Abd al-Rahman III, 80
Abd al-Rahman, 80
Abraham bar Hiyya Ha-Nasi (Savasorda), 82–83
Académie Royale des Sciences, 277
Academy, 22
Accademia Cimento, 277
Accademia dei Lincei, 277
Adalboro, 64
Aetius (Pseudo-Plutarch), 236
Agora, 22
Albertus Magnus, 107–13, 114, 119, 186, 209
Albion (“all by one”), 203
Alexander’s band, 176. See also rainbows
Alexandria, library of, 13, 18, 32, 46, 90, 315
Alfarabius. See Farabi, Abu Nasr al- (Alfarabius)
algorismus vulgaris (Common Algorism), 147, 195, 196–97
algorismus, 194
Alhazen. See Haytham, Abu ‘Ali al-Hasan ibn al- (Alhazen)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae, 22, 28
Anaximenes, 19
Anselm (bishop of Havelberg), 93–94
antiperistasis, 28, 41, 148, 162
apeiron, 19
“Apelles.” See Scheiner, Christopher
Apollonius of Perge, 35, 71, 250, 255
Aquinas, Thomas, 96, 107, 108, 109, 113–19, 209, 280
Archimedes, 18, 26, 34, 71, 83, 84, 93, 96, 145, 146, 154, 231,
Aristarchus of Samos, 33–34, 71, 214, 227, 231, 234, 235, 236, 237, 240, 285, 315
Aristeas Judaeus, 31
Aristotle, 27, 97, 107–19; and antiperistasis, 28, 41, 148, 152, 161–62, 164, 265, 267, 300; and causation, 27, 100; and cosmology, 11, 28, 30, 97, 125, 129, 135, 163, 164, 169, 239, 243–46, 280; influence of, 44, 45, 85, 90, 104, 151, 184; and Generation of Animals, 112; and Grossesteste, 123–26; and Islamic thought, 67–90; and Meteorology, 42, 43, 95, 112, 186; and Physics, 68, 71, 108; and rainbow, 109, 175; and Roman Catholic dogma, 107–19; time, 125; and Topics, 68; translations of, 48, 67, 83, 88, 93, 94, 96, 98, 111; ban of, 116; and Zoology, 86–87, 98
Armitage, Angus, 233
astrolabe, 63, 75, 78, 84, 121, 135, 143, 194, 195, 222
astronomy, 23, 33, 36, 43, 44, 46, 64, 69, 72, 78, 84, 104, 129, 134, 135, 146, 169, 185–86, 193–261, 276, 281
atomic theory, 21, 30–31, 36, 43, 49, 243, 287, 292, 312
Augustine of Hippo, Saint, 44, 53
Averroës, 81, 88, 98, 109, 115, 116, 117, 131, 149, 150, 186, 202, 235
Bacon, Roger, 90, 109, 130–37, 139–40, 153, 293; influence of 177–89, 292, 301
balance, hydraulic, 264
Barberini, Maffeo Cardinal, 282
Bartholomew the Englishman, 112
Battani, Muhammed ibn Jabir al- (Albategnius), 72
Becoming, 19
Bede, 14, 52, 53–58, 66, 102, 196
Being, 19
ben Gerson, Levi, 202
Benedetti, Giovanni Battista, 184, 267–68
Benedict Biscop, Saint, 51–52, 53
Benedict, Saint, 47
Bessarion, Basilios, 208, 209–15
Billingsley, Henry (sir), 78
Blundeville, Thomas, 240
Boethius of Dacia, 115
Boethius, Anicius Manlius Severinus, 47–48, 63, 93
Borro, Girolamo, 263
Bradwardine, Thomas, 153, 154–57, 159, 160
Brahe, Tycho, 212, 214, 244–50, 253, 254, 282, 283, 291
Brahmagupta, 69
Broglie, Louis de, 179
Brudzewski, Albert, 218
Bullen, Brother Thomas, 12
Buonamici, Francesco, 263, 267
Burgundio the Pisan, 94
Buridan, Jean, 160–66, 168, 172
Caccini, Thomas, 280
calculatores, 157
calendar, 52, 54, 57, 58, 59, 123, 129–30, 135, 193, 196, 200–1, 219, 258
Callimachus of Cyrene, 32
Canon of Medicine, 73, 83, 111
Capella, Martianus, 45, 46, 62, 63
Carolingian Renaissance, 59–63, 66, 98
Cassiodorus, 48
Cesarini, Virginio, 282
Cesi, Federigo, 277
chilinder, 75
Choniades, Gregory, 207
Chrysoloras, Manuel, 209
Cicero, Marcus Tullius, 42, 45, 218
Cigoli, Lodovico, 280
Clagett, Marshall, 170
Claudius Ptolemaeus. See Ptolemy
Clavius, Christopher, 267, 277
Cleanthes of Assos, 34
Codex Amiatinus, 52
Colombe, Lodovico delle, 278
Columbanus, Saint, 51
Columbus, Christopher, 42, 213, 217
Commentarii, 45
compass, geometric and military, 370
computus, 54, 55, 57, 59, 60, 193, 194
Consolation of Philosophy, 47
Constantine the African, 75–76, 103
Copernicus, Nicolaus, 13, 217–37, 240, 243, 250–51, 252, 254; and Arabic astronomers, 235; and Aristotelianism, 119; assumptions, 224; and Brudzewski, 218; and Buridan, 165; Commentariolus, 223, 226; mathematical method of, 223, 235; and medicine, 220; and moon, 233; and Oresme, 170; and Peurbach, 212; and planets, 231, 234; and politics, 220; and Regiomontanus, 214; De revolutionibus, 219, 222, 226, 229, 230, 231, 235, 237, 240, 241; and Rome, 227; stroke, 229; “the three motions,” 232
corpus astronomicum, 193, 197, 198,
Council of Ferrara-Florence, 207–8, 209
Council of Frankfurt, 61
Cremonino, Cesare, 277
Crescenti, Peter, 111
Crombie, Alistair Cameron, 12, 110, 125, 133, 137, 148, 150, 151, 153, 154, 155, 172, 179, 182, 190, 265, 267–68, 271
Crosby, H. Lamar, 155
cross-staff, 245
Ctesibius of Alexandria, 36
d’Aurillac, Gerbert (Pope Sylvester II), 63–66, 75, 90, 102
Dales, Richard C., 156
De peste, 73
De revolutionibus, 219, 222, 226, 229–31, 235–37, 240, 241
De scientia stellarum (On the Science of Stars), 72
Demonstratio de minutiis, 146
Demonstratio Jordani algorismo, 147
Descartes, René, 266, 292–98, 309, 312
Desiderius (Pope Victor III), 76
Dietrich of Freiburg, 186–89, 296
Dionysius Exiguus, 57
Dionysius Petavius, 58
Dionysius the Pseudo–Areopagite, 62
Diophantus of Alexandria, 41, 294, 295
Dioscorides, 40, 48, 70, 77, 96
Domenico Maria da Novara, 219
Domenicus Gundissalinus, 82
Donne, John, 259
Donner, George, 229
Drake, Stillman, 277, 278, 279
earth, radius of, 198, 234; radius of orbit of, 224, 231, 233
Easter, 54, 55, 57, 58, 59, 129, 130
ecliptic, 24, 25, 36, 64, 65, 142, 194, 195, 196, 200, 232
Egbert (archbishop of York), 58
elements, 14, 28, 45, 99, 100, 113, 122, 125
Emporer Theodosius I, 18
Engelbert, Ulrich, 113
entelechy, 27
Ephanius of Salamis, 32
Ephemerides. See tables, astronomical
Epicurus of Samos, 30, 40, 43, 243, 244
Eratosthenes, 32–33, 34, 42, 50
Euclid, 69, 179; Catoptrica, 95; Division of Figures, 82; Elements, 34, 48, 69, 70, 71, 72, 74, 77, 78, 146, 186, 197, 199; and Gerard, 83–84; influence of, 127, 146, 154, 184, 186, 199, 218, 250, 251; and law of reflection, 39; and light, 70; Optica, 95; and theorems, 26, 33
Eudoxus of Cnidus, 26, 28, 223
Eugene the Emir, 95
Fabricius, David, 255
Fabricius, Johannes, 279
Faerie Queene, The, 21
Fanton, Filippo, 263
Farabi, Abu Nasr al- (Alfarabius), 72
Farghani, al-, 69, 195, 197, 198, 218
Farisi, Kamal al-Din al-, 189
Fibonacci, Leonardo, 87–88, 89, 97, 105
Filelfo, Francesco, 209
Frederick II of Hohenstauffen, 86
Galen of Pergamum, 40, 48, 49, 70, 71, 76, 83, 94, 96, 102, 104, 111
Galilei, Galileo, 168, 253, 263–89, 301; in Chinese, 276; and Kepler, 253, 257–58, 260; and telescope, 257
Garden, 30
Gassendi, Pierre, 218, 260, 266, 292, 301
geometrization of nature. See Plato
Gerard of Brussels, 154–55, 157
Gerard of Cremona, 83, 84, 90, 201
Gibbon, Edward, 44
Gingerich, Owen, 236, 237, 258
Giudecci, Mario, 282
grammar, 43, 54, 60, 104, 161, 206
Grant, Edward, 145
Grassi, Horatio, 282
gravity, 144, 145, 162, 165, 166, 169, 171, 172, 224, 231, 264, 268, 270, 271, 284, 298, 299, 303, 307, 309, 310
Greatorex, Ralph, 300
Grosseteste, Robert, 109, 125, 227; and Aristotle, commentaries on, 123; and Bacon, 131–37; calendar reform, 129–30; influence of, 137, 140, 147, 150, 153, 175–78, 227; and mathematics, 124; On the Fixity of Motion and Time, 128; and optics, 124, 126–28, 175–78, 184–86; Rainbow, 128; and refraction, 127; scientific method, 123–24; De sphaera, 129, 194–95
Guericke, Otto von, 300
Gutenberg Bible, 217
Guthrie, William, 99
Hadrian the African, 52
Hakem II, al-, 80
Haller, Johann, 218
Halley, Edmond, 261, 306–7, 311
Haring, Nikolaus, 100
Harriot, Thomas, 257, 259, 279
Hasib, Habash al-, 69
Haskins, Charles Homer, 84, 98, 102
Haytham, Abu ‘Ali al-Hasan ibn al- (Alhazen), 74, 83, 90, 177, 178, 180–86
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 62
Helbing, Mario, 267
Helden, Albert van, 198
Hellman, Doris, 214
Henricus Aristippus, 95
Heraclides Ponticus, 29, 45, 46
Hermann the Lame, 75
Hero of Alexandria, 36, 71, 95, 96, 177, 178,
Heytesbury, William, 153, 157–59
Hipparchus of Nicaea, 36, 38, 42, 63, 72, 75, 110, 129, 194, 267
Hippocrates, 26, 48, 49, 70, 94, 104
Historia ecclestiastica gentis Anglorus (The Ecclesiastical History of the English People), 53
homocentric spheres, 26, 28, 45, 117, 223, 245
Huygens, Christiaan, 179, 297–99
ibn Luqa, Qusta, 71
ibn Matar, al-Hajjaj, 69
ibn Nusayr, Musa, 79
ibn Rushd. See Averroës
ibn Sina. See Avicenna
ibn-Ishaq, Hunayn (Jannitus), 70–71
ibn-Qurra, Thabit, 71, 83, 129, 218, 235
ibn-Qutayb, 67
Idiota, 206
impetus theory, 42, 73, 110, 148, 153–73, 267, 268, 270
inertia, 149, 162, 163, 164, 172, 279, 294, 299, 307, 309
institutions of higher learning, 90, 103–4
Introduction to Divine and Human Readings, 48
Iris, 175
Isidore of Seville, 49, 56, 102
Jacob’s Staff, 202
James of Venice (Iacobus Veneticus Grecus), 94
Jandun, Jean de, 150
Janssen, Zacharias, 257
John II Comnenus, 93
John of Dumbleton, 153, 159–60
John of Gmunden, 210
John of Palermo, 86
Jowett, Benjamin, 98
Keats, John, 190
Kepler, Johannes, 160, 233, 250–61
Khwarizmi, al-, 68–69, 77, 78, 83, 84, 198, 294
Kilwardby, Robert, 117
Kindi, Yaqub ibn Ishaq al-, 70, 82, 83, 184, 218
kinematics, 153, 154, 155, 165, 168, 172, 173, 270, 287, 288
King Alphonso X, 199
Koppernigk, Niklaus. See Copernicus, Nicolaus
Kuhn, Thomas, 13
Lauchen, Georg Joachim van. See Rheticus
Laws, 71; Meno, 95; Phaedo, 95; Platonic solids, 251; Republic, 71; Timaeus, 42, 45, 71, 98, 99, 100, 101; translations of, 45, 48, 71, 95
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, 150, 160, 171, 313
Leonardo da Vinci, 166, 171–72, 268
Libri, Giulio, 278
Lindberg, David C., 177, 183, 204
Louis the Pious, 61
Lucretius, 43, 49, 101, 243, 292
Mansur, al-, 67
Marlowe, Christopher, 242
Mas’udi, al-, 67
McCluskey, Stephen C., 193, 195, 197
“Medicean stars,” 272
Meliteniotes, Theodore, 207
Merchant of Venice, The, 20
Merton mean-speed rule, 158, 159, 168
Meun, Jean de, 176
Michael Scot, 86, 88–90, 91, 111
Miechow, Matthias de, 223
Monte Cassino, 47, 48, 76, 113
Moody, Ernest A., 147, 165, 166
Moses of Bergamo, 94
Muller, Johann. See Regiomontanus, Johannes
Napier, John, 260
Natio Germanorum, 219
Nawbaht, Fadil ibn al-, 69
Neoplatonism, 45, 62, 116, 126, 206
Newton, Isaac, 14, 19–20, 28, 36, 114, 124, 189, 261, 301–15; and gravitation, 150, 231; and inertia, 149; and laws of motion, 154, 163, 172; and light, 179; and mathematics in physics, 160; and Principia, 261; and rainbow, 136, 176, 190
Niccolini, Francesco, 286
Nicetas (archbishop of Nicomedia), 93–94
Nicholas of Cusa, 204–208, 231, 250
notae, 54
Nous, 22
Nuptials of Mercury and Philology, The, 46
Ockham. See William of Ockham
Oldenburg, Henry, 305
Oliver of Brittany, 193
On the Sizes and Distances of the Sun and Moon, 33
Optics (Descartes), 294
Optics (Ptolemy), 39
optics, study of, 70, 121–37, 178–79, 182, 184–90, 258, 294, 302, 304, 305
Oresme, Nicole, 167–71, 172, 287
“Panta rhei,” 19
Paradise Lost, 256
Paradise Regained, 22
Parsburg, Manderup, 245
Peregrinus, Peter, 137, 139–43
Pericles, 22
Perspectiva (al-Haytham). See Book of Optics.
Perspectiva (Witelo), 96, 177–78
Perspectiva communis (Pecham), 184, 185
“perspective glasses,” 257
Petreius, Johannes, 229
Petrus Alphonsus, 75
Peurbach, Georg, 210–14, 218, 227, 239
Philo of Byzantium, 36
Philoponus, John, 41–42, 73, 148, 154, 162, 267, 268
physikoi, 19
Pinakes (Tables), 32
Placita philosophorum, 236
plague, 154, 204, 240, 302, 303
Plaisance, Aymeric de, 186
Plato, 22–23, 235; cosmology, 26, 45, 46, 99; geometrization of nature, 23, 33, 125; influence of, 40, 42, 45, 46, 98, 101, 108, 109, 208, 210. See also Neoplatonism
Plethon, George Gemistus, 12, 208, 209
pneuma, 19
Pompey, 42
Porch, 30
Poulle, Emmanuel, 201
Pre-Socratics, 18
proportional divider, 270
Propositiones ad acuendos juvenes (Problems to Sharpen the Young), 59
Ptolemaeus, Claudius. See Ptolemy
Ptolemy, 36–40, 42, 93, 96, 104, 127, 146, 194, 202, 214, 219, 232, 233, 234, 259; and Almagest, 83, 84, 95, 186, 197, 210, 211; and celestial spheres, 135, 212; and eccentrics and epicycles, 81, 129, 135, 180, 223, 226, 233, 245, 256; and geocentric theory, 214, 229, 231, 239; and Geography, 85; and Grosseteste, 194; and Islamic science, 69–74; and Planisphaerium, 146; and Sacrobosco, 195; and science equipment, 121; and tables, 198, 260; and triquetrum, 222
public schools, 61
Pythagoras, 20
quadrivium, 43, 48, 54, 58, 59, 64, 82, 100, 104
Queen of Brabant, 200
radius (instrument), 245
rainbows, 109, 128, 130, 135, 136, 175–91, 295–97
Raymond (archbishop of Toledo), 82
Razi, Abu Bakr Muhammed ibn Zakariya al- (Rhazes), 72–73, 83
rectangulus, 203
refraction, 39, 74, 109, 124, 127, 128, 136, 176, 178, 180–83, 187, 190, 257, 266, 295–97, 304, 311, 312. See also optics, study of
Regiomontanus, Johannes, 146, 210–14, 218, 227
Reinhold, Erasmus, 239, 240, 245
Republic, 23
Rhazes. See Razi, Abu Bakr Muhammed ibn Zakariya al- (Rhazes)
Rheticus, 219, 228–30, 237, 239
Ricci, Ostilio, 263
Richard of Wallingford, 203
Robert of Chester, 84
Robert of Torigni, 94
Roemer, Olaus, 312
Rosen, Edward, 211
Royal Society of London, 261, 277, 305, 306
Runciman, Steven, 208
Russell, J.L., 260
Sa’di of Shiraz, 72
Sacrobosco, Johannes de, 147, 195–97, 199, 218, 245
Saffah, Abu al-Abbas al-, 80
Sagredo, Giovan Francesco, 284
Sandivogius of Czecel, 218
Sarpi, Paolo, 270
Savasorda. See Ha-Nasi
Schöner, Johann, 228
Schopenhauer, Arthur, 62
Scientific Revolution, 11, 227, 266, 277, 291, 314
Scotus, John Duns, 147
Second Council of Lyons, 95, 107
sector, 270
seven liberal arts, 43, 46, 58–62, 97, 122
sextant, 246
Shapin, Steven, 291
Siger of Brabant, 115
Snellius, Willebrord, 266
Soto, Domingo de, 271
Spenser, Edmund, 21
Stahl, William H., 45
Stephen of Antioch, 76–77, 103
Strabo, 50
Strato of Lampsacus, 31
Swerdlow, Noel, 214
tables, astronomical (ephemerides), 80, 84, 193, 197, 211, 239; of Adelard, 75, 84; Alfonsine Tables, 202, 214, 218, 227, 245; of Bede, 54, 58; and Brahe, 245, 254; and Campanus, 198; and Copernicus, 218, 227, 233, 239; Ephemeris (Feild), 240–41; of Grosseteste, 129, 135; of al-Hasib, 69; of al-Khwarizmi, 69, 77, 78, 84; Persian Tables, 207; of Peurbach, 210, 214, 218; Prutenic Tables (Reinhold), 239, 240, 245; of Ptolemy, 36; and Regiomontanus, 210, 211, 213, 214; Rudolphine Tables (Kepler), 254, 256, 258, 260; Tabulae directionum, 211, 218; Tabulae eclipsium, 210, 214, 218; Toledan Tables (Marseille Tables), 198–201; of Walcher, 75
telescope, 110, 121, 134, 244, 257, 258, 271, 272, 274, 275, 276, 278, 304, 312
terrella, 141
Theodore of Tarsus, 52
Theodulf, 61
theologoi, 19
Theophrastus, 30, 31, 32, 44, 45, 110, 111
Theoricae novae planetarum, 210, 212, 218, 239
Thomas of Cantipré, 111
Thorndike, Lynn, 89
Timaeus, 42, 45, 71, 98, 99, 100, 101
Timocharis, 36
Torricelli, Evangelista, 299–300
Tractus albionis, 203
Tractus de perspectiva (Pecham), 185
Trapezuntios, George, 208–9, 210, 211
triquetrum, 222
trivium, 43, 58, 59, 82, 100, 104
Urquhart, John, 83
vacuum, 125, 132, 164, 294, 299, 300, 312
vacuum pump, 300
Varro, Marcus Terentius, 43
velocity, 20, 28, 145, 153–73, 268, 270, 287–99, 307, 309
velocity of light, 74, 294, 312
Viète, François, 146
Villon, François, 165
Viviani, Vincenzo, 287
Walcher of Malvern, 75
Walter of Henley, 111
Watzenrode, Lucas, 217–22, 227
Widmanstadt, Johann, 227
Wiles, Andrew, 41
William of Conches, 101
William of Moerbeke, 95, 177, 178
William of Ockham, 147–51, 153
Wiston, William, 313
Witelo, 96, 176–84, 185, 186, 189, 190, 257
Yates, Frances A., 243
York School, 58
Zeno of Citium, 30
Zenodotus of Ephesus, 32