Admiralty, British, 82; Churchill made first lord of, 93, 113–14; orders for sailing, 22, 115; received distress signal, 62, 114; representations to Wenner-Gren, 97
Allan, Andrew, 2, 25, 155; career, 153; clinging to wreckage, 74; reaction to attack, 41–42; rescued by Escort, 79; thrown from lifeboat, 73; tickets for Athenia, 11
Allan, Rev. William (father of Andrew), 2, 152; booked on Athenia, 11; feared lost, 79; joined the ship, 19; killed in lifeboat accident, 73
Altschul, Anni (wife of Rudolf), 155; cousin in Ireland, 91–92; joined the ship, 20; on Knute Nelson, 72; tickets for Athenia, 12
Altschul, Rudolf: career in medicine, 155; joined the ship, 20; on Knute Nelson, 72; tickets for Athenia, 12; wife’s cousin in Ireland, 92
American Red Cross: assists Orizaba passengers, 145; provides assistance, 86, 94, 141; representatives in Halifax, 110
Amherst College, 101; honorary degree for Gainard, 139
Anderson, Gustav A., 149; claimed Athenia carried weapons, 129, 186n7; rowed lifeboat, 66; on Southern Cross, 75; talked with captain, 26
Andersson, Carl J., 71; assists survivors, 72; cheered by survivors, 91; honored by U.S. government, 152
Anglo-German Naval Treaty, 6, 35, 115
Athenia (UK), ix, x, 11, 18, 20, 44, 67, 83, 90, 97, 114, 115, 153; abandoned, 63; attack possibly a mistake, 36; casualties, 3, 158; cleared coast of Ireland, 24; construction of, 16, 163n4; crew, 18–19; damaged by torpedo, 39–43; distress signals, 27, 31, 39–40, 62, 70–71, 102, 114; inspected by Copland, 81; issue of responsibility for sinking, 116; layout of ship, 16–17; not to play the same role as Lusitania, 122; organization of lifeboats, 52–54; passengers, 20, 21, 22; passengers from other ships, 11–12; problems launching lifeboats, 57–58, 58–59, 59–60, 61; sailed from Belfast, 21; sailed from Glasgow, 19–21; sailed from Liverpool, 1, 21–24; sailing with dimmed lights, 27; sank, 81; torpedo attacks, 2–3, 29–31, 69; U.S. learns of sinking, 119–22; U.S. report on attack, 121–22
Bailey, Barbara, 23; dressed for dinner, 26; on Knute Nelson, 72; in lifeboat No. 8A, 57; married and moved to Canada, 156; news of war, 24–25
Baird, Hanna, 157
Baker, Anne (daughter of Burke), 13, 96, 157; on City of Flint, 104; flew to New York, 111; in lifeboat, 62
Baltimore Evening Sun, 138
Battle of the Atlantic, 3, 193n13; capture of Enigma machine, 133; costs of the war at sea, 157–58; end of the war at sea, 157, 193n13; U-boats Churchill’s greatest worry, 36
Blair, Eva, 24, 25; aware of submarine, 69; in lifeboat, 64; joined the ship, 21; on Knute Nelson, 71, 72; observed war preparations, 23; tickets for Athenia, 11–12
Bloom, Alma M., 39; in lifeboat, 65; praise for crew of Escort, 79; reaction to attack, 42–43
Board of Trade, British, 142
Bridge, Constance (daughter of Edith), 48, 61, 111
Bridge, Edith: aware of submarine, 69; in lifeboat, 67, 68; reaction to the attack, 48; unable to get into lifeboat, 14, 60
Bridge, Harry (son of Edith), 14, 48, 61
Browne, Most Rev. Michael, 90, 91, 144
Burton-Baldry, William B., 96
Buss, S. A. “Sammy,” 77, 81, 150
Calder, Isobel, 155; booked on Athenia, 13; on City of Flint, 103; in lifeboat, 60; met by husband, 111
Calder, Margaret (daughter of Isobel): booked on Athenia, 13; costume party, 108; into lifeboat, 60
Calder, George, 22, 26; joined the ship, 21; praise for Wenner-Gren, 77; reaction to attack, 45; rowed lifeboat, 68
Calder, Margaret (wife of George), 45
Campbell, Helen Edna: arrived in Greenock and Glasgow, 83, 84; boarded Escort, 78; in lifeboat, 55, 66; praise for crew of Escort, 79; reaction to attack, 44
Canada, 5; at peace until 10 Sept., 124; denied Anderson’s claims, 130
Canadian government, 147; alerted to sinking, 86; immigration, 110; permission for City of Flint, 110; thanks to Irish govt., 97
Canadian Pacific Railway Steamships, 123, 125, 147
Canadian Red Cross: assistance for Athenia survivors, 87, 123, 141, 148; met City of Flint, 110
Cass-Beggs, Barbara (wife of David): assured Rosemary with friends, 147; authority on folk music, 155; joined the ship, 22; reaction to the attack, 44; refused to be separated, 58; reunited with Rosemary, 148; search for Rosemary, 92, 107, 176n21; tickets for Athenia
Cass-Beggs, David: assured Rosemary with friends, 147; career as utilities executive, 155; joined the ship, 22; reaction to the attack, 44; refused to be separated, 58; reunited with Rosemary, 148; search for Rosemary, 92, 107, 176n21; tickets for Athenia, 12–13
Cass-Beggs, Rosemary (daughter of David): became a teacher and writer, 155; efforts to identify, 107; joined the ship, 22; met by parents’ friends, 111, 147; not in Galway, 92; prize at ship’s party, 108; reaction to the attack, 44; reunited with parents, 148; sick in lifeboat, 68
Chamberlain, Sir Neville, 1; announcement of war, 9, 24; brought Churchill into the govt., 113; Czech crisis, 5–7; failure to manage war crisis, 9–10; rejected Roosevelt’s initiative, 8, 188n16; support for Poland, 7
Churchill, Winston S., x, 132, 133; decided on convoy policy after Athenia, 116; denounced by Goebbels, 128; disappointed Athenia did not move the U.S. toward war, 152; early career of, 113; made first lord of the Admiralty, 93, 113–16; reports sinking in House of Commons, 114–16; telephoned directly by Roosevelt, 134; U-boats his greatest worry, 36
City of Flint, 11, 82, 87, 96, 106, 121, 124, 129, 146, 148, 149, 153; accommodations for passengers, 100–101; arrived in Halifax on 13 Sept., 109–11; bunks named for towns, 105; changed course for Athenia, 102; honored by Canadian govt., 151; mid-ocean meeting with Coast Guard ships, 109; picked up cargo in Glasgow, 99; received distress signal, 62, 77, 102; sailed on 1 Sept., 101, 178n5; sailed to Murmansk, 136–37; sailed to New Jersey, 112; ship photographed from air, 109; ship seized by German prize crew, 135–36; ship restored to Gainard, 138; sunk in 1943, 140; took Athenia survivors, 103–4; transferred injured to Coast Guard cutters, 109
college girls, University of Texas, 13, 43, 87, 96, 100, 111, 145, 146, 149, 156; parents raise money, 150; thought Anderson troublesome, 129–30
Commonwealth Air Training Programme, 148, 154
compensation for lost property, 148–50
Connolly, Sally (wife of Frank), 8, 57
Cook, James, 1, 20, 21, 121; expected to be beyond U-boats, 26; inquired about Rose Griffin, 63; interviewed by Cudahy, 90, 93; on Knute Nelson, 72; ordered lifeboats readied, 2, 24–25; orders for sailing, 22; placed crew in charge of boats, 59; report on sinking, 116; said ship torpedoed, 117; Scottish origins, 18; took charge after attack, 39–40
Copland, Barnet Mackenzie, 2, 18, 20, 83, 121; denied Athenia carried weapons, 116, 129, 130; on Electra, 80; on Esmond when sunk by Lemp, 132–33; given Order of the British Empire, Civil, 151; inspected sinking ship, 21, 63, 81; lifeboats, in charge of, 39, 54, 56, 57–58, 61; praised by passengers, 68; returned to Athenia for Rose Griffin, 81; Scottish origins, 18
Costello, Mrs. Joseph E., 90, 144
Coullie, Isabelle (wife of John), 48–49, 57, 105
Coullie, John Cobb: in lifeboat, 57; reaction to attack, 48–49; saw U-boat, 30; on Southern Cross, 74–75, 76; washed in hot sea water, 105–6
Cudahy, John C., 167n22; conclusions about sinking, 94; met survivors, 90, 93; sent thanks to Irish govt., 97
Cunard White Star Line, 12, 16, 17, 94, 146, 149; arranged rail transport from Halifax to Montreal, 111; arranged transport from Galway to Scotland, 94; representatives met City of Flint, 110
Czechoslovakia, Sudentenland crisis, 4, 5
Davis, Caleb (son of Leslie A.), 99, 102; helped make accommodations, 101; helped survivors on City of Flint, 103–4
Davis, Leslie A., 88, 101, 150; assists U.S. survivors, 86; praised J. F. Kennedy’s visit, 88
davits (device for lowering lifeboats): problems with, 57–60, 61; Welin Quadrant, 52–53
Dean, Dorothy, 23; anxious on City of Flint, 106; aware of U-boat, 69; in lifeboat, 69; on Southern Cross, 75, 76
de Valera, Eamon: given greeting from Orizaba, 144; sent thanks to Costello and Bishop Browne, 97
Dick, Mary B., 50; on Escort, 78; in lifeboat, 2, 54
Dillon, H.: attempted to avoid lifeboat accident, 73; clung to wreckage, 76; lifeboat No. 5A, took charge of, 55, 74; rescued by Escort, 78–79
Doggett, Margaret, 156
Dollan, Patrick J.: assumed responsibility for Americans, 84; invited Ambassador Kennedy to Glasgow, 88; saw Americans on Orizaba, 144
Donaldson Atlantic Line, 12, 15, 20, 94; accepted moral responsibility, 142; apology for crowding, 22–23; assisted payments to Athenia survivors, 142, 147, 149; on crew members in lifeboats, 67; funds for relief, 84; history of company, 16–17; issue of legal responsibility, 141, 181n7; sent gifts to destroyer crews, 151
Donaldson, Norman P.: asked Canadian Pacific to reduce fares, 147; cheque to Kennedy, 142; gratitude for Glasgow relief, 84; said Anderson’s claims false, 130
Duchess of Atholl (Can.), 147, 148
Duchess of Bedford (Can.), 148
Duchess of Richmond (Can.), 147
Duchess of York (Can.), 147, 148, 155, 156
Electra (UK), 82, 114, 150; picked up survivors, 80; put in at Greenock, 83; responded to distress signal, 62, 77; sent a boat to Athenia, 81; took up submarine patrol, 78
Emery, John, 18, 39; lifeboat No. 12, in charge of, 59; starboard lifeboats, in charge of, 54, 55
Escort (UK), 82, 114, 148, 150; given gift by survivors, 150; picked up survivors, 78, 173n31; put in at Greenock, 83; responded to distress signal, 62, 77–78
Evans, Montgomery, 26; boarded City of Flint, 103, 104; boarded Southern Cross, 36; reaction to attack, 42; rowed in lifeboat, 66
Evelyn, Judith, 148; acting career, 153; anxious about the war, 2, 3, 20; anxious in lifeboat, 55; clung to wreckage, 74, 76; joined the ship, 19; in lifeboat, 55; lifeboat drills in Orizaba, 144; news of war, 24, 25; praise for British generosity, 84; reaction to attack, 41–42; rescued by Escort, 78–79; sailed from Glasgow, 144; thrown from lifeboat, 73; tickets for Athenia, 11
External Affairs, Canada, 95, 123, 148
Fairfield Shipbuilding and Engineering Company, Ltd., 16, 84
Finley, Mildred (wife of Thomas), 51
Finley, Thomas E., Jr., 51, 79
First World War, 32–33, 115, 125. See also Great War
Foreign Office, British, 85, 97
Fred. Olsen & Company, 71, 151–52
Gainard, Joseph A., 99; arrangements for passengers, 100–101; arrangements to enter Halifax, 109; awarded honorary degree, 139; concern about Margaret Hayworth, 107–8; given plaque by Canadian govt., 151; held daily inspection, 105; not allowed contact with U.S. ambassador, 136–37; organized activities for survivors, 106, 108; praised his crew, 110; prepared list of survivors, 106–7; prepared ship for survivors, 102–3; published memoirs, 139–40; resumed command of ship, 138; returned to Navy, 140; ship named for, 140; ship seized by Germans, 135–36; spoke with U.S. embassy, 99–100, 138
Galway, ix, 82, 84, 115, 123; Knute Nelson delivers survivors, 89–70
Gárdá Síochána (Irish police force), 90, 91, 92, 94
Gautier, Marguerite (wife of Wenner-Gren), 74, 75
George W. Campbell, 108–9, 110
German Library of Information, 127, 128
German navy, 28, 135, 137; denied submarines in Versailles Treaty, 34; submarines in First World War, 32–33; U-boat policy in Second World War, 158. See also Kriegsmarine
Germany: bitterness over defeat in 1918, 4; confronted with two-front war, 7; Czech crisis, 4–7; declaration of war, 24, 28; denied sinking Athenia, 93, 126–27, 141, 184n20; invasion of Poland, 1, 9, 21, 23, 101, 122; learned of Athenia from British radio, 126; non-aggression pact with Soviet Union, 8; pact with Italy, 7, 9; policy of frightfulness, 118, 184n21; seen as threatening to U.S., 152, 184n22
Gillespie, Hay “Scotty” (son of Jessie): on City of Flint, 105; lifeboat accident, 75; reaction to attack, 50; on Southern Cross, 76
Gillespie, James (son of Jessie): lifeboat accident, 75, on Southern Cross, 76
Gillespie, Jessie: found her sons on Southern Cross, 76; lifeboat accident, 75; rowed in lifeboat, 66
Glasgow, ix, 18, 19, 82, 84, 99, 123; approach of war evident, 23; Athenia sailed from, 20–21; home port of Athenia, 15, 117; Orizaba sailed from, 144; relief efforts, 84; survivors brought to, 83–84, 92, 97; thanks from Roosevelt, 84–85
Goodson, James: arrives in Canada, 147; assists survivors, 46–47; cheered by Lauder, 85; fighter pilot in war, 154; lifeboat disaster, 59–60, 73; news of war, 1, 24; praise for Captain Andersson, 72; rowed in lifeboat, 66, 68; sentimental songs, 26–27; sought by relatives, 92; swam to lifeboat, 61–62
Goebbels, Joseph Paul, 128, 187n11
Great Britain: accepts responsibility for Athenia survivors, 142; Czech crisis, 4; declaration of war, 1, 24, 28; denied Anderson’s claims, 130; government on war footing, 10–11; makes payment to survivors, 150; preparations for war, 5; requisition of passenger ships, 10; support for Poland, 7, 9
Great War, x, 3, 113. See also First World War
Griffin, Rose: died in Glasgow, 83; injured in fall, 23; presumed in lifeboat, 63; rescued from Athenia, 81
Grossman, Sara Bloom, 40, 65, 68
guerre de course, 32–22
Hale, Patricia, 22, 108; avoided lifeboat accident, 73; boarded City of Flint, 104; boarded Southern Cross, 75; in lifeboat No. 4, 56; preparations for emergency, 25; reactions to attack, 43; washed dishes, 105
Halifax, ix, 87, 96, 124; destination for City of Flint, 77, 82, 96, 107, 108; preparations for City of Flint, 109–11
Hamilton, ONT, 107, 121, 124–25
Hanna, Norman E.: joined RCAF, 154; missing in action, 154; reaction to attack, 50–51; saw periscope, 70
Hannay, Helen: drifted past Southern Cross, 76; in lifeboat No. 11A, 59–60, 66; met by her father, 145; reaction to attack, 43; visited by J. F. Kennedy, 88
Harding, Susan, 100–101
Harriman, Mrs. J. Borden, 138
Harvey, William, 41, 54, 59, 151
Hayworth, Georgina: devastated by daughter’s death, 108; in lifeboat, 56; reaction to the attack, 50; tickets for Athenia, 11
Hayworth, Jacqueline (daughter of Georgina): reaction to the attack, 50; separated from her mother, 56, 125; trauma of the experience, 151
Hayworth, Margaret (daughter of Georgina), x, 121, 157; died of injuries, 107–8; funeral of, 124–25; injured in the attack, 50; in lifeboat, 56
Hinds, Kate Ellen, 26, 44–45, 80
Hitler, Adolph, 135; abrogated nonaggression pact with Poland and naval agreement with Britain, 7; criticized by Churchill, 113; Czech crisis and Munich settlement, 5–6; expected limited war with Poland, 9, 157; hoped to limit naval war, 36–37; ordered no attacks on liners, 125, 132; seen to be breaking international agreements, 119; withdrew Germany from League of Nations, 4
Hodge, Jocelyn, 153
Hodge, Peggy, 153
Horgan, Christine, 45, 60, 111
House of Commons, British, 114–15
Hull, Cordell, 85, 89, 93, 127, 141; allowed some Canadians on Orizaba, 144; appreciation sent to Ireland, Norway, and Sweden, 97; assured Kennedy about Orizaba, 143; authorized funds for transportation, 94; sought information about City of Flint, 137
Hutchinson, Rev. Gerald: career in United Church of Canada, 156; on Knute Nelson, 71; problems launching lifeboat No. 11A, 59; reaction to the attack, 46; tickets for Athenia, 12
Ikes, Harold L., 119, 128, 135
Inch, Elsie (daughter of Joseph), 49
Inch, Elsie (wife of Joseph), 49, 65
Inch, Joseph M.: drifted past Southern Cross, 76; in lifeboat, 67; reaction to attack, 49; saw periscope, 70
international law, 3, 136, 188n2, 188n22
International Military Tribunal at Nuremburg, 131, 132
Ireland: Irish Army, 90, 91; neutral in war, 89, 93, 177n24
Iroquois, 135, 139; crisis manufactured by Germans, 134; explosives, none found, 134; picking up Americans in Cobh, Ireland, 133; warning of sabotage, 133, 187n15, 188n14
isolationists, 9, 189n25; drawn to Anderson’s claims, 129; opposed amendments to Neutrality Laws, 139
Jansen, Bernice: cold in lifeboat, 68; fell into the sea, 58–59; reaction to attack, 43; returned to teaching, 158; tickets for Athenia, 12; treated for injuries, 72, 92–93
Jenkins, Richard L., 105, 121; offered medical services, 103; praise for Captain Gainard, 110; worked to save Margaret Hayworth, 107–8
Jordan, Jeannette: bailed in lifeboat, 65; entertained in Glasgow, 85; exhausted in lifeboat, 68; in lifeboat No. 7A, 56; reported safe, 95; shifted to Athenia, 11
Kelly, Lucretia Estelle, 39, 45, 61
Kelly, Mary Louise, 24, 39, 45
Kennedy, Joseph P., 13, 87, 117; anxious about Orizaba, 143, 144; assisted Americans to get home, 100, 133; given reports on Anderson in London, 130; informed of Athenia by Foreign Office, 85; praised Helen Hannay, 146; reported sinking and casualties, 86, 87, 119; sent naval attachés to Galway for information, 121
Kirk, Alexander C., 126–27
Knute Nelson (Nor.), 29, 71, 82, 94, 97, 118, 129, 144, 148; accident with lifeboat, 72–74; answered distress call, 37, 62, 70–71, 172n15; honored by U.S. govt., 151; put into Galway, 89–90; put out to sea, 91; took on survivors, 71–74
Kriegsmarine, 28, 126, 157–58. See also German navy
Kurilic, Jan (son of Maria), 112, 146
Lake, Lady Dorothy, 26; boarded Knute Nelson, 71–72; reported safe, 96, 120; rowed in lifeboat, 67
Lake, Sir Robert Stuart, 26, 151; boarded Knute Nelson, 71; reported safe, 96, 120; rowed in lifeboat, 67
Lamont, Alexander, 47, 70, 155
Land, Emory B., 77; praised Captain Gainard, 110; presented plaque by Canadian govt., 151; thanks Lulu Sweigard, 150
Lauder, Sir Harry, 85
Lawrence, John H.: career in medicine, 155–56; gave first aid on Escort, 79; praise for Copland, 68; reaction to the attack, 45
Lemp, Fritz-Julius: attacks Athenia, 29–31; Athenia attack a possible mistake, 36, 165n4, 187n13; career in German navy, 28–29; given Iron Cross and promoted, 132; killed during attack on U-110, 133; put Schmidt ashore in Reykjavik, 130; returned to combat, 37–38
lifeboats: drills, 2, 15, 21, 23, 24; disasters with, 73–74, 75–76; emergency, 2, 25; layout of, 53–54; operation of, 52–54; problems launching, 57–58, 58–59, 59–60, 61
London Naval Treaty, 3, 115, 124, 129; defined rules for submarines, 35
Lubitsch, Ernst, 66, 76, 111; informed his daughter was safe, 95; thanked Wenner-Gren, 154
Lubitsch, Nicola (daughter of Ernst), 154; arrived in Halifax, 111; became an actress, 155; reported safe, 95; rescued in lifeboat accident, 76
Lusitania (UK), x, 3, 118, 124, 127; Athenia not to play the same role, 122; crisis in the U.S., 33, 182n12, 183n18; U.S. ultimatum, 35
MacDonald, Elnetta (wife of Joseph), 42; in lifeboat 10, 58; praise for crew of Athenia, 68; praise for crew of Electra, 80
MacDonald, Joseph B. L.: reaction to attack, 42; took charge of boat 10, 58, 67
MacEachran, Clinton E., 109–10, 111–12
MacKay, Louise, 74
Mackenzie King, William Lyon, x; discouraged by Roosevelt’s speech, 122–23; noted loss of Athenia, 123; parliament, had recalled, 124; said Canada would support Britain, 122
Macintosh, W. J.: lifeboat accident, 75; lifeboat No. 8, in charge of, 56, 57
MacLeod, Betty (daughter of Doris), 51, 58
MacLeod, Dorothy (daughter of Doris), 51, 58
MacPherson, E. Elwood: approached Knute Nelson, 71; assisted refugees, 72; rowed in lifeboat, 66; speaking tour about Athenia, 156
Massey, Vincent, 124; attempted to provide for Canadian survivors, 123; inquired about Canadians on Orizaba, 143; reported needs to Canadian govt., 86–87; worked to get Canadians home, 147
McDonald, John R., 150–51
McPherson, Fione (daughter of Margaret), 55, 78
McPherson, Margaret, 26, 55, 78
McPherson, Margaret (daughter of Margaret), 55
Ministry of Shipping, UK, 150
Ministry of Transport, UK, 116
Mitchell, Ruby: boarded Southern Cross, 76; dressed for costume party, 108; exhausted in lifeboat, 68–69; in lifeboat, 60; met by her mother, 111; reaction to the attack, 45; slept on City of Flint, 105; ticket for Athenia, 13; trauma of the experience, 155; welcomed bath in Halifax, 110
Molgat, André (son of Louis), 156
Molgat, Daniel (son of Louis), 156
Molgat, Gildas (son of Louis), 156
Molgat, Louis: did not seek compensation, 150; reported safe, 96; returned to family store, 156; took charge of lifeboat, 67
Monson, Sir Edmond, 97
Montreal, ix, 15, 16, 22, 86, 111, 115, 148
Montreal Gazette, 92, 110, 123
Nazis, x, 92, 121, 124; came to power, 4; escalate anti-Jewish policies, 6; Nazi-Soviet non-aggression pact, 8
Neutrality Laws, U.S., x; amended by Congress, 138–39; Athenia helped to change, 152; placed embargo on belligerents, 8–9
New York Times, 127, 129, 135; covered Anderson’s claims, 129; criticism of Soviet Union, 137; reports sinking of Athenia, 120
Norway, 136
O’Connor, Rev. Joseph V.: assists passengers, 47; became a teacher, 156; church services, 24; helped Russell Park, 145; joined the ship, 21; among last to leave Athenia, 63; reaction to the attack, 45–46; welcome in Galway, 91
O’Duinnin, Padraig, 90, 93, 176n24
Olaf Tryggvason (Nor.), 138
Orizaba, 148, 153; arrived in New York, 144–45; chartered by State Department, 142; sailed from Glasgow and Galway, 144; small passenger liner, 143
Park, Rebecca (wife of Alexander), 11, 21, 145
Park, Russell (son of Alexander): arrived home, 145; given new clothes in Glasgow, 84; in lifeboat, 55–56; shifted to Athenia, 11, 21
Patch, Margaret: avoided lifeboat accident, 73; in lifeboat No. 4, 56; preparations for emergency, 25; washed dishes, 105
Pearson, Lester B. “Mike,” 123, 148
Poland, 1, 122, 126, 157; Anglo-Polish treaty, 9; invaded by Germany, 9, 28, 101; Polish corridor, 7, 9; resistance to Soviet Union, 8
Porteous, Colin, 18, 121; assisted launching lifeboat No. 15A, 61; on the bridge, 27, 39, 40; took charge of aft lifeboats, 54, 60
Potter, Marion E., 95
public opinion: in Britain, 6, 108n3, 181n6, 181n8, 182n10; in U.S., 9, 162n8, 183n4
Raeder, Erich, 135; met with Lemp, 131; said no U-boat in area of Athenia, 127; warned of sabotage on Iroquois, 133, 135
refugees, 19–20, 22, 69, 72, 146
Rodman, Barbara: aware of submarine, 70; boarded Escort, 78; in lifeboat, 55, 65; praise for crew, 68; radio broadcast, 87; reaction to the attack, 43; volunteered with the Red Cross, 154
Roosevelt, Franklin D., viii, x, 85, 94, 129; critical of U-boats, 119; discussed the Athenia report, 122; discussed City of Flint, 137; hoped to keep U.S. out of war, 118; seen as Britain’s friend, 152; sent Coast Guard and Navy ships to escort Iroquois, 133–34; telephoned Churchill, 134; urged security conference, 8; wrote thanks to Dollan, 84–84; wrote thanks to Wenner-Gren, 97–98
Royal Navy: on alert, 10; called up seamen, 53; convoy duty in First World War, 32–33; destroyers sent to rescue survivors, 77; destroyers transfer survivors to City of Flint, 103; orders for merchant ships, 22
Royal Canadian Air Force, 154
Schmidt, Adolph: prisoner of war, 130; rescues pilots, 37–38, 130; saw Athenia from U-30, 30; testimony for Nuremburg Tribunal, 130–31
Schurr, Catherine “Kay,” 112, 129
Second World War: approach of war seen in Liverpool, 23; Athenia first shot in the war, 3, 30–31, 157; Athenia first step to war for U.S., 152; declaration of war, 9, 24, 113; threat of war, 10; Wenner-Gren proposed Roosevelt’s intervention in, 98
Simpson, A. D., 13, 100; sought compensation for losses, 149; sought information, 96
Simpson, Rowena “Nino” (daughter of A. D.), 13–14, 149; arrived in New York, 146; cabled home from Ireland, 96; married in 1940, 156
Singleton, W. Ralph, 26; in lifeboat, 54; praise for crew, 68; reaction to the attack, 43–44
Sjodahl, Karl A., 74, 151, 154
Smith, Henry DeWitt, 26; boarded Southern Cross, 45; praise for Wenner-Gren, 77; saw U-boat, 30; swam to lifeboat, 60; tickets for Athenia, 11
Smith, Mrs. Henry DeWitt, 11, 60
Smith, Jeannette (daughter of Henry DeWitt), 11, 60
Smith, Mrs. Wilson Levering, 24, 43, 56
Smith, Wilson Levering, Jr., 43, 56
Southern Cross (Swed.), 74, 82, 97, 104, 105, 129, 153; cruised Pacific Coast, 154; lifeboat accident, 75–76; responded to distress signal, 62, 74; sent survivors to City of Flint, 103–4
Soviet Union: alliances, 7–8; blamed for sinking of Athenia, 186n7; held City of Flint in Murmansk, 136–37; U.S. indignant over holding of City of Flint, 152, 189n23
Spieglberg, Herbert: boarded Electra, 80; rowed in lifeboat, 65, 66; shifted to Athenia, 11
State Department, U.S., 85, 87, 119, 129, 133, 147, 149, 250; arranged for relief ships, 143; assisted Orizaba passengers, 145; chartered Orizaba, 142; funds for transportation, 94; sent notes to families, 95; took statements from American survivors, 130
Stewart, Douglas: avoided lifeboat accident, 75; home again, 158; met by sons in Halifax, 111; preparations for emergency, 25–26; reaction to attack, 41; saw U-boat, 31
Stork, Charles Watson, 26; anxious in lifeboat, 64; boarded Escort, 78; cabled home, 95; rowed in lifeboat, 66; sighted Knute Nelson, 71
Strohmayer, Carlina, 76, 111, 154–55
Stuart, Caroline: in lifeboat, 62; regarded Anderson as a troublemaker, 129; saw periscope, 70; tickets for Athenia, 11
submarines, ix; effective in First World War, 33; historic weapon, 32; legality of, 33–34
Submarine Protocol, 35–37, 115, 117, 124, 129
Sweigard, Lulu: cold in lifeboat, 68; gave medical assistance on City of Flint, 107; praised Captain Gainard and crew, 110; reaction to attack, 48, 192n20; sailed to New Jersey on City of Flint, 112
Swindley, Hugh S.: assisted people in lifeboat, 69; bailed water in lifeboat, 61; built bunks on City of Flint, 102; gave medical assistance on City of Flint, 107; helped launch boats, 60; rowed in lifeboat, 66, 67
Tinney, Harry (son of Mary Ellen), 49–50
Tinney, Mary Ellen, 49–50
Tinney, William (son of Mary Ellen), 49–50
Treaty in Relation to the Use of Submarines and Noxious Gases, 35
U-boats, 28, 166n12; inquiries about location of, 114; type VII U-boats, 28–29
U-30 (Ger.), 28; attacked Athenia, 30–31, 69, 70, 166n7; attacked Fanad Head, 130; log book changed 130, 186n11; opening of the war, 29; returned to combat, 37–38; subsequent action, 132; sunk in 1945, 187n14
Underwood, Mary Catherine, 104, 111
United States: broke relations with Germany in 1917, 33; embassy warning to citizens in Europe, 10–11; ultimatum to Germany over Lusitania, 3
United States Immigration officials, 110
United States Maritime Commission, 99, 100, 101, 106, 150; plans for bringing Americans home, 142; representatives in Halifax, 110
unrestricted submarine warfare: failed to defeat Britain, 36; in First World War, 32, 35; referred to in parliament, 115; returned to in Second World War, 36
unterseeboots, 28. See also submarines; U-boats
Versailles Peace Treaty, 3–4, 5, 34–35
Von Weizsäcker, Baron Ernst, 126
Washington Naval Treaty, 35, 167n13
Wenner-Gren, Axel, 74; given thanks by U.S. and British govts., 150; hosts Ernst Lubitsch, 154; praised for efforts, 77; presented with a plaque by the Canadian govt., 151; provided clothing for survivors, 76–77; urged Roosevelt to open talks to end war, 98
Wilcox, Donald A.: boarded Knute Nelson, 71; joined the ship, 22; reaction to attack, 47; recognized from photograph, 92; rowed in lifeboat, 67
Wilkes, Edward T.: gave first aid on Knute Nelson, 72; among last to leave Athenia, 63; learned his son Daniel was alive, 92; reaction to the attack, 51; reunited with Daniel in Galway, 144; was told there were no weapons on the ship, 129
Wilkes, Jonathan (son of Edward), 51, 144
Wilkes, Matilda (wife of Edward), 51, 144
Wilkes, Daniel (son of Edward), 51, 144
Woollcombe, Rev. G. P., 25; amazed by facilities on City of Flint, 105; boarded Southern Cross, 76; church services on Athenia, 24; in lifeboat No. 4, 56