1. Bernard Hamilton, ‘Women in the Crusader States: The Queens of Jerusalem’, in Medieval Women, ed. Derek Baker (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1978), 143.
2. Sue Blundell, Women in Ancient Greece, (London: British Museum Press, 1995), 131.
3. The situation of women in the Mycenaean age and women in Doric societies such as Sparta and Gortyn were markedly better. There is extensive literature on these societies and comparisons of them to classical Athens.
4. An excellent source on women in the mediaeval church is Regine Pernoud, Women in the Days of the Cathedrals (San Francisco: Ignatius, 1989); and Medieval Women, ed. Derek Baker (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1978) contains biographies of female mediaeval religious women and others.
5. Pernoud, Women in the Days of the Cathedrals, 180.
6. Ibid.
7. Fatima Mernissi, Beyond the Veil: Male-Female Dynamics in Modern Muslim Society, (Indianapolis: University of Indiana Press, 1975), 45.
8. Nabib Amin Faris, ‘Arab Culture in the Twelfth Century’, in The Crusades: The Impact of the Crusades on the Near East, eds. Kenneth M. Setton, Norman Zacour, and Harry Hazard (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1985).
9. Mernissi, Beyond the Veil, 48.
10. Julie Scott Meisami, The Sea of Precious Virtues (Bahr al-Fava’id): A Medieval Islamic Mirror for Princes (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1990), 232; quoted in Niall Christie, Muslims and Crusaders: Christianity’s Wars in the Middle East, 1095–1382, From the Islamic Sources, (London: Routledge, 2014), 77–78.
11. Niall Christie, ‘An Illusion of Ignorance? The Muslims of the Middle East and the Franks before the Crusades’, in The Crusader World, ed. Adrian Boas (London: Routledge, 2016), 312.
12. Sylvia Schein, ‘Women in Medieval Colonial Society: The Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem in the Twelfth Century,’ in Gendering the Crusades, eds. Susan B. Edgington and Sarah Lambert (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 2001), 140.
13. Sarah Lambert, ‘Crusading or Spinning’, in Gendering the Crusades, eds. Susan B. Edgington and Sarah Lambert (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 2001), 11.
14. The myth of Muslim tolerance is so widespread and popular that rebutting it requires explanations and documentation that exceed the parameters of this book. For a comprehensive overview of the status and conditions for Jews and Christians under Islamic rule in the Holy Land and recommendations for further reading, see Helena P. Schrader, The Holy Land in the Era of the Crusades: Kingdoms at the Crossroads of Civilizations (Barnsley, UK: Pen & Sword, 2022). Another excellent book based on Arab, Syriac, Coptic, Turkish and Armenian sources is Bat Ye’or, The Decline of Eastern Christianity under Islam: From Jihad to Dhimmitude (Madison: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1996). For the situation in Spain, see Dario Fernandez-Morera, The Myth of the Andalusian Paradise: Muslims, Christians, and Jews under Islamic Rule in Medieval Spain (Wilmington: ISI Books, 2017).
15. Thomas F. Madden, The Concise History of the Crusades, (Washington, DC: Rowman and Littlefield, 2014), 10.
16. Sabine Geldsetzer, Frauen auf Kreuzzuegen, 1096–1291, (Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 2003), 12–13.
17. The large pockets of Muslim settlers that later made up a sizable minority population in the Kingdom of Jerusalem were located along the coast and around Nablus, which did not come under crusader control for several years.
18. Byzantine princess, Anna Comnena, noted in her twelfth-century history that much of the region had been reduced to uninhabited desert. For more details on depopulation under Arab rule, see Ye’or, The Decline of Eastern Christianity under Islam.
19. See note 1, Hamilton, ‘Women in the Crusader States’, 150.
20. William of Tyre, A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea, Volume 2, trans. Emily Atwater Babcock and A.C. Krey (London: Octagon Books: 1976), 76.
21. Hamilton, ‘Women in the Crusader States’, 161
22. Amalaric’s Egyptian policy is described in considerable depth in Helena P. Schrader, The Holy Land in the Era of the Crusades.
23. Baldwin d’Ibelin had inherited the Barony of Ramla and Mirabel through his mother and the Barony of Ibelin from his elder brother Hugh, the husband of Agnes de Courtenay, who had died childless. About the same time as his younger brother’s marriage to the Dowager Queen Maria Comnena, Baldwin appears to have given the smaller and less important paternal barony to his younger brother, Balian. The details are unknown, but Baldwin is consistently referred to as ‘Ramla’ and Balian as ‘Ibelin’ or ‘Nablus’.
24. John France, ‘Crusading Warfare in the Twelfth Century’, in The Crusader World, edited by Adrian Boas (London: Routledge: 2016), 77.
25. Itinerarium Peregrinorum et Gesta Regis Ricardi, trans. Helen Nicholson (Farnham: Ashgate: 1997), 123.
26. Itinerarium, 124.
27. The Conquest of Jerusalem and the Third Crusade, trans. Peter Edbury (Farnham: Ashgate, 1998), 95–96.
28. The Conquest of Jerusalem and the Third Crusade, 115.
29. Itinerarium, 312.
30. Itinerarium, 313.
31. Angel Nicolaou-Konnari, Angel and Chris Schabel, eds. ‘Economy,’ in Cyprus: Society and Culture 1191–1374 (London: Brill, 2005), 113.
32. Bernard Hamilton, ‘Queen Alice of Cyprus’, in The Crusader World, ed. Adrian Boas (London: Routledge: 2016), 229.
33. Philip de Novare, The Wars of Frederick II against the Ibelins in Syria and Cyprus, trans. John La Monte (New York: Columbia University Press: 1936), 63.
34. Chronique de Terre Sainte quoted by Hamilton, ‘Queen Alice of Cyprus’, in The Crusader World, 231.
35. Christopher Tyerman, The World of the Crusades: An Illustrated History, (New Haven: Yale University Press: 2019), 238.
36. Itinerarium Peregrinorum et Gesta Regis Ricardi, trans. Helen Nicholson (Farnham: Ashgate, 1997), 48.
37. Constance Rousseau, ‘Home Front and Battlefield: The Gendering of Papal Crusading Policy (1095–1221)’, in Gendering the Crusades, eds. Susan B. Edgington and Sarah Lambert (Cardiff, University of Wales, 2001), 39.
38. Michael the Great or Michael the Syrian, Patriarch of the Syriac or Jacobite Church 1166–1199, quoted in Christopher MacEvitt, The Crusades and the Christian World of the East: Rough Tolerance, (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008), 25.
39. Fulcher of Chartres, A History of the Expedition to Jerusalem, 1095–1127, trans. F.R. Ryan (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1969), 238.
40. Fulcher of Chartres, A History of the Expedition to Jerusalem, 238.
41. Fulcher of Chartres, A History of the Expedition to Jerusalem, 239.
42. Ibid.
43. Peter W. Edbury. Law and History in the Latin East, (Farnham: Ashgate, 2014), V, 285.
44. Natasha R. Hodgson, Women, Crusading and the Holy Land in Historical Narrative, (Woodbridge, UK: Boydell & Brewer, 2007), 723. Hodgson cites Philip de Novare as her source.
45. William Miller, The Latins in the Levant: A History of Frankish Greece (1204–1566) (Boston: Dutton and Company, 1908), 116.
46. Tyre, A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea, Volume 2, 401.
47. Edbury, Law and History in the Latin East, V,287.
48. Tyre, A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea, Volume 2, 213.
49. Ibid.
50. The Magna Carta quoted in Schein, 142.
51. Tyre, A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea, Volume 2, 425.
52. Edbury, Law and History in the Latin East, V, 292.
53. Erin Jordan, ‘Corporate Monarchy in the Twelfth-Century Kingdom of Jerusalem’, Royal Studies Journal 6, no. 1 (Winchester, UK: Winchester University Press, 2019): 4.
54. Bernard de Clairvaux, quoted in Malcolm Barber, The Crusader States, (New Haven: Yale University Press: 2012), 175.
55. Tyre, A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea, Volume 2, 140.
56. Tyre, A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea, Volume 2, 283.
57. Thomas Asbridge, ‘Alice of Antioch: a case study of female power in the twelfth century’, in The Experience of Crusading: Defining the crusader kingdom, eds. Jonathan P. Phillips and Peter W. Edbury (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 29–47.
58. Tyre, A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea, Volume 2, 201–202.
59. Tyre, A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea, Volume 2, 209.
60. The Lyon Continuation of William of Tyre, trans. Peter Edbury (Farnham: Ashgate, 1998).
61. Itinerarium Peregrinorum et Gesta Regis Ricardi. Chpt. 63, p.122.
62. Tyre, A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea, Volume 2, 133.
63. Gordon M. Reynolds, ‘Opportunism & Duty: Gendered Perceptions of Women’s Involvement in Crusade Negotiation and Mediation (1147–1254)’, Medieval Feminist Forum, Vol. 54, No.2 (April 2019): 5–6.
64. Jaroslav Folda, Crusader Art: The Art of the Crusaders in the Holy Land, 1099–1291, (London: Lund Humphries, 2008), 127.
65. Helen Nicholson, ‘Women and the Crusades’, Remarks before the Hereford Historical Association (22 February 2008): 15.
66. Helen Nicholson, ‘Woman on the Third Crusade’, Journal of Medieval History, Vol. 23, No 4 (1997): 342.
67. Nicholson, ‘Women and the Crusades’, 17.
68. Anonymous, Itinerarium Peregrinorum et Gesta Regis Ricardi, 106.
69. The Lyon Continuation of William of Tyre, 55
70. The Lyon Continuation of William of Tyre, 58.
71. Ibid.
72. Nicholson, ‘Women and the Crusades’, 18.
73. Tyre, A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea, Volume 2, 202.
74. The Lyon Continuation of William of Tyre, 77.
75. The Lyon Continuation of William of Tyre, 78.
76. Philip de Novare, The Wars of Frederick II against the Ibelins in Syria and Cyprus, 142–143.
77. Jean de Joinville, The Life of St. Louis, trans. M.R.B. Shaw (London: Penguin Classics, 1963), 202.
78. Nicholson, ‘Women and the Crusades’, 10.
79. Ibn al-Athir, XI, in Arab Historians of the Crusades, trans. Francesco Gabrieli (Oakland: University of California Press, 1957), 142.
80. Tyre, A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea, Volume 2, 31–32.
81. Yvonne Friedman, ‘Captivity and Ransom’, in Gendering the Crusades, eds. Susan B. Edgington and Sarah Lambert (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 2001), 121.
82. Albert of Aachen, quoted in Yvonne Friedman, ‘Captivity and Ransom’, Gendering the Crusades, 125.
83. Albert of Aachen, quoted in Natasha Hodgson, Women, Crusading, and the Holy Land in Historical Narrative (Woodbridge, UK: Boydell & Brewer, 2007), 97–98.
84. Albert of Aachen, quoted Natasha Hodgson, 97–98.
85. Albert of Aachen, quoted in Friedman, 125.
86. Yvonne Friedman, Encounter between Enemies: Captivity and Ransom in the Latin Kingdom ofJerusalem (Leiden, Netherlands: Brill, 2002), 170.
87. Imad ad-Din, quoted in Arab Historians of the Crusades, trans. Francesco Gabrieli (Oakland: University of California Press, 1957), 163.
88. Fulcher of Chartes, quoted in Friedman, 171.
89. Friedman, Encounter between Enemies, 172.
90. Albert of Aachen, quoted in Hodgson, 148 .
91. Ibn al-Athir, quoted in John Gillingham, ‘Crusading Warfare, Chivalry and the Enslavement of Women and Children’, in The Medieval Way of War, ed. Gregory Halfond (London: Routledge, 2019), 10.
92. Ibn al-Athir, quoted in Malcolm Barber, The Crusader States (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2012), 308.
93. Friedman, Encounter between Enemies, 179.
94. Ibn al-Athir quoted in P.M. Holt, The Crusader States and their Neighbours (London: Pearson Longman, 2004), 61.
95. Friedman, ‘Captivity and Ransom’, 130.
96. Pernoud, Women in the Days of the Cathedrals, 7.
97. Both Arab sources are cited in Nial Christie’s Muslims and Crusaders: Christianity’s Wars in the Middle East, 1095–1382, From the Islamic Sources (London: Routledge, 2014), 83.
98. James M. Powell, ‘Preface’, in Gendering the Crusades, eds., Susan B. Edgington and Sarah Lambert (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 2001), vii.
99. Steve Tibble, The Crusader Armies (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2018), 185.
100. Tyre, A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea, Volume 2, 44.
101. Tyre, A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea, Volume 2, 53.
102. Tyre, A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea, Volume 2, 44.
103. Thomas Asbridge, ‘Alice of Antioch: a case study of female power in the twelfth century’, in The Experience of Crusading: Defining the Crusader Kingdom (Cambridge University Press, 2003), 29–47.
104. Hamilton, ‘Queen Alice of Cyprus’, 229.
105. Novare, The Wars of Frederick II against the Ibelins in Syria and Cyprus, 63.
106. Chronique de Terre Sainte quoted by Hamilton, Queen Alice of Cyprus, 231.
107. Tyre, A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea, Volume 2, 213.
108. Ibid.
109. Ibid.
110. Tyre, A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea, Volume 2, 277.
111. The Lyon Continuation of William of Tyre, 127, paragraph 149.
112. The Lyon Continuation of William of Tyre, 127, paragraph 150.
113. The Lyon Continuation of William of Tyre, 128, paragraph 152.
114. Novare, The Wars of Frederick II against the Ibelins in Syria and Cyprus, 77.
115. Novare, The Wars of Frederick II against the Ibelins in Syria and Cyprus, 106.
116. Novare, The Wars of Frederick II against the Ibelins in Syria and Cyprus, 106.
117. Novare, The Wars of Frederick II against the Ibelins in Syria and Cyprus, 143.
118. Novare, The Wars of Frederick II against the Ibelins in Syria and Cyprus, 142–143.
119. Novare, The Wars of Frederick II against the Ibelins in Syria and Cyprus, 151.
120. Novare, The Wars of Frederick II against the Ibelins in Syria and Cyprus, 152.
121. Jean de Joinville, 202.
122. Itinerarium Peregrinorum et Gesta Regis Ricardi. Chpt. 63, p.124.
123. The Lyon Continuation of William of Tyre, 95–96, paragraph 104.
124. Guy Perry, John of Brienne: King of Jerusalem, Emperor of Constantinople, c. 1175–1237, (Cambridge University Press, 2013), 135.
125. Orderic Vitalis, quoted in trans. Hans Eberhard Mayer, ‘Angevins versus Normans: The New Men of King Fulques of Jerusalem’, in Kings and Lords in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, (Farnham: Ashgate Publishing, 1994), IV, 3.
126. William of Tyre, quoted in translation by Bernard Hamilton; and ‘Women in the Crusader States: The Queens of Jerusalem (1100–1190)’, in Medieval Women, ed. Derek Baker (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1978), 150.
127. Tyre, A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea, Volume 2, 283.
128. Tyre, A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea, Volume 2, 416.
129. Bernard Hamilton, The Leper King and His Heirs: Baldwin IV and the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem, (Cambridge University Press, 2000), 218.