Endnotes
Prologue
1
AGG, ch. 5, pp. 38—39.
2
See the essays in my edited volume The Intimate Life of L. M. Montgomery theorizing Maud’s strategies of life writing including journals, photography, letters, and scrapbooks. Selections of the journals were published under the meticulous editorship of Mary Rubio and Elizabeth Waterston as The Selected Journals of L. M. Montgomery, Volumes 1—5, covering the years from 1889 to 1942; selections of the scrapbooks were published digitally in Picturing a Canadian Life: L. M. Montgomery’s Personal Scrapbooks and Book Covers. http://lmm.confederationcentre.com/
3
LMM, Feb. 8, 1932, SJ 4, p. 165.
4
AP, p. 72.
Chapter 1
1
LMM, May 3, 1908, UJ 2, pp. 448—49.
2
LMM, May 3, 1908, UJ 2, p. 450.
3
LMM, May 3, 1908, UJ 2, p. 457.
4
LMM, May 3, 1908, UJ 2, pp. 449—50.
5
LMM, May 3, 1908, UJ 2, p. 450—51.
6
LMM, Aug. 1, 1892, UJ 1, p. 186.
7
LMM, Aug. 1, 1892, UJ 1, p. 187.
8
LMM, Aug. 1, 1892, UJ 1, p. 178.
9
LMM, Aug. 1, 1892, UJ 1, p. 178; AGG, ch. 20, p. 166, p. 165.
10
LMM, May 3, 1908, UJ 2, p. 450.
11
LMM, May 3, 1908, UJ, 2 p. 451.
12
Ella Rodman Church and Augusta De Bubna, “Tam! The Story of a Woman,” Godey’s Lady’s Book (March 1884), p. 238.
13
LMM, Mar. 21, 1901, SJ 1, pp. 258—59.
14
[Chelifer], “Gilbert Parker’s Canadian Fiction,” Godey’s Lady’s Book 130 (1895/1896), p. 656.
15
See Nick Mount, When Canadian Literature Moved to New York (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2005), for an illuminating study on the topic; see also Clarence Karr, Authors and Audiences: Popular Canadian Fiction in the Early Twentieth Century (Montreal & Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2000).
16
LMM, EC, p. 304.
17
LMM, EC, pp. 314—15.
18
LMM to GBM, Dec. 29, 1903, MDMM, p. 2.
19
LMM, Dec. 3, 1903, SJ 1, p. 290.
20
LMM to GBM, Dec. 29, 1903, MDMM, p. 3.
21
LMM, July 16, 1925, SJ 3, p. 240; this entry gives a full account of A Golden Carol. See also Cecily Devereux’s scholarly edition of Anne of Green Gables (Peterborough: Broadview Press, 2004), pp. 18–19, pp. 385—90, for a discussion of the Pansy book influences in AGG.
22
LMM, Nov. 29, 1934, SJ 4, p. 326.
23
LMM, Nov. 29, 1934, SJ 4, pp. 325—26.
24
LMM, Nov. 29, 1934, SJ 4, p. 325.
Chapter 2
1
AGG, ch. 2, pp. 11—12.
2
Rudolf Eickemeyer Jr.’s Campbell studio’s address for the period is found in an advertisement in the Photographers’ column of The Theatre Magazine 2 (1902), Advertisement section, TRL. The ad reads: “The Campbell Studio, under the management of Rudolf Eickemeyer Jr, at 564—568 Fifth Avenue, New York.”
3
Rudolf Eickemeyer Papers, HRM, contain a number of articles about the photographer including Sadakichi Hartman, “The Work of Rudolf Eickemeyer, Jr.” The Photo-American (July 1904), pp. 195—99 (Item No. 576); and Sidney Allen, “Rudolf Eickemeyer, Jr.: An Appreciation,” Photo Era: The American Journal of Photography 15.3 (Sept. 1905), PP. 79—83.
4
Mary Panzer, In My Studio: Rudolf Eickemeyer, Jr. and the Art of the Camera, Exhibition Catalogue (Yonkers: Hudson River Museum, 1986), p. 63.
5
EN, PD, p. 7. Prodigal Days is a rewritten version of the earlier memoir, which Evelyn had written under her married name Thaw, The Story of My Life (London: John Long, [1914]), NYPL Performance Library, Lincoln Centre.
6
Portrait of Rudolf Eickemeyer, Jr., Photo by Campbell Art Co, ca 1900, Eickemeyer Scrapbooks (PHA05—1231. 2005—30238), PHC/SNMAH.
7
EN, PD, P. 7.
8
Postcard featuring EN, Rudolf Eickemeyer scrapbooks, PHC/SNMAH.
9
EN, PD, p. 23.
10
“Miss Evelyn Florence,” Photo by Rudolf Eickemeyer, Jr., The Theatre Magazine 2 (July 1902). TRL.
11
LMM, NOV 18, 1901, SJ 1, p. 270.
12
“Read the Metropolitan Magazine for September,” What to Eat (Sept. 1903), Advertisement section; in the same issue of this periodical, pp. 75—79, appeared LMM’S short story “The Minister’s Daughter”; The Ryrie-Campbell Collection, L.M. Montgomery Institute, UPEI.
13
LMM, Apr. 9, 1904, SJ 1, p. 295.
14
LMM, Aug. 12, 1903, UJ 2, p. 281.
15
Advertisement from The College Record (April 1894), LMM Scrapbook CM 67.5.12, p. 33. CCAG.
16
“A Portfolio of Portraits [Evelyn Nesbit],” Photo by Rudolf Eickemeyer, Jr., 1901, Metropolitan Magazine (Sept. 1903), p. 849, NYPL; pose, tint and size (12 x 15 cm) of the Metropolitan Nesbit photo are a perfect match with the original clipping LMM pasted in her manuscript journal on Nov. 29, 1934 (see above).
17
“Miss Evelyn Nesbitt [sic],” Photo by Rudolf Eickemeyer, Jr. Metropolitan Magazine (Sept. 1903), p. 851, NYPL.
18
Elizabeth Rollins Epperly, Through Lover’s Lane: L. M. Montgomery’s Photography and Visual Imagination (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2007), p. 8.
19
“The Dog at His Master’s Grave”: Devereux identifies this poem in her Broadview edition of AGG as “A poem by American poet Lydia Howard Huntley Sigourney (1791–1865).”
20
Milton H. Horowitz, “Adolescent Daydreams and Creative Impulse,” Adolescent Psychiatry: Developmental and Clinical Studies 22 (1998), p. 10.
Chapter 3
1
AGG, ch. 30, p. 239.
2
LMM, Feb. 20, 1904, UJ 2, p. 299.
3
Sigmund Freud, Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud: Creative Writers and Day-Dreaming, vol. 9, ed. James Strachey (London: Hogarth Press, 1959), pp. 149–50.
4
LMM, Feb. 6, 1904, UJ 2, p. 299.
5
Olivia E. Phillips, “Advice from Everywhere, II. Care of Children,” Godey’s Lady’s Book 124 (Feb. 1892), pp. 177–78.
6
LMM, May 5, 1904, UJ 2, p. 314.
7
Photo of Hugh John Montgomery (1841–1900), UGA. For biographical details, see Francis W P. Bolger, YBA, pp. 7–24, and Mary Beth Cavert, “Anne of Green Gables—1908: To the Memory of My Father and Mother. Hugh John Montgomery,” Kindred Spirits (Spring 1999), pp. 8–10; and (Summer 1999), pp. 10–13.
8
LMM to Penzie Macneill, Bolger, YBA, p. 92; and LMM to GBM, Dec. 29, 1903, MDMM, p. 2.
9
LMM, Feb. 1, 1891, SJ 1, p. 45.
10
Bolger, YBA, p. 119.
11
AGG ch. 5, p. 41; ch. 6, p. 45, p. 46.
12
LMM, Feb. 9, 1911, SJ 2, p. 47.
13
See Bolger, YBA, p. 70, p. 77.
14
LMM, May 5, 1904, UJ 2, p. 315.
15
LMM. July 5, 1891, SJ 1, p. 57.
16
LMM, July 31, 1891, SJ 1, p. 59.
17
John Keats, The Examinee (May 5, 1816), http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/features/keats/keatsexaminer.html. See also Sarah S. Uthoff, “Our Kindred Spirits Share,” Kindred Spirits (Spring 1994), p. 6, and Virginia Careless, “L. M. Montgomery and Everybody Else: A Look at the Books,” Windows and Words: A Look at Canadian Children’s Literature in English, ed. Aïda Hudson and Susan-Ann Cooper (Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, 2003), pp. 161–65.
18
LMM, July 5, 1904, UJ 2, pp. 322–24.
19
LMM, Sept. 29, 1894, SJ 1, p. 121.
20
See Devereux’s 2004 edition of AGG, p. 314, n. 1.
21
LMM, “A Correspondence and a Climax,” Sunday Magazine (Aug. 20, 1905), pp. 13–14; reprinted in Across the Miles: Tales of Correspondence, ed. Rea Wilmshurst (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1996), p. 6, p. 14.
22
LMM to EW, GGL, Mar. 7, 1905, p. 25, p. 26, p. 32.
23
LMM to EW, GGL, Mar. 7, 1905, p. 27.
24
LMM, The Blue Castle (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1926), dedication page.
25
LMM to EW, Mar. 7, 1905, GGL, pp. 24–25.
26
AGG ch. 20, p. 163.
27
LMM, Dec. 20, 1904, UJ 2, p. 336.
28
George du Maurier, Trilby: A Novel (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1894), p. 15.
29
LMM, Apr. 20, 1904, UJ 2, p. 313.
30
LMM, Apr. 12, 1903, SJ 1, p. 286.
31
LMM to GBM, Aug. 2, 1915, MDMM, p. 75. See also Edwin L. Sabin’s poem “The Castle in Spain,” Days of Youth, n.d. p. 6, found among LMM’S Magazine Clippings CM 67.5.24, CCAG.
32
Washington Irving, Tales of the Alhambra (Leon: Editorial Everest, 2006), p. 42. See also Epperly, Through Lover’s Lane, pp. 145–51.
33
LMM, Feb. 15, 1902, UJ 2, p. 232.
34
LMM, Oct. 31, 1904, UJ 2, p. 329.
35
AGG, ch. 1, p. 1.
36
Tennyson, [Alfred, Lord]. “Song of the Brook.” Pansy Sunday Book (Boston: Lothrop Publishing Company, 1898), n.p.
37
The Russell, Russell, and Wilmshurst bibliography (1986) lists 37 stories published in 1903 and 43 in 1904. LMM to EW, Mar. 7, 1905, GGL, p. 27.
Chapter 4
1
AGG, ch. 5, pp. 39–40.
2
Margaret Atwood, “Revisiting Anne,” LMMCC, pp. 225–26.
3
See Mary Beth Cavert, “Clara Macneill,” Kindred Spirits (Winter 1998/1999), p. 9; this short article (pp. 8–10) provides a biographical portrait.
4
LMM, Jan. 2, 1902, SJ 1, p. 300–3; two photos of Clara Woolner Macneill (1853–1876), portrait and full-body, UGA; portrait reproduced in SJ 1, p. 232, Nr. 64.
5
LMM, Jan. 2. 1902, SJ 1, p. 300.
6
Mrs. Theodore W. Birney, “Growing up with One’s Children,” The Delineator (Apr. 1904), p. 681.
7
LMM, Jan. 2, 1902, SJ 1, p. 300, p. 301.
8
LMM, Jan. 2, 1902, SJ 1, p. 303.
9
Alexander Macneill’s will, dated January 23, 1897, is displayed in the Bookstore of the Homestead Site, Cavendish, PEI, courtesy of John and Jennie Macneill.
10
LMM, Dec. 31, 1898, SJ 1, p. 230.
11
AGG, ch. 5, p. 39.
12
Boyde Beck and Edward MacDonald, Everyday and Extraordinary: Almanac of the History of Prince Edward Island (Charlottetown: PEI Museum and Heritage Foundation, 1999), p. 80.
13
LMM, Feb. 7, 1905, UJ 2, p. 346.
14
AGG, ch. 12, p. 86.
15
LMM, Apr. 14, 1905, UJ 2, p. 358.
16
The phrase “peg away” is used in letter dated Mar. 7, 1905, in GGL, p. 26.
17
LMM, “The Understanding of Sister Sara,” The Pilgrim (Aug. 1905), pp. 11–12; reprinted in LMM, Across the Miles, ed. Wilmshurst, p. 45; AGG, ch. 5, p. 39.
18
LMM, “The Running Away of Chester,” Boys’ World (Nov.–Dec. 1903), reprinted in LMM Akin to Anne, ed. Wilmshurst, p. 133; AGG, ch. 6, p. 48.
19
Louise R. Baker, “An Adopted Daughter,” The Major’s Sunshine, The Sunday School Advocate for Boys and Girls (Jan. 7, 1905), pp. 1–3.
20
Bessie R. Hoover, “The Sunshine Girl,” The Sunday School Advocate for Boys and Girls (Mar. 25, 1905), p. 91.
21
Confederation Life Building listed in City of Toronto Directory, 1905, pp. 225–26 (Reel 51), CTA. This building housed numerous church organizations and missionary societies including the Presbyterian Home Mission and Widow and Orphan Fund, and the Women’s Foreign Missionary Society.
22
Letter no longer extant; LMM summarized it for EW, CGL, p. 26.
23
LMM, “Lavender’s Room,” East and West: A Paper for Young Canadians 3.6 [Toronto] (Feb. 11, 1905), p. 41. LMM Magazine Clippings CM 67.5.24, CCAG.
24
LMM to EW, Mar. 7, 1905, GGL, p. 26.
25
Quoted in Charlotte Gray, Flint and Feather: The Life and Times of E. Pauline Johnson, Tekahionwake (Toronto: HarperCollins, 2002), p. 304.
26
Most of her previous and later stories are set in simply generic locations, and some have explicitly U.S. locales, while others have Canadian references. Even some of her later stories from the 1930s have generic locations, which may be surprising to readers given that her work is often assumed to be totally about PEI.
27
LMM, Aug. 16, 1907, SJ 1, p. 330.
28
LMM, Jan. 27, 1911, SJ 2, p. 40.
29
Ruth Gallant interviewed by telephone by Irene Gammel, Oct. 25, 2007. My thanks to Ruth Gallant for making accessible original photography and a copy of the 1900 Census document (see below).
30
Ellen Macneill (1889–1978). Ruth Gallant’s information is based on two sources: her mother’s own statement that she was not a Barnardo child and on documentation found in Pierce Macneill’s home, in particular, a Prince Edward Island Census Record of 1900, in which Ellen Macneill is recorded as having been born in Nova Scotia. John H. Willoughby, Ellen (Charlottetown: n.p., 1995), suggests that Ellen was a Barnardo child from England, because adoptions from one province to another were unusual, but provides no source evidence for the claim. In fact, Willoughby admits in the epilogue that “attempts to locate Ellen’s roots were unsuccessful” (p. 211); moreover, the facsimile reproduction of the application for a Home Child featured on p. 35 belongs to a different child who is clearly not Ellen.
31
AGG, ch. 1, p. 6.
32
See Willoughby, Ellen, pp. 45–47. For more on the Barnardo child, see also Gail Corbett, Nation Builders: Barnardo Children in Canada (Toronto: Dundurn Press, 1997, 2003), and Kenneth Bagnell, The Little Immigrants: The Orphans Who Came to Canada (Toronto: Dundurn Press, 2001).
33
Willoughby, Ellen, p. 38.
34
LMM, Jan. 27, 1911, SJ 2, p. 40.
35
LMM, Jan. 27, 1911, SJ 2, p. 40.
36
Richard Le Gallienne, “Hans Christian Andersen: The Friend of the Children,” The Delineator (April 1905). TRL.
37
See Lesley Willis’s article, “The Bogus Ugly Duckling: Anne Shirley Unmasked,” Dalhousie Review 56.2 (1976), pp. 246–51.
38
LMM, May 21, 1905, UJ 2, p. 361.
39
LMM, Aug. 16, 1907, SJ 1, p. 330.
Chapter 5
1
AGG, ch. 2, p. 14.
2
LMM describes the scene in her journal on Apr. 18, 1914, SJ 2, p. 147; see also Oct. 18, 1935, SJ 5, p. 41; and LMM, “Is This My Anne?,” The Chatelaine (Jan. 1935), reprinted in Deborah Quaile, L. M. Montgomery: The Norval Years, 1926–1935 (n.p.: Wordbird P, 2006), PP. 171–74.
3
Anne of Green Gables, Manuscript, p. 1, CM 67.5.1, CCAG. The quotation transcribes the first draft without the revisions. The manuscript page reveals several additions and amendments that are reflected in the published novel.
4
LMM to GBM, Nov. 9, 1904, MDMM, p. 7. See also LMM’S journal entry of Oct. 31, 1904, UJ 2, p. 329, for an almost identical description of the brook.
5
LMM, Dec. 4, 1892, UJ 1, p. 198.
6
Obituary reprinted in Kindred Spirits (Dec. 2003); LMM, Oct. 12, 1906, SJ 1, pp. 320–22.
7
LMM, June 21, 1903, ILLMM, p. 81.
8
LMM, Oct. 12, 1906, SJ I, pp. 320–22.
9
LMM, May 18, 1905, SJ 1, p. 307, and UJ 2, p. 358.
10
LMM, “The Old South Orchard,” The Outing Magazine 51.4 (Jan. 1908), p. 413. For a discussion of publication delays, see LMM to EW, Apr. 8, 1906, GGL, p. 41.
11
AGG, ch. 2, p. 14.
12
AGG, ch. 2, p. 18.
13
Elizabeth von Arnim, Elizabeth and her German Garden (London: Virago Press, 2006), p. 42.
14
LMM, Jan. 27, 1911, SJ 2, p. 40. See also LMM, Sept. 22, 1929, sJ 4, p. 9.
15
AGG, Manuscript, p. 46, CCAG,
16
LMM, May 21, 1905, UJ, p. 361.
17
LMM, “Diana’s Wedding Dress,” Farm and Fireside (Mar. 1902); Holland’s Magazine reprinted the story in 1912; The Ryrie-Campbell Collection, L. M. Montgomery Institute, UPEI.
18
AGG, ch. 6, p. 49.
19
In AP, pp. 75–76, LMM indicates that the original serial was seven chapters long, but chapter six has, in fact, a perfect tone of conclusion, while chapter seven, “Anne Says Her Prayers,” rounds out the Sunday school theme.
20
LMM, “Is this My Anne?” p. 172.
21
AGG, ch. 8, p. 56.
22
On Aug. 16, 1907, SJ 1, p. 331, LMM first noted that she had begun writing the novel “one evening in May” 1905, finishing in January 1906; in her 1917 memoir (AP, p. 72), however, she indicated that she had begun writing in “the spring of 1904” finishing it “in the October of 1905.” On LMM’S secrecy, see also Cecily Devereux, “‘See my Journal for the full story’: Fictions of Truth in Anne of Green Gables and L. M. Montgomery’s Journals,” ILLMM, pp. 249–55.
23
LMM to EW, June 28, 1905, GGL, p. 34.
24
LMM to EW, June 28, 1905, GGL, p. 33.
25
Ward MacLeod, “Cut Flowers for Decorative Use in the Home,” The Delineator (Jan. 1904), p. 155.
26
LMM, Aug. 2, 1931, SJ 4, p. 145.
27
LMM, Feb. 28, 1904, UJ 2, p. 301.
28
LMM, Nov. 22, 1926, SJ 3, p. 317.
Chapter 6
1
AGG, ch. 8, p. 58.
2
M. J. Shepperson, “Envelopes, Friends and Books,” The Ladies’ World [New York] (Oct. 1902), p. 22. In 1893, LMM had published her first poem, “The Violet’s Spell” in The Ladies’ World; see LMM, Sept. 28, 1893, SJ 1, p. 94.
3
Carroll Smith-Rosenberg, “The Female World of Love and Ritual: Relations between Women in Nineteenth Century America,” Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 1.1 (1975), pp. 1—29.
4
Lillian Faderman, Surpassing the Love of Men: Romantic Friendship and Love between Women from the Renaissance to the Present (1981; New York: Perennial, 2001), p. 125.
5
Lisa Moore, “‘Something More Tender Still than Friendship’: Romantic Friendship in Early-Nineteenth-Century England,” Feminist Studies 18.3 (1992), pp. 499—520.
6
T. H. Farnham, “To Lesbia. The Greek Poet’s Tribute to his Love,” Godey’s Lady’s Book 124 (March 1892), 254. Julian Hawthorne’s story “Brabazon Waring: A Romance,” Godey’s Lady’s Book 125 (Dec. 1892), stars an opera singer named “Lesbia,” dubbed by her maid “Miss Lesby,” p. 576, p. 583. Godey’s does not mention Sappho’s sexual relationships with women.
7
S. Millington Miller, M.D., “Sappho—The Woman and the Time,” Godey’s Lady’s Book 130 (Feb. 1895), p. 115, p. 116.
8
Anonymous, Sappho in Boston, advertised by Moffat, Yard & Company, The Publishers’ Weekly (Sept. 26, 1908), p. 668. The novel was advertised as possessing “unusual charm and piquancy.”
9
Mary Beth Cavert has provided a few brief summary biographies in “Nora, Maud, and Isabel,” ILLMM, pp. 106—25; and “Kilmeny of the Orchard—1910: To my Cousin Beatrice A. McIntyre,” Kindred Spirits (Summer 1998), pp. 16—19.
10
AGG, ch. 8, p. 59.
11
LMM, May 8, 1891, SJ I, p. 50.
12
LMM, Dec. 28, 1893, UJ 1, p. 247.
13
LMM, Jan. 27, 1911, SJ 2, p. 42.
14
LMM, Jan. 7, 1910, SJ 1, p. 384; see also LMM, Jan. 27, 1911, Sj 2, p. 42. Maud visited Aunt Emily in March of the year Miss Izzy Robinson was the Cavendish teacher (Summer 1887 to Dec. 1888).
15
AGG, ch. 4, p. 36.
16
LMM, July 1, 1894, UJ 1, p. 302.
17
LMM, July 1, 1894, UJ 1, p. 303.
18
LMM, July 1, 1894, uj 1, p. 305.
19
The old school was being torn down a day later, on Monday, July 2, 1894, UJ, p. 306.
20
LMM visited Penzie’s son, Chester Bulman, in New Glasgow, PEI, on Oct. 20, 1936, SJ 5, p.106.
21
LMM, Dec. 2, 1890, in Bolger, YBA, p. 101. The originals are held in Robertson Library UPEI.
22
LMM to PM, Dec. 16, 1890, in Bolger, YBA, p. 103.
23
LMM to PM, Feb. 25, 1891, in Bolger, YBA, p. 121.
24
LMM to PM, Nov. 3, 1890, in Bolger, YBA, p. 96. The poem was titled “My Friend’s Home.”
25
LMM to PM, Sept. 20, 1890, in Bolger, YBA, p. 88.
26
LMM, Mar. 13, 1928, SJ 3, p. 365.
27
LMM to PM, Oct. 6, 1890, in Bolger, YBA, p. 91.
28
LMM to PM, Dec. 2, 1890, in Bolger, YBA, p. 101.
29
LMM, Oct. 20, 1936, sj 5, p. 106; also she regrets her statement in which she claimed she hated Nate Lockhart.
30
LMM, “The ‘Teen-Age Girl,” The Chatelaine (Mar. 1931), reprinted in Quaile, L. M. Montgomery, p. 162.
31
Quoted in Cavert, “Nora, Maud, and Isabel,” ILLMM, p. 109.
32
LMM, “In Lovers Lane,” The Delineator (July 1903), pp. 16. The spelling of Lovers’ Lane is inconsistent with a shift from plural to singular and back. Anne specifies that her Lover’s (singular) Lane is not for pairs of lovers, but even within the novel the spelling is inconsistent.
33
LMM, Aug. 2, 1931, sj 4, p. 145—46. For more details, see Irene Gammel, “Mirror Looks: The Visual and Performative Diaries of L. M. Montgomery, Baroness Elsa and Elvira Bach,” Interfaces: Women, Autobiography, Image, Performance, ed. Sidonie Smith and Julia Watson (Ann Arbor: Michigan UP, 2003), pp. 293—98.
34
LMM, Oct. 24, 1904, Uj 2, pp. 326—27; both photos on p. 327.
35
Emma E. Walker, M. D., “Pretty Girl Papers: iv: Crushes Among Girls,” The Ladies’ Home Journal (Jan. 1904).
36
LMM to FEC, Mar. 24, 1907, SJ 5, p. 154.
37
AGG, ch. 15, p. 107.
Chapter 7
1
AGG, ch. 12, p. 87.
2
AGG, ch. 12, p. 87.
3
LMM, Apr. 8, 1902, Uj, p. 239.
4
“What Month Were You Born?” Modern Women (June 1905), p. 23; AGG, ch. 12, p. 88.
5
Temma F. Berg, “Sisterhood is Fearful: Female Friendship in L. M. Montgomery,” HT, p. 39. For mythological readings, see Elizabeth Waterston, Kindling Spirit: Lucy Maud Montgomery’s ‘Anne of Green Gables’ (Toronto: ECW Press, 1993), p. 43, and Margaret Anne Doody “Introduction,” AAGG, pp. 25—27.
6
Marah Gubar, “‘Where Is the Boy?‘: The Pleasures of Postponement in the Anne of Green Gables Series,” The Lion and the Unicorn 25.1 (2001), pp. 47—69; Cecily Devereux, “Anatomy of a ‘National Icon’: Anne of Green Gables and the ‘Bosom Friends’ Affair,” MA, pp. 32—42; and Laura Robinson, “Bosom Friends: Lesbian Desire in L. M. Montgomery’s Anne Books,” Canadian Literature 180 (Spring 2004), pp. 12—28.
7
J. Adams, “The Full Lucy,” The Globe and Mail (Jan. 17, 2004), p. R1.
8
LMM, Feb. 11, 1932, SJ 4, p. 166.
9
AGG, ch. 15, p. 108.
10
D. Davidson, “Forest Trails in the White Mountains,” The Booklovers Magazine 4.4 (Oct. 1904), pp. 479—82. LMM mistakenly identifies the photo as coming from the Outing magazine, Jan. 27, 1911, SJ 2, p. 42.
11
AGG, ch. 15, p. 106.
12
LMM to EW, Oct. 8, 1906, GGL, p. 46.
13
LMM, Aug. 1, 1892, UJ 1, p. 184. A truncated summary of her adventures with the Nelson boys appears in AP, pp. 28—33.
14
LMM, Aug. 1, 1892, Uj 1, pp. 176—77.
15
Gertrude Bartlett, “A Pagan’s Prayer,” Ainslee’s Magazine (Nov. 1902), p. 87; LMM’S poem “Harbor Sunset,” Ainslee’s Magazine (Jan. 1902), p. 490, had appeared a few months earlier. See also Bartlett’s “Song of Diana,” The Metropolitan (Feb. 1903), p. 174; and Marie Frances Upton, “Diana,” Godey’s Lady’s Book (Aug. 1893), p. 222.
16
AGG, ch. 2, p. 21.
17
Review of Margaret Oliphant’s Diana, Godey’s Lady’s Book (July—Dec. 1892), p. 521. See Faderman, Surpassing the Love of Men, pp. 162—63, pp. 166—67, for further details on the Diana figure in literature.
18
LMM, Feb. 7, 1919, SJ 2, p. 303. Once again, LMM’s dates are unreliable. Born on February 22, 1883, Frede was in fact closer to eight years younger, not nine as indicated in LMM’s account. Also, LMM recalled that Frede arrived in Stanley in 1905, but FEC writes that it was 1904; it was “two and a half years ago,” she writes in her March 24, 1907, letter, transcribed by LMM on Apr. 5, 1937, SJ 5, p. 154.
19
LMM, Feb. 7, 1919, SJ 2, p. 303.
20
LMM, Feb. 7, 1919, Sj 2, pp. 303—4.
21
FEC to LMM, Mar. 25, 1917, copied into LMM’S journal Apr. 5, 1937, SJ 5, p. 158.
22
LMM, Feb. 7, 1919, SJ 2, p. 304; AGG, ch. 30, p. 244. See Margaret Atwood’s discussion of the phrase as an example of Maritime women’s self-reliance, in “Revisiting Anne,” LMMCC, p. 224; see also Carole Gerson, “‘Fitted to Earn Her Own Living’: Figures of the New Woman in the Writing of L. M. Montgomery,” Children’s Voices in Atlantic Literature and Culture (Guelph, ON: Canadian Children’s Press, 1995), pp. 24—34.
23
LMM, Apr. 11, 1915, SJ 2, p. 163.
24
Franklin B. Wiley, “The Court of Last Resort,” The Ladies Home Journal (May 1905), p. 19.
25
LMM, “The Promise of Lucy Ellen,” The Delineator (Feb. 1904), reprinted in The Doctor’s Sweetheart and Other Stories, ed. Catherine McLay (1979; Toronto: Bantam-Seal, 1993), p. 58.
26
LMM, “The Promise of Lucy Ellen,” pp. 61—62.
27
LMM, “The Promise of Lucy Ellen,” p. 62.
28
LMM, “The Promise of Lucy Ellen,” p. 64, p. 66.
29
AGG, ch. 15, p. 119.
30
AGG, ch. 30, p. 240.
31
LMM, Jan. 7, 1910, SJ I, p. 385.
32
LMM, July 10, 1898, SJ 1, p. 224.
33
LMM, May 24, 1917, SJ 2, p. 217.
34
LMM, Feb. 7, 1919, SJ 2, p. 294.
35
LMM, Feb. 7, 1919, SJ 2, p. 301.
36
LMM, Mar. 23, 1919, SJ 2, p. 311; Feb. 7, 1919, Sj 2, p. 306.
Chapter 8
1
AGG, ch. 15, p. III.
2
See also Elizabeth Waterston, “Marigold and the Magic of Memory,” in HT, pp. 155—66.
3
LMM, “To My Enemy,” The Smart Set (Jan. 1902), p. 92. The poem is reprinted in SJ 5, p. 234, although LMM misidentifies the periodical in which it was published as The Delineator.
4
LMM to GBM, Dec. 3, 1905, MDMM, p. 18. See also Harold H. Simpson, Cavendish: Its History, Its People (1973), typescript, PEIPA.
5
See LMM, Feb. 2, 1897, SJ 1, p. 179.
6
Allison Johnson interviewed by Maria O‘Brien (on behalf of the author), Belmont, Oct. 2003. Allison Johnson is the nephew of Ed Simpson, Maud’s one-time fiance. See also W. I. Belmont, The History of Belmont, typescript, PEIPA.
7
Ruth Johnson (1909—), Interviewed by Maria O’Brien (on behalf of the author), Summerside, PEI, Oct. 2003.
8
LMM, Feb. II, 1932, SJ 4, p. 168.
9
“Minute Book: Cavendish Literary Society” (Feb. 1886—Jan. 7, 1924), PEIPA. The Cavendish Literary Society was organized with its own constitution and bylaws.
10
My emphasis; Minute book, Dec. 18, 1908, p. 135.
11
Minute book, Mar. 27, 1890, p. 33; Arthur Simpson was President of the Literary in 1901, 1904, 1905, 1906.
12
Minute book, Feb. 5, 1891, p. 41.
13
Minute book, Jan. 20, 1893, p. 54.
14
LMM, Dec. 4, 1891, SJ 1, p. 70.
15
George Woodside Simpson (1858–1906). Minute book, Nov. 2, 1906, p. 121. For his photo and the funeral notice, see LMM Scrapbook CM 67.5.12, p. 52, CCAG,
16
Minute book, Nov. 27, 1889, p. 27; LMM, Nov. 23, 1889, SJ 1, pp. 4–5, p. 395; Clemmie Macneill was Maud’s foe and inspiration for Josie Pye; see SJ 1, p. 2.
17
AGG, ch. 33, p. 273.
18
LMM Scrapbook CM 67.5.12, p. 54, CCAG; see also LMM, Dec. 24, 1890, SJ 1, p. 37 about her recitation and tableau “The Five Foolish Virgins” in Prince Albert. As a minister’s wife in Ontario, LMM was involved in numerous community performance projects.
19
Minute book, Feb. 3, 1899, p. 81.
20
LMM, May 21, 1892, UJ 1, p. 165.
21
LMM, “Aunt Susanna’s Birthday Celebration,” New Idea Woman’s Magazine (Feb. 1905), 30; reprinted in Across the Miles, ed. Wilmshurst, p. 157.
22
AGG, ch. 15, p. 110.
23
AGG, ch. 15, p. 108.
24
LMM, Aug. 6, 1905, p. 369.
25
LMM, SJ 1, p. 17, p. 20. See also Mary Beth Cavert, “Whatever Happened to Nate Lockhart?” Kindred Spirits (Dec. 2005) for his biography.
26
Nathan Lockhart (1875–1954) is first listed with a recitation on Apr. 6, 1888, p. 19, that is, a full 20 months before Maud’s first recital in Nov. 1889; in fact, Nate appears to have had a hand in introducing Maud to the Literary Society; Minute book, Nov 1, 1889, p. 27.
27
AGG, ch. 30, p. 246.
28
LMM, Feb. 17, 1890, SJ 1, p. 15.
29
In Oct. 1889, Mr. Nathan Lockhart was elected “Librarian” of the Literary Society, but it wasn’t until Dec. 1903, long after Nate left, that Maud was appointed to the Society’s Book Committee, giving her influence over which books were purchased.
30
LMM, Feb. 18, SJ 1, p. 16.
31
Nate Lockhart photo, Vaughan Memorial Library, Acadia University. Nate married school teacher and Dalhousie University graduate Mabel Celeste in North Sydney, Nova Scotia, on Feb. 6, 1906; LMM scrapbooks, Red Album, CM 675.12, p. 45, CCAG.
32
LMM, Aug. 6, 1905, UJ 2, p. 369, p. 370, p. 371.
33
LMM, Mar. 26, 1892, SJ 1, p. 78. Edwin (Ed) Simpson (1872–1955).
34
Arnold Barrett (Edwin Simpson’s grandnephew), interviewed by Maria O’Brien (on behalf of the author), Belmont, Sept. 2003.
35
LMM, June 30, 1897, SJ 1, p. 189; for a more detailed discussion, see also Irene Gammel, “‘I loved Herman Leard Madly’: L. M. Montgomery’s Confession of Desire,” ILLMM, pup. 129–53.
36
Alice Munro, “Afterword,” ENM, p. 358.
37
For studies of the feminist dimensions of AGG, see Gabriella Åhmansson, A Life and Its Mirrors: A Feminist Reading of L. M. Montgomery’s Fiction (Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell, 1991); and K. L. Poe, “The Whole of the Moon: L. M. Montgomery’s Anne of Green Gables Series,” Nancy Drew and Company: Culture, Gender, and Girls’ Series, ed. Sherrie A. Inness (Bowling Green, OH: Bowling Green State University Popular Press, 1997).
38
Mollie Gillen, The Wheel of Things: A Biography of L. M. Montgomery, Author of Anne of Green Gables (Toronto: Fitzhenry and Whiteside, 1975), p. 88.
Chapter 9
1
AGG, ch. 18, p. 140.
2
Jennie Rubio, “‘Strewn with Dead Bodies’: Women and Gossip in Anne of Ingleside,” HT, p. 174.
3
Mary Rubio, Introduction, HT, p. 6; see also Rubio, “Anne of Green Gables: The Architect of Adolescence,” SSLT, pp. 65–82.
4
AGG, ch. 9, pp. 64–65.
5
Compare this scene with Sophie Gates Kerr’s “A Daughter of Maryland,” The Ladies World (Oct. 1902), pp. 4–5; The Ladies World is a New York magazine in which LMM published her poem “The Violet’s Spell” in Sept./Oct. 1893. The wording is remarkably close to AGG, although we have no evidence that LMM owned this particular issue. The story of Anne Winter is set in Annapolis in 1774. Anne Winter, “a slender maid with flashing eyes,” defends her father, an empire loyalist, against the patriots.
“Hush!” cried Anne, “don’t you dare say another word against father! I’ll never forgive you, Jack Fairfax, never. Don’t you ever speak to me again as long as you live, never. I despise you!” Emphasizing her anger with her stamp of her foot, Anne turned and fairly ran into her own door … . Anne rushed blindly up-stairs and into her own room, there to fling herself upon the spotless canopied bed and sob heavily for the evil times that had befallen … . by five o’clock Anne was herself again … . With head held very high, she came downstairs … (p. 4).
By means of a clever trick—putting pepper in the steaming tea kettle—she is able to disperse the mob of patriots who have come to the house to confiscate the tea. Although Anne Winter is a young woman confronting a political mob, while Anne Shirley confronts Mrs. Rachel Lynde, the scene is similar in wording and impact. Both girls tackle a formidable foe and emerge victorious, taking wicked delight in their actions. Maud would have been interested in the story because of the Empire Loyalist connection; some of her own relatives were Empire Loyalists and their stories are told in her novel The Story Girl.
6
Genevieve Wiggins, L. M. Montgomery (New York: Twayne, 1992), p. 26. See also Frank Davey, “The Hard-Won Power of Canadian Womanhood: Reading Anne of Green Gables Today,” LMMCC, pp. 163–82.
7
Yoshiko Akamatsu, “Japanese Readings of Anne of Green Gables,” LMMCC, pp. 201–12.
8
Mrs. Theodore W Birney, “Childhood: A Chapter on Manners,” The Delineator (Jan. 1904), p. 129, p. 130, NYPL. LMM owed this issue from which she clipped Clinton Scollard’s “Winter in Lovers’ Lane” for her scrapbook.
9
See Cecily Devereux, “‘not one of those dreadful new women’: Anne Shirley and the Culture of Imperial Motherhood,” Windows and Words: A Look at Canadian Children’s Literature in English, ed. Aïda Hudson and Susan-Ann Cooper (Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, 2003), pp. 119–30; and Erika Rothwell, “Knitting Up the World: L. M. Montgomery and Maternal Feminism,” LMMCC, pp. 133–44.
10
Mrs. Theodore W Birney, “Childhood,” The Delineator (June 1904), p. 1076, NYPL. Mrs. Birney’s column counseled parents on proper discipline for children: Children exhibiting excitable or nervous sensibility “are those most frequently in need of discipline; that is, according to a superficial view of the matter.” These children are full of nervous energy and mothers should be “cognizant of the danger signals which in most cases precede an outburst of temper, and the wise and just mother is she who will, through exercise and patience, prevent such outbursts” (p. 1074).
11
AGG, ch. 10, p. 73.
12
LMM, Dec. 24, 1895, sJ 1, p. 151.
13
LMM, Mar. 7, 1892, UJ 1, p. 156; and Apr. 8, 1898, SJ 1, p. 209.
14
LMM, Jan. 7, 1910, sJ I, pp. 383–84. See also AP, pp. 13–16.
15
LMM, May 3, 1908, UJ 2, p. 453.
16
LMM. July 1, 1894, UJ I, p. 301.
17
LMM, Feb. 17, 1893, UJ 1, p. 202. Lucy (Lu) Macneill was her cousin and friend and neighbor, the daughter of Uncle John Macneill.
18
LMM, May 18, 1892, UJ 1, p. 165.
19
LMM and Nora Lefurgey, ILLMM, p. 35; for more details, see Jennifer Litster, “The ‘Secret’ Diary of Maud Montgomery, Aged 28¼,” ILLMM, pp. 88–105.
20
AGG, ch. 2, p. 15.
21
Like George W. Simpson, LMM was often listed as the Secretary, as well as being a member of the entertainment, newsletter and book committees. When Maud did speak up she depended upon a carefully prepared text. In Mar. 1905, she gave a paper on Elizabeth Barrett Browning—Arthur Simpson being one of the respondents (Minute book, Mar. 3, 1905, p. 112), but complained in her journal that it was a waste of time and “gray matter.” By this time the Literary had perhaps outlived its function as a training ground for the writer (Mar. 11, 1905, SJ 1, p. 305).
22
Minute book, Dec. 14, 1894, p. 63. While Maud (being in Bideford) would have missed this particular discussion, she was present for others. Minute book, Apr. 1, and Apr. 15, 1892, pp. 49–50.
23
Minute book, Mar. 19, 1886, p. 5.
24
Minute book, Nov. 17, 1899, p. 87.
25
Minute book, Mar. 1, 1901, p. 95.
26
Minute book, Nov. 15, 1901, p. 97.
27
Minute book, Nov. 15, 1907, p. 128.
28
Italian, AGG, ch. 27, p. 217; German Jew, AGG, ch. 27, p. 217; Irish, AGG, ch. 1, pp. 3–4 (the joke refers to the stereotype of the crime-prone Irishman).
29
AGG, ch. 1, p. 6.
30
Rev. R. Murray, “Prince Edward Island,” The Easternmost Ridge of the Continent, ed. George Munro Grant (Chicago: Alexander Belford, 1899), p. 131. See Gavin White, “L.M. Montgomery and the French,” CCL 78 (1995), pp. 65–68.
31
LMM, Jan. 7, 1910, SJ I, p. 386.
32
Ram’s Horn (Mar. 14, 1903), p. 9; this issue also featured an ad for A Book of Fact warning against the “subtle perils of modern dance” (p. 16), and ads for sex education books by Puritan Publishing (p. 17). Maud read these issues (NL, ILLMM, p. 60), and published poems and short stories in Ram’s Horn in March and May.
33
Minute book, Nov. 21, 1890, p. 37, p. 42.
34
Minute book, Feb. 20, 1891, p. 42.
35
Gerald Hallowell, “Prohibition,” The Canadian Encyclopedia, http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com; see also AAGG, p. 186, n. 9. Quebec was overwhelmingly anti-prohibition, resulting in the failure of federal Prohibition legislation.
36
On wine making, see LMM. Dec. 16, 1922; SJ 3, pp. 105—6; Ewan’s mood apparently improved after a glass of wine. On enjoying wine during Boston visit, see LMM, Nov. 29, 1910, SJ 2, p. 30.
37
Cecily Devereux, “Introduction,” Anne of Green Gables (Peterborough: Broadview, 2004), p. 19.
38
Helen M. Winslow, “Women as After-Dinner Speakers,” The Delineator (Mar. 1905), p. 514. See also Mary Henley Rubio, “L.M. Montgomery: Scottish-Presbyterian Agency in Canadian Culture,” LMMCC, pp. 89–105. Oral speech was cultivated in Presbyterian culture and poor oration considered a serious shortcoming. LMM puts the most partisan remarks in the mouths of those already flagged as comical characters, allowing LMM to make irreverent comments (p. 94).
39
LMM, Mar. 25, 1894, UJ I, p. 264.
40
LMM, Aug. 13, 1894, UJ I, p. 316.
41
LMM, May 1, 1893, UJ 1, p. 208.
42
Walter King, “When Night Comes,” The Sunday School Advocate (Jan. 7, 1905), p. 3; Walter King, “Childhood as Portrayed in Art,” The Sunday School Advocate (Jan. 14, 1905). p. 11; and “Now I Lay Me,” The Sunday School Advocate (June 10, 1905), p. 181, NYPL. The child’s bedtime prayer is also listed in the 1784 edition of The New England Primer; AAGG, p. 99, n. 3.
43
“Now I lay me down to sleep,” illustration, Ram’s Horn (Jan. 10, 1903), p. 3, NYPL.
44
LMM, Oct. 12, 1906, SJ 1, p. 321.
45
LMM, Aug. 6, 1905, UJ 2, p. 368.
46
Minute book, Jan. 29, 1904, p. 106; Mar. 17. 1905, p. 13.
47
LMM to EW, Apr. 8, 1906, GGL, p. 38.
48
AGG, ch. 21, p. 171.
49
LMM, ILLMM, p. 81.
50
AGG, ch. 21, p. 171. LMM, ILLMM, p. 77.
51
AAG, ch. 21, p. 176.
52
See AGG, ed. Cecily Devereux, p. 345. LMM had used the episode in earlier stories including “A New Fashioned Flavoring,” Golden Days for Boys and Girls (Aug. 27, 1898), pp. 641–42, reprinted in AGG, ed. Devereux, pp. 344–64; other variants are also reprinted here.
53
AGG, ch. 21, p. 171.
54
LMM, Sept. 27, 1913, SJ 2, p. 133.
Chapter 10
1
AP, p. 72.
2
LMM to GBM, Aug. 23, 1905, MDMM, pp. 11–12.
3
Diana Fuss, The Sense of an Interior: Four Writers and the Rooms that Shaped Them (New York: Routledge, 2004), pp. 17–18.
4
AGG, ch. 1, p. 3. For research on the history of the Macneill homestead, see James de Jonge, “Through the Eyes of Memory: L. M. Montgomery’s Cavendish,” MA, pp. 252–67. See A. Edward Powell’s 2003 scaled model of the homestead, Robertson Library, UPEI.
5
FEC to LMM, Mar. 25, 1917, SJ 5, p. 158; see also LMM, Sept. 27, 1913, SJ 2, p. 127.
6
AGG, ch. 1, p. 4.
7
LMM, Photo of Grandma Lucy Macneill holding Edith Macneill (Box I: XZI MS A097012 # 72), ca. 1900, UGA.
8
Donna J. Campbell has researched the dimensions of the different rooms in the homestead and indicates that the kitchen measures 18 feet and 6 inches by 16 feet. Donna J. Campbell, interviewed by Irene Gammel, Ryerson University, Toronto, 2006.
9
LMM, Apr. 30, 1904, uj 2, p. 314.
10
See LMM, July 16,1925, sj 3, p. 239.
11
LMM, Apr. 30, 1904, UJ 2, p. 313, p. 314. See also Laura Higgins, “Snapshot Portraits: Finding Montgomery in her ‘Dear Den,”’ HT, pp. 101—12. When LMM recopied her journals and added the many snapshots of her den in 1919, she had lost all privacy in her life as a famous writer, a wife, and a mother of two.
12
LMM, June 7, 1900, SJ I, p. 251.
13
LMM, Photo of LMM’S old room with bookcase view (# 12), ca. 1895, UGA.
14
LMM, July 3, 1904, UJ 2, p. 321.
15
LMM, July 3, 1904, UJ 2, p. 321. “Haunt of Ancient Peace,” a quotation from Tennyson’s poem “The Palace of Art” (1832), is also the caption for her photograph of the old lane viewed from her den, which accompanies this passage; LMM uses the very same phrase to describe the dreamlike past-sunset atmosphere in Avonlea, AGG, ch. 38, p. 308.
16
LMM, July 8, 1894, uj I, p. 307.
17
LMM, “The Gable Window,” Ladies’Journal (May 1897); reprinted in Higgins, “Snapshot Portraits,” HT, p. 110—11. For a variation of this motif, see LMM’S poems “The Little Gable Window,” The Designer (May 1907), p. 58; and “Down Home,” East and West (May 12, 1917), p. 1; The Ryrie-Campbell Collection, L.M. Montgomery Institute, UPEI.
18
LMM, May 10, 1893, UJ 1, p. 211.
19
AGG, ch. I, p. 4.
20
Susan Glickman, The Picturesque and the Sublime: A Poetics of the Canadian Landscape (Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1998), p. ix.
21
Elizabeth Rollins Epperly, The Fragrance of Sweet-Grass: L.M. Montgomery’s Heroines and the Pursuit of Romance (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1992), pp. 17—38.
22
See Janice Fiamengo, “Towards a Theory of the Popular Landscape in Anne of Green Gables,” MA, pp. 225–37.
23
AGG, ch. 2, p. 18.
24
ENM, ch. 1, p. 15.
25
LMM, Jan. 27, 1911, SJ 2, p. 40.
26
Epperly, Fragrance, p. 32, p. 28.
27
Quoted in Zona Gale, “The Things That Are Real,” The Delineator (Mar. 1905), p. 415. NYPL.
28
Marian C. L. Reeves, “On her Sixth Birthday: A Leap-Year Story,” Godey’s Lady’s Book (Feb. 1892), p. 170. NYPL.
29
LMM to EW, Apr. 5, 1908, GGL, p. 67; see also LMM to EW, Mar. 2, 1908. GGL, p. 61.
30
LMM, Aug. 16, 1907, SJ I, p. 331.
31
LMM, Aug. 4, 1905, UJ 2, pp. 367–68.
32
Bolger, YBA, pp. 84–85.
33
LMM, Apr. 18, 1906, SJ 1, p. 319.
34
LMM, SJ I, p. 310.
35
AGG, ch. 38, p. 304.
36
LMM, SJ I, p. 310.
37
LMM, Jan. 22, 1911, SJ 2, p. 36.
38
AGG, ch. 4, p. 32; LMM, Jan. 22, 1911, SJ 2, p. 37.
39
AGG ch. 27, p. 214.
40
LMM, Jan. 27, 1911, SJ 2, p. 38. For a discussion of the Webb farm, see also De Jonge, “Through the Eyes of Memory,” pp. 254—57.
41
See Alexandra Heilbron’s interview with Keith Webb, who was born in “Green Gables” in 1909, in Remembering Lucy Maud Montgomery (Toronto: Dundurn Press, 2001), p. 42.
42
AHD, ch. 4, p. 20.
43
LMM TO GBM, Aug. 23, 1905, MDMM, p. 13.
44
LMM, Apr. 12, 1903, SJ 1, p. 286. See Dorothy MacKay, “Two Old Houses: A Comparative Study of L. M. Montgomery’s Anne of Green Gables and Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The House of Seven Gables,” Abegweit Review 7.1 (1992), pp. 33—37.
45
AGG, ch. 2, 19.
46
Mattie Sheridan, “The Next Lady of the White House,” Godey’s Lady’s Book 125 (Sept. 1892), p. 369; illustration with caption “Mrs. Grover Cleveland at ‘Gray Gables,’” p. 371.
47
Thelma Loring, Bourne Historical Society, Bourne, MA, interviewed by telephone by Irene Gammel, Oct. 26, 2005.
48
AGG, ch. 4, p. 31.
49
Sheridan, “The Next Lady of the White House,” p. 369.
50
Alice M. Kellogg, “Modern House Building: No. 3—‘High Gables,’” The Delineator (Mar. 1905), pp. 448—49. The High Gables design is by Everitt K. Taylor.
51
AHD, ch. 4, p. 21.
52
AWP, pp. 7—8, all four ellipses in the original text; see also Clarence Karr, Authors and Audiences, pp. 126—27.
53
LMM, Jan. 7, 1910, sJ 1, p. 381.
54
LMM, “In Lovers [sic] Lane,” The Delineator (July 1903), p. 16, NYPL.
55
Clinton Scollard, “Winter in Lovers’ Lane,” The Delineator (Jan. 1904), p. 60, NYPL. A clipping of the poem (without magazine reference) and a red maple leaf underneath are found in LMM Scrapbook, CM 67.5.12. p. 40, CCAG.
56
AGG, ch. 20, p. 161.
57
AGG, ch. 15, p. 105.
58
LMM, Jan. 27, 1911, SJ 2, p. 42.
59
AGG, ch. 15, p. 105. The title Lover’s Lane had been circulating widely in popular culture, as seen, for instance, in the popular Broadway musical Lovers Lane—A Pastoral Comedy (February to May 1901), a light romantic comedy written by dramatist Clyde Fitch performed in the Manhattan Theater (and turned into a silent movie in 1924).
60
LMM, Dec. 11, 1910, SJ 2, p. 34.
61
LMM to GBM, Aug. 23, 1905, MDMM, p. 13.
62
Rev. Robert Murray, “Prince Edward Island,” The Easternmost Ridge of the Continent, ed. George Munro Grant with wood-engravings from original drawings by others. (Chicago: Alexander Belford & Co., 1899), p. 128.
63
LMM quoted in Maude Petitt Hill, “The Best Known Woman in Prince Edward Island. Part II: L. M. Montgomery, After Her First Success,” The Chatelaine (June 1928) reprinted in Alexandra Heilbron, Remembering Lucy Maud Montgomery, p. 222.
64
Marian C. L. Reeves, “On her Sixth Birthday. A Leap Year Story,” Godey’s Lady’s Book (Feb. 1892), p. 169.
65
“Old Home Carnival Program,” The Daily Examiner (May 16, 1905), front page. See also “The Celebration of Old Home Week Begins,” Charlottetown Guardian (July 25, 1905); “Old Home Week Celebration,” Charlottetown Guardian (July 26, 1905); and Boyde Beck and Edward Macdonald, Everyday & Extraordinary: Almanac of the History of Prince Edward Island (Charlottetown: PEI Museum and Heritage Foundation, 1999), p. 80.
66
AGG, ch. 29, p. 232, p. 234, p. 235. According to the article “What is an Exhibition for?” Charlottetown Guardian (Sept. 6, 1905), the purpose of the Exhibition was to showcase the improvements made in farm stock and produce, to allow local farmers to sell at better prices than they could obtain elsewhere, and to provide amusement for the men and women tired of monotonous farm work. Farmers could attend “the races, acrobatics, trapeze, herizonital [sic] bar and gymnastic amusements.”
67
AGG, ch. 29, p. 238.
68
AGG, ch. 33, p. 276. Similar to Anne’s rootedness, so “Maud Cavendish” was the proud moniker Maud had used to sign her early stories, and “Cavendish, PEI” graced the top of almost every entry in her journal following the date, locating identity in landscape.
69
Shauna McCabe, “Representing Islandness: Myth, Memory, and Modernisation in Prince Edward Island,” PhD Dissertation, University of British Columbia, 2001, p. 135. McCabe also notes, “It is through memory that continuity and change may converge, for memory is at once a mark of transience and a trace of inherited worlds” (p. 109).
70
Beck and McDonald, Everyday and Extraordinary, p. 74.
71
AGG, ch. 29, p. 231.
72
AGG, ch. 33, p. 274.
73
AGG, ch, 18. p. 145.
74
LMM, Aug. 11, 1890, SJI p. 25, p. 26.
75
The speech is paraphrased in “The day Sir John A. came to Summerside,” The Journal-Pioneer (Aug. 14, 1890), reprinted in a special heritage edition on Aug. 14, 1992. For LMM’S impressions of the events, see Aug. 11, 1890, SJ 1, pp. 25—26.
76
AGG, ch. 1, p. 6. Owen Dudley Edwards and Jennifer Litster, “The End of Canadian Innocence: L. M. Montgomery and the First World War,” LMMCC, p. 31, express their surprise at Marilla’s insistence for “a born Canadian,” given that the novel is set in the general period soon after PEI reluctantly became part of the Confederation in 1873.
77
AGG, ch. 18, p. 140 (chapter 18, embedded in the center of the novel, contains numerous references to Canada); see also ch. 15, p. 107 and ch. 30, p. 241 for references to studying Canadian history.
78
Janice Fiamengo, “Towards a Theory of the Popular Landscape in Anne of Green Gables,” MA, p. 234, p. 235.
79
LMM, Oct. 15, 1905, UJ 2, p. 375.
80
LMM, Oct. 15, 1905, UJ 2, p. 374, p. 375.
81
LMM, Oct. 15, 1905, UJ 2, p. 375.
Chapter 11
1
AGG, ch. 2, p. 17.
2
Carole Gerson, “L. M. Montgomery and the Conflictedness of a Woman Writer,” Storm and Dissonance: L. M. Montgomery and Conflict, ed. Jean Mitchell (Newcastle, UK: Cambridge Scholars Press, 2008, 67—80).
3
Frank Davey, Reading “Kim” Right (Vancouver: Talonbooks, 1993), p. 17; and Davey, “The Hard-Won Power of Canadian Womanhood,” LMMCC, pp. 163—82.
4
Eliza Haweis, The Art of Beauty and the Art of Dress (1878; New York: Garland, 1978), p. 17.
5
Haweis, Art of Beauty, p. 274.
6
Haweis, Art of Beauty, pp. 190—91.
7
Daily Examiner, October 13, 1882. On Nov. 30, 2000. the centennial anniversary of Wilde’s death, Catherine Hennessey of Charlottetown commemorated Oscar Wilde’s visit to Charlottetown with an article; http://www.catherinehennessey.com/onestory.php3?number=83.
8
LMM, “Is this My Anne?,” The Chatelaine (Jan. 1935), reprinted in Quaile, L.M. Montgomery, p. 172.
9
LMM, Jan. 7, 1910, SJ 1, p. 372.
10
LMM, May 6, 1903, ILLMM, p. 72.
11
LMM, June 24, 1895, SJ 1, p. 140.
12
Emilie Ferguson, “The History and Hygiene of the Hair,” Modern Women (October 1905), p. 139; AGG, ch. 33, p. 275.
13
AGG, ch. 9, p. 66.
14
“Red Hair and Genius,” The World [New York] (Mar. 17, 1901).
15
AGG, ch. 27, p. 217.
16
LMM, Jan. 27, 1911, SJ 2, p. 44.
17
AGG, ch. 1, p. 5.
18
Advertisement for Hall’s Vegetable Sicilian Hair Renewer, Modern Women (June 1905), p. 22. An advertisement for the same product, in another issue (Modern Women [August 1905], p. 84) described the dye: “It is the guardian of youth, the key to beauty. It is safe, sure, reliable.”
19
LMM, Oct. 14, 1927, SJ 3, p. 355. See also SJ 2, p. 44: A Cavendish girl dyed her red hair black after the novel was written but before it was published, so everybody assumed LMM had copied the incident for her book.
20
Eleanor Rogers, M. D., “Freckles ‘And Such,’” The Delineator (Jan. 1905), p. 138.
21
AGG, ch. 2, p. 17.
22
AGG, ch. 26, p. 210.
23
AGG, ch. 22, p. 181.
24
Ann F. Howey, “‘She look’d down to Camelot’: Anne Shirley, Sullivan, and the Lady of Shalott,” MA, p. 160.
25
Gustav Kobbé, “The Stage and the Second Self,” The Delineator (Apr. 1905), p. 611.
26
Gustav Kobbé, “The Stage and the Second Self,” p. 610.
27
Gustav Kobbé, “The Stage and the Second Self,” p. 608.
28
Gustav Kobbé, “The Stage and the Second Self,” p. 612.
29
Corinne Parker, “The Tribulations of a Stage Debutante,” The Metropolitan (Sept. 1903), pp. 785—92. Parker writes that she is recounting the typical story of hundreds of young girls who arrive in New York, seeking a foothold on the metropolitan stage. Interestingly, the full-page photograph of Corinne Parker is by Rudolf Eickemeyer, Jr. (p. 787).
30
LMM, July 30, 1905, SJ 1, p. 309.
31
AA, ch. 5, p. 35.
32
“Ladies’ Jackets; Sleeves, etc.” The Delineator (Feb. 1905), p. 203.
33
Priscilla Wakefield, “A Girl’s Personal Appearance and Dress,” The Delineator (Jan. 1905), p. 164. Coincidentally, on the opposite page is an advertisement for the cover girl poster that would eventually become the cover for Anne of Green Gables.
34
AGG ch. 15, p. 196.
35
Charles Battell Loomis, “Man’s Humiliation,” Modern Women (Aug. 1905), p. 71.
36
Alison Matthews David, interviewed by Irene Gammel, June 6, 2007, Ryerson University, Toronto.
37
Mrs. Osborn, “Fashions in New York,” The Delineator (Jan. 1904), pp. 12—13.
38
AGG, ch. 19, p. 153.
39
Alison Matthews David, interviewed by Irene Gammel, June 6, 2007, Ryerson University, Toronto.
40
AGG, ch. 33, p. 266, p. 268.
41
AGG, ch. 33, p. 269.
42
“Weddings and Brides,” Modern Women (June 1905), p. 22; this issue also featured LMM’S own story “By the Grace of Sarah Maud.”
43
LMM, Jan. 27, 1911, SJ 2, p. 42.
44
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, “Maidenhood,” The Household (June 1901), p. 9. The following quotations from “Maidenhood” are all from p. 9.
45
W L. Taylor, “Maidenhood,” The Ladies Home Journal (Nov. 1904), p. 3. Interestingly, the 1892 edition of Susan Warner’s 1852 classic The Wide Wide World (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Company, 1892) also features a snippet of the “Maidenhood” poem, “Bear a lily in thy hand” on the frontispiece.
46
AGG, ch. 31, p. 255.
47
AGG, Ch. 30, p. 247.
48
Quoted in Carrie MacLellan, “Listening to the Music in Anne of Green Gables: The Musical,” MA, p. 220.
Chapter 12
1
AGG, ch. 38, p. 310.
2
LMM, Nov. 8, 1905, UJ 2, p. 376.
3
“Translation of Dr. William R. Clark” (Obituary Tribute), Zion’s Herald (June 21, 1905), p. 775; Margaret E. Sangster, “Live in the Sunshine,” Zion’s Herald (June 21, 1905), p. 781.
4
LMM, Nov. 8, 1905, UJ 2, p. 377.
5
AGG, ch. 37, p. 296.
6
AGG, ch. 37, p. 297.
7
LMM, Jan. 27, 1911, SJ 2, p. 44.
8
Minute Book, Mar. 30, 1905, p. 120, Cavendish Literary Society, PEIPA.
9
R. L. Otley, Christian Ideas and Ideals: An Outline of Christian Ethical Theory (London: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1909), pp. 9—10.
10
Ella Higginson, “One o’ Them Still, Stubborn Kinds,” The Ladies’ Home Journal (June 1897), p. 4; all quotations are from this page. LMM notes on Feb. 13, 1922 (SJ 3, p. 39) that “for twenty-five years” she had been trying to get into The Ladies’ Home Journal, confirming that her interest began around 1897 when Higginson’s story was published. Compare the wording of Mrs. Ewens’ line after having upset her daughter, “I wish I hadn’t twitted her about her stories” with Marilla’s line to Mrs. Lynde, “You shouldn’t have twitted her about her looks” (AGG, ch. 9, p. 66)—in each case describing the heroine’s sensitivity and temper aroused by adults’ insensitive comments. Mrs. Ewens refers to Mindwell as “one o’ them still, stubborn kinds,” while Mrs. Lynde describes Anne as “obstinate as a mule” (AGG, ch. 38, p. 305). Mindwell “saw the long, lonely year stretching drearily before her mother” just as Anne is touched to the quick by Marilla’s dejected attitude.
11
LMM replayed Higginson’s story “One o’ Them Still, Stubborn Kinds” as a template in “Jane Lavinia” (Zion’s Herald, Boston [Sept. 26, 1906], pp. 1230—32, NYPL), the story of the aspiring visual artist who has the opportunity to work and study in New York; Jane Lavinia gratefully accepts the offer of an education and then changes her mind when she overhears her Aunt Rebecca’s lament and discovers she is loved and needed at home. The internal conflict is immediately resolved in favor of home, necessitating a “sacrifice” on the part of the heroine.
12
AGG, ch. 38, pp. 304—5.
13
AGG, ch. 38, p. 305.
14
AGG ch. 38, p. 306.
15
AGG, ch. 37, pp. 297—98; LMM to GBM, May 4, 1911, MDMM, p. 55.
16
Margaret Atwood, “Revisiting Anne,” LMMCC, p. 226; see also Margaret Anne Doody, Introduction, AAGG, p. 21, who writes that “the real ‘love story’ of the novel” is the difficult one between Anne and Marilla.
17
Janice A. Radway, Reading the Romance: Women, Patriarchy, and Popular Literature (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1984), p. 89.
18
Quoted in Kristin Ramsdell, Romance Fiction: A Guide to the Genre (Englewood, CO: Libraries Unlimited, Inc., 1999), p. 17.
19
AGG, ch. 38, p. 308.
20
LMM, July 3, 1904, UJ 2, p. 321.
21
This sentence was added during the revision stage; AGG. ch. 38, p. 305; AGG Manuscript, p. 135, Note N19, CCAG.
22
Scrapbook 67.5.12, page 26, CCAG. Grace Denig Lichfield (1849—1944). Above the poem is the clipping of a vividly colored illustration of a bend in a dirt road with a fence, and trees in reddish foliage, and yellow and blue flowers in the foreground.
23
Theodore F. Sheckels, “Anne in Hollywood: The Americanization of a Canadian Icon,” LMMCC, pp. 183—91. See also Benjamin Lefebvre, “Stand by Your Man: Adapting L. M. Montgomery’s Anne of Green Gables,” Essays on Canadian Writing 76 (Spring 2002), pp. 149—69
24
Carolyn Wells, “A Girl’s Gift to a Girl Graduate,” The Ladies’ Home Journal (June 1903), p. 30. It is interesting to note that the proposed title for this gift book is ‘A Day in June.” Besides the Browning stanza, Shakespeare verses are also popular. See also “THE GIRL GRADUATE: HER OWN BOOK. In which to keep the happy record of her last year in school or college. A book she will always value,” Timely Gift Books Advertisement column, The Publishers’ Weekly (May 2, 1908), p. 1480.
25
LMM, Jan. 1, 1906, SJ 1, p. 317; and Mar. 12, 1920, SJ 2, p. 375.
26
LMM, Mar. 12, 1920, SJ 2, p. 374; Maud misspells her name Pensie. For dates and spelling, see Bolger, YBA, p. 84.
27
AGG, ch. 16, p. 125. In the manuscript, Maud inserted the note Z8 for the addition.
28
LMM, Mar. 2, 1906, UJ 2, p. 390.
29
LMM, Aug. 16, 1907, SJ 1, p. 331. The usual confusion reigns, for in her memoir (AP, p. 72), she notes that she finished the book in October 1905 (presumably meaning that she finished writing the manuscript).
30
See also Marian Gimby Brannan, “Lucy Maud Montgomery,” Twenty Remarkable Women Seen Through Their Handwriting (Little River, CA: Little River Press, 2004), pp. 98—106, for a graphological analysis of one of Maud’s letters.
31
Elizabeth Epperly,“Approaching the Montgomery Manuscripts,” HT, p. 75. See also Epperly, “L.M. Montgomery’s Manuscript Revisions,” Atlantis 20.1 (1995), PP. 149—55.
32
AGG, ch. 2, p. 12. Alfred Bunn (lyrics) and M. W Balfe (music), The Bohemian Girl: Opera, In Three Acts (London: Boosey & Co, 1872), p. 14. In her revisions, LMM added, for instance, the allusion to Hepzibah in Hawthorne’s The House of the Seven Gables (ch. 2). Anne’s own voracious reading is emphasized with literary additions, allowing her show off her book knowledge, as when she muses on the naming of a rose (ch. 5), her naming of herself Lady Cordelia Fitzgerald (a lengthy addition in ch. 8), the explanation for the naming of Willowmere, which is taken from a book Diana lent Anne (ch. 13). LMM also added references to popular literature, citing Josiah Allen’s wife (aka author Marietta Holley); and the Pansy book (ch. 15), from the popular series by Isabella Macdonald Alden (aka Pansy), which LMM had read in childhood. Another addition is Anne’s pseudonym, “Rosamond Montmorency,” under which she writes bad fiction; note that the last name of the pseudonym echoes LMM’S last name, as well as recalling “Mrs. Montmorency Welles,” a member of the “Sappho Society” who is ridiculed as a hopelessly bad writer with pretensions at writing high tragedy in Cornelia Reamond’s story “Dora Merideth’s Engagement,” Godey’s Lady’s Book 721 (July 1890), pp. 17—21.
33
LMM to EW, Sept. 10, 1908, GGL, p. 73.
34
In chapter 1, the steep hill observed by Mrs. Lynde becomes “the steep red [added] hill” (p. 2); “Matthew should have been sowing his [turnip seed] on the big red [added] brook field” (p. 2). See also the list of sample revisions in Mary Henley Rubio and Elizabeth Waterston’s edition of AGG (New York: Norton, 2007), pp. 262—67.
35
AGG, ch. 3, p. 24.
36
AGG, ch. 18, p. 143; ch. 27, p. 217.
37
Another interesting longer addition is Mrs. Lynde’s critical reflections that Marilla dresses Anne in old-fashioned dresses (ch. 25). As if admitting the novel’s debt to the popular magazines, Maud added a sentence describing Anne and Diana studying the rules of the Etiquette Department of the Family Herald (ch. 22).
38
LMM, Aug. 16, 1907, SJ 1, p. 331.
39
“He can write, that fellow [Jack London],” LMM to EW, May 8, 1905, GGL, p. 31.
40
For LMM’S childhood reading of Pansy, see her journal entries of Dec. 14, 1890, SJ 1, p. 37 and Oct. 18, 1900, SJ 1, p. 253; for Wide Awake, and the naming of the cats, Jan 7, 1910, SJ 1, P. 379. Lothrop had also published the novel Five Little Peppers by Margaret Sidney (aka Harriett Lothrop, the publisher’s wife). By July 1900, the company had moved into adult reading; by 1904, it was purchased by Lee and Shepard, the American publisher of Alice in Wonderland.
41
LMM, Aug. 16, 1907, SJ 1, p. 331. She did not submit her novel to Houghton Mifflin, the 1903 publisher of Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm, or to Little Brown, or any of the many other publishers who featured juvenile stories.
42
LMM, Apr. 25, 1910, SJ 2, p. 6.
43
LMM, Aug. 16, 1907, SJ 1, p. 331.
44
Carol Shields, Review, The Globe and Mail, Oct. 3, 1998; reprinted in The Lucy Maud Montgomery Album, compiled by Kevin McCabe, ed. Alexandra Heilbron (Toronto: Fitzhenry and Whiteside, 1999), p. 407.
45
Jerry Griswold, The Classic American Children’s Story: Novels of the Golden Age (New York: Penguin, 1996), viii; and Claudia Nelson, Little Strangers: Portrayals of Adoption and Foster Care in America, 1850—1929 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2003), p. 185, n. 1.
46
LMM, Feb. 25, 1906, UJ 2, p. 389.
47
EW, Dec. 17, 1905, quoted in GGL, p. 37.
48
LMM to EW, Apr. 8, 1906, p. 38.
49
LMM, May 13, 1906, UJ 2, p. 393.
50
LMM, May 13, 1906, UJ 2, p. 394, p. 395.
51
LMM, June 21, 1906, GGL, p. 42.
52
Minute book of the Cavendish Literary Society, Feb. 3, 1906, p. 117, PEIPA.
53
LMM, Oct. 12, 1906, SJ 1, pp. 320—23. LMM’S entry indicates that EM was thirty-four instead of thirty-six years old, suggesting that she retrospectively revised her earlier journal entries. Her biographers Mollie Gillen, The Wheel of Things (Toronto: Fitzhenry and Whiteside, 1975) and Mary Rubio and Elizabeth Waterston, Writing a Life: L. M. Montgomery (Toronto: EWC, 1995) have adopted LMM’S way of misspelling her husband’s name. Rubio and Waterston also note that the page describing Ewan Macdonald was carefully removed from her original journal and a new page carefully inserted (SJ 1, p. xxiv).
54
LMM to GBM, July 29, 1906, MDMM, p. 24.
55
LMM, “The Way of the Winning of Anne,” Springfield Republican (Dec. 10, 1899), p. 18, reprinted in At the Altar: Matrimonial Tales by L. M. Montgomery, ed. Rea Wilmshurst (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1994), pp. 161—72.
56
LMM, Oct. 12, 1906, SJ 1, p. 323.
57
LMM, Oct. 12, 1906, SJ 1, p. 322.
58
LMM, Aug. 19, 1924, SJ 3, p. 200.
59
Maria Gurevich, Psychology Department, Ryerson University, interviewed by Irene Gammel, May 14, 2007.
60
Gubar, “‘Where is the Boy,’” p. 47.
61
LMM, Oct. 7, 1906, SJ 1, p. 319.
62
Ed Simpson, quoted in LMM, Nov. 6, 1906. UJ 2, p. 410.
63
Ed Simpson, quoted in LMM, Nov. 6, 1906, UJ 2, p. 410.
64
Ed Simpson, quoted in LMM, Nov. 6, 1906, UJ 2, p. 410—11.
65
LMM to GBM, Apr. 1, 1907, MDMM, p. 28.
66
LMM to GBM, Apr. 1, 1907, MDMM, p. 30.
67
LMM, Nov. 12, 1906, UJ 2, p. 413.
68
LMM, Mar. 10, 1907, UJ 2, p. 425. LMM’S unpublished journal indicates that the cold spell was in full swing from Feb. 25 to Mar. 9, with storms and delayed mails.
69
LMM, Mar. 10, 1907, UJ 2, p. 426. During the very same time period, the Charlottetown newspapers were reporting on the trial of Harry Thaw, Evelyn Nesbit’s husband, who had killed Stanford White a year earlier; Evelyn Nesbit’s name appeared on the front pages. In sifting through the Charlottetown papers, the reader cannot help be struck by the extent of LMM’s romanticizing of PEI realities. For example, side by side with the Thaw trial account on Apr. 12, 1907, was also the gruesome account of Tennyson Smith aka “King Alcohol” who had been tried in an “exciting trial” the night before in Charlottetown, found guilty “whereupon the judge sentenced the prisoner to death by having his neck broken immediately. A plea for private execution by the prisoner’s counsel was overruled … Then the execution was proceeded with, the executioner breaking the prisoner’s neck.” The assembled multitude applauded the execution (“King Alcohol Found Guilty,” The Guardian, April 12, 1907, front page).
70
Maude Petitt Hill, “The Best Known Woman in Prince Edward Island. Part II: L. M. Montgomery, After Her First Success,” The Chatelaine (June 1928), reprinted in Heilbron, Remembering Lucy Maud Montgomery, p. 222.
71
LMM, Feb. 25, 1907, SJ 1, p. 330.
72
LMM to FEC, Mar. 24, 1907, quoted in full in LMM, Apr. 5, 1937, sJ 5, p. 153.
73
FEC to LMM, Mar. 24, 1907, quoted in full in LMM, Apr. 5, 1937, SJ 5, p. 155.
74
LMM’s behavior is consistent here, as she exhibited the same pattern in her courtship with others. When she was courted by Jack Sutherland during her college year, for instance, LMM and her close friend Mary Campbell built up an elaborate and hugely enjoyable deception scheme, pretending that Jack was courting Mary until the hoax was uncovered; see LMM, Apr. 6, 1894, UJ 1, pp. 268–69.
75
FEC to LMM, Mar. 24, 1907, quoted on Apr. 5, 1937, sJ 5, p. 155.
Chapter 13
1
AGG, ch. 20, p. 163.
2
LMM, Jan. 10, 1914, SJ 2, p. 141. Godey’s Lady’s Book (1830–1898): Founded by Louis A. Godey (1804–1878) of Philadelphia; edited by Sarah J. Hale, who boosted its literary contributions; see Albert H. Hardy “Godey’s, Past and Present,” Godey’s Lady’s Book 125 (1892), pp. 363–68.
3
LMM, Jan. 10, 1914, SJ 2, p. 142.
4
W J. Lampton, “To Anne,” Godey’s Lady’s Book 127 (Oct. 1893), p. 450.
5
W J. Lampton, “No Time for a Joke,” Godey’s Lady’s Book 127 (Oct. 1893), p. 450. AGG, ch. 15, p. 113.
6
M[ary] A[ann] Maitland, “Charity Ann. Founded on Facts,” Godey’s Lady’s Book 124 (Jan. 1892), p. 71. Maitland (1839–1919) was an immigrant from Elgin, Scotland, and lived in the Niagara, Ontario, region, where her husband George, a photographer, owned studios specializing in tinted photographs and cameo pictures. The couple had four girls and a son (George Junior would later join the Toronto Star editorial staff). A devout Baptist, Maitland published secular and religious poetry and stories in Canadian and American magazines, as well as two books of poetry, Autumn Leaves (1907) and God Speed the Truth (1919); see “A Talented Lady,” The St. Mary’s Journal (Ontario) (Mar. 6, 1919) and “Mrs. Maitland Dead at Age 80,” The Stratford Daily Herald (Feb. 25, 1919), AOT.
7
Maitland, “Charity Ann,” p. 71.
8
AGG, ch. 5, p. 39; Kate Douglas Wiggin, Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm (1903; New York: Penguin, 1994), p. 33.
9
Maitland, “Charity Ann,” p. 71; AGG, ch. 5, p. 41. Cf. Wiggin, Rebecca, p. 8: “Hannah and I haven’t done anything but put babies to bed at night”; twins and triplets are discussed on p. 10. It is also interesting to note that fans expected LMM to be the mother of twins, as twins were evidently a convention of this type of literature.
10
Maitland, “Charity Ann,” p. 73.
11
LMM, “The Little Three–Cornered Lot,” Zion’s Herald (July 29, 1903), pp. 954–55; J. L. Harbour, “Lucy Ann,” Zion’s Herald (July 29, 1903), pp. 956–57; the following quotations are all from this source.
12
Several of LMM’S stories collected by Rea Wilmshurst in Akin to Anne: Tales of Other Orphans (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1987) end with the reunion of separated family members including “Why Not Ask Miss Price” (1904), “Millicent’s Double” (1905), “The Fraser Scholarship” (1905), “Her Own People” (1905), “Penelope’s Party Waist” (1904).
13
See LMM, “Charlotte’s Ladies” (1911), reprinted in Akin to Anne, 237–50; like Anne Shirley, Charlotte has difficulties being adopted because of her freckles and mouse–colored hair.
14
For details, see Claudia Nelson, Little Strangers: Portrayals of Adoption and Foster Care in America, 1850–1929 (Bloomington: Indiana UP, 2003), p. 5.
15
AGG, ch. 3, pp. 29–30.
16
Division of Reproductive Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, CDC, “Achievements in Public Health, 1900–1999: Healthier Mothers and Babies,” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 48.38 (Oct. 1, 1999), pp. 849—58.
17
James Whitcomb Riley, “Little Orphant Annie,” The Complete Work of James Whitcomb Riley (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1916), p. 1169. “Little Orphant Annie” inspired Harold Gray’s 1924 comic strip Little Orphan Annie, the 1918 Raggedy Ann Doll (a combination of Little Orphant Annie and Riley’s Raggedy Man); Gray’s Little Orphan Annie became the Broadway musical Annie in 1977.
18
Mary Alice (Allie) Smith (1850—1924).
19
“Among the Newest Books,” The Delineator (Feb. 1904), p. 307; Maud owned a copy of this issue, which also contained her story, “The Promise of Lucy Ellen”; see ch. 2.
20
T. D. MacLulich, “L. M. Montgomery and the Literary Heroine: Jo, Rebecca, Anne, and Emily,” CCL 37 (1985), p. II. The Outlook magazine (Aug. 22, 1908; reprinted in AAGG, p. 487), reviewed the novel by saying that Anne is a “sort of Canadian ‘Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farms,’” but the book is “by no means an imitation; it has plenty of originality and character.”
21
On May 20, 1905 (SJ 1, p. 306), LMM notes rereading Dickens’s Pickwick Papers and David Copperfield.
22
LMM, “By the Grace of Sarah Maud,” with drawings by Maud Tousey, Modern Women (June 1905), pp. 4—5, reprinted in August 1916 in Maclean’s (then a Canadian monthly offering a digest of stories, articles and features). This was story # 213 (Rea Wilmshurst, “L. M. Montgomery’s Short Stories: A Preliminary Bibliography,” CCL 29 [1983], p. 30). LMM indicated to EW (June 28, 1905, GGL, p. 36) that she received $15 for it.
23
LMM, “Sarah Maud,” p. 4.
24
LMM, “Sarah Maud,” p. 5.
25
LMM, “Sarah Maud,” p. 5.
26
LMM, June 27, 1929, sJ 3, p. 398.
27
LMM, “The Bride Roses,” Christian Endeavor World (Oct. 1903); reprinted in LMM, After Many Days, ed. Rea Wilmshurst (Toronto: Bantam, 1992), pp. 13—25.
28
AGG, ch. 5, p. 42.
29
LMM, Aug. 16, 1907, SJ 1, p. 330.
30
AGG, ch. 3, p. 25.
Chapter 14
1
L. C. Page’s advertisement for Anne of Green Gables in the New York book trade journal The Publishers’ Weekly (July 18, 1908), p. 68.
2
My thanks to Donna J. Campbell for a photocopy of this photograph. L. C. Page’s first name is often Americanized as Lewis, but Who’s Who in America spells it consistently as Louis, as does LMM (see editors’ note, LMM, SJ 2, p. 408).
3
LMM, July 30, 1916, SJ 2, p. 187. L.C. Page & Company to LMM, Apr, 8, 1907, UGA.
4
FEC to LMM (“ten-year letter”), Mar. 24, 1907, sJ 5, p. 155.
5
L. C. Page & Company to LMM, Apr. 8, 1907, UGA.
6
Carole Gerson, “Dragged at Anne’s Chariot Wheels,” LMMCC, p. 54.
7
Agreement between L. M. Montgomery and L. C. Page & Company (Inc), Apr. 22, 1907, LAC. The contract further specifies that annual statements are prepared on the first day of each February and payable in March of each year; that she receives 6 complimentary copies of the book and can purchase books at the wholesale price of 40% off.
8
LMM to EW, May 2, 1907, GGL, p. 51, p. 52.
9
LMM, Aug. 16, 1907, sJ I, p. 330—31.
10
LMM, Aug. 16, 1907, sJ I, p. 331.
11
LMM, Oct. 9, 1907, UJ 2, p. 432.
12
LMM, Oct. 9, 1907, sJ I, p. 332.
13
LMM, Nov 3, 1907, UJ 2, p. 434.
14
LMM, Dec. 17, 1907, UJ 2, p. 440.
15
LMM, May 3, 1908, UJ 2, p. 447.
16
LMM to EW, Mar. 2, 1908, GGL, p. 64.
17
LMM to EW, Apr. 5, 1908, GGL, p. 66.
18
LMM, May 3, 1908, UJ 2, pp. 450—51, p. 454.
19
Mary Beth Cavert, “Back to School: Lucy Maud Montgomery’s Dedicated Teacher,” Kindred Spirits (Fall 1994), pp. 13—15.
20
LMM, May 3, 1908, UJ 2, p. 446.
21
“In Memoriam of Rev. Ewan Macdonald” (Obituary), The Presbyterian Record (Feb. 1944), reprinted in Kindred Spirits (Dec. 2003), p. 13. EM served in Bloomfield and O’Leary until 1910, when he was called to Leaskdale and Zephyr near Toronto.
22
LMM, May 24, 1908, sJ 1, p. 335.
23
LMM to GBM, Jan. 8, 1908, MDMM, p. 37.
24
Advertisement for AGG, The Publishers’ Weekly (Mar. 21, 1908), p. 1157. Following the ad was an ad for Helen M. Winslow’s Peggy at Spinster Farm, character sketches and bits of biography of farm animals; the two books would appear side by side in several ads, although Winslow’s title was generally truncated to Spinster Farm.
25
Advertisement for AGG, The Publishers’ Weekly (Mar. 21, 1908), p. 1157.
26
Advertisement for AGG, The Publishers’ Weekly (June 13, 1908), cover page.
27
LMM, June 20, 1908, SJ 1, p. 335.
28
George Gibbs (1870—1942). Advertisement for cover art poster, The Delineator (Jan. 1905), p. 165; a single The Delineator issue cost 15 cents (p. 165). Donna J. Campbell discovered that the September 1908 issue of The Delineator featured the mirror image of the January 1905 cover; personal conversation.
29
See LMM, Nov. 29, 1910, SJ 2, p. 27.
30
Frontispiece, Anne of Green Gables (Boston: L. C. Page & Company, 1908), LAC.
31
On the marketing of the novel for adults, see also Mary Rubio, “Introduction,” HT, p. 2.
32
“W.A.J. Claus,” Wisdom Monthly (May 1902), 121. My thanks to Donna J. Campbell for a copy of this article. The German-American William Anton Joseph Claus (1962—1926) was born in Mainz, Germany; May Austin Claus (1882—?) in Berlin, NY.
33
LMM to EW, Sept. 10, 1908, GGL, p. 73.
34
LMM, Aug. 26, 1932, SJ 4, p. 195.
35
LMM, July 16, 1908, SJ 1, p. 337.
36
Rev. in The Chicago Record-Herald cited in The Publishers’ Weekly (July 18, 1908), p. 68. AGG, ch. 14, p. 104.
37
“A Heroine from an Asylum,” The New York Times Saturday Review of Books (July 18, 1908); reprinted in Appendix, AGG, ed. Cecily Devereux (Peterborough: Broadview, 2004), p. 391. See also, LMM to EW, Sept. 10, 1908, GGL, pp. 71—72, with snippets of the reviews and LMM’S comments.
38
The Globe (Toronto) (Aug. 15, 1908), reprinted in Appendix, AGG, ed. Devereux, p. 393.
39
LMM to GBM, Aug. 31, 1908, MDMM, p. 38, p. 41.
40
LMM to EW, Sept. 10, 1908, GGL, p. 73.
41
LMM to EW, Sept. 10, 1908, GGL, p. 71.
42
LMM to EW, Sept. 10, 1908, GGL, p. 74, p. 76.
43
LEM, Oct. 15, 1908, sJ 1, p. 339.
44
The Canadian Magazine (Toronto) 32.1 (Nov. 1908), p. 87. The Ryrie-Campbell Collection, L. M. Montgomery Institute, UPEI.
45
S. L. Clemens (Mark Twain) quoted in a letter written by his secretary to LMM, Oct. 3, 1908, UGA; quoted in L. C. Page’s ad for AGG in The Publishers’ Weekly (Dec. 5, 1908), cover page. It appears that LMM had sent Mark Twain the book because the secretary’s letter begins with a thank-you for the book.
46
L. C. Page & Company ad for AGG, The Publishers’ Weekly (Dec. 26, 1908), cover page.
47
Nate Lockhart’s first son was born in Jan. 1908, his second son in Nov. of the same year; see Mary Beth Cavert, “Whatever Happened to Nate Lockhart,” Kindred Spirits (Dec. 2005), p. 12.
48
Isabel Anderson, quoted in LMM, Feb. 8, 1932, sJ 4, p. 165.
49
Reginald Wright Kauffman, “The Redheaded Baby,” The Delineator 72 (Sept. 1908), p. 410.
50
The Metropolitan Magazine 27 (Oct. 1907—Mar. 1908), Ad section (no page numbers).
51
“The Growth and Uses of the Motor-Boat,” The Metropolitan Magazine 29 (Mar. 1909), p. 641.
52
George Gibbs, “A Detail of Spring Motoring,” The Metropolitan Magazine 28 (June 1908),
53
George Gibbs, “Motor-Boating,” The Metropolitan Magazine (Mar. 1908).
54
See, for example, “The Delineator Child-Rescue Campaign,” The Delineator (Sept. 1908), p. 405. On Theodore Dreiser’s expansion of the magazine’s social reform campaign and social critique, see also Christopher Weinmann, “The Delineator,” A Theodore Dreiser Encyclopedia, ed. Keith Newlin (Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 2003), pp. 86—87. Claudia Nelson, Little Strangers: Portrayals of Adoption and Foster Care in America, 1850—1929 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2003), p. 117, illustrates that these child campaign efforts ironically also boosted discourses regarding “race suicide,” advocating against those “who refused parenthood.”
55
“The Children We Offer This Month,” The Delineator (Oct. 1908), p. 576.
56
Nelson, Little Strangers, p. 130.
57
Jacqueline Stanley, Reading to Heal (Boston: Element Books, 1999), p. x.
58
L. C. Page ad, The Publishers’ Weekly (Nov. 28, 1908), p. 71.
59
L. C. Page ad, The Publishers’ Weekly (Dec. 26, 1908), cover page.
60
LMM, Oct. 15, 1908, SJ 1, p. 339.
61
James R. Petersen, “Playboy’s History of the Sexual Revolution, Part I (1900–1910): The City Electric,” Playboy Magazine (Dec. 1996), p. 174.
62
EN, PD, p. 118, p. 119.
Chapter 15
1
LMM to Gertrude (Trudy) Ramsey, July 26, 1940; The Lucy Maud Montgomery Album, ed. Heilbron comp., p. 311.
2
LMM to Trudy Ramsay, July 26, 1940, The Lucy Maud Montgomery Album, comp. McCabe, ed. Heilbron, p. 311.
3
L.C. Page ad, The Publishers’ Weekly (Dec. 26, 1908), cover page.
4
LMM to BW, Sept. 10, 1908, GGL, p. 74.
5
LMM, Oct. 31, 1908, SJ 1, p. 341.
6
Bliss Carman’s The Making of Personality (Boston: L.C. Page & Company 1908) was advertised on L.C. Page’s list alongside AGG, The Publishers’ Weekly (July 4, 1908), cover page. See also Sylvia DuVernet, Minding the Spirit: Theosophic Thoughts Concerning L. M. Montgomery (Toronto: n.p., 1993).
7
LMM, Feb. 20, 1909, SJ I, p. 347.
8
LMM, Sept. 21, 1909, sj 1, P. 359.
9
See the mini-biography provided by Hildi Froese Tiessen and Paul Gerard Tiessen, After Green Gables: L. M. Montgomery’s Letters to Ephraim Weber, 1916–1941 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2006), p. 12.
10
LMM’S handwritten comments on her contract with L. C. Page & Company (Inc), Apr. 22, 1907, LAC.
11
“Anne of Green Gables,” Family Herald and Weekly Star 1 in between Dec. 1909 and Mar. 1910. My thanks to Benjamin Lefebvre. In December 1909, The Housewife (New York) launched Anne of Green Gables as a serial on its front page, illustrated with attractive drawings by Mabel L. Humphrey, and reprinted the entire book except for four chapters in a serial ending in June 1910; My thanks to Donna J. Campbell.
12
See Cecily Devereux, “‘Canadian Classic’ and ‘Commodity Export’: The Nationalism of ‘our’ Anne of Green Gables,” Journal of Canadian Studies (Spring 2001), pp. 1–28.
13
See Linda Lear, Beatrix Potter: A Life in Nature (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2007), p. 4.
14
See also E. Holly Pike, “Mass Marketing, Popular Culture, and the Canadian Celebrity Author,” MA, pp. 238—51; and Lorraine York, “‘I Knew I Would “Arrive” Some Day’: L.M. Montgomery and the Strategies of Literary Celebrity,“CCL 113–114 (Spring—Summer 2004), pp. 98–116.
15
LMM, Sept. 7, 1910, Sj 2, p. 12.
16
LMM, Sept. II, 1910, Sj 2, p. 12.
17
Lindsay Swift, Literary Landmarks of Boston (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1922).
18
LMM, Nov. 29, 1910, Sj 2, p. 25.
19
FEC to LMM, Postcard, 1910, UGA; reproduced in sj 5, p. 52.
20
LMM, Nov. 29, 1910, Sj 2, p. 30.
21
LMM, Nov 29, 1910, Sj 2, p. 30.
22
LMM, “Topics Worth While,” Boston Herald [Nov. 1910], Scrapbook, UGA.
23
LMM, Nov. 29, 1910, Sj 2, p. 29.
24
See also De Jonge, “Through the Eyes of Memory,” pp. 252—67.
25
LMM, Jan. 27, 1911, Sj 2, p. 40.
26
AHD, ch. 4, pp. 20—21.
27
LMM, May 23, 1911, SJ 2, p. 68.
28
AP pp. 80—95. The memoir ends with the journey to Europe, a literary pilgrimage, with two full chapters out of ten devoted to its description as a culmination of her development into a writer.
29
LMM, Aug. 27, 1911, sj 2, p. 75.
30
LMM, July 19, 1911, Sj 2, p. 70.
31
LMM, Sept. 18, 1911, Sj 2, p. 77.
32
LMM, Sept. 22, 1912, SJ 2, p. 108.
33
LMM, Sept. 22, 1912, SJ 2, p. 99—100.
34
LMM to Fannie Wise, Jan. 30, 1912, in The Lucy Maud Montgomery Album, comp. McCabe, ed. Heilbron, p. 216.
35
L. C. Page quoted in the Memorandum written by Judge F. T. Hammond, Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Superior Court, Lucy M. Montgomery Macdonald v. The Page Company et al, n.y., p. 3, LAC.
36
LMM, Anne of the Island (1915) (Toronto: The Ryerson Press, 1942), p. v
37
Oliver Bell Bunce, “The Bachelor Girl,” Godey’s Lady’s Book (Nov. 1893), pp. 586—88.
38
Carole Gerson, “‘Dragged at Anne’s Chariot Wheels’: The Triangle of Author, Publisher, and Fictional Character,” LMMCC, pp. 49—63. Another reason LMM wanted to break up with Page was because he had no interest in publishing a book of her poems. McClelland offered to publish the poems, probably knowing the book would not sell, as a way of luring her to their company; my thanks to Benjamin Lefebvre for this point.
39
For an update of the legal issues, while they were still ongoing, see LMM, Jan. 12, 1919, sj 2, p. 284.
40
LMM, Mar. 23, 1919, Sj 2, p. 311.
41
LMM, Oct. 18, 1923, SJ 3, p. 150.
42
LMM, Feb. 22, 1920, SJ 2, p. 373.
43
LMM, “Is This My Anne?” The Chatelaine (Jan. 1935), reprinted in Quaile, L.M. Montgomery, p. 172. See also Faye Hammill, “‘A New and Exceedingly Brilliant Star’: L.M. Montgomery, Anne of Green Gables, and Mary Miles Minter,” Modern Language Review 101.3 (2006), pp. 652—70; and Robert Klepper, “Mary Miles Minter: Beauty Wronged,” http://www.classicimages.com/1997/july97/minter.html.
44
LMM. Oct. 13, 1929, SJ 4, p. 20.
45
LMM, June 18, 1920; SJ 2, p. 382.
46
LMM to GBM, Feb. 10, 1929, MDMM, p. 142; this letter provides a detailed and retrospective chronology of her legal troubles with L. C. Page. LMM was not the first to suffer roughshod treatment and violation of contract with L. C. Page and Company. The L.C. Page papers at the NYPL contain a 1900 letter handwritten by Gabriele d’Annunzio and addressed to “Monsieur Page editeur” with a complaint about unauthorized translations of his novel Le Feu.
47
LMM to GBM, Feb. 10, 1929, MDMM, p. 138.
48
AHD, ch. 11, p. 76.
49
Interviewed by Alexandra Heilbron, Remembering Lucy Maud Montgomery (Toronto: The Dundurn Group, 2001), p. 38.
50
LMM, Oct. 10, 1936, SJ 5, p. 97.
51
LMM, Oct. 10 and 11, 1936, SJ 5, p. 98.
52
LMM’S final novel, The Blythes Are Quoted, has remained unpublished.
53
LMM, Sept. 12, 1938, SJ 5, p. 278.
54
AI, ch. 2, 12—13.
Epilogue
1
“Judge and Jury Moved to Tears,” The Charlottetown Daily Patriot (Feb. 11, 1907).
2
Courtroom illustration accompanying article “Strenuous Day for Mrs. Thaw,” The Charlottetown Guardian (Feb. 23. 1907), front page.
3
EN, PD, p. 170.
4
Bolger, YBA, p. 189.
5
EW, “L. M. Montgomery as a Letter-Writer,” Dalhousie Review 22 (Oct. 1942), p. 304; see also Paul Gerard Tiessen and Hildi Froese Tiessen, “Epistolary Performance: Writing Mr. Weber,” ILLMM, pp. 222—38.
6
AGG, ch. 38, p. 309.
7
LMM, Nov. 9, 1937, SJ 5, p. 217.
8
LMM, Jan. 30, 1921, Sj 2, p. 401.
9
LMM, Aug. 16, 1923, sj 3, p. 145—46.
10
LMM, Dec. 27, 1920, Sj 2, p. 394.