Contents

1. Executive Summary
2. How Humans Judge Machines
3. Introduction
4. Judging Machines
5. Chapter 1
6. The Ethics of Artificial Minds
7. Chapter 2
8. Unpacking the Ethics of AI
9. Chapter 3
10. Judged by Machines
11. Chapter 4
12. In the Eye of the Machine
13. Chapter 5
14. Working Machines
15. Chapter 6
16. Moral Functions
17. Chapter 7
18. Liable Machines
19. Appendix
20. Index

List of Figures

Figure 1.1
Moral space for the peanut butter scenarios.

Figure 1.2
Moral dimensions associated with the excavator scenario.

Figure 1.3
Judgments of excavator scenario.

Figure 2.1
Participant reactions to three tsunami scenarios (S2,S3,S4).

Figure 2.2
Participant reactions to three marketing scenarios (S5,S6,S7).

Figure 2.3
Participant reactions to three creative industry scenarios (S8,S9,S10).

Figure 2.4
Participant reactions to four accident scenarios (S11,S12,S13,S14)

Figure 2.5
Participant reactions to four national symbol scenarios (S15,S16,S17,S18)

Figure 3.1
Participant reactions to four discrimination scenarios: Human Resource Screenings (S19,S20,S21), College Admissions (S25,S26,S27), Salary Increases (S31,S32,S33) and Policing (S37,S38,S39).

Figure 3.2
Participant reactions to four corrected discrimination scenarios:
Human Resource Screenings (S22,S23,S24), College Admissions (S28,S29,S30), Salary Increases (S34,S35,S36) and Policing (S40,S41,S42).

Figure 4.1
Participant reactions to five privacy scenarios: (S43,S44,S45,S46,S47).

Figure 4.2
Participant reactions to three recommender system scenarios: (S48,S49,S50).

Figure 4.3
Participant reactions to the citizen scoring scenario.

Figure 5.1
Participant reactions to displacement by foreign workers, as opposed to technology, in four scenarios: (S52,S53,S54,S55)

Figure 5.2
Participant reactions to displacement by foreign temporary workers, foreign contractors, foreign subsidiaries, younger workers, and technology, in six scenarios.

Figure 6.1
Quantitative representation of judgments observed for human and machine actions in a scenario.

Figure 6.2
Judgments of human and machine actions across scenarios.

Figure 6.3
Harm-intention plane, wrongness-intention plane, and harm-wrongness plane.

Figure 6.4
Moral functions of people judging machine actions.

Figure 6.5
Moral functions of people judging human actions.

Figure 6.6
Visualization of the moral functions described in tables 6.2 and 6.3.

Figure 6.7
Cross section of moral functions in the wrongness and harm planes.

Figure 6.8
Cross section of moral functions in the wrongness and intention planes.

Figure 6.9
Model compared to empirically observed means.

Figure 6.10
Demographic effects on the judgments of human and machine actions: harm, intention, like, moral, replace with different, and similar situation.

Figure A.1
Moral judgments.

Figure A.2
Blame attributions in the no relationship condition.

Figure A.3
Blame attributions in the close relationship condition.

List of Tables

Table 1.1
Words used to associate scenarios to moral dimensions.

Table 6.1
Moral functions of people judging machine actions.

Table 6.2
Moral functions of people judging human actions.

Table 6.3
Model coefficients for demographic characteristics.

Table A.1
Participant characteristics

Table A.2
Participants’ attitudes toward artificial intelligence.