NRC Form 313.

82 Letter from Greg Kruse, Manager, US Operations, Uranium One Americas, Inc., to Andrew Persinko, Deputy Director, Decommissioning & Uranium Recovery Licensing Directorate, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, and Roberto J. Torres, Senior Health Physicist, Nuclear Materials Safety, Branch B, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, June 1, 2015, https://www.nrc.gov/docs/ML1518/ML15181A376.pdf;Letter from Greg Kruse, Manager, US Operations, Uranium One Americas, Inc., to Andrew Persinko, Deputy Director, Decommissioning & Uranium Recovery Licensing Directorate, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, and Roberto J. Torres, Senior Health Physicist, Nuclear Materials Safety, Branch B, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, September 14, 2016, https://www.nrc.gov/docs/ML1629/ML16299A040.pdf; Letter from Janice Dunn Lee, Director, Office of International Programs, to Andre – Claude Lacoste, Director, Nuclear Installations, Nuclear Regulatory Commission, February 28, 2001, https://www.nrc.gov/docs/ML0106/ML010610358.pdf; E-mail message from Andrew Persinko to ForeignTravel, “Quick Look Report: Moscow May 19-30,” Nuclear Regulatory Commission, June 3, 2003, https://www.nrc.gov/docs/ML0408/ML040890656.pdf.

83 Uranium One Inc., Quarterly Report, Quarter 2, translated, approved on August 15, 2018, http://www.uranium1.com/upload/iblock/5ac/5acd5fec499284cf2e3e8e686124e014.pdf.

84 Ibid.; Letter from Donna L. Wichers, Senior Vice President, ISR Operations, to Keith McConnell, Deputy Director, Decommissioning and Uranium Recovery Licensing Directorate, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Uranium One, July 20, 2010.

85 Uranium One, Notice of Change of Control and Ownership Information, NRC Form 313; Uranium One Inc., Quarterly Report, Quarter 4, approved on February 10, 2017, http://www.uranium1.com/upload/iblock/85c/85c15dd83c0e5a76ae6c747980a006ca.pdf.

86 John Solomon and Alison Spann, “Uranium One Deal Led to Some Exports to Europe, Memos Show,” Hill, November 2, 2017, https://thehill.com/policy/national-security/358339-uranium-one-deal-led-to-some-exports-to-europe-memos-show.

87 Letter from John Barrasso, M.D., Chairman, Committee on Environment and Public Works, to The Honorable Rick Perry, Secretary, U.S. Department of Energy, and to The Honorable Kristine Svinicki, Chairman, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, December 11, 2017.

88 Eugene Kiely, “The Facts on Uranium One,” FactCheck.org, October 26, 2017, https://www.factcheck.org/2017/10/facts-uranium-one/; David Emery, “Did Hillary Clinton Give 20% of United States’ Uranium to Russia in Exchange for Clinton Foundation Donations?,” Snopes, October 25, 2016, https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/hillary-clinton-uranium-russia-deal/; Jack Holmes, “What Is the Uranium One ‘Scandal?,’” Esquire, December 21, 2017, https://www.esquire.com/news-politics/a14477730/trump-uranium-one-republicans-russia/.

89 Rickards, Aftermath.

90 Dr. Tom Borelli, “Utility Industry Aids Putin’s Stealth War on US Uranium Mining,” Conservative Review, March 28, 2019, https://www.conservativereview.com/news/utility-industry-aids-putins-stealth-war-u-s-uranium-mining/; “US Uranium Mining and Exploration,” World Nuclear Association, last updated February 2020, https://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-t-z/appendices/us-nuclear-fuel-cycle-appendix-1-us-uranium-mining.aspx; “Uranium One Mothballs US Mine,” Nuclear Engineering International, August 21, 2018, https://www.neimagazine.com/news/newsuranium-one-mothballs-us-mine-6715119.

91 Borelli, “Utility Industry Aids Putin’s Stealth War on US Uranium Mining.”

92 Ned Mamula, “Russia’s Uranium Gambit: The Real Uranium One Scandal,” Capital Research Center, January 15, 2019, https://capitalresearch.org/article/russias-uranium-gambit-part-4/.

93 Rickards, Aftermath.

94 Borelli, “Utility Industry Aids Putin’s Stealth War on US Uranium Mining”; Spencer Abraham, “Russian Control of US Uranium Supply Is a Huge National Security Problem,” Fox News, March 24, 2019, https://www.foxnews.com/opinion/russian-control-of-us-uranium-supply-is-a-huge-national-security-problem.

95 William D. Campbell, interview with author.

96 Ibid.

97 Schweizer, Clinton Cash, 35-36.

98 Parsons, “Clinton, Mining Industry Launch Anti-Poverty Effort.”

99 Energy Metals Corporation, Form 51-102F3, Material Change Report, June 8, 2007, https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1361605/000106299307002200/exhibit99-2.htm; Parsons, “Clinton, Mining Industry Launch Anti-Poverty Effort”; “The Clinton Giustra Enterprise Partnership (Canada),” Clinton Foundation; Energy Metals Corporation, “Uranium One and Energy Metals Receive CFIUS Approval for Proposed Arrangement.”

100 Helderman and Hamburger, “1,100 Donors to a Canadian Charity Tied to Clinton Foundation Remain Secret”; Schweizer, Clinton Cash, 44-45.

101 Ibid.; Leahy, “Clinton Foundation Refuses to Release Names of 1,076 Secret Foreign Donors.”

102 Catherine Belton, “Rosatom Agrees Deal for Stake in Uranium One,” Financial Times, June 15, 2009, https://www.ft.com/content/5f23915a-59d5-11de-b687-00144feabdc0.

103 Schweizer, Clinton Cash, 50-51.

104 Ibid., 51; Bruner, Compromised, 65.

105 “Recognizing Our Generous Supporters,” Clinton Foundation, accessed 2019, https://www.clintonfoundation.org/contributors?category=%241%2C000%2C001+to+%245%2C000%2C000.

106 John Solomon and Alison Spann, “Clintons Understated Support from Firm Hired by Russian Nuclear Company,” Hill, November 28, 2017, https://thehill.com/homenews/news/362234-clintons-understated-support-from-firm-hired-by-russian-nuclear-company.

107 E-mail message from Cheryl D. Mills to H, “FW: economy speech,” U.S. Department of State, October 3, 2011, https://foia.state.gov/searchapp/DOCUMENTS/HRCEmail_SeptemberWeb/O-2015-08633-192/DOC_0C05782639/C05782639.pdf; Cassidy & Associates, “A Nuclear Renaissance for Today” (presentation for Tenex, July 25, 2007).

108 Tenex Contract for Lobbying Services and Consulting Services, April 12, 2010; APCO Worldwide, Inc., Exhibit A, Pursuant to the Foreign Agents Registration Act of 1938, as amended, received April 13, 2010; “CGI 2010 Annual Meeting: Agenda,” Clinton Global Initiative, Clinton Foundation, September 2010, https://www.clintonfoundation.org/clinton-global-initiative/meetings/annual-meetings/2010/agenda/day-1; “CGI 2010 Annual Meeting: Sponsors,” Clinton Global Initiative, Clinton Foundation, September 2010, https://www.clintonfoundation.org/clinton-global-initiative/meetings/annual-meetings/2010/sponsors.

109 Opensecrets.org, “Bill Clinton’s Foundation Discloses Diverse List of Donors,” OpenSecrets News, December 18, 2008, https://www.opensecrets.org/news/2008/12/bill-clintons-foundation-discl/.

110 Solomon and Spann, “Clintons Understated Support from Firm Hired by Russian Nuclear Company.”

111 “CGI 2010 Annual Meeting: Sponsors”; “Press Release: Secretary Geithner to Join President Clinton at CGI America,” Clinton Foundation, June 16, 2011, https://www.clintonfoundation.org/main/news-and-media/press-releases-and-statements/press-release-secretary-geithner-to-join-president-clinton-at-cgi-america.html; “Press Release: President Clinton Announces Impact of Commitments Made at the Second Annual Clinton Global Initiative America Meeting,” Clinton Foundation, June 8, 2012, https://www.clintonfoundation.org/main/news-and-media/press-releases-and-statements/president-clinton-announces-impact-of-commitments.html; “MEDIA ADVISORY: Program and Press Conference Schedule 2013 CGI Annual Meeting,” Clinton Foundation, September 23, 2013, https://www.clintonfoundation.org/press-releases/media-advisory-program-and-press-conference-schedule-2013-cgi-annual-meeting.

112 APCO Worldwide, Inc., Supplemental Statement, Pursuant to the Foreign Agents Registration Act of 1938, as amended, received September 30, 2010.

113 Solomon and Spann, “Clintons Understated Support from Firm Hired by Russian Nuclear Company.”

114 Bruner, Compromised, 68-69, 81, 198; Tenex Contract for Lobbying Services and Consulting Services, May 21, 2007; Tenex Contract for Lobbying Services and Consulting Services, June 24, 2008.

115 Bruner, Compromised, 68-69; Sara A. Carter, “Current DOE Official Once Consulted for Russian Nuclear Companies,” Circa, November 2, 2017, on Internet Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20171104021026/https://www.circa.com/story/2017/11/02/nation/current-doe-official-once-consulted-for-russian-nuclear-companies (the screenshot of the site was captured on November 4, 2017); “Cheryl Moss Herman,” LinkedIn profile, accessed November 15, 2019, https://www.linkedin.com/in/cheryl-moss-herman-0112897.

116 David M. Marchick and Matthew J. Slaughter, “Global FDI Policy: Correcting a Protectionist Drift,” Council on Foreign Relations, June 2008, https://cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/pdf/2008/06/FDl_CSR34.pdf; “Theodore W. Kassinger,” O’Melveny, accessed November 15, 2019, https://www.omm.com/professionals/theodore-w-kassinger/.

117 Marchick and Slaughter, “Global FDI Policy: Correcting a Protectionist Drift”; “Protectionist Drift in Global FDI Policy Poses Threat to World Economy, Warns Council Special Report,” Council on Foreign Relations, June 25, 2008, https://www.cfr.org/news-releases/protectionist-drift-global-fdi-policy-poses-threat-world-economy-warns-council.

118 Bureau of Economic, Energy and Business Affairs, “Summary of Discussions of September 30, 2009 Meeting of the Advisory Committee on International Economic Policy,” U.S. Department of State, archives, September 30, 2009, https://2009-2017.state.gov/e/eb/adcom/aciep/mtg/130558.htm.

119 Bruner, Compromised, 68.

120 U.S. Department of State, “Photo Gallery: August 12, 2010 Meeting of the ACIEP,” accessed April 11, 2018, https://2009-2017.state.gov/e/eb/adcom/aciep/2010/pg5/index.htm; “1-Uranium One Shareholders Approve ARMZ Deal,” Reuters, August 31, 2010, https://www.reuters.com/article/uraniumone-armz-idUKN3124733820100831; Becker and McIntire, “Cash Flowed to Clinton Foundation Amid Russian Uranium Deal”; Bruner, Compromised, 68-69.

121 E-mail message from Rebecca H. Neff to Ari N. Sulby, “RE: CFIUS CASE: Rosatom / Uranium One,” U.S. Department of State, November 2, 2010, https://foia.state.gov/Search/results.aspx?searchText=%22+Scanned+signed+closing+letter+to+Theodore+W+Kassinger%22&beginDate=&endDate=&publishedBeginDate=&publishedEndDate=&caseNumber=.

122 Chris Matthews, “Clinton Foundation Lawyers Thought Non-Profit Was Shady Too,” Fortune, October 18, 2016, https://fortune.com/2016/10/18/clinton-foundation-conflicts/.

123 “Recognizing Our Generous Supporters,” Clinton Foundation, accessed 2019, https://www.clintonfoundation.org/contributors.

124 Bruner, Compromised, 12-13, 56-57.

125 “Statement by the President on United States Commitment to Open Investment Policy,” Obama White House (archive), press release, June 20, 2011, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2011/06/20/statement-president-united-states-commitment-open-investment-policy.

126 “Exelon Corp Signs Uranium Supply Deal with Russia,” Reuters, June 3, 2009, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-exelon-russia-uranium/exelon-corp-signs-uranium-supply-deal-with-russia-idUSTRE5522VB20090603.

127 Rickards, Aftermath.

Chapter 8

1 Michael McFaul, From Cold War to Hot Peace: An American Ambassador in Putin’s Russia (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2018).

2 Ibid.

3 Ibid.

4 U.S. Department of State, “Joint Report: 2009-2010 Results of the U.S.-Russia Presidential Commission,” June 24, 2010, https://web.archive.org/web/20110228215504/http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/143808.pdf (the screenshot of the site was captured on February 28, 2011); “Joint Statement by the Coordinators of the U.S.-Russia Presidential Commission,” Obama White House (archive), n.d., https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/u.s.-russia_presidential_commission_joint_statement.pdf; McFaul, From Cold War to Hot Peace.

5 Ibid.; Hillary Rodham Clinton, Hard Choices (London: Simon and Schuster, 2014), 222.

6 McFaul, From Cold War to Hot Peace; Nicole Martinelli, “After Apple Visit, Russia Creating Copycat 4G Phone?,” Cult of Mac, September 16, 2010, https://www.cultofmac.com/59401/after-apple-visit-russia-creating-copycat-4g-phone/59401/; Christian Zibreg, “Russian President Visits Apple and Tweets about iPhone 4 Before Meeting with Obama,” Geek.com, June 25, 2010, https://www.geek.com/apple/russian-president-visits-apple-and-tweets-about-iphone-4-before-meeting-with-obama-1266216/.

7 McFaul, From Cold War to Hot Peace; Government Accountability Institute, “From Russia With Money: Hillary Clinton, the Russian Reset, and Cronyism,” August 2016, https://www.g-a-i.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Report-Skolkvovo-08012016.pdf; “Medvedev Now on Twitter, 19,000 Follow,” UPI, June 24, 2010, https://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2010/06/24/Medvedev-now-on-Twitter-19000-follow/22061277390545/?ur3=1; Amie Ferris-Rotman, “New Year Ski Tweet for Medvedev and Schwarzenegger?,” Reuters, January 4, 2011, https://uk.reuters.com/article/oukoe-uk-russia-schwarzenegger-twitter/new-year-ski-tweet-for-medvedev-and-schwarzenegger-idUKTRE7032YW20110104; Dmitry Medvedev (@MedvedevRussiaE), “My congratulations to @BarackObama on his birthday,” Twitter, August 4, 2010, 12:12 PM, https://twitter.com/MedvedevRussiaE/status/20315417480.

8 McFaul, From Cold War to Hot Peace.

9 Robert M. Gates, Duty: Memoirs of a Secretary at War (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2014), 260-261; Leon Panetta, Worthy Fights (New York: Penguin Press, 2014), 164.

10 Thomas Grove, “Russia’s ‘Sexy Spy’ in Provocative Photoshoot,” Reuters, October 19, 2010, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-annachapman-photo/russias-sexy-spy-in-provocative-photoshoot-idUSTRE69I3LW20101019; Government Accountability Institute, “From Russia With Money: Hillary Clinton, the Russian Reset, and Cronyism,” 37; Julia Ioffe, “Anna Chapman Starts a Tech Venture Fund, and You Can Too,” Forbes, June 8, ,2011, https://www.forbes.com/sites/juliaioffe/2011/06/08/anna-chapman-opens-a-tech-venture-fund-and-you-can-too/#73196f9a444c; Chris Matthews, “Russia’s Anna Chapman Cashes In,” Newsweek, February 13, 2011, https://www.newsweek.com/russias-anna-chapman-cashes-68751.

11 McFaul, From Cold War to Hot Peace.

12 Gates, Duty, 261-262; John Solomon and Alison Spann, “FBI Watched, Then Acted As Russian Spy Moved Closer to Hillary Clinton,” Hill, October 22, 2017, https://thehill.com/policy/national-security/356630-fbi-watched-then-acted-as-russian-spy-moved-closer-to-hillary; McFaul, From Cold War to Hot Peace.

13 McFaul, From Cold War to Hot Peace.

14 Ibid.

15 Andrew Osborn, “Washington to Tone Down Criticism of Russian Human Rights Record,” Telegraph, October 13, 2009, https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/barackobama/6318943/Washington-to-tone-down-criticism-of-Russian-human-rights-record.html.

16 Philip Hanson, James Nixey, Lila Shevtsova, and Andrew Wood, “Putin Again: Implications for Russia and the West,” Chatham House, February 2012, https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/Research/Russia%20and%20Eurasia/r0212_putin.pdf.

17 “PART 2 RUSSIA – US BUSINESS DIALOGUE.mp4,” YouTube video, posted by “SPIEF,” October 14, 2010, https://youtu.be/ofsMBcSI80o?t=377; U.S. Department of State, “Daily Appointments Schedule for June 18, 2010,” June 18, 2010, https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/prs/appt/2010/06/143304.htm.

18 Dan Friedman, “Hillary Clinton’s Campaign Lashes Back at Fund-Raising Charges, and President Obama Backs Her,” New York Daily News, April 24, 2015, https://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/obama-backs-hillary-funds-flap-article-1.2198308#.

19 Robert Hormats, “The Future of Russian Innovation: A Conversation with Russia’s Young Entrepreneurs,” Huffington Post, July 8, 2010, https://www.huffpost.com/entry/the-future-of-russian-inn_b_639689.

20 Ibid.

21 “Robert Hormats,” U.S. Chamber of Commerce, accessed January 1, 2020, https://www.uschamber.com/robert-hormats; “Robert Hormats,” Carnegie Council, last updated August 17, 2017, https://www.carnegiecouncil.org/people/robert-hormats.

22 “Robert Hormats,” Carnegie Council; Jeanne Whalen, “Russian Court Overturns Privatization; Court Says Key Documents Are Illegal,” Wall Street Journal, October 12, 1999, https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB939687879194244568.

23 Ben Jacobs, “Hillary Clinton Aides’ Wall Street Links Raise Economic Policy Doubts,” Guardian, July 26, 2015, https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/jul/26/wall-street-links-hillary-clinton-aides-economic-policy-doubts; Reginald Dale, “Thinking Ahead/Commentary: Clouds Loom for Global Economy,” New York Times, April 9, 1996, https://www.nytimes.com/1996/04/09/business/worldbusiness/IHT-thinking-ahead-commentary-clouds-loom-for-global.html; James K. Glassman, “Jim Glassman Interviews Robert Hormats,” Ideas in Action, on Internet Archive, July 3, 2000, https://web.archive.org/web/20120519151436/http://www.ideasinactiontv.com/tcs_daily/2000/07/jimglassman-interviews-robert-hormats.html (the screenshot of the site was captured on May 19, 2012).

24 Council on Foreign Relations, Annual Report, July 1, 2005 – June 30, 2006, https://www.cfr.org/sites/default/files/report_pdf/CFR_annual_report_2006.pdf; Council on Foreign Relations, “U.S.-Latin America Relations: A New Direction for a New Reality,” Independent Task Force Report No. 60, 2008, https://www.cfr.org/sites/default/files/report_pdf/LatinAmerica_TF%20final.pdf; Bureau of Public Affairs, “Assistant Secretary Jose W. Fernandez to Speak at the Council on Foreign Relations about the BRIDGE Initiative in Latin America,” U.S. Department of State, press release, January 13, 2011, https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2011/01/154625.htm; “The Russian Economy and US-Russia Relations,” Peterson Institute for International Economics, April 15, 2011, https://www.piie.com/events/russian-economy-and-us-russia-relations.

25 “Robert D. Hormats,” Globalist, n.d., https://www.theglobalist.com/contributors/robert-d-hormats/; Stephan Richter, “Why Donald Trump Is Completely Wrong about Globalism,” Globalist, September 30, 2018, https://www.theglobalist.com/globalism-patriotism-donald-trump-united-states/; Stephan Richter, “About Us,” Globalist, n.d., https://www.theglobalist.com/about-us/.

26 “José W. Fernandez,” World Economic Forum, n.d., https://www.weforum.org/people/jose-w-fernandez; “Robert Hormats,” U.S. Chamber of Commerce, n.d., https://www.uschamber.com/robert-hormats; “Theodore W. Kassinger,” O’Melveny, n.d., https://www.omm.com/professionals/theodore-w-kassinger/?generatePdf=1.

27 Council on Foreign Relations, Annual Report, July 1, 2005 – June 30, 2006, https://www.cfr.org/sites/default/files/report_pdf/CFR_annual_report_2006.pdf; Alan P. Larson and David M. Marchick, “Foreign Investment and National Security: Getting the Balance Right,” Council on Foreign Relations, July 2006, https://cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/pdf/2006/07/CFIUSreport.pdf.

28 Larson and Marchick, “Foreign Investment and National Security: Getting the Balance Right.”

29 Alston & Bird, Supplemental Statement, Pursuant to the Foreign Agents Registration Act of 1938, as amended, received November 30, 2011, for six month period ending October 31, 2011, https://efile.fara.gov/docs/5549-Supplemental-Statement-20111201-16.pdf.

30 A Minority Staff Report Prepared for the Use of the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, “Putin’s Asymmetric Assault on Democracy in Russia and Europe: Implications for U.S. National Security,” 115th Cong. (2018), https://www.foreign.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/FinalRR.pdf.

31 Ibid.

32 A Minority Staff Report Prepared for the Use of the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, “Putin’s Asymmetric Assault on Democracy in Russia and Europe: Implications for U.S. National Security”; Bill Alpert, “How a Putin Aide Gained $119 Million,” Barron’s, December 3, 2011, https://www.barrons.com/articles/SB50001424052748703827804577056191874119450.

33 Bureau of Public Affairs, “U.S. and Russia Kick Off New Innovation Working Group on March 27 in Silicon Valley,” U.S. Department of State, press release, March 26. 2012, https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2012/03/186815.htm; Bureau of Public Affairs, “U.S.-Russia Innovation Working Group Completes Inaugural Meeting in Silicon Valley, Memorandum of Understanding Signed on Skolkovo Innovation Center,” U.S. Department of State, press release, March 28, 2012, https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2012/03/187016.htm.

34 “Governor Delivers Remarks at USRBC Annual Meeting,” California Office of the Governor, on Internet Archive, October 21, 2010, https://web.archive.org/web/20101103024149/https:/www.gov.ca.gov/speech/16296/ (the screenshot of the site was captured on November 3, 2010); “Governor Delivers Remarks at USRBC Annual Meeting,” YouTube video, posted by “Yuri Mazur,” November 1, 2010, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O7ancmFnZiQ; Appendix No. 5, to Contract No. 12-10 RIK MS dated April 30, 2010, September 15, 2010, https://efile.fara.gov/docs/3634-Exhibit-AB-20101216-25.pdf; U.S.-Russia Business Council, “From Silicon Valley to Skolkovo: Forging Innovation Partnerships,” Issuu, October 13, 2010, https://issuu.com/usrbc/docs/usrbc_annualmeeting2010.

35 “Governor Delivers Remarks at USRBC Annual Meeting.”

36 Ibid.; Michael Schwirtz, “Russia Asks Schwarzenegger to Help in a Tough Task,” New York Times, October 11, 2010, https://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/12/world/europe/12russia.html; Kathy Lally, “Russia Nears Membership in World Economic Club,” Washington Post, October 20, 2010, https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/10/20/AR2010102006240.html.

37 McFaul, From Cold War to Hot Peace; Josh Gerstein, “2010 Complete Election Coverage: New U.S.-Russia Tone Proves Elusive,” Politico, July 6, 2009, https://www.politico.com/news/stories/0709/24608_Page2.html; Daniel J. Edelman, Inc., Exhibit A, Pursuant to the Foreign Agents Registration Act of 1938, as amended, November 18, 2010, https://efile.fara.gov/docs/3634-Exhibit-AB-20101123-23.pdf.

38 Schwirtz, “Russia Asks Schwarzenegger to Help in a Tough Task.”

39 Andrew C. McCarthy, “Collusion with Russia; The Obama Reset,” in Ball of Collusion: The Plot to Rig an Election and Destroy a Presidency (New York: Encounter Books, 2019).

40 Seth Elan, “Russia’s Skolkovo Innovation Center,” EUCOM Strategic Foresight, on Internet Archive, July 29, 2013, https://web.archive.org/web/20170627225836/http://fmso.leavenworth.army.mil/Collaboration/COCOM/EUCOM/Skolkovo.pdf (the screenshot of the site was captured on June 27, 2017).

41 Lucia Ziobro, “FBI’s Boston Office Warns Businesses of Venture Capital Scams,” Boston Business Journal, April 4, 2014, https://www.bizjournals.com/boston/blog/startups/2014/04/fbis-boston-office-warns-businesses-of-venture.html.

42 John Solomon, “The Case for Russia Collusion… Against the Democrats,” Hill, February 10, 2019, https://thehill.com/opinion/white-house/429292-the-case-for-russia-collusion-against-the-democrats; Elan, “Russia’s Skolkovo Innovation Center.”

43 John R. Schindler, “Hillary’s Secret Kremlin Connection Is Quickly Unraveling,” Observer, August 25, 2016, https://observer.com/2016/08/hillarys-secret-kremlin-connection-is-quickly-unraveling/.

44 “The First Russian Industrial Design Hackathon Was Held at Skolkovo Robotics,” Sk.ru, March 23, 2015, http://sk.ru/news/b/articles/archive/2015/03/23/pervyy-rossiyskiy-hakaton-po-promyshlennomu-dizaynu-proshel-na-skolkovo-robotics.aspx; “About Robocenter,” Sk.ru, n.d., http://sk.ru/foundation/itc/robotics/; “Sk Robocenter,” Robohub, n.d., https://robohub.org/author/skolkovo-robotics/; “Visiting Skolkovo. Coach Tours Around the Innovation Centre,” Open Innovations, 2017, https://2017.openinnovations.ru/en/interestingexcursions-on-skolkovo.

45 “Positive Hack Days,” Sk.ru, site search, n.d., http://sk.ru/search/default.aspx#q=%22positive+hack+days%22.

46 “Positive Hack Days St.-Petersburg 2012,” HackSpace, on Internet Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20160322084144/http://hackspb.ru/events/positive-hack-days-st-petersburg-2012/ (the screenshot of the site was captured on March 22, 2016).

47 Ibid.

48 Ibid.

49 “International Forum on Practical Information Security,” Positive Technologies, May 30-31, 2012, on Internet Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20120529044736/http://www.phdays.com:80/ (the screenshot of the site was captured on May 29, 2012); David Gilbert, “Russian Cybersecurity Firm Kaspersky Wants to Run Your Next Election,” Vice, November 14, 2017, https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/5955k3/kaspersky-polys-election-voting.

50 “Sponsors,” PHDays, n.d., http://2017.phdays.com/about/sponsors/; “Sberbank History,” Sberbank, n.d., https://www.sberbank.com/about/history; “Yukos Unit Fetches $9bn at Sale,” BBC News, December 20, 2004, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4108509.stm; U.S. Department of State, “Joint Report: 2009-2010 Results of the U.S.-Russia Presidential Commission.”

51 “The First Two Series of JSC Atomenergoprom’s Bonds Have Been Placed on MICEX,” Rustocks.com, November 30, 2009, http://local.rustocks.com/index.phtml/Pressreleases/0/11/22069?filter=2009.

52 Paul Roderick Gregory, “No One Mentions That the Russian Trail Leads to Democratic Lobbyists,” Forbes, February 18, 2017, https://www.forbes.com/sites/paulroderickgregory/2017/02/18/no-one-mentions-that-the-russian-trail-leads-to-democratic-lobbyists/#7e4c5ee03991.

53 Jonathan Allen and Carrie Budoff Brown, “The Meaning of Podesta’s Hire,” Politico, December 10, 2013, https://www.politico.com/story/2013/12/john-podesta-hire-signals-a-more-aggressive-white-house-100961; Timothy P. Carney, “Obama Hires Revolving-Door Lobbyist and Clinton Fixer John Podesta,” Washington Examiner, December 10, 2013, https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/obama-hires-revolving-door-lobbyist-and-clinton-fixer-john-podesta; Larry O’Connor, “How the Russian Collusion Myth Was Hatched by Team Hillary Immediately After Her Loss,” Washington Times, May 4, 2018, https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2018/may/4/how-russian-collusion-myth-was-hatched-team-hillar/.

54 Michael Doran, “The Real Collusion Story,” National Review, March 13, 2018, https://www.nationalreview.com/2018/03/russia-collusion-real-story-hillary-clinton-dnc-fbi-media/.

55 Schindler, “Hillary’s Secret Kremlin Connection Is Quickly Unraveling”; John R. Schindler, “Panama Papers Reveal Clinton’s Kremlin Connection,” Observer, April 7, 2016, https://observer.com/2016/04/panama-papers-reveal-clintons-kremlin-connection/.

56 Caleb Daniloff, “A Running Conversation with John Podesta,” Runner’s World, May 1, 2014, http://www.runnersworld.com/runners-stories/a-running-conversation-with-john-podesta.

57 E-mail message from eyrn.sepp@gmail.com to john.podesta@gmail.com, “Fwd: Podesta Outstanding Docs for Joule,” Wikileaks, January 1, 2014, https://wikileaks.org/podesta-emails/emailid/4635; John Podesta, Public Financial Disclosure Report, February 21, 2014, https://s3.amazonaws.com/s3.documentcloud.org/documents/1227013/john-podesta-white-house-financial-disclosure-form.pdf; “Joule Unlimited, Inc.,” Portfolio Companies, accessed April 6, 2016, http://en.rusnano.com/portfolio/companies/jouleunlimited; Richard Pollock, “EXCLUSIVE: Podesta Was Board Member of Firms Linked to Russian Investors,” U.S. Congressman Louie Gohmert’s website, March 22, 2017, https://gohmert.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID=398429; David Glass, “A Transformative Production Platform for Liquid Fuel from the Sun” (SAE Presentation, on Internet Archive, January 30, 2013), https://web.archive.org/web/20160429220825/http://www.sae.org/events/gim/presentations/2013/glass_david.pdf (the screenshot of the site was captured on April 29, 2016).

58 Richard Polluck, “Three People Died in Illegal Human Experiments Carried Out by John Podesta Backer’s Firm,” Washington Examiner, July 23, 2014, https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/three-people-died-in-illegal-human-experiments-carried-out-by-john-podesta-backers-firm; John Podesta, Public Financial Disclosure Report, February 21, 2014; “Contributor and Grantor Information,” Clinton Foundation, accessed March 30, 2020, https://www.clintonfoundation.org/contributors?category=%241%2C000%2C001+to+%245%2C000%2C000&page=3.

59 James Freeman, “John Podesta and the Russians,” Wall Street Journal, October 23, 2016, https://www.wsj.com/articles/john-podesta-and-the-russians-1477262565; John Podesta, Public Financial Disclosure Report, February 21, 2014; Mark Tapscott, “Podesta Still Hasn’t Explained Where 41,000 Stock Shares Went,” Daily Caller, April 2, 2017, https://dailycaller.com/2017/04/02/podesta-still-hasnt-explained-where-41000-stock-shares-went/; Richard Polluck, “EXCLUSIVE: John Podesta May Have Violated Federal Law by Not Disclosing 75,000 Stock Shares,” Daily Caller, March 26, 2017, https://dailycaller.com/2017/03/26/exclusive-john-podesta-may-have-violated-federal-law-by-not-disclosing-75000-stock-shares/.

60 Ibid.

61 Freeman, “John Podesta and the Russians”; “Joule Elects Former White House Chief of Staff John Podesta to Board of Directors,” Business Wire, January 18, 2011, https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20110118006438/en/Joule-Elects-White-House-Chief-Staff-John; “Joule Biotechnologies Elects Graham Allison to Board of Directors,” Joule Unlimited, accessed April 6, 2016.

62 Alex Philippidis, “From Russia with Drugs and Vaccines, as Federation and Big Pharma Drive Partnerships,” Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News, December 2, 2011, accessed April 10, 2016, http://www.genengnews.com/insight-and-intelligence/from-russia-with-drugs-and-vaccines-as-federation-and-big-pharma-drive-partnerships/77899504/; Pollock, “EXCLUSIVE: Podesta Was Board Member of Firms Linked to Russian Investors”; Government Accountability Institute, “From Russia With Money: Hillary Clinton, the Russian Reset, and Cronyism”; “Joule Elects Anatoly Chubais to Board of Directors,” Joule Unlimited, February 2, 2012, accessed April 10, 2016.

63 Philippidis, “From Russia with Drugs and Vaccines, As Federation and Big Pharma Drive Partnerships”; Pollock, “EXCLUSIVE: Podesta Was Board Member of Firms Linked to Russian Investors.”

64 Ziobro, “FBI’s Boston Office Warns Businesses of Venture Capital Scams.”

65 Ibid.

66 “RCNT and Rosatom Have Signed an Agreement for Cooperation,” Rusnano, May 14, 2008, https://en.rusnano.com/press-centre/news/88144; Rusnano, Booklet, n.d., https://en.rusnano.com/upload/oldnews/Document/31815_1.pdf; Pollock, “EXCLUSIVE: Podesta Was Board Member of Firms Linked to Russian Investors”; “An R&D Center for Composite Materials Will Be Opened at Skolkovo,” Rusnano, October 26, 2011, https://en.rusnano.com/press-centre/news/88588; State Atomic Energy Corporation, 2011 Public Annual Report, https://rosatom.ru/upload/iblock/249/24905d24266b5cea87be9127864972f1.pdf.

67 Freeman, “John Podesta and the Russians”; Government Accountability Institute, “From Russia With Money: Hillary Clinton, the Russian Reset, and Cronyism”; “Klein Ltd Certificate of Incorporation,” Klein Ltd., March 11, 2011, http://freebeacon.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/klein-ltd-certificate.pdf; “Klein Ltd Memorandum of Association,” March 11, 2011, accessed April 11, 2016, http://freebeacon.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/klein-ltd-articles.pdf; “Mr. Nicholas Hoskins Lawyer Profile,” HG.org, accessed April 11, 2016, http://www.hg.org/lawyer/nicholas-hoskins/156993; “Marlies Smith,” LinkedIn profile, accessed April 11, 2016, https://www.linkedin.com/in/marlies-smith-ab3a9621.

68 Julia Limitone, “Hillary Clinton Campaign Chair John Podesta on Alleged Kremlin-Backed Investment: It’s Not True,” Fox Business, on Internet Archive, June 28, 2017, https://web.archive.org/web/20170703100450/https://www.foxbusiness.com/politics/2017/06/28/hillary-clinton-campaign-chair-john-podesta-on-alleged-kremlin-backed-investment-it-s-not-true.html (the screenshot of the site was captured on July 3, 2017); “Maria Bartiromo vs John Podesta,” YouTube video, posted by “LurkerDood,” June 29, 2017, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u3CH6wZuiEA&feature=youtu.be.

69 Kevin G. Hall, “WikiLeaks Emails Show How Clinton’s Campaign Chief Once Opened Doors for Energy Firm,” McClatchyDC, October 19, 2016, https://www.mcclatchydc.com/news/politics-government/election/article109203352.html.

70 Catherine Herridge, Jake Gibson, and Edmund DeMarche, “Judge Orders Paul Manafort to Be Transferred to New York City’s Notorious Rikers Island,” Fox News, June 3, 2019, https://www.foxnews.com/politics/judge-orders-pul-manafort-to-be-transferred-to-new-york-citys-notorious-rikers-island.

71 Robert Pear and John M. Broder, “In a Lobby-Happy Washington, Politics Can Be Even Thicker Than Blood,” New York Times, September 5, 2000, https://www.nytimes.com/2000/09/05/us/in-a-lobby-happy-washington-politics-can-be-even-thicker-than-blood.html; Matthew Vadum, “Manafort, Gates Indicted – But Not for Russian Shenanigans,” FrontPage Magazine, October 31, 2017, https://archives.frontpagemag.com/fpm/manafort-gates-indicted-not-russian-shenanigans-matthew-vadum/; Chuck Ross, “Shady Foreign Lobbying Effort Implicates Trump and Clinton Campaign Chairmen,” Daily Caller, August 17, 2016, https://dailycaller.com/2016/08/17/shady-foreign-lobbying-effort-implicates-trump-and-clinton-campaign-chairmen/; Paul Roderick Gregory, “No One Mentions That the Russian Trail Leads to Democratic Lobbyists,” Forbes, February 18, 2017, https://www.forbes.com/sites/paulroderickgregory/2017/02/18/no-one-mentions-that-the-russian-trail-leads-to-democratic-lobbyists/#316bbff93991; J. Michael Waller, “13 Reasons Why the Russia Probes Must be Expanded,” Center for Security Policy, May 3, 2017, https://www.centerforsecuritypolicy.org/2017/05/03/13-reasons-why-the-russia-probes-must-be-expanded/.

72 Mark Hosenball, “With Cash, Ukraine’s Political Foes Bring Fight to Washington,” Reuters, December 20, 2013, http://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-ukraine-lobbying-idUSBRE9BJ1B220131220; Gregory, “No One Mentions That the Russian Trail Leads to Democratic Lobbyists”; Michal Kranz, “How a Prominent Democratic Lobbyist Got Swept Up in Mueller’s Russia Probe,” Business Insider, October 31, 2017, https://www.businessinsider.com/tony-podesta-russian-backed-lobbying-ukraine-manafort-mueller-russia-2017-10.

73 Isaac Arnsdorf, “Podesta Group Files New Disclosures in Manafort-linked Ukraine Lobbying,” Politico, April 12, 2017, https://www.politico.com/story/2017/04/paul-manafort-lobbying-ukraine-podesta-group-237163; William J. Rashbaum, “New York Charges Manafort with 16 Crimes. If He’s Convicted, Trump Can’t Pardon Him.,” New York Times, March 13, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/13/nyregion/manafort-indictment.html; Emily Jashinsky, “How Do You Say ‘Whoops’ in Russian? Podesta Group Retroactively Files More DOJ Disclosures for Pro-Putin Work,” Washington Examiner, August 24, 2017, https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/how-do-you-say-whoops-in-russian-podesta-group-retroactively-files-more-doj-disclosures-for-pro-putin-work; Jacqueline Thomsen, “Mueller Investigating Manafort for Decade-old Crimes: Report,” Hill, September 19, 2017, https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/351472-mueller-investigating-manafort-for-decade-old-crimes-report; “FULL TEXT: Paul Manafort Indictment,” Politico, October 30, 2017, https://www.politico.com/story/2017/10/30/full-text-paul-manafort-indictment-244307.

74 Ibid.; Herridge, Gibson, and DeMarche, “Judge Orders Paul Manafort to Be Transferred to New York City’s Notorious Rikers Island.”

75 Confidential/Sensitive Source, “U.S. Presidential Election: Republican Candidate Donald Trump’s Activities in Russia and Compromising Relationship with the Kremlin,” August 10, 2016, https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3259984-Trump-Intelligence-Allegations.html; Isikoff, “U.S. Intel Officials Probe Ties Between Trump Adviser and Kremlin”; Glenn R. Simpson and Mary Jacoby, “How Lobbyists Help Ex-Soviets Woo Washington,” Wall Street Journal, April 17, 2007, https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB117674837248471543; Paul Roderick Gregory, “The Trump Dossier Is Fake – and Here Are the Reasons Why,” Forbes, January 13, 2017, https://www.forbes.com/sites/paulroderickgregory/2017/01/13/the-trump-dossier-is-false-news-and-heres-why/#140d13c16867; “Cleaning up After Comey,” Wall Street Journal, January 23, 2020, https://www.wsj.com/articles/cleaning-up-after-comey-11579825303; John Solomon, “FBI’s Spreadsheet Puts a Stake Through the Heart of the Steele’s Dossier,” Hill, July 16, 2019, https://thehill.com/opinion/white-house/453384-fbis-spreadsheet-puts-a-stake-through-the-heart-of-steeles-dossier; Rowan Scarborough, “0 for 12: Mueller Report Debunks Democrats’ Entire Trump-Russia Dossier,” Washington Times April 21, 2019, https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2019/apr/21/robert-muellers-report-debunks-russia-dossier/.

76 Megan Slack, “President Obama Announces New Ukraine-Related Sanctions,” Obama White House (archive), March 17, 2014, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/blog/2014/03/17/president-obama-announces-new-ukraine-related-sanctions; E-mail message from Andrew N. Keller to Marquita L. Johnson and Kathleen A. Kavalec, “RE: Sberbank USA,” July 12, 2016, https://foia.state.gov/searchapp/DOCUMENTS/Litigation_Mar2018/F-2017-12795/DOC_0C06493841/C06493841.pdf.

77 E-mail message from Kathleen A. Kavalec to Andrew N. Keller, Daniel Fried, and Robin L. Dunnigan, “RE: Sberbank USA,” July 7, 2016, https://foia.state.gov/Search/results.aspx ?searchText=%22happy+to+meet+with+sberbank%22&beginDate=&endDate=&publishedBeginDate=&publishedEndDate=&caseNumber=.

78 John Solomon, “Steele’s Stunning Pre-FISA Confession: Informant Needed to Air Trump Dirt Before Election,” Hill, May 7, 2019, https://thehill.com/opinion/white-house/442592-steeles-stunning-pre-fisa-confession-informant-needed-to-air-trump-dirt.

79 Paul R. Gregory, “Why Was the Steele Dossier Not Dismissed As Fake?,” Hoover Institution, February 3, 2020, https://www.hoover.org/research/why-was-steele-dossier-not-dismissed-fake; Ian Kullgren, “Podesta Suggests Trump Associates May Have Colluded with Russian Hackers,” Politico, December 18, 2016, https://www.politico.com/story/2016/12/podesta-trump-russian-hackers-232786.

80 Ken Dilanian, “Clinton Ally Says Smoke, but No Fire: No Russia-Trump Collusion,” NBC News, March 15, 2017, https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/clinton-ally-says-smoke-no-fire-no-russia-trump-collusion-n734176; Lloyd Billingsley, “Kerry State Department Promoted Steele Dossier and Russia Collusion Fantasy,” FrontPage Magazine, June 17, 2019, https://www.frontpagemag.com/fpm/2019/06/kerry-state-department-promoted-steele-dossier-and-lloyd-billingsley/; Julia Ainsley, Tom Winter, and Carol E. Lee, “Sources: Podesta Group, Mercury Are Companies ‘A’ and ‘B’ in Indictment,” NBC News, October 30, 2017, https://www.nbcnews.com/news/investigations/sources-podesta-group-mercury-are-companies-b-indictment-n815721.

81 U.S. Attorney’s Office, “Russian Agent Pleads Guilty to Leading Scheme to Illegally Export Controlled Technology to the Russian Military,” Federal Bureau of Investigation, press release, September 9, 2015, https://www.fbi.gov/contact-us/field-offices/newyork/news/press-releases/russian-agent-pleads-guilty-to-leading-scheme-to-illegally-export-controlled-technology-to-the-russian-military.

82 U.S. Attorney’s Office, “Russian Agent and 10 Other Members of Procurement Network for Russian Military and Intelligence Operating in the U.S. and Russia Indicted in New York,” Federal Bureau of Investigation, press release, October 3, 2012, https://archives.fbi.gov/archives/houston/press-releases/2012/russian-agent-and-10-other-members-of-procurement-network-for-russian-military-and-intelligence-operating-in-the-u.s.-and-russia-indicted-in-new-york; McNabb Associates, P.C., “Federal Criminal Indictment,” JD Supra, on Internet Archive, September 28, 2012, https://web.archive.org/web/20130617000020/https://www.jdsupra.com/legalnews/federal-criminal-indictment-usa-v-fishe-71053/ (the screenshot of the site was captured on June 17, 2013); Jeffrey Carr, “Breaking: Secret Russian Lab in the Fishenko Espionage Case Identified,” SOFREP, June 21, 2013, https://sofrep.com/news/breaking-secret-russian-lab-in-the-fishenko-espionage-case-identified/?goback=.gde_2708813_member_253213262; Embassy of the United States, “Innovation Working Group of the U.S.-Russia Bilateral Presidential Commission Holds Its Second Meeting in Moscow,” U.S. Department of State, press release, November 1, 2012, https://web.archive.org/web/20130403073443/http://moscow.usembassy.gov/pr-nov0112.html (the screenshot of the site was captured on April 3, 2013).

83 McFaul, From Cold War to Hot Peace.

84 Michael S. Schmidt and Eric Schmitt, “A Russian GPS Using U.S. Soil Stir Spy Fears,” New York Times, November 16, 2013, https://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/17/world/europe/a-russian-gps-using-us-soil-stirs-spy-fears.html; John R. Schindler, “The Real Russian Mole Inside NSA,” Observer, August 23, 2016, https://observer.com/2016/08/the-real-russian-mole-inside-nsa/; Keith B. Payne and Mark B. Schneider, “The Nuclear Treaty Russia Won’t Stop Violating,” Wall Street Journal, February 11, 2014, https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-nuclear-treaty-russia-won8217t-stop-violating-1392166706; Gates, Duty, 262-263; Aaron Blake, “‘I Feel Like We Sort of Choked’: Obama’s No-Drama Approach to Russian Hacking Isn’t Sitting Well,” Washington Post, June 23, 2017, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2017/06/23/the-russia-2016-blame-game-finds-obama/; Benjamin Haddad and Alina Polyakova, “Don’t Rehabilitate Obama on Russia,” Brookings Institution, March 5, 2018, https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2018/03/05/dont-rehabilitate-obama-on-russia/.

85 U.S.-Russia Bilateral Presidential Commission, Fall Newsletter, September-November 2013, https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/219290.pdf.

86 Carr, “Breaking: Secret Russian Lab in the Fishenko Espionage Case Identified”; U.S. Attorney’s Office, “Russian Agent Pleads Guilty to Leading Scheme to Illegally Export Controlled Technology to the Russian Military”; “[OS] RUSSIA/SECURITY – Friction Between Russian Special Services Seen As Potentially “Very Dangerous,”” Wikileaks, March 4, 2013, https://wikileaks.org/gifiles/docs/13/133565-os-russia-security-friction-between-russian-special.html.

87 Evan Perez, “How the U.S. Thinks Russians Hacked the White House,” CNN, April 8, 2015, https://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/07/politics/how-russians-hacked-the-wh/index.html.

88 Schmidt and Schmitt, “A Russian GPS Using U.S. Soil Stir Spy Fears.”

89 Ibid.

90 Evan Perez, “Sources: State Dept. Hack the ‘Worst Ever,’” CNN, March 10, 2015, https://www.cnn.com/2015/03/10/politics/state-department-hack-worst-ever/index.html; Perez, “How the U.S. Thinks Russians Hacked the White House.”

91 U.S. Department of Justice, “Russian Agent Sentenced to 10 Years for Acting As Unregistered Russian Government Agent and Leading Scheme to Illegally Export Controlled Technology to Russian Military,” press release, July 21, 2016, https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/russian-agent-sentenced-10-years-acting-unregistered-russian-government-agent-and-leading; U.S. Attorney’s Office, “Russian Agent Pleads Guilty to Leading Scheme to Illegally Export Controlled Technology to the Russian Military.”

92 U.S. Department of Justice, “Russian Agent Sentenced to 10 Years for Acting as Unregistered Russian Government Agent and Leading Scheme to Illegally Export Controlled Technology to Russian Military.”

93 Carr, “Breaking: Secret Russian Lab in the Fishenko Espionage Case Identified.”

94 David Ignatius, “Russia’s New Strategy for Information Warfare,” Washington Post, January 18, 2017, https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/post-partisan/wp/2017/01/18/russias-radical-new-strategy-for-information-warfare/; U.S.-Russia Bilateral Presidential Commission, Fall Newsletter, September-November 2013.

95 Ignatius, “Russia’s New Strategy for Information Warfare.”

96 U.S.-Russia Bilateral Presidential Commission, Fall Newsletter, September-November 2013.

97 Carr, “Breaking: Secret Russian Lab in the Fishenko Espionage Case Identified; “[OS] RUSSIA/SECURITY – Friction Between Russian Special Services Seen As Potentially “Very Dangerous,” Wikileaks, March 4, 2013.

98 U.S. Attorney’s Office, “Russian Agent and 10 Other Members of Procurement Network for Russian Military and Intelligence Operating in the U.S. and Russia Indicted in New York.”

99 U.S.-Russia Bilateral Presidential Commission, Fall Newsletter, September-November 2013; Schindler, “The Real Russian Mole Inside NSA”; Chantel McGee, “Here’s What Keeps Obama’s Former Cyber Policy Advisor up at Night,” CNBC, July 28, 2017, https://www.cnbc.com/2017/07/28/heres-what-keeps-obamas-former-cyber-policy-advisor-up-at-night.html; “R. David Edelman,” Obama White House (archive), n.d., https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/blog/author/r-david-edelman; U.S.-Russia Bilateral Presidential Commission, Fall Newsletter, September-November 2013; “Michael Daniel,” Cyber Threat Alliance, n.d., https://www.cyberthreatalliance.org/biography/michael-daniel/; Amy Knight, “Putin’s Top Spy: We’re Teaming up with D.C. on Cybersecurity,” Daily Beast, November 4, 2019, https://www.thedailybeast.com/putins-top-spy-russian-fsb-chief-alexander-bortnikov-were-teaming-up-with-dc-on-cybersecurity; “Video: White House Cybersecurity Coordinator Michael Daniel on Russian Hacking,” Federal Times, n.d., https://www.federaltimes.com/video/2014/08/07/white-house-cybersecurity-coordinator-michael-daniel-on-russian-hacking/.

Chapter 9

1 Tim Hains, “FLASHBACK, 2018: Joe Biden Brags at CFR Meeting about Withholding Aid to Ukraine to Force Firing of Prosecutor,” Real Clear Politics, September 27, 2019, https://www.realclearpolitics.com/video/2019/09/27/flashback_2018_joe_biden_brags_at_cfr_meeting_about_withholding_aid_to_ukraine_to_force_firing_of_prosecutor.html.

2 Daniel Bush, “Romney’s Surprise Vote Is Democrats’ Impeachment Silver Lining,” PBS, February 5, 2020, https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/romneys-surprise-vote-is-democrats-impeachment-silver-lining.

3 “Adam Schiff Closing Argument Transcript: Thursday Impeachment Trial,” Rev.com, January 24, 2020, https://www.rev.com/blog/transcripts/adam-schiff-closing-argument-transcript-thursday-impeachment-trial; Sheryl Gay Stolberg, “Emotional Schiff Speech Goes Viral, Delighting the Left and Enraging the Right,” New York Times¸ January 24, 2020, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/24/us/politics/adam-schiff-closing-remarks.html; “Media Fawns over Schiff During Impeachment Arguments,” Fox News, transcript, January 24, 2020, https://www.foxnews.com/transcript/media-fawns-over-schiff-during-impeachment-arguments.

4 John Hudson, Rachael Bade, and Matt Viser, “Diplomat Tells Investigators He Raised Alarms in 2015 about Hunter Biden’s Ukraine Work but Was Rebuffed,” Washington Post, October 18, 2019, https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/diplomat-tells-investigators-he-raised-alarms-in-2015-about-hunter-bidens-ukraine-work-but-was-rebuffed/2019/10/18/81e35be9-4f5a-4048-8520-0baabb18ab63_story.html; Tess Bonn, “GOP Lawmaker Blasts Democrats Hypocrisy Amid Impeachment Fallout,” Hill, November 15, 2019, https://thehill.com/hilltv/rising/470632-gop-lawmaker-blasts-democrats-hypocrisy-amid-impeachment-fallout.

5 Ibid.

6 “Adam Schiff Closing Argument Transcript: Thursday Impeachment Trial.”

7 Ibid.

8 Benjamin Haddad and Alina Polyakova, “Don’t Rehabilitate Obama on Russia,” Brookings Institution, March 5, 2018, https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2018/03/05/dont-rehabilitate-obama-on-russia/; Faculty of Science, Analysis of: John J. Mearsheimer, “Why the Ukraine Crisis Is the West’s Fault: The Liberal Delusions That Provoked Putin,” Charles University, September/October 2014, https://www.natur.cuni.cz/geografie/socialni-geografie-a-regionalni-rozvoj/studium/doktorske-studium/kolokvium/kolokvium-2013-2014-materialy/ukrajina-a-rusko-mearsheimer-souleimanov.pdf; John Kruzel, “Trump, Democrats Risk Unintended Consequences with Impeachment Arguments,” Hill, January 25, 2020, https://thehill.com/homenews/senate/479856-trump-democrats-risk-unintended-consequences-with-impeachment-arguments.

9 Ben Rhodes, The World as It Is: A Memoir of the Obama White House (New York: Perry Merrill LLC, 2018), Apple Books, 278.

10 Jeffrey Goldberg, “The Obama Doctrine,” Atlantic, April 2016, https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2016/04/the-obama-doctrine/471525/.

11 Peter Schweizer, “The Clinton Foundation, State and Kremlin Connections,” Wall Street Journal, July 31, 2016, https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-clinton-foundation-state-and-kremlin-connections-1469997195; Deroy Murdock, “How the Clintons Sold out U.S. National Interests to the Putin Regime,” National Review, April 7, 2017, https://www.nationalreview.com/2017/04/clinton-russia-ties-bill-hillary-sold-out-us-interests-putin-regime/.

12 Igor Kossov and Jack Laurenson, “Kolomoisky Rides High Again Despite $5.5 Billion Taxpayer Bailout of Bank,” Kyiv Post, September 20, 2019, https://www.kyivpost.com/ukraine-politics/kolomoisky-rides-high-again-despite-5-5-billion-taxpayer-bailout-of-bank.html; Adrian Karatnycky, “To Save Ukraine, Pressure Its Oligarchs,” New Atlanticist, February 8, 2014, https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/new-atlanticist/to-help-ukraine-pressure-its-oligarchs/; “The Mess that Nuland Made,” Consortium News, July 13, 2015, https://consortiumnews.com/2015/07/13/the-mess-that-nuland-made/; Michael Carpenter, “The Oligarchs Who Lost Ukraine and Won Washington,” Foreign Affairs, November 26, 2019, https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/russia-fsu/2019-11-26/oligarchs-who-lost-ukraine-and-won-washington; Mikhail Klikushin, “The New Ukraine Is Run by Rogues, Sexpots, Warlords, Lunatics and Oligarchs,” Observer, January 14, 2015, https://observer.com/2015/01/the-new-ukraine-is-run-by-rogues-sexpots-warlords-lunatics-and-oligarchs/; Derek Monroe, “The U.S. Is ‘Missing’ Millions in Ukraine,” Observer, May 17, 2016, https://observer.com/2016/05/the-u-s-is-missing-millions-in-ukraine/.

13 James V. Grimaldi and Rebecca Ballhaus, “Clinton Charity Tapped Foreign Friends,” Wall Street Journal, March 19, 2015, https://www.wsj.com/articles/clinton-charity-tapped-foreign-friends-1426818602; Polina Ivanova, Maria Tsvetkova, Ilya Zhegulev, and Luke Baker, “What Hunter Biden Did on the Board of Ukrainian Energy Company Burisma,” Reuters, October 19, 2019, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-hunter-biden-ukraine/what-hunter-biden-did-on-the-board-of-ukrainian-energy-company-burisma-idUSKBN1WX1P7; Jeff Carlson, “Biden, Obama Officials Stood to Gain from Ukraine Influence,” Epoch Times, April 26, 2019, https://www.theepochtimes.com/joe-biden-obama-officials-influenced-ukraine-to-advance-own-interests_2896259.html.

14 Ellen Barry, “Russian Authorities Pressure Elections Watchdog,” New York Times, December 1, 2011, https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/02/world/europe/russia-puts-pressure-on-elections-monitor-golos.html; Gabriela Baczynska, “Russia Suspends Vote Monitoring Group Under ‘Foreign Agent’ Law,” Reuters, June 26, 2013, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-ngos-golos/russia-suspends-vote-monitoring-group-under-foreign-agent-law-idUSBRE95P0ZV20130626; United States Agency for International Development, “Golos Impact Evaluation—Final Report,” February 2013, https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1866/Russia%20IE%20Final%20Report.pdf; Michael McFaul, From Cold War to Hot Peace: An American Ambassador in Putin’s Russia (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2018); Hillary Clinton, Hard Choices (London: Simon & Schuster, 2014), 222-223.

15 Andrey Kurkov, “Ukraine’s Revolution: Making Sense of a Year of Chaos,” BBC News, November 21, 2014, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30131108; Mike Eckel, “Top U.S. Official: Ukraine Reforms Endangered by Oligarchs Fighting Back,” Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, March 15, 2016, https://www.rferl.org/a/ukraine-nuland-oligarchs-corruption/27615366.html.

16 Ted Galen Carpenter, “America’s Ukraine Hypocrisy,” CATO Institute, August 6, 2017, https://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/americas-ukraine-hypocrisy; “Ukraine Crisis: Transcript of Leaked Nuland-Pyatt Call,” BBC News, February 7, 2014, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-26079957; Renee Parsons, “Chronology of the Ukrainian Coup,” Counter Punch, March 5, 2014, https://www.counterpunch.org/2014/03/05/chronology-of-the-ukrainian-coup/; “The Mess that Nuland Made”; “The Putin Files: Victoria Nuland,” YouTube video, posted by “FRONTLINE PBS,” October 25, 2017, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U2fYcHLouXY#t=504; “How Poroshenko Stole and Exported $8 Billion from Ukraine,” Stalker Zone, August 26, 2019, https://www.stalkerzone.org/how-poroshenko-stole-and-exported-8-billion-from-ukraine/.

17 John J. Mearsheimer, “Why the Ukraine Crisis Is the West’s Fault,” Foreign Affairs, September/October 2014, https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/russia-fsu/2014-08-18/why-ukraine-crisis-west-s-fault; Haddad and Polyakova, “Don’t Rehabilitate Obama on Russia”; Mikhail Zygar, “The Russian Reset That Never Was,” Foreign Policy, December 9, 2016, https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/12/09/the-russian-reset-that-never-was-putin-obama-medvedev-libya-mikhail-zygar-all-the-kremlin-men/.

18 Ibid.; McFaul, From Cold War to Hot Peace; Will Englund, “Why Ukraine and Russia Are Still at War,” Washington Post, November 13, 2019, https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2019/11/13/why-ukraine-russia-are-still-war/.

19 Ibid.

20 Barry, “Russian Authorities Pressure Elections Watchdog”; Baczynska, “Russia Suspends Vote Monitoring Group Under ‘Foreign Agent’ Law”; United States Agency for International Development, “Golos Impact Evaluation—Final Report.”

21 Natasha Abbakumova and Kathy Lally, “Russia Boosts out USAID,” Washington Post, https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/russia-boots-out-usaid/2012/09/18/c2d185a8-01bc-11e2-b260-32f4a8db9b7e_story.html; Matthew Rojansky, “Why USAID Is Leaving Russia,” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, September 20, 2012, https://carnegieendowment.org/2012/09/20/why-usaid-is-leaving-russia-pub-49444; Kathy Lally, “As USAID Stops Work in Russia, Activists Wonder How They Can Continue Operations,” Washington Post, October 1, 2012, https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/us-aid-stops-work-in-russia/2012/10/01/90d4cbb2-0bcd-11e2-bb5e-492c0d30bff6_story.html; “Thousands in Moscow Protest Election Results Favoring Putin, United Russia,” Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, December 5, 2011, https://www.rferl.org/a/moscow_protests_election/24412655.html; Andrew Roth, “Moscow Voters: ‘Putin Has Silenced Our Protests, but We’ll Take Revenge in 2021,’” Guardian, September 8, 2019, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/sep/08/putin-silenced-us-revenge-2021-elections.

22 Lally, “As USAID Stops Work in Russia, Activists Wonder How They Can Continue Operations.”

23 “Mid-Term Performance Evaluation of the Ukraine Access to Justice and Legal Empowerment Project,” USAID Ukraine, Final Report, February 2013, https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PDACX372.pdf; “OSI Condemns Takeover of Moscow Foundation,” Open Society Foundations (archive), November 23, 2003, https://archive.fo/6lVz1 (the screenshot of the site was captured on June 28, 2018); Janine R. Wedel, “The Harvard Boys Do Russia,” Nation, May 14, 1998, https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/harvard-boys-do-russia/; “Who Taught Crony Capitalism to Russia?,” Wall Street Journal, last updated March 19, 2001, https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB984947892753855394.

24 Ibid.; Guy Chazan, “George Soros Works to Rescue Investment in Russia’s Svyazinvest,” Wall Street Journal, April 30, 2001, https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB988575067628109309; “Leaked Memos Show George Soros Plotted to Oust Putin, Destabilize Russia,” Sputnik International, August 27, 2016, https://sputniknews.com/russia/201608271044703488-soros-memo-oust-putin-russia/.

25 OSF memo, November 16, 2012; “Leaked Memos Show George Soros Plotted to Oust Putin, Destabilize Russia.”

26 OSF memo, March 31, 2014.

27 Evan Osnos, David Remnick, and Joshua Yaffa, “Trump, Putin, and the New Cold War,” New Yorker, March 6, 2017, https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/03/06/trump-putin-and-the-new-cold-war; James Carden, “Obama’s Foreign Policy: A Hostage to Bipartisan Consensus,” Nation, October 26, 2016, https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/obamas-foreign-policy-a-hostage-to-bipartisan-consensus/; John Glaser and Trevor Thrall, “Obama’s Foreign Policy Legacy and the Myth of Retrenchment” (working paper, Cato Institute, April 24, 2017), https://www.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/pubs/pdf/working-paper-43-updated.pdf.

28 OSF memo, March 31, 2014; Yuliya Talmazan, “Maidan Massacre Anniversary: Ukraine Remembers Bloody Day of Protests,” NBC News, February 20, 2019, https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/maidan-massacre-anniversary-ukraine-remembers-bloody-day-protests-n973156; Marc Young, “Did Uncle Sam Buy Off the Maidan?,” Die Zeit, May 2015, https://www.zeit.de/politik/ausland/2015-05/ukraine-usa-maidan-finance/seite-2.

29 Ibid.

30 Ibid.; “Yanukovych, Fugitive Ex-President Wanted for Mass Murder, Remains Missing (UPDATE),” Kyiv Post, February 25, 2014, https://www.kyivpost.com/article/content/ukraine-politics/arrest-warrant-issued-for-yanukovych-and-other-former-officials-337482.html; Anthony Faiola and Terri Rupar, “People Haven’t Left Kiev’s Maidan. Here’s What It Looks and Feels Like Now.,” Washington Post, March 7, 2014, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2014/03/07/people-havent-left-kievs-maidan-heres-what-it-looks-and-feels-like-now/; Hanna Kozlowska, “The Revolution Has Not Been Finalized,” Foreign Policy, May 23, 2014, https://foreignpolicy.com/2014/05/23/the-revolution-has-not-been-finalized/.

31 “Putin: Ouster of Ukrainian President Was an ‘Unconstitutional Drop,’” DW News, April 3, 2014, https://www.dw.com/en/putin-ouster-of-ukrainian-president-was-an-unconstitutional-coup/a-17472054.

32 AFP, “Putin Describes Secret Operation to Seize Crimea,” Yahoo News, March 8, 2015, https://news.yahoo.com/putin-describes-secret-operation-seize-crimea-212858356.html; Bonnie Malkin and Raziye Akkoc, “Vladimir Putin Saved My Life, Says Ousted Ukrainian President Viktor Yanukovych,” Telegraph, June 22, 2015, https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/russia/11692593/Vladimir-Putin-saved-my-life-says-ousted-Ukrainian-president-Viktor-Yanukovych.html.

33 Ibid.

34 “Putin: Ouster of Ukrainian President Was an ‘Unconstitutional Drop’”; “Putin Admits Russian Forces Were Deployed to Crimea,” Reuters, April 17, 2014, https://www.reuters.com/article/russia-putin-crimea/putin-admits-russian-forces-were-deployed-to-crimea-idUSL6N0N921H20140417; Carl Schreck, “From ‘Not Us’ to ‘Why Hide It?’: How Russia Denied Its Crimea Invasion, Then Admitted It,” Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, February 26, 2019, https://www.rferl.org/a/from-not-us-to-why-hide-it-how-russia-denied-its-crimea-invasion-then-admitted-it/29791806.html.

35 Schreck, “From ‘Not Us’ to ‘Why Hide It?’: How Russia Denied Its Crimea Invasion, Then Admitted It”; “‘Loss’ of Colors,” U.S. Army Center of Military History, January 6, 1994, https://history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/loss.html.

36 “Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation,” Wikipedia, accessed January 15, 2020, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation.

37 Bogdana Depo, Goliath Versus Goliath: EU Democracy Promotion in the Eastern Neighbourhood and Russia’s Alternative Agenda (Germany: Nomos Verlag, 2019), 77, 204; Spencer Kimball, “Bound by Treaty: Russia, Ukraine and Crimea,” DW News, November 3, 2014, https://www.dw.com/en/bound-by-treaty-russia-ukraine-and-crimea/a-17487632.

38 “Address by President of the Russian Federation,” Kremlin.ru, March 18, 2014, http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/20603; Mearsheimer, “Why the Ukraine Crisis Is the West’s Fault”; “Putin Signs Laws on Reunification of Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol with Russia,” Tass.com, March 21, 2014, https://tass.com/russia/724785.

39 Anna Nemtsova, “This Is What a War in Europe Really Looks Like,” Politico, July 27, 2014, https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2014/07/eastern-ukraine-civil-war-109388.

40 Ewen MacAskill, “Ukraine Crisis: Bugged Call Reveals Conspiracy Theory about Kiev Snipers,” Guardian, March 5, 2014, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/mar/05/ukraine-bugged-call-catherine-ashton-urmas-paet; Mattathias Schwartz, “Who Killed the Kiev Protesters? A 3-D Model Holds the Clues,” New York Times, May 30, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/30/magazine/ukraine-protest-video.html; Talmazan, “Maidan Massacre Anniversary: Ukraine Remembers Bloody Day of Protests.”

41 Mearsheimer, “Why the Ukraine Crisis Is the West’s Fault.”

42 Alan Cullison, “Bidens in Ukraine: An Explainer,” Wall Street Journal, September 22, 2019, https://www.wsj.com/articles/bidens-anticorruption-effort-in-ukraine-overlapped-with-sons-work-in-country-11569189782; “The Ukraine Scandal Timeline Democrats and Their Media Allies Don’t Want America to See,” John Solomon Reports, November 20, 2019, https://johnsolomonreports.com/the-ukraine-scandal-timeline-democrats-and-their-media-allies-dont-want-america-to-see/.

43 Tracy Wilkinson and Sergei L. Loiko, “Here Is What Joe Biden Actually Did in Ukraine,” Los Angeles Times, October 5, 2019, https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2019-10-05/bidens-visits-to-ukraine-under-scrutiny.

44 “The Russian Laundromat Exposed,” OCCRP, March 20, 2017, https://www.occrp.org/en/laundromat/the-russian-laundromat-exposed/; “Ukraine’s Overall Debt for Russian Gas Grows to $3.492 Billion,” Institute of Energy for South-East Europe, April 30, 2014, https://www.iene.eu/ukraines-overall-debt-for-russian-gas-grows-to-3492-billion-p596.html; Derek Monroe, “The U.S. Is ‘Missing’ Millions in Ukraine”; Zachary Stieber, “Latvia Flagged ‘Suspicious’ Hunter Biden Payments in 2016,” Epoch Times, December 17, 2019, https://www.theepochtimes.com/latvia-flagged-suspicious-hunter-biden-payments-in-2016_3177002.html.

45 “FACTSHEET: U.S. Crisis Support Package for Ukraine,” Obama White House (archive), press release, April 21, 2014, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2014/04/21/fact-sheet-us-crisis-support-package-ukraine.

46 “FACTSHEET: International Support for Ukraine,” Obama White House (archive), press release, March 4, 2014, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2014/03/04/fact-sheet-international-support-ukraine; “FACTSHEET: U.S. Assistance to Ukraine,” Obama White House (archive), press release, June 7, 2014, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2014/06/07/fact-sheet-us-assistance-ukraine; Associated Press, “IMF Approves $17 Billion Loan Package for Ukraine,” CNBC, April 30, 2014, https://www.cnbc.com/2014/04/30/imf-approves-17-billion-loan-package-for-ukraine.html.

47 “FACTSHEET: U.S. Assistance to Ukraine,” Obama White House (archive), press release, June 7, 2014.

48 Julian Hattem, “Thousands of Soros Docs Released by Alleged Russian-Backed Hackers,” Hill, August 15, 2016, https://thehill.com/policy/national-security/291486-thousands-of-soros-docs-released-by-alleged-russia-backed-hackers; OSF memo, March 31, 2014.

49 Glenn Beck, “‘The Democrats’ Hydra’: Here are the FACTS about the Impeachment Inquiry, Soros, Ukraine,” Glenn Beck’s website, November 17, 2019, https://www.glennbeck.com/glenn-beck/the-democrats-hydra-here-are-the-facts-about-the-impeachment-inquiry-soros-ukraine; “The Future of Europe: An Interview with George Soros,” interview by Gregor Peter Schmitz, International Renaissance Foundation, April 24, 2014, https://www.irf.ua/en/the_future_of_europe_an_interview_with_george_soros/; OSF memo, March 31, 2014.

50 “The Future of Europe: An Interview with George Soros”; OSF memo, March 31, 2014.

51 Ibid.

52 Ibid.

53 “Ukraine Crisis: Transcript of Leaked Nuland-Pyatt Call”; “US-EU Clash on How to Install a Puppet Regime in Ukraine. Victoria Nuland.,” Global Research News, February 7, 2014, https://www.globalresearch.ca/us-eu-clash-on-how-to-install-a-puppet-regime-in-ukraine-victoria-nuland/5367794.

54 “US-EU Clash on How to Install a Puppet Regime in Ukraine. Victoria Nuland.”

55 “Ukraine Crisis: Transcript of Leaked Nuland-Pyatt Call.”

56 OSF memo, March 31, 2014; “OSI Condemns Takeover of Moscow Foundation”; “Is AIDS US $90B Taxpayer Dollars a Global Slush Fund?,” Corey’s Digs, January 29, 2020, https://www.coreysdigs.com/health-science/is-aids-us-90b-taxpayer-dollars-a-global-slush-fund/.

57 “About Us,” Clinton Health Access Initiative, n.d., https://clintonhealthaccess.org/about-us/#history; “Press Release: Clinton Foundation HIV/AIDS Initiative Announces Partnership with ANTIAIDS and the Victor Pinchuk Foundation,” Clinton Foundation, press release, September 19, 2006, https://www.clintonfoundation.org/main/news-and-media/press-releases-and-statements/press-release-clinton-foundation-hiv-aids-initiative-announces-partnership-with.html; Grimaldi and Ballhaus, “Clinton Charity Tapped Foreign Friends”; “How a Small Core of Donors Supplied a Large Share of the Clintons’ Political Support,” Washington Post, accessed January 1, 2020, https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/politics/clinton-donors/; “About Victor Pinchuk,” Victor Pinchuk Foundation, accessed on January 15, 2020, https://pinchukfund.org/en/about_pinchuk/biography/; “The Biggest Ukrainian Anti-AIDS Project with Private Financing Was Presented in Kiev,” Elena Pinchuk Foundation, November 10, 2006, http://www.antiaids.org/eng/news/clinton/the-biggest-ukrainian-anti-aids-project-with-private-financing-was-presented-in-kiev-1910.html; “Our Partners,” Elena Pinchuk Foundation, accessed January 15, 2020, http://www.antiaids.org/eng/about/partners.html.

58 Peter Schweizer, Clinton Cash (New York: HarperCollins, 2015) 21-22.

59 “U.S., Soros-Funded Ukrainian HIV Charity Under Criminal Probe for Embezzlement,” Judicial Watch, February 26, 2020, https://www.judicialwatch.org/corruption-chronicles/u-s-soros-funded-ukrainian-hiv-charity-under-criminal-probe-for-embezzlement/; “National Police Launches Inquiry into Work of Ant-Corruption Action Center Under Appeal of MP Derkach,” Interfax-Ukraine, February 17, 2020, https://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/641802.html; РІЧНИЙ ЗВІТ (100% Life, formerly the All-Ukrainian Network of PLWH), Annual Report, 2007,https://network.org.ua/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/2007.pdf; “Our Partners,” РІЧНИЙ ЗВІТ (100% Life, formerly the All-Ukrainian Network of PLWH), accessed January 15, 2020, https://network.org.ua/en/our-partners/.

60 March 31, 2014 OSF memo.

61 Ibid.

62 Ibid.

63 “Background Conference Call on Ukraine Sanctions,” Obama White House (archive), press release, April 28, 2014, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2014/04/28/background-conference-call-ukraine-sanctions.

64 “Remarks by President Obama and President Poroshenko of Ukraine After Bilateral Meeting,” Obama White House (archive), press release, September 18, 2014, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2014/09/18/remarks-president-obama-and-president-poroshenko-ukraine-after-bilateral; “President Obama Meets with the President of Ukraine,” YouTube video, posted by “The Obama White House,” September 18, 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vxxmexUrluk.

65 Ibid.

66 Ibid; “President Obama Meets with the President of Ukraine.”

67 Reuters, “IMF Signs Off $17.5bn Loan for Ukraine in Second Attempt to Stave Off Bankruptcy,” Guardian, March 11, 2015, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/11/imf-signs-off-175bn-loan-ukraine-second-attempt-bankruptcy-bailout; New York Review of Books, “A New Policy to Rescue Ukraine,” George Soros’s website, January 8, 2015, https://www.georgesoros.com/2015/01/08/a-new-policy-to-rescue-ukraine/; Reid Standish, “Russian Duma Dissident Believes West Must Save Ukraine to Defeat Putin,” Foreign Policy, March 18, 2015, https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/03/18/russian-duma-dissident-believes-west-must-save-ukraine-to-defeat-putin/.

68 Soros, “A New Policy to Rescue Ukraine”; Sujata Rao, “Soros Urges Giving Ukraine $50 Billion of Aid to Foil Russia,” Reuters, January 8, 2015, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ukraine-crisis-soros/soros-urges-giving-ukraine-50-billion-of-aid-to-foil-russia-idUSKBN0KH0NQ20150108.

69 Ibid.

70 Ibid.

71 International Monetary Fund, “Statement by IMF Managing Director Christine Lagarde on Ukraine,” press release no. 15/50, February 12, 2015, https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2015/09/14/01/49/pr1550; Ingrid Melander, “Ukraine to Get $40 Billion, Including $17.5 Billion from IMF – Lagarde,” Reuters, February 12, 2015, https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-ukraine-crisis-imf/ukraine-to-get-40-billion-including-17-5-billion-from-imf-lagarde-idUKKBN0LG0Q420150212; Reuters, “IMF Signs Off $17.5bn Loan for Ukraine in Second Attempt to Stave Off Bankruptcy.”

72 Standish, “Russian Duma Dissident Believes West Must Save Ukraine to Defeat Putin.”

73 Ibid.

74 Ibid.

75 Mark Thompson, “George Soros: I May Invest $1 Billion in Ukraine,” CNN, March 30, 2015, https://money.cnn.com/2015/03/30/investing/ukraine-soros-billion-russia/index.html.

76 Soros, “A New Policy to Rescue Ukraine.”

77 Thomas Grove and Alan Cullison, “Ukraine Company’s Campaign to Burnish Its Image Stretched Beyond Hunter Biden,” Wall Street Journal, November 7, 2019, https://www.wsj.com/articles/ukraine-companys-campaign-to-burnish-its-image-stretched-beyond-hunter-biden-11573154199.

78 Serious Fraud Office v. Mykola Zlochevskyi, Case No. RSTO/7/2014, Final Judgment, January 21, 2015, https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Zlochevsky-SFO-v-MZ-Final-Judgment-Revised.doc; Ilya Timtchenko, “Prosecutors Put Zlochevsky, Multimillionaire Ex-Ecology Minister, on Wanted List,” Kyiv Post, January 18, 2015, https://www.kyivpost.com/article/content/reform-watch/prosecutors-put-zlochevsky-multimillionaire-ex-ecology-minister-on-wanted-list-377719.html; Paul Sonne and Laura Mills, “Ukrainians See Conflict in Biden’s Anticorruption Message,” Wall Street Journal, December 7, 2015, https://www.wsj.com/articles/ukrainians-see-conflict-in-bidens-anticorruption-message-1449523458?mod=article_inline.

79 “American Financier Devon Archer Joined the Board of Directors of Burisma Holdings,” Burisma, on Internet Archive, press release, April 22, 2014, https://web.archive.org/web/20140514174746/http://burisma.com/american-financier-devon-archer-joined-the-board-of-directors-of-burisma-holdings/ (the screenshot of the site was captured on May 14, 2014); “Echo Chambers,” BBC News, May 14, 2014, https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-echochambers-27403003; Peter Schweizer, Secret Empires: How Our Politicians Hide Corruption and Enrich Their Family and Friends (New York: HarperCollins, 2018), 60-61.

80 “Burisma Holdings Accounting Ledger,” Scribd, https://www.scribd.com/document/436048670/Burisma-Holdings-Accounting-Ledger (uploaded by John Solomon on November 20, 2019); “Rosemont Seneca Partners Court File,” Scribd, https://www.scribd.com/document/404001731/Rosemont-Seneca-Partners-Court-File (uploaded by John Solomon on April 1, 2019); Schweizer, Secret Empires, 60-61.

81 Schweizer, Secret Empires, 60-61; Secret Service entry logs (WAVES).

82 “Remarks to the Press by Vice President Joe Biden and Ukrainian Prime Minister Arseniy Yatsenyuk,” Obama White House (archive), press release, April 22, 2014, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2014/04/22/remarks-press-vice-president-joe-biden-and-ukrainian-prime-minister-arse.

83 Serious Fraud Office (UK), “Ukraine Money Laundering Investigation,” last updated October 1, 2018, https://www.sfo.gov.uk/cases/ukraine-money-laundering-investigation/; Serious Fraud Office (UK), “Money Laundering Investigation Opened,” news release, April 28, 2014, https://www.sfo.gov.uk/2014/04/28/money-laundering-investigation-opened/; Serious Fraud Office v. Mykola Zlochevskyi, Case No. RSTO/7/2014, Final Judgment, January 21, 2015.

84 Javier E. David, “Ukraine Gas Producer Appoints Biden’s Son to Board,” CNBC, May 13, 2014, https://www.cnbc.com/2014/05/13/bidens-son-joins-ukraine-gas-companys-board-of-directors.html; “Hunter Biden,” Burisma, on Internet Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20190319041558/https://burisma-group.com/eng/director/hunter-biden/ (the screenshot of the site was captured on March 19, 2019).

85 “CU v. State FOIA Doc (Ukraine),” Scribd, https://www.scribd.com/document/433436789/CU-v-State-FOIA-Doc-Ukraine (uploaded by John Solomon on November 4, 2019).

86 “Burisma Holdings Accounting Ledger”; “Rosemont Seneca Partners Court File.”

87 Daevum, “User Clip: Hunter Biden Ukraine / Joe Biden Conflict of Interest MAY 13, 2014,” C-SPAN, September 29, 2019, video, https://www.c-span.org/video/?c4819961/user-clip-hunter-biden-ukraine-joe-biden-conflict-interest-13-2014.

88 Opensecrets.org, “Client Profile: Burisma Holdings,” report images, 2014, https://www.opensecrets.org/lobby/client_reports.php?id=F212407&year=2014; Michael Scherer, “Ukrainian Employer of Joe Biden’s Son Hires a D.C. Lobbyist,” Time, July 7, 2014, https://time.com/2964493/ukraine-joe-biden-son-hunter-burisma/.

89 Jessica Donati, “Firm Hired by Ukraine’s Burisma Tried to Use Hunter Biden As Leverage, Documents Show,” Wall Street Journal, November 5, 2019, https://www.wsj.com/articles/firm-hired-by-ukraines-burisma-tried-to-use-hunter-biden-as-leverage-documents-show-11573009615.

90 Adam Entous, “Will Hunter Biden Jeopardize His Father’s Campaign?,” New Yorker, July 1, 2019, https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2019/07/08/will-hunter-biden-jeopardize-his-fathers-campaign.

91 Ibid.; “Burisma Holdings Accounting Ledger”; Serious Fraud Office (UK), “Ukraine Money Laundering Investigation.”

92 A Minority Staff Report Prepared for the use of the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, 112th Cong. (2012), https://www.foreign.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/Energy%20and%20Security%20from%20the%20Caspian%20to%20Europe.pdf.

93 Ibid.

94 Statement of Amos J. Hochstein, Deputy Assistant Secretary for Energy Diplomacy, Bureau of Energy Resources, U.S. Department of State, Before the Subcommittee on Energy Policy, Health Care & Entitlements, Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, U.S. House of Representatives, “U.S. Foreign Policy and the Export of Domestically Sourced Liquefied Natural Gas,” April 30, 2014, https://oversight.house.gov/sites/democrats.oversight.house.gov/files/migrated/uploads/DAS%20Hochstein%20Testimony%204-30-14.pdf; Bureau of Public Affairs, “State Department Launches ‘Bureau of Energy Resources,’” U.S. Department of State, press release, November 16, 2011, https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2011/11/177262.htm; Amy Harder, “State Department Names Acting Energy Envoy,” Wall Street Journal, July 25, 2014, https://www.wsj.com/articles/state-department-names-new-energy-envoy-1406299086.

95 Ibid.

96 Ibid.; Hearings Before the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, “Nomination Hearings of the 114th Congress,” 114th Cong. (2015-2016), https://www.foreign.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/12%2001%2015%20Nomination%20Gray%20Hochstein%20Marcil%20Feely%20Taglialatela%20Chapman%20Manes%20Transcript.pdf.

97 “European Energy Reliance on Russia,” C-SPAN, July 8, 2014, video, https://www.c-span.org/video/?320330-1/hearing-european-energy-reliance-russia&start=469.

98 Ibid.; Hearing Before the Subcommittee on European Affairs of the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, “Renewed Focus on European Energy Security,” 113th Cong. (2014), https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-113shrg91142/html/CHRG-113shrg91142.htm; Statement of Amos J. Hochstein, April 30, 2014.

99 “European Energy Reliance on Russia,” C-SPAN, July 8, 2014, video, https://www.c-span.org/video/?320330-1/hearing-european-energy-reliance-russia&start=469; Hearing Before the Subcommittee on European Affairs of the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, “Renewed Focus on European Energy Security.”

100 Ibid.

101 Hearing Before the Subcommittee on International Development and Foreign Assistance, Economic Affairs, International Environmental Protection, and Peace Corps, of the Committee on Foreign Relations, “U.S. Security Implications of International Energy and Climate Policies and Issues,” 113th Cong. (2014), https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-113shrg94134/html/CHRG-113shrg94134.htm.

102 Ibid.

103 Harder, “State Department Names Acting Energy Envoy”; Bureau of Public Affairs, “Amos J. Hochstein,” U.S. Department of State, accessed January 14, 2020, https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/biog/230679.htm.

104 Josh Cohen, “COLUMN-Vladimir Putin’s Most Effective Weapon Is Gas – But Not the Poison Kind,” Reuters, July 28, 2015, https://www.reuters.com/article/cohen-gazprom/column-vladimir-putins-most-effective-weapon-is-gas-but-not-the-poison-kind-idUSL1N1082VT20150728.

105 Ibid.

106 Atlantic Council, “Honor Roll Contributors,” n.d., https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/support-the-council/honor-roll-of-contributors/; “US Energy Diplomacy Priorities for 2015,” Atlantic Council, transcript, January 14, 2015, https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/commentary/transcript/transcript-us-energy-diplomacy-priorities-for-2015/.

107 Entous, “Will Hunter Biden Jeopardize His Father’s Campaign?”; Tiana Lowe, “Joe Biden Adviser Amos Hochstein Took Meetings with Burisma-hired Lobbying Firm,” Washington Examiner, November 7, 2019, https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/opinion/joe-biden-adviser-amos-hochstein-took-meetings-with-burisma-hired-blue-star-strategies; Joint Hearing Before the Subcommittee on the Middle East and North Africa of the Committee on Foreign Affairs and the Subcommittee on Energy of the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, U.S. House of Representatives, 114th Cong. (2016), https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-114hhrg21461/html/CHRG-114hhrg21461.htm.

108 “Amos Hochstein,” C-SPAN, accessed on January 15, 2020, https://www.c-span.org/person/?amoshochstein; Hearing Before the Subcommittee on European Affairs of the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, “Renewed Focus on European Energy Security”; Hearing Before the Subcommittee on International Development and Foreign Assistance, Economic Affairs, International Environmental Protection, and Peace Corps, of the Committee on Foreign Relations, “U.S. Security Implications of International Energy and Climate Policies and Issues,” 113th Cong. (2014); Joint Hearing Before the Subcommittee on the Middle East and North Africa of the Committee on Foreign Affairs and the Subcommittee on Energy of the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, U.S. House of Representatives, 114th Cong. (2016).

109 Bureau of Public Affairs, “Amos J. Hochstein”; Opensecrets.org, “Hochstein, Amos,” Employment History, accessed January 15, 2020, https://www.opensecrets.org/revolving/rev_summary.php?id=21321; Opensecrets.org, “Amos Hochstein,” donor lookup, accessed January 15, 2020, https://www.opensecrets.org/donor-lookup/results?name=amos+hochstein&order=asc&sort=D; “Amos Hochstein to Join Presidential Campaign,” Cassidy & Associates, on Internet Archive, press release, January 16, 2007, https://web.archive.org/web/20070301175141/https://cassidy.com/press/pressdetail.asp?Id=61 (the screenshot of the site was captured on March 1, 2007).

110 “A Conversation with Amos Hochstein,” interview by Michael Grunwald, Washington Post, April 23, 2006, https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/04/21/AR2006042101754_pf.html.

111 Joshua Kurlantzick, “Putting Lipstick on a Dictator,” Mother Jones, May 7, 2007, https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2007/05/putting-lipstick-dictator/.

112 “A Conversation with Amos Hochstein,” interview by Michael Grunwald.

113 “Amos Hochstein to Join Presidential Campaign,” Cassidy & Associates, on Internet Archive, press release, January 16, 2007, https://web.archive.org/web/20070301175141/https://cassidy.com/press/pressdetail.asp?Id=61 (the screenshot of the site was captured on March 1, 2007); E-mail message from William D. Campbell to Amos Hochstein, March 1, 2006; Letter from Amos Hochstein to Alexei Grigoriev, April 9, 2007; Letter from Amos Hochstein to Vladimir Smirnov, August 1, 2007; Memo from Amos Hochstein to Vadim Mikerin, September 21, 2008; “Amos Hochstein,” LinkedIn profile, accessed April 3, 2020, https://www.linkedin.com/in/amos-hochstein-a8639423/.

114 Ibid.

115 “Amos Hochstein,” LinkedIn profile, https://ia601508.us.archive.org/34/items/2011archivedamoshochsteinlinkedin/2011--ARCHIVED%20Amos%20Hochstein%20_%20LinkedIn.pdf (screenshot of the site was captured on December 7, 2014); “Amos J. Hochstein,” Huffington Post, accessed on December 15, 2019, https://www.huffpost.com/author/amos-j-hochstein; Harder, “State Department Names Acting Energy Envoy”; “Amos J Hochstein,” U.S. House of Representatives, biography, n.d., https://docs.house.gov/meetings/GO/GO27/20140430/102182/HHRG-113-GO27-Bio-SmithC-20140430.pdf; Bureau of Public Affairs, “Amos J. Hochstein.”

116 White House Visitors’ Logs.

117 “Amos Hochstein,” LinkedIn profile; “Team,” Cassidy & Associates, on Internet Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20110801031415/http://www.cassidy.com:80/team/ (the screenshot of the site was captured on August 1, 2011); E-mail message from Amos Hochstein to Cheryl Mills, “AS REQUESTED,” May 10, 2011, https://foia.state.gov/Search/results.aspx?searchText=%22amos+hochstein%22&beginDate=&endDate=&publishedBeginDate=&publishedEndDate=&caseNumber=; “Amos Hochstein,” Cassidy & Associates, on Internet Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20110130073919/http://www.cassidy.com/team/41/ (the screenshot of the site was captured on January 30, 2011).

118 Office of Inspector General, “Inspection of the Bureau of Energy Resources,” Office of Inspections, February 2016, https://www.stateoig.gov/system/files/isp-i-16-06.pdf; Statement of Amos J. Hochstein, April 30, 2014.

119 Bureau of Public Affairs, “Public Schedule,” U.S. Department of State, December 3, 2014, https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/prs/appt/2014/12/234631.htm.

120 Ibid.; Seamus Bruner, Compromised (New York: Post Hill Press, 2018), 113-114; “White House Visitor Logs Detail Meetings of Eric Ciaramella,” Judicial Watch, press release, November 8, 2019, https://www.judicialwatch.org/press-releases/judicial-watch-white-house-visitor-logs-detail-meetings-of-eric-ciaramella/.

121 Atlantic Council, “US Energy Diplomacy Priorities for 2015”; “Remarks by Vice President Joe Biden on European Energy Security to the Atlantic Council Energy and Economic Summit,” Obama White House (archive), press release, November 22, 2014, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2014/11/22/remarks-vice-president-joe-biden-european-energy-security-atlantic-counc; Kenneth P. Vogel and Iulia Mendel, “Biden Faces Conflict of Interest Questions That Are Being Promoted by Trump and Allies,” New York Times, May 1, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/01/us/politics/biden-son-ukraine.html; Amos J. Hochstein, Deputy Assistant Secretary for Energy Diplomacy, Bureau of Energy Resources, written testimony, U.S. Senate, July 8, 2014, https://www.foreign.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/REVISED_Hochstein_Testimony1.pdf; Amos J. Hochstein, Deputy Assistant Secretary for Energy Diplomacy, Bureau of Energy Resources, written testimony, July 22, 2014, https://www.foreign.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/Hochstein_Testimony.pdf.

122 Ibid.; Bureau of Public Affairs, “Special Envoy Hochstein Travels to Bratislava for Meeting of EU Energy Ministers and to Athens,” U.S. Department of State, press release, July 13, 2016, https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2016/07/259968.htm; Bureau of Public Affairs, “Special Envoy Amos J Hochstein Travels to Saudi Arabia and Lebanon,” U.S. Department of State, press release, May 23, 2016, https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2016/05/257648.htm; Bureau of Public Affairs, “Special Envoy Amos J Hochstein Travels to Argentina,” U.S. Department of State, press release, June 20, 2016, https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2016/06/258660.htm; Bureau of Public Affairs, “Special Envoy Hochstein Travels to Jerusalem, Cairo, Kuwait City, and Doha,” U.S. Department of State, press release, April 18, 2016, https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2016/04/255943.htm; Bureau of Public Affairs, “Special Envoy and Coordinator for International Energy Affairs Amos J Hochstein Travels to Baku, Sofia, and Zagreb,” U.S. Department of State, press release, February 29, 2016, https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2016/02/253773.htm; Bureau of Energy Resources, “Remarks at the Atlantic Council Energy & Economic Summit,” U.S. Department of State, November 19, 2015, https://2009-2017.state.gov/e/enr/rls/250781.htm; Bureau of Public Affairs, “Special Envoy Hochstein Travels to Brussels, Zagreb, and Kyiv,” U.S. Department of State, press release, November 28, 2016, https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2016/11/264590.htm.

123 Office of Inspector General, “Inspection of the Bureau of Energy Resources.”

124 Ibid.

125 Ibid.

126 Tiana Lowe, “Subpoena Amos Hochstein to Get to the Bottom of Burisma Holdings and Trump’s Quid Pro Quo,” Washington Examiner, October 23, 2019, https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/opinion/subpoena-amos-hochstein-to-get-to-the-bottom-of-burisma-holdings-and-trumps-quid-pro-quo.

127 Wilkinson and Loiko, “Here Is What Joe Biden Actually Did in Ukraine”; Tim Hains, “FLASHBACK, 2018: Joe Biden Brags at CFR Meeting about Withholding Aid to Ukraine to Force Firing of Prosecutor,” Real Clear Politics, September 27, 2019, https://www.realclearpolitics.com/video/2019/09/27/flashback_2018_joe_biden_brags_at_cfr_meeting_about_withholding_aid_to_ukraine_to_force_firing_of_prosecutor.html.

128 Ibid.; Ryan Bort, “What Actually Happened Between Joe Biden and Ukraine, Explained,” Rolling Stone, September 23, 2019, https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-news/biden-ukraine-prosecutor-trump-tweet-888662/; “Remarks by Vice President Joe Biden to the Ukrainian Rada,” Obama White House (archive), December 9, 2015, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2015/12/09/remarks-vice-president-joe-biden-ukrainian-rada; “Part 2 – Not So “Dormant” Investigations,” UkraineGate, video, accessed January 15, 2020, https://ukrainegate.info/part-2-not-so-dormant-investigations/.

129 James Risen, “Joe Biden, His Son and the Case Against a Ukrainian Oligarch,” New York Times, December 8, 2015, https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/09/world/europe/corruption-ukraine-joe-biden-son-hunter-biden-ties.html; “Remarks by Vice President Joe Biden to the Ukrainian Rada.”

130 Wilkinson and Loiko, “Here Is What Joe Biden Actually Did in Ukraine”; Hains, “FLASHBACK, 2018: Joe Biden Brags at CFR Meeting about Withholding Aid to Ukraine to Force Firing of Prosecutor”; Miriam Elder, “Joe Biden’s Advisers Knew in 2018 His Comments about Ukraine Would Be a Problem,” Buzzfeed News, October 5, 2019, https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/miriamelder/joe-biden-ukraine-hunter; Adam Entous, “The Ukrainian Prosecutor Behind Trump’s Impeachment,” New Yorker, December 16, 2019, https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2019/12/23/the-ukrainian-prosecutor-behind-trumps-impeachment; John Solomon, “US Embassy Pressed Ukraine to Drop Probe of George Soros Group During 2016 Election,” Hill, March 26, 2019, https://thehill.com/opinion/campaign/435906-us-embassy-pressed-ukraine-to-drop-probe-of-george-soros-group-during-2016.

131 Hains, “FLASHBACK, 2018: Joe Biden Brags at CFR Meeting about Withholding Aid to Ukraine to Force Firing of Prosecutor.”

132 Entous, “The Ukrainian Prosecutor Behind Trump’s Impeachment.”

133 Wilkinson and Loiko, “Here Is What Joe Biden Actually Did in Ukraine.”

134 Hains, “FLASHBACK, 2018: Joe Biden Brags at CFR Meeting about Withholding Aid to Ukraine to Force Firing of Prosecutor.”

135 Andrew E. Kramer, “Ukraine Ousts Viktor Shokin, Top Prosecutor, and Political Stability Hangs in the Balance,” New York Times, March 29, 2016, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/30/world/europe/political-stability-in-the-balance-as-ukraine-ousts-top-prosecutor.html; U.S. Embassy in Ukraine, “U.S. Signs Loan Guarantee Agreement for Ukraine,” press release, June 3, 2016, https://ua.usembassy.gov/u-s-signs-loan-guarantee-agreement-ukraine/.

136 Entous, “The Ukrainian Prosecutor Behind Trump’s Impeachment.”

137 Ibid.; “Ukrainian Parliament Backs Nomination of Shokin As Prosecutor General,” Interfax-Ukraine, October 2, 2015, https://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/249709.html; Interfax-Ukraine, “Lutsenko Becomes Ukraine’s Prosecutor General,” Kyiv Post, May 12, 2016, https://www.kyivpost.com/article/content/ukraine-politics/lutsenko-becomes-ukraines-prosecutor-general-413608.html; “I Am Submitting My Resignation Today – Prosecutor General Lutsenko,” Interfax-Ukraine, June 11, 2018, https://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/543099.html.

138 Hains, “FLASHBACK, 2018: Joe Biden Brags at CFR Meeting about Withholding Aid to Ukraine to Force Firing of Prosecutor”; Lowe, “Subpoena Amos Hochstein to Get to the Bottom of Burisma Holdings and Trump’s Quid Pro Quo.”

139 Hains, “FLASHBACK, 2018: Joe Biden Brags at CFR Meeting about Withholding Aid to Ukraine to Force Firing of Prosecutor.”

140 “Profile: Ukraine’s Firebrand Ex-Minister Lutsenko,” BBC News, January 11, 2014, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-25695982; Jacob Comenetz, “Drunk Official Stopped at Airport,” Reuters, May 7, 2009, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-minister-drunk/drunk-official-stopped-at-airport-idUSTRE5465KK20090507; Interfax Ukraine, “Ukrainian Foreign Ministry Investigating Incident with Lutsenko at Frankfurt airport,” Kyiv Post, May 7, 2009, https://www.kyivpost.com/article/content/ukraine-politics/ukrainian-foreign-ministry-investigating-incident-40998.html.

141 Associated Press, “Opposition Leader Yuri Lutsenko Injured in Clashes in Ukrainian Capital,” CTV News, January 11, 2014, https://www.ctvnews.ca/world/opposition-leader-yuri-lutsenko-injured-in-clashes-in-ukrainian-capital-1.1634667.

142 “Former Interior Minister Lutsenko Appointed As Non-Staff Adviser to Ukrainian President,” Interfax-Ukraine, June 17, 2014, https://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/209626.html; “Klitschko Becomes Leader of Petro Poroshenko Bloc ‘Solidarity’ Party,” Interfax-Ukraine, August 28, 2015, https://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/286616.html; Olena Makarenko, “A New General Prosecutor for Poroshenko,” Euromaidan Press, May 13, 2016, http://euromaidanpress.com/2016/05/13/new-general-prosecutor-for-poroshenko/.

143 “Summary – Part 2 – Not So “Dormant” Investigations,” Ukraine Gate, video, accessed January 15, 2020, https://ukrainegate.info/summary-part-2-not-so-dormant-investigations/.

144 Memorandum of Telephone Conversation, “Telephone Conversation with President Zelenskyy of Ukraine,” July 25, 2019, https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Unclassified09.2019.pdf.

145 U.S. House of Representatives, Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, “The Trump-Ukraine Impeachment Inquiry Report,” accessed January 15, 2020, https://intelligence.house.gov/report/.

146 “Poroshenko Asks Obama for Weapons, Obtains Blankets,” Euractiv, September 19, 2014, https://www.euractiv.com/section/europe-s-east/news/poroshenko-asks-obama-for-weapons-obtains-blankets/; Madison Dibble, “Ambassador Taylor Urged Obama to Provide Ukraine with Lethal Weapons, Was ‘Pleased’ When Trump Did,” Washington Examiner, November 13, 2019, https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/ambassador-taylor-urged-obama-to-provide-ukraine-with-lethal-weapons-was-pleased-when-trump-did.

147 H.R. 955, 114th Cong. (2015), cosponsors, https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-bill/955/cosponsors?searchResultViewType=expanded&KWICView=false; Alex Pappas, “Adam Schiff-Ukraine Connection Comes Under Scrutiny,” Fox News, October 3, 2019, https://www.foxnews.com/politics/adam-schiffs-own-ukraine-connection-comes-under-scrutiny.

148 H.R. 955, 114th Cong. (2015), cosponsors; John Kiriakou, “The Military Industrial Complex Loves Left Wing Hawk Adam Schiff,” Mint Press News, June 28, 2019, https://www.mintpressnews.com/why-the-military-industrial-complex-loves-left-wing-hawk-adam-schiff/260069/; Branko Marcetic, “Who Is Adam Schiff?,” Jacobin, May 15, 2018, https://jacobinmag.com/2018/02/adam-schiff-russia-intervention-raytheon-parsons; Michael Sainato, “Adam Schiff Is a Moderate War Hawk, Not the Liberal Hero Democrats Need,” Observer, March 24, 2017, https://observer.com/2017/03/democrat-adam-schiff-russia-war-hawk/; “Adam Schiff on War & Peace,” OnTheIssues, last updated January 17, 2017, https://www.ontheissues.org/CA/Adam_Schiff_War_+_Peace.htm.

149 H.R. 955, 114th Cong. (2015), cosponsors.

150 John Kiehle and Erica Irigoyen, “Ukrainian American Business Leader Honored by Ukrainian Embassy for Recent Diplomatic Efforts,” Cision, press release, March 27, 2014, https://www.prweb.com/releases/2014/03/prweb11709226.htm; Yuliana Romanyshyn, “Airship Producer Igor Pasternak Building Blimps for Whole World (GRAPHICS),” Kyiv Post, July 12, 2016, https://www.kyivpost.com/article/content/business/airship-producer-igor-pasternak-building-blimps-for-whole-world-418133.html; “Aeros History,” Aeroscraft.com, last updated 2019, http://aeroscraft.com/history/4575665539.

151 Ibid.; “Ukroboronprom Will Produce Unique Border Control Systems Using American Technology,” Ukroboronprom, February 16, 2016, https://ukroboronprom.com.ua/en/pro-golovne/ukroboronprom-vyroblyatyme-unikalni-systemy-kontrolyu-kordonu-za-amerykanskymy-tehnologiyamy.html; “Military-Industrial Complex; Schiff & Co. Making Bank in Ukraine,” Tore Says, December 2, 2019, https://toresays.com/2019/12/02/military-industrial-complex-schiff-co-making-bank-in-ukraine/.

152 Kiehle and Irigoyen, “Ukrainian American Business Leader Honored by Ukrainian Embassy for Recent Diplomatic Efforts”; Romanyshyn, “Airship Producer Igor Pasternak Building Blimps for Whole World (GRAPHICS)”; “Aeros History.”

153 Courtney E. Howard, “Aeros Patents Cargo Airship Technology,” Intelligent Aerospace, May 12, 2015, https://www.intelligent-aerospace.com/military/article/16538488/aeros-patents-cargo-airship-technology; Kiehle and Irigoyen, “Ukrainian American Business Leader Honored by Ukrainian Embassy for Recent Diplomatic Efforts”; “Aeros History”; “Aeroscraft Media Kit,” Aeros, accessed January 8, 2020, http://aeroscraft.com/download/i/mark_dl/u/4011780344/4604005480/AeroscraftMediaKit.pdf; Aarian Marshall, “The Flying Bum Just Crashed – So Why Are We Building Airships?,” Wired, August 25, 2016, https://www.wired.com/2016/08/airlander-flying-bum-crash-airships-advantages/; Michael Walsh, “NASA, Pentagon Sponsor $35 Million High-Tech Zeppelin That Could Be Key Aircraft of the Future,” New York Daily News, January 4, 2013, https://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/high-tech-zeppelin-key-aircraft-future-article-1.1233523; “Military-Industrial Complex; Schiff & Co. Making Bank in Ukraine.”

154 LD-2 lobbying disclosure form for Worldwide Aeros Corp., for 2014, quarter 1, https://soprweb.senate.gov/index.cfm?event=getFilingDetails&filingID=4E6596E6-CD34-421D-A8B9-FA009C18E501&filingTypeID=51; LD-2 lobbying disclosure form for Worldwide Aeros Corp., for 2014, quarter 2, https://soprweb.senate.gov/index.cfm?event=getFilingDetails&filingID=AA04149C-7DD8-4E5B-97B4-B63B974BF3E2&filingTypeID=61; LD-2 lobbying disclosure form for Worldwide Aeros Corp., for 2015, quarter 1, https://soprweb.senate.gov/index.cfm?event=getFilingDetails&filingID=4CFDB39B-5101-4C00-9DF7-B0824B1683B2&filingTypeID=51; LD-2 lobbying disclosure form for Worldwide Aeros Corp., for 2014, quarter 4, https://soprweb.senate.gov/index.cfm?event=getFilingDetails&filingID=2E80B474-132E-4735-A51C-EE60C84F5BFF&filingTypeID=78; LD-2 lobbying disclosure form for Worldwide Aeros Corp., for 2016, quarter 3, https://soprweb.senate.gov/index.cfm?event=getFilingDetails&filingID=AB7C1EB6-2F07-4953-912B-C040657190DB&filingTypeID=73.

155 LD-2 lobbying disclosure form for Worldwide Aeros Corp., for 2015, quarter 1; “In 1.5 Years We Regained Trust in Ukrainian Defense Industry and Attracted Investors,” Ukroboronprom, March 1, 2017, https://ukroboronprom.com.ua/en/media/za-1-5-roky-vidnovyly-doviru-ukrayinskoyiyi-oboronky-ta-zaluchyly-investoriv-ukroboronprom.html.

156 “In 1.5 Years We Regained Trust in Ukrainian Defense Industry and Attracted Investors.”

157 Illia Ponomarenko, “New Ukrainian M4-WAC47 Rifle ‘A Strong Political Message to Russia,’” Kyiv Post, January 28, 2018, https://www.kyivpost.com/ukraine-politics/new-ukrainian-m4-wac47-rifle-strong-political-message-russia.html.

158 “In 1.5 Years We Regained Trust in Ukrainian Defense Industry and Attracted Investors.”

159 Alexandra Mclees and Eugene Rumer, “Saving Ukraine’s Defense Industry,” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, July 30, 2014, https://carnegieendowment.org/2014/07/30/saving-ukraine-s-defense-industry-pub-56282; “Outlook 2018,” Defense News, January 2018, https://www.dau.edu/cop/iam/DAU%20Sponsored%20Documents/Defense%20News%202018%20Outlook%20-%20Jan%2018.pdf; “Ukroboronprom Started “Day of Defense Industry of Ukraine” at NATO HQ,” Ukroboronprom, accessed January 15, 2020, https://ukroboronprom.com.ua/en/media/ukroboronprom-rozpochav-den-oboronnoyi-promyslovosti-ukrayiny-u-shtab-kvartyri-nato.html; Ukraine Embassy Facebook photo, Embassy of Ukraine in the USA, accessed on January 15, 2020, https://www.facebook.com/ukr.embassy.usa/photos/a.437547496288488/1192579027451994/?type=3; “Ukroboronprom in 2017: Cooperation with NATO and Joint Developments,” Ukroboronprom, March 1, 2018, https://ukroboronprom.com.ua/en/media/ukroboronprom-u-2017-rotsi-spivpratsya-z-nato-ta-spilni-rozrobky.html.

160 Valeriy Akimenko, “Ukraine’s Toughest Fight: The Challenge of Military Reform,” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, February 22, 2018, https://carnegieendowment.org/2018/02/22/ukraine-s-toughest-fight-challenge-of-military-reform-pub-75609.

161 Commission on Security & Cooperation in Europe: U.S. Helsinki Commission, “Ukraine’s Fight Against Corruption,” transcript by Superior Transcriptions LLC, November 29, 2017, https://www.csce.gov/sites/helsinkicommission.house.gov/files/unofficial-transcript/1129%20Ukraines%20Fight%20Against%20Corruption%20FINAL%20SCRUBBED.pdf; Larry Elliott and Patrick Wintour, “IMF Warns Ukraine It Will Halt $40bn Bailout Unless Corruption Stops,” Guardian, February 10, 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/feb/10/imf-warns-ukraine-halt-40bn-bailout-corruption-christine-lagarde.

162 Commission on Security & Cooperation in Europe: U.S. Helsinki Commission, “Ukraine’s Fight Against Corruption.”

163 “Financial Information,” Center for International Policy, accessed January 15, 2020, https://www.internationalpolicy.org/financial-information; “Honor Roll of Contributors,” Atlantic Council, accessed January 15, 2020, https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/support-the-council/honor-roll-of-contributors/; “Open Society Foundations,” National Center for Public Policy Research, October 14, 2011, https://nationalcenter.org/ncppr/2011/10/14/open-society-foundations/; Commission on Security & Cooperation in Europe: U.S. Helsinki Commission, “Ukraine’s Fight Against Corruption”; “Organizations Funded Directly by George Soros and His Open Society Institute,” Key Wiki, last updated October 16, 2011, https://www.keywiki.org/Organizations_Funded_Directly_by_George_Soros_and_his_Open_Society_Institute.

164 Commission on Security & Cooperation in Europe: U.S. Helsinki Commission, “Ukraine’s Fight Against Corruption.”

165 Ibid.

166 Ibid.

167 Akimenko, “Ukraine’s Toughest Fight: The Challenge of Military Reform.”

168 Ibid.

169 Jorgan K. Andrews, “U.S. Goals and Expectations for the Ukraine Reform Conference in Denmark,” U.S. Department of State, June 26, 2018, https://www.state.gov/u-s-goals-and-expectations-for-the-ukraine-reform-conference-in-denmark/; In Proceedings Before the United States Senate, Trial Memorandum of President Donald J. Trump, January 20, 2020, https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Trial-Memorandum-of-President-Donald-J.-Trump.pdf.

170 Ibid.

171 Ibid.

172 Andrew E. Kramer, Mike McIntire, and Barry Meier, “Secret Ledger in Ukraine Lists Cash for Donald Trump’s Campaign Chief,” New York Times, August 14, 2016, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/15/us/politics/what-is-the-black-ledger.html; “Secret Ledgers Found in Ukraine List Millions in Cash Payments for Trump’s Campaign Chairman,” Week, August 15, 2016, https://theweek.com/speedreads/642929/secret-ledgers-found-ukraine-list-millions-cash-payments-trumps-campaign-chairman; Jeff Carlson, “Ties to Ukrainian National a Unifying Theme in Early Attacks on Trump,” Epoch Times, April 10, 2019, https://www.theepochtimes.com/ties-to-ukrainian-national-a-unifying-theme-in-early-attacks-on-trump_2872609.html; New York Times, “Secret Ledger in Ukraine Lists Cash for Donald Trump’s Campaign Chief,” Kyiv Post, August 15, 2016, https://www.kyivpost.com/article/content/ukraine-politics/the-new-york-times-secret-ledger-in-ukraine-lists-cash-for-donald-trumps-campaign-chief-421022.html.

173 Tucker Carlson, “We’re Becoming an Authoritarian Society - and the Group in Charge is Coming After Fox News,” Fox News, March 13, 2019, https://www.foxnews.com/opinion/tucker-carlson-were-becoming-an-authoritarian-society-and-the-group-in-charge-is-coming-after-fox-news; Nick Fernandez, “Fox News Virtually Silent on NY Times Report Detailing Trump Campaign Chairman’s Ties to Pro-Russian Ukrainian Politicians,” Media Matters, August 15, 2016, https://www.mediamatters.org/donald-trump/fox-news-virtually-silent-ny-times-report-detailing-trump-campaign-chairmans-ties-pro; “CBS This Morning: Paul Manafort May Be Guilty of ‘Tax Evasion, Money Laundering, and Illegally Providing Funds for Lobbyists,’” Media Matters, August 19, 2016, https://www.mediamatters.org/donald-trump/cbs-morning-paul-manafort-may-be-guilty-tax-evasion-money-laundering-and-illegally; “CBS This Morning Examines Alleged Payments to Trump Campaign Chairman from Pro-Russian Ukrainian Politicians,” Media Matters, August 18, 2016,https://www.mediamatters.org/donald-trump/cbs-morning-examines-alleged-payments-trump-campaign-chairman-pro-russian-ukrainian; “CNN’s Clarissa Ward Explains the Problematic Ties Between Paul Manafort and Ukraine’s Former Pro-Russian President,” Media Matters, August 16, 2016, https://www.mediamatters.org/donald-trump/cnns-clarissa-ward-explains-problematic-ties-between-paul-manafort-and-ukraines-former.

174 Kenneth P. Vogel and David Stern, “Ukrainian Efforts to Sabotage Trump Backfire,” Politico, January 11, 2017, https://www.politico.com/story/2017/01/ukraine-sabotage-trump-backfire-233446; Carlson, “Ties to Ukrainian National a Unifying Theme in Early Attacks on Trump”; Sergii Leshchenko, Facebook post, August 19, 2016, https://archive.is/YD7KK; OSF memo, March 31, 2014; “CBS This Morning: Paul Manafort May Be Guilty of ‘Tax Evasion, Money Laundering, and Illegally Providing Funds for Lobbyists.’”

175 Sergii Leshchenko, Facebook post, August 19, 2016; “CBS This Morning: Paul Manafort May Be Guilty of ‘Tax Evasion, Money Laundering, and Illegally Providing Funds for Lobbyists.’”

176 Nolan D. McCaskill, Alex Isenstadt, and Shane Goldmacher, “Paul Manafort Resigns from Trump Campaign,” Politico, August 19, 2016, https://www.politico.com/story/2016/08/paul-manafort-resigns-from-trump-campaign-227197.

177 “Hacked Emails from US State Dept’s Top Russian Intel Official Robert Otto Matching Trump1,” Scribd, https://www.scribd.com/document/368348458/Hacked-Emails-From-US-State-Dept-s-Top-Russian-Intel-Official-Robert-Otto-Matching-Trump1-pdf (uploaded by Special Ops on January 3, 2018).

178 Tristan Justice, “FBI Blows Off Senators’ Request on Materials Related to Ukrainian DNC Contractor in 2016,” Federalist, December 18, 2019, https://thefederalist.com/2019/12/18/fbi-blows-off-senators-request-on-materials-related-to-ukrainian-dnc-contractor-in-2016/; Ivan Pentchoukov, “Top Prosecutor Probing Ukrainian Plot to Boost Clinton in 2016 Election,” Epoch Times, March 21, 2019, https://www.theepochtimes.com/top-prosecutor-probing-ukrainian-plot-to-boost-clinton-in-2016-election_2847598.html; “Hannity: Another Stinging Setback for the Special Counsel,” Fox News, May 16, 2018, https://www.foxnews.com/transcript/hannity-another-stinging-setback-for-the-special-counsel.

179 Todd Ruger, “House Democrats Abandon Crimes in Trump Impeachment Articles,” Roll Call, December 11, 2019, https://www.rollcall.com/2019/12/11/house-democrats-abandon-crimes-in-trump-impeachment-articles/; Elizabeth Janowski, “Timeline: Trump Impeachment Inquiry,” NBC News, October 16, 2019, https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/trump-impeachment-inquiry/timeline-trump-impeachment-inquiry-n1066691; Adriana Cohen, “It’s High Time to End This Schiff Show,” Real Clear Politics, January 31, 2020, https://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2020/01/31/its_high_time_to_end_this_schiff_show_142278.html.

180 Elizabeth Janowski, “Timeline: Trump Impeachment Inquiry”; Matea Gold, “The Campaign to Impeach President Trump Has Begun,” Washington Post, January 20, 2017, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2017/01/20/the-campaign-to-impeach-president-trump-has-begun/.

181 Morgan Chalfant, “Trump Demands Schiff Resign over Account of Ukraine Call,” Hill, September 27, 2019, https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/463344-trump-demands-schiff-resign; Donald J. Trump (@realDonaldTrump), “I JUST GOT IMPEACHED FOR MAKING A PERFECT PHONE CALL!,” Twitter, January 16, 2020, 3:39 PM, https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1217909231946477575.

182 Entous, “The Ukrainian Prosecutor Behind Trump’s Impeachment.”

183 Vogel and Stern, “Ukrainian Efforts to Sabotage Trump Backfire”; Vogel and Mendel, “Biden Faces Conflict of Interest Questions That Are Being Promoted by Trump and Allies”; Glenn Thrush and Kenneth P. Vogel, “What Joe Biden Actually Did in Ukraine,” New York Times, November 10, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/10/us/politics/joe-biden-ukraine.html.

184 Vogel and Stern, “Ukrainian Efforts to Sabotage Trump Backfire”; John Solomon, “The Case for Russia Collusion… against the Democrats,” Hill, February 10, 2019, https://thehill.com/opinion/white-house/429292-the-case-for-russia-collusion-against-the-democrats; Dan Merica, “First on CNN: Former DNC Contractor Denies Working with Ukrainian Officials on Anti-Trump Research,” CNN, July 14, 2017, https://www.cnn.com/2017/07/14/politics/dnc-contractor-ukraine-alexandra-chalupa-trump/index.html; Monica Showalter, “Witness Time: Did Eric Ciaramella Have a Conflict of Interest on Ukraine’s Burisma?,” American Thinker, January 30, 2020, https://www.americanthinker.com/blog/2020/01/witness_time_did_eric_ciaramella_have_a_conflict_of_interest_on_ukraines_burisma.html; Paul Sperry, “Whistleblower Was Overheard in ‘17 Discussing with Ally How to Remove Trump,” Real Clear Investigations, January 22, 2020, https://www.realclearinvestigations.com/articles/2020/01/22/whistleblower_was_overheard_in_17_discussing_with_ally_how_to_remove_trump_121701.html; Grassley, Johnson Want Details of FBI Interactions with 2016 DNC Contractor,” Chuck Grassley’s Senate page, November 22, 2019, https://www.grassley.senate.gov/news/news-releases/grassley-johnson-want-details-fbi-interactions-2016-dnc-contractor.

185 Sperry, “Whistleblower Was Overheard in ‘17 Discussing with Ally How to Remove Trump”; Sara Carter, “Whistleblower and DNC Contractor Visited Obama WH. It Must Be Investigated,” Sara Carter’s website, November 8, 2019, https://saraacarter.com/whistleblower-and-dnc-contractor-visited-obama-wh-it-must-be-investigated/; Ian Schwartz, “Rand Paul: Alleged Whistleblower, Friend Plotted for over a Year to Bring Down Trump,” Real Clear Politics, video, January 31, 2020, https://www.realclearpolitics.com/video/2020/01/31/rand_paul_alleged_whistleblower_friend_plotted_for_over_a_year_to_bring_down_trump.html; Betsy McCaughey, “Why Adam Schiff Doesn’t Want Anyone Talking to the Whistleblower,” New York Post, December 30, 2019, https://nypost.com/2019/12/30/why-adam-schiff-doesnt-want-anyone-talking-to-the-whistleblower/; Mike Brest, “GOP Lawmaker Demands Alleged Whistleblower Eric Ciaramella Testify,” Washington Examiner, December 11, 2019, https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/gop-lawmaker-demands-alleged-whistleblower-eric-ciaramella-testify; “Judicial Watch Sues CIA and DOJ for Communications of Eric Ciaramella,” Judicial Watch, press release, December 26, 2019, https://www.judicialwatch.org/press-releases/judicial-watch-sues-cia-and-doj-communications-of-eric-ciaramella/.

186 Ibid.

187 Ginger Gibson, “Clinton Accuses Trump of Being Putin’s ‘Puppet,’” Reuters, October 20, 2016, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-election-debate-russia-idUSKCN12K0E7; Brooke Seipel, “Clinton Calls Trump ‘Putin’s Puppet’ amid Reports of Russian Interference in 2020 Election,” Hill, February 21, 2020, https://thehill.com/homenews/news/484105-clinton-calls-trump-putins-puppet-amid-reports-that-russia-is-interfering-in; John Solomon, “How the Clinton Machine Flooded the FBI with Trump-Russia Dirt…Until Agents Bit,” Hill, January 22, 2019, https://thehill.com/opinion/white-house/426464-how-the-clinton-machine-flooded-the-fbi-with-trump-russia-dirt-until; Jeff Carlson, “UK, Australia Have Reason to Be Concerned about Declassification,” Epoch Times, September 26, 2018, https://www.theepochtimes.com/the-uk-and-australia-have-reason-to-be-concerned-about-declassification_2671461.html.

Chapter 10

1 Brennan Weiss, Ellen Cranley, and Grace Panetta, “Everything You Should Know about Robert Mueller, Who Led the Government’s 2-year Investigation into Trump and Russia,” Business Insider, July 23, 2019, https://www.businessinsider.com/robert-mueller-bio-photos-trump-russia-investigator-history-2017-10.

2 Former Special Counsel Robert S. Mueller III, on the Investigation into Russian Interference in the 2016 Presidential Election, U.S. House of Representatives, Permanent Select Committee on the Intelligence, July 24, 2019, https://docs.house.gov/meetings/IG/IG00/20190724/109808/HHRG-116-IG00-Transcript-20190724.pdf.

3 Ibid.

4 Ibid.; “About,” Representative Will Hurd’s website, accessed January 15, 2020, https://hurd.house.gov/about.

5 Special Counsel Robert S. Mueller, III, “Report on the Investigation into Russian Interference in the 2016 Presidential Election,” March 2019, U.S. Department of Justice, https://www.justice.gov/storage/report.pdf.

6 Former Special Counsel Robert S. Mueller III, on the Investigation into Russian Interference in the 2016 Presidential Election, U.S. House of Representatives, Permanent Select Committee on the Intelligence, July 24, 2019; John Solomon, “Move Over ‘Grassy Knoll,’ the Trump-Russia Bank Tale Joins Unproven Conspiracies List,” Hill, October 14, 2018, https://thehill.com/opinion/white-house/411209-move-over-grassy-knoll-the-trump-russia-bank-tale-joins-unproven.

7 Rowan Scarborough, “Hillary Clinton Operatives Pushed Now-Debunked Trump-Alfa Server Conspiracy, Testimony Reveals,” Associated Press, January 23, 2019, https://apnews.com/cd2da448a9db6af11d8c10e9c3f3495b; Franklin Foer, “Trump’s Server, Revisited,” Slate, November 2, 2016, https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2016/11/the-trump-server-evaluating-new-evidence-and-countertheories.html; Franklin Foer, “Was a Trump Server Communicating with Russia?,” Slate, October 31, 2016, http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/cover_story/2016/10/was_a_server_registered_to_the_trump_organization_communicating_with_russia.html; Sam Biddle, “Russian Bank Accused of Trump Connection Tries to Clear Name by Pressuring U.S. Computer Researcher,” Intercept, October 26, 2016, https://theintercept.com/2017/10/26/russian-bank-accused-of-trump-connection-tries-to-clear-name-by-pressuring-u-s-computer-researcher/; Solomon, “Move Over ‘Grassy Knoll,’ the Trump-Russia Bank Tale Joins Unproven Conspiracies List”; “A Clinton Supporter Pushed the Trump-Russia Computer Narrative Investigated by the FBI,” Circa, on Internet Archive, March 15, 2017, https://web.archive.org/web/20190403211129/https://www.circa.com/story/2017/03/15/a-clinton-supporter-pushed-the-trump-russia-computer-narrative-investigated-by-the-fbi (the screenshot of the site was captured on April 3, 2019).

8 Solomon, “Move Over ‘Grassy Knoll,’ the Trump-Russia Bank Tale Joins Unproven Conspiracies List.”

9 John Solomon, “FBI’s Steele Story Falls Apart: False Intel and Media Contacts Were Flagged Before FISA,” Hill, May 9, 2019, https://thehill.com/opinion/white-house/442944-fbis-steele-story-falls-apart-false-intel-and-media-contacts-were-flagged.

10 Solomon, “Move Over ‘Grassy Knoll,’ the Trump-Russia Bank Tale Joins Unproven Conspiracies List.”

11 Ibid.

12 Ibid.; Former Special Counsel Robert S. Mueller III, on the Investigation into Russian Interference in the 2016 Presidential Election, U.S. House of Representatives, Permanent Select Committee on the Intelligence, July 24, 2019.

13 Ibid.

14 Desmond Butler, “Obama: U.S. Has ‘Reset’ Relations with Russia,” NBC News, June 24, 2010, http://www.nbcnews.com/id/37892671/ns/politics-white_house/t/obama-us-has-reset-relations-russia/; Hillary Rodham Clinton, “Trade With Russia Is a Win-Win,” Wall Street Journal, June 20, 2012, https://2009-2017.state.gov/secretary/20092013clinton/rm/2012/06/193475.htm; “U.S.-Russia Relations: “Reset” Fact Sheet,” Obama White House (archive), June 24, 2010, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/realitycheck/the-press-office/us-russia-relations-reset-fact-sheet; Peter Brookes, “Russian ‘Reset’ a Resounding Failure,” Heritage Foundation, April 5, 2016, https://www.heritage.org/arms-control/commentary/russian-reset-resounding-failure; Rich Lowry, “The Reset Failure,” National Review, January 10, 2017, https://www.nationalreview.com/2017/01/barack-obama-vladimir-putin-russian-reset-failure/; “Text: Obama’s Speech at the New Economic School,” New York Times, July 7, 2009, https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/07/world/europe/07prexy.text.html; Lara Jakes, “US, Europeans Try to Rally Western Front vs Russia,” Associated Press, March 3, 2014, https://apnews.com/ed84f287ae5a431eb5a97334df0062c5.

15 U.S. Department of State, “Interview with Vladimir Pozner of First Channel Television,” March 19, 2010, https://2009-2017.state.gov/secretary/20092013clinton/rm/2010/03/138712.htm; Michael McFaul, From Cold War to Hot Peace: An American Ambassador in Putin’s Russia (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2018); “US Ambassador Meets with Skolkovo Tech Students,” Skolkovo Foundation, July 23, 2012, https://old.sk.ru/news/b/press/archive/2012/07/23/us-ambassador-meets-with-skolkovo-tech-students.aspx; “From Cold War to Hot Peace,” Medium, May 2, 2018, https://medium.com/freeman-spogli-institute-for-international-studies/from-cold-war-to-hot-peace-3856bb902eed; Peter Schweizer, “The Clinton Foundation, State and Kremlin Connections,” Wall Street Journal, July 31, 2016, https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-clinton-foundation-state-and-kremlin-connections-1469997195; Deroy Murdock, “How the Clintons Sold Out U.S. National Interests to the Putin Regime,” National Review, April 7, 2017, https://www.nationalreview.com/2017/04/clinton-russia-ties-bill-hillary-sold-out-us-interests-putin-regime/.

16 Confidential/Sensitive Source, “U.S. Presidential Election: Republican Candidate Donald Trump’s Activities in Russia and Compromising Relationship with the Kremlin,” August 10, 2016, https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3259984-Trump-Intelligence-Allegations.html.

17 U.S. Department of Justice, “Review of Four FISA Applications and Other Aspects of the FBI’s Crossfire Hurricane Investigation,” Office of the Inspector General, December 2019, https://www.justice.gov/storage/120919-examination.pdf.

18 Olivia Beavers, “Rosenstein Knocks Republicans Who Want to Impeach Him: ‘They Can’t Even Resist Leaking Their Own Drafts,’” Hill, May 1, 2018, https://thehill.com/policy/national-security/385713-rosenstein-knocks-republicans-who-wrote-draft-calling-for-his; Rachel Maddow, “Comey: Criticism of Carter Page FISA Warrant ‘A Political Deal,’” NBC News, April 19, 2018, https://www.nbcnews.com/video/comey-criticism-of-carter-page-fisa-warrant-a-political-deal-1215189059764; Ronn Blitzer, “Comey Admits ‘I Was Wrong’ on FISA Conduct, Remains Defiant on Dossier in Tense Interview,” Fox News, December 15, 2019, https://www.foxnews.com/politics/comey-defends-fbis-fisa-process-after-scathing-ig-report.

19 U.S. Department of Justice, “Review of Four FISA Applications and Other Aspects of the FBI’s Crossfire Hurricane Investigation”; “Just How Bad Was the FBI’s Russia FISA? 51 Violations and 9 False Statements,” John Solomon Reports, December 9, 2019, https://johnsolomonreports.com/just-how-bad-was-the-fbis-russia-fisa-51-violations-and-9-false-statements/.

20 Jonathan Turley, “Horowitz Report Is Damning for the FBI and Unsettling for the Rest of Us,” Hill, December 9, 2019, https://thehill.com/opinion/judiciary/473709-horowitz-report-is-damning-for-the-fbi-and-unsettling-for-the-rest-of-us; U.S. Department of Justice, “Review of Four FISA Applications and Other Aspects of the FBI’s Crossfire Hurricane Investigation.”

21 Emily Larsen, “Joe Biden Admits Burisma Board Position for Son Hunter Was ‘A Bad Image,’” Washington Examiner, February 3, 2020, https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/joe-biden-agrees-burisma-board-position-for-hunter-biden-set-a-bad-image.

22 Marty Johnson, “Career State Official Warned about Biden’s Son: Report,” Hill, October 18, 2019, https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/466493-career-state-official-warned-about-bidens-son-report; “Testimony Bombshell: Obama Administration Tried to Partner with Hunter Biden’s Ukrainian Gas Firm but Was Blocked over Corruption Concerns,” John Solomon Reports, November 7, 2019, https://johnsolomonreports.com/testimony-bombshell-obama-administration-tried-to-partner-with-hunter-bidens-ukrainian-gas-firm-but-was-blocked-over-corruption-concerns/.

23 Zachary B. Wolf and Sean O’Key, “The Trump-Ukraine Impeachment Inquiry Report, Annotated,” CNN, December 3, 2019, https://www.cnn.com/interactive/2019/12/politics/trump-ukraine-impeachment-inquiry-report-annotated/.

24 Charles Creitz, “Document Reveals Ukraine Had Already Reopened Probe of Hunter Biden-Linked Firm Months Before Trump Phone Call,” Fox News, October 9, 2019, https://www.foxnews.com/media/john-solomon-says-new-hunter-biden-related-doc-shows-significant-shift-in-factual-timeline.

25 Ann M. Simmons, “Russia’s Meddling in on Other Nations’ Elections Is Nothing New. Just Ask the Europeans,” Los Angeles Times, March 30, 2017, https://www.latimes.com/world/europe/la-fg-russia-election-meddling-20170330-story.html; Eli Lake, “Obama Choked on Russia Long Before the 2016 Election,” Pioneer Press, June 29, 2017, https://www.twincities.com/2017/06/29/eli-lake-obama-choked-on-russia-long-before-the-2016-election/; Eli Lake, “Russia Uses Dirty Tricks Despite U.S. ‘Reset,’” Washington Times, August 4, 2011, https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2011/aug/4/russia-uses-dirty-tricks-despite-us-reset/.

26 Turley, “Horowitz Report Is Damning for the FBI and Unsettling for the Rest of Us”; Josh Gerstein, “Report Slams State Department FOIA Process,” Politico, January 7, 2016, https://www.politico.com/story/2016/01/report-slams-state-department-foia-process-217436.

27 Turley, “Horowitz Report Is Damning for the FBI and Unsettling for the Rest of Us.”

28 Kelly Riddell, “Ideological Billionaires Sway Universities’ Agendas with Big Bucks,” Washington Times, August 26, 2015, https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/aug/26/george-soros-tom-steyer-michael-bloomberg-koch-bro/; Nancy Smith, “Billionaire Leftist George Soros Bought America’s Media. Why Hasn’t Anybody Noticed?” Sunshine State News, October 17, 2019, http://www.sunshinestatenews.com/story/billionaire-george-soros-bought-and-paid-americas-media.

29 Turley, “Horowitz Report Is Damning for the FBI and Unsettling for the Rest of Us.”

30 U.S. Department of Justice, “Review of Four FISA Applications and Other Aspects of the FBI’s Crossfire Hurricane Investigation.”

31 Ibid.

32 Ibid.

33 Ibid.

34 Erik Wemple, Horowitz Report Confirms John Solomon’s Scoop on FBI ‘Spreadsheet’ Regarding Steele Dossier,” Washington Post, December 16, 2019, https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2019/12/16/horowitz-report-confirms-john-solomons-scoop-fbi-spreadsheet-regarding-steele-dossier/; John Solomon, “FBI Email Chain May Provide Most Damning Evidence of FISA Abuses Yet,” Hill, December 5, 2018, https://thehill.com/hilltv/rising/419901-fbi-email-chain-may-provide-most-damning-evidence-of-fisa-abuses-yet; John Solomon, “Silence of ‘the Lambs’: The Deadening Quietude of the FISA Court and John Roberts,” Hill, October 30, 2018, https://thehill.com/opinion/white-house/413854-silence-of-the-lambs-the-deafening-quietude-of-the-fisa-court-and-john.

35 Michael S. Schmidt, Mark Mazzetti, and Matt Apuzzo, “Trump Campaign Aides Had Repeated Contacts with Russian Intelligence,” New York Times, February 14, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/14/us/politics/russia-intelligence-communications-trump.html; Michael S. Schmidt, Mark Mazzetti, and Matt Apuzzo, “Comey Disputes New York Times Article about Russia Investigation,” New York Times, June 8, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/08/us/politics/james-comey-new-york-times-article-russia.html; David Cohen, “Schiff: ‘Ample Evidence of Collusion in Plain Sight,’” Politico, April 21, 2019, https://www.politico.com/story/2019/04/21/adam-schiff-collusion-trump-1283786; Karoun Demirjian, “Schiff Doubles Down on Trump Despite Russia Report: ‘Undoubtedly There Is Collusion,’” Los Angeles Times, March 27, 2019, https://www.latimes.com/nation/politics/la-na-pol-russia-investigation-schiff-trump-20190327-story.html; Kimberley Strassel, “Inside the Media’s Relentless Crusade to Destroy President Trump,” New York Post, October 13, 2019, https://nypost.com/2019/10/13/inside-the-medias-relentless-crusade-to-destroy-president-trump/; Tim Hains, “Montage: Mainstream Media Hype about Russia Collusion,” Real Clear Politics, March 25, 2019, https://www.realclearpolitics.com/video/2019/03/25/montage_mainstream_media_hype_about_russia_collusion.html; Byron York, “Nunes Blows up, Threatens Contempt After FBI Stonewalls House on Russia Investigator Demoted for Anti-Trump Bias,” Washington Examiner, https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/byron-york-nunes-blows-up-threatens-contempt-after-fbi-stonewalls-house-on-russia-investigator-demoted-for-anti-trump-bias.

36 Abigail Abrams, “Here’s What We Know So Far about Russia’s 2016 Meddling,” Time, April 18, 2019, https://time.com/5565991/russia-influence-2016-election/; Scott Shane, “The Fake Americans Russia Created to Influence the Election,” New York Times, September 7, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/07/us/politics/russia-facebook-twitter-election.html; Darren Samuelsohn, “Facebook: Russian-linked Accounts Bought $15,000 in Ads during 2016 Race,” Politico, September 6, 2017, https://www.politico.com/story/2017/09/06/facebook-ads-russia-linked-accounts-242401.

37 Schweizer, “The Clinton Foundation, State and Kremlin Connections”; Vladimir Isachenkov, “Russia: New Weapon Can Travel 27 Times the Speed of Sound,” Navy Times, December 27, 2019, https://www.navytimes.com/news/your-navy/2019/12/28/russia-new-weapon-can-travel-27-times-the-speed-of-sound/; Vladimir Isachenkov, “Putin Says Russia Is Leading in Hypersonic Weapons,” Associated Press, December 24, 2019, https://apnews.com/d4e05956217d895594bcef491083e950.

38 Benjamin Haddad and Alina Polyakova, “Don’t Rehabilitate Obama on Russia,” Brookings Institute, March 5, 2018, https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2018/03/05/dont-rehabilitate-obama-on-russia/.

39 Glenn Kessler, “Flashback: Obama’s Debate Zinger on Romney’s ‘1980s’ Foreign Policy,” Washington Post, March 20, 2014, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/fact-checker/wp/2014/03/20/flashback-obamas-debate-zinger-on-romneys-1980s-foreign-policy/?utm_term=.00fa183d823d.

40 Marc A. Thiessen, “Joe Biden Is a Hypocrite on Ukraine,” Washington Post, October 8, 2019, https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2019/10/08/joe-biden-is-hypocrite-ukraine/; Tim Hains, “FLASHBACK, 2018: Joe Biden Brags at CFR Meeting about Withholding Aid to Ukraine to Force Firing of Prosecutor,” Real Clear Politics, September 27, 2019, https://www.realclearpolitics.com/video/2019/09/27/flashback_2018_joe_biden_brags_at_cfr_meeting_about_withholding_aid_to_ukraine_to_force_firing_of_prosecutor.html; “GOP Lawmaker Blasts Democrats Hypocrisy amid Impeachment Fallout,” Hill, November 15, 2019, https://thehill.com/hilltv/rising/470632-gop-lawmaker-blasts-democrats-hypocrisy-amid-impeachment-fallout.

41 Joe Gould, “Trump to Seek $250M in New Lethal Aid to Ukraine,” Defense News, December 4, 2019, https://www.defensenews.com/congress/2019/12/04/trump-to-seek-250m-in-new-lethal-aid-to-ukraine/.

42 Michael Crowley, Falih Hassan, and Eric Schmitt, “U.S. Strike in Iraq Kills Qassim Suleimani, Commander of Iranian Forces,” New York Times, January 2, 2020, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/02/world/middleeast/qassem-soleimani-iraq-iran-attack.html.

43 Julie Allen, “NATO Members Increase Defence Spending by $100 Billion after Donald Trump Called Them ‘Delinquents,’” Telegraph, January 27, 2019, https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/01/27/nato-members-increase-defence-spending-100-billion-donald-trump/; Tony Shaffer, “Donald Trump Is Ending Endless War,” Hill, February 19, 2020, https://thehill.com/opinion/international/483676-donald-trump-is-ending-endless-war.

44 Jordan Fabian and Kyle Balluck, “Trump Enters North Korea, Announces Nuclear Talks Will Resume,” Hill, June 30, 2019, https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/451044-trump-makes-history-crossing-into-north-korea-before-announcing.

45 David Rothkopf, “Obama’s ‘Don’t Do Stupid Shit’ Foreign Policy,” Foreign Policy, June 4, 2014, https://foreignpolicy.com/2014/06/04/obamas-dont-do-stupid-shit-foreign-policy/.

46 Ibid.; Jeffrey Goldberg, “The Obama Doctrine,” Atlantic, April 2016, https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2016/04/the-obama-doctrine/471525/; Stephen M. Walt, “Barack Obama Was a Foreign-Policy Failure,” Foreign Policy, January 18, 2017, https://foreignpolicy.com/2017/01/18/barack-obama-was-a-foreign-policy-failure/.