adultery, Christianity and, 65, 66, 78
Africa, 17, 26, 40, 43, 46, 47, 49, 52, 122, 134, 210, 254, 283
Africans, 25, 28, 61, 174
agriculture, 59, 132, 134, 188, 264, 266–67
Agui, 125–26
alchemy, 30, 84, 85
al-Din, Jamal, 42
Aleni, Giulio, 82, 112, 113
Alexander VI, Pope, 55–56
Amherst, William Pitt, Lord, 136
Amoy (Xiamen), 148, 154, 202
anarchism, 214
ancestor worship, 73–77, 194
A’nige, 45
An Lushan, 23, 35
Annapolis Naval College, 198
anti-Comintern pact (1936), 235
Anti-Rightist Campaign, 255–56
architecture, 20, 45, 116–17
arms dealers, 160–61, 183, 190
arsenals, 185–88, 191–92
art, 114–16
artillery, 117–21, 125, 184–85
astronomy:
Imperial Bureau of, 107, 108, 112, 118, 121
Indian influences on, 30
instruments, 103, 105–6, 190
instruction in, 193
Jesuits and, 63, 106, 107–11, 118
Manichaeans and, 34
Persian influences on, 42–43
political importance of, 30, 106
Song advances in, 38
translation of texts on, 65, 66
Australia, 157, 158
Bai, Juyi (Po Chü-i), 26, 29
Balzac, Honoré de, 260
Bandung Conference (1955), 253–54
bankruptcy of hong merchants, 137–40, 150
Ban brothers, 17
Batavia, 56, 93, 97, 140
Beatles, 260
Behind the Demonization of China, 279
Beijing:
Boxers in, 190
demonstrations in (1976), 264, (1978), 265–66, (1989), 276–77
diplomatic representation in, 103, 104, 164
Jesuits in, 67, 87
Macartney embassy in, 102–4
Observatory, 6, 43, 106, 190, 216
Beijing, Convention of (1860), 131, 151n, 165, 166, 167, 183
Beijing Field Force, 186
“Beijing Spring,” 266
Beijing University, 210–11, 220, 242
Benoist, Michel, 105, 108, 113, 114, 115–16
Bertin, Henri, 123, 124
Bible, 75, 77
Blue Shirts, 229, 230, 231
Board of Revenue (hubu), 99
Board of Rites (li bu), 95–96
“bourgeois influence,” 260
Boxer Protocol, 190
Boxer Uprising, 169, 189, 190–91, 194, 201, 222, 227
Brahe, Tycho, 108
Brazil, 56, 132, 178
Brezhnev doctrine, 262
British-American Tobacco Company, 200
British Columbia, 177
British East India Company, 56, 101–2, 103, 132, 134–35, 138, 143
Buddhism:
basic principles, 18–19
Christianity and, 13, 66–67, 69, 80–82, 89–91
Confucianism and, 19, 36
early influence of, 18–21
economic role of, 20
intellectual exchange and, 13, 29–30
monasteries of, 19, 20, 35
opposition to, 35–36
pilgrims of, 11, 18, 24, 32, 44
political power of, 20–21, 33, 35
spread of, 5–6, 11–12, 13, 18–21, 31, 33, 89–90, 283
Bureau of Merchant Shipping (shibosi), 27
Bureau of Operations (zhifang), 31
Burlingame, Anson, 176
Byzantium, 27
Cairo Conference (1943), 239
Cai Yuanpei, 199, 220
calendar, 30, 42–43, 85, 107
Cambodia, 261
Canton:
antiforeignism in, 27, 35, 137, 144, 153–54, 203–4, 222
Chinese merchants in, 99–100, 137–40, 150
emigrants from, 157, 178
foreign occupation of (after 1842), 153
foreign residents in (to 1842), 24, 34–35, 135–36
foreign trade in, 18, 93, 98–100, 101, 102, 106
fortifications in, 145
Japanese occupation of, 236
Lin Zexu in, 142, 143, 147
missionaries in, 135–36
Muslims in, 34, 35
Opium War in, 145–46
“Captivating Views from a Star-Guided Vessel” (Fei), 48
Carter, Jimmy, 264
cartoon propaganda, 240
cash crops, 132
Castiglione, Giuseppe, 116
“Catholic centuries,” 56
Catholicism, 55–91
Confucianism and, 69–70, 73–77, 82, 88, 179
conversions to, 55, 62–63, 63–69, 84, 86, 87–88
education and, 63, 88, 193–94
repression of, 87–89, 136–37, 244–45, 270
science and, 70, 72
spread of, 6, 63–79, 81–82, 86–90, 109, 136–37
tolerance of, 44, 56, 75–76, 87, 88–91, 136–37
women and, 88, 194
see also Jesuits
Catholic Patriotic Association, 270
cemeteries, 150, 151, 177
chairs, 27
chambers of commerce, 171
Chang’an, 16, 23, 28, 31
Chen Duxiu, 217, 218, 219, 224
Chen Kaige, 275
Chen Qingzhen, 152
Chennault, Claire, 238
Chiang Kaishek:
Chinese Communists and, 8, 226, 228–29, 235
fascist leanings of, 229–31
Japan and, 232–33, 235, 238
Soviet Union and, 228–29, 229, 235
United States and, 237–39, 241–43, 251
Xi’an Incident and, 235
World War Two and, 235–39
Chile, 177
China, Imperial, 6–7, 11–214
anti-American boycott, 203
antiforeignism, 29, 35, 57, 128, 153–55, 159, 167, 180, 190–91, 202–5
borders, 8, 9, 95, 132, 148, 163
classical literature, 78, 198, 199, 220
coastal provinces, 97, 98–99, 122, 148
cultural diversity, 12–13, 23–24, 29–31, 41, 42–43, 53–54, 56, 68
domestic market, 171, 204
early foreign contacts, 5, 11–54 passim
in early nineteenth century, 135–35
East Asian sphere of influence, 98
economy, 48, 51–52, 57–58, 132–35, 188
emperors, 13–14, 21, 64, 74–75, 85, 86, 103, 125, 168
foreign aid to, 185, 191
foreign missions, 16, 32, 46–48, 175–78
history, 5, 16–18, 77, 132–35, 274–75, 183–85
idealized worldview, 5, 13–16
imperial system, 13–14, 16–18, 74–75, 166, 214
industrialization, 168, 185, 187–89, 208
“isolationism,” 4, 127, 131, 207, 284–85
legal system, 85–87, 100–102, 137–40, 150, 151–52, 155, 163, 170
maritime defenses, 148
migration from, 7, 52–53, 93, 121, 122–24, 132, 152, 155, 156–59, 165, 168, 175–79, 181, 197–99
military reform, 181, 182–88, 191–92, 210
nationalism in, 7, 164–65, 171, 188, 194–97, 198, 208–9, 211, 213
national security of, 125, 183
naval power of, 49, 55, 184, 203
“opening up” of, 5, 102, 179
political reform in, 172, 173–74, 208, 210–15, 285
political stability in, 89–90, 94, 120–21, 124–25, 159–62
population of, 57, 59, 91, 132, 133, 135, 173
regional divisions of, 8–9, 15–16, 20–21
religion vs. state in, 33–37, 41, 86–87
social classes in, 45, 64, 128, 156–57, 171, 179–80, 181
sovereignty of, 5, 102, 130, 151, 166–67, 170, 176, 179
see also individual dynasties
China, People’s Republic of, 243–82
anti-Americanism in, 251
antiforeignism, 261–62, 283–85
class issues in, 247, 251, 256–57, 260
cultural issues, 249, 260, 268, 274–75, 279, 282
democracy movement in, 265–66, 268, 273–80, 281
domestic market, 245
economy, 256–57, 264, 266–68, 273, 279–80, 282
foreign debt, 267
foreign exchange reserves, 254
foreign investment in, 267, 280, 281
foreign policy, 248–49
founding, 243, 245, 246, 275, 276
industrialization, 256–57, 261, 264
international role of, 252–54, 255, 262, 283–85
isolation of, 254, 258, 261, 263
martial law in, 272, 277
migration and, 251, 254, 268–69, 277
nationalism in, 245–46, 251, 281–82
national security, 258, 260–61
nuclear weapons, 252, 255, 257–58, 259, 260
population, 244–45
reconstruction, 243–44, 247
sovereignty, 247, 257, 263, 272, 278, 280–81
Soviet support for, 241–42, 248, 251–52, 254–58, 262
Taiwan and, 8, 250–51, 259, 277, 280–81
see also Chinese Communist Party
China, Republic of, 214–43
anti-Americanism in, 242
antiforeignism, 214, 217, 222, 228, 241
civil war in, 8, 237, 241–43
founding, 214
industrialization, 227
nationalism, 216, 219, 221, 223, 225, 227, 231–32, 242
rural reconstruction, 231–32, 239–40
sovereignty, 227–28, 232, 242
Soviet relations, 225–26
see also Guomindang
China That Can Say No, The, 279
Chinese Communist Party (CCP):
Chiang Kaishek and, 8, 226, 228–29, 235
Christianity and, 244–45, 269–70
Comintern and, 224–25, 227, 228
education and, 244
foreign influences, 243–46, 248–49, 259–61, 268–69, 274–75, 279
founding, 224
Guomindang and, 224–37, 239, 241–43
ideology of, 214, 217, 218, 221, 241–42, 254, 255, 256, 261, 269
intelligentsia and, 220, 221, 249, 254–55, 258, 260, 261–62, 269, 274–80
international standing of, 252–53
Japanese invasion and, 232–37
Long March of, 234
membership of, 226
Overseas Chinese and, 254
political authority, 263, 278–82
postwar reconstruction, 243–45
repression by, 244–45, 259–62, 266, 268, 273–80, 282
Soviet Union and, 224–29, 241–42, 248, 254–55, 257–58
Chinese Educational Mission, 197–98
Chinese language, 14, 21, 31, 73, 150, 211–12, 245
Chinese People’s Volunteers, 250, 252
Chinese Repository, 136, 147
Chongqing, 8, 237
Christianity:
appeal of, 44, 65, 66, 69, 84, 88, 180, 196
Buddhism and, 13, 66–67, 69, 80–82, 89–91
Chinese Communist Party and, 244–45, 269–70
Chinese elite and, 64–68, 69, 90, 179
Chinese law and, 85–87
Confucianism and, 58–59, 69, 73, 77–78, 88, 90–91, 179
conversions by, 180–81, 190, 283
Daoism and, 84
education and, 193–96
fears concerning, 80, 87–88, 98, 181
influence of, 13, 34, 44, 150, 179
Nestorian, 12, 34, 44
science and, 72
Taiping Rebellion and, 159–60, 162, 179
women and, 67, 78–81, 88, 180, 181, 194, 195, 201
see also Catholicism; Protestantism
Churchill, Winston, S., 239
Chusan (Zhoushan), 143
civil service examinations, 58, 156, 191, 194, 197, 199, 211
Cixi, Empress Dowager, 168, 169, 174, 210
Clavius, Christopher, 65
clothing, 12, 25, 28–29, 36, 195, 218, 229, 230
Cochin, Charles-Nicolas, 115
Cold War, 241, 242, 248
collectivization, 266–67
College of Foreign Languages (Tongwen Guan), 192–93
colonialism, 157, 214, 245
Columbus, Christopher, 46
communism, 214, 217, 218, 221, 241–42, 254, 255, 256, 261, 269
Communist International (Comintern), 224, 225, 227, 228
Communist Labor Secretariat, 222
compasses, 38, 124
compradors, 156–57, 171
concubines, 65, 66, 73, 78–80
Confucianism:
Buddhism and, 19, 36
Christianity and, 58–59, 69, 73, 77–78, 88, 90–91, 179
education and, 58, 111, 191, 193, 194, 196, 197, 199, 210, 220
influence of, 5, 7, 19, 21, 31, 36, 44, 52, 58–59, 99, 110–12, 283
labor as viewed by, 220
Neo-Confucianism, 58–59, 66, 91, 98, 111
science and, 110–12, 125
women and, 88, 196, 223
Confucius, 73, 75, 76
Conseequa (Pan Chang’yao), 137–40
consulates, Chinese, 175–76, 177–78
consumer culture, 58, 267, 279, 281
“continuous revolution” theory of, 259
Copernicus, 108
copper:
currency, 57, 134
engraving, 113, 114, 115
trade in, 40, 97, 98, 173
corruption, 35, 49, 59, 214, 228, 230, 267, 273, 276
cotton, 28, 43–44, 134, 135
cotton gin, 134
Counter-Reformation, 63, 89
Couplet, Father, 122
Court of State Ceremonial (honglusi), 31, 32, 35
Coxinga (Zheng Cheng’gong), 60–61, 97
“credit ticket” system, 157
Crimean War, 162
crime rate, 267, 273
Cuba, 158, 177
Cultural Revolution, 259–62, 264, 265, 268, 271, 273, 276
currency, 49, 133
customs duties, 27, 39, 99, 155–56, 163, 164, 185, 245
Czechoslovakia, 262
Dalai Lama, 94, 253, 271, 281
dancing, 29, 209, 230
Daoism, 19, 21, 30, 35, 76, 84, 90, 196, 269
debt, 137–40, 150
democracy, 217, 230, 249, 263, 265–66, 268, 271, 273–80, 281
Democracy Wall, 265, 268
Deng Xiaoping, 221, 265, 266, 273, 275, 277, 279, 281
“Description of the Coasts of the Ocean” (Ma), 48
de-Stalinization campaign, 255–56
Dewey, John, 219
Diaoyu (Senkaku) Islands, 281
Ding County (Dingxian), 231–32
diplomacy, Chinese, 12, 32, 53, 93–96, 174–79, 253–54, 268
Dominus Ac Redemptor, 88
Doris, 130
drama, uses of, 239–40
Duan Chengshi, 25
Dunhuang, 12, 18
Dutch East India Company, 56
Dutch East Indies, 167
early-ripening rice, 40–41
earthquakes, 264
Edict of Toleration, 75–76
education:
Confucianism and, 58, 111, 191, 193, 194, 196, 197, 199, 210, 220
intelligentsia and, 193–97
in Japan, 198–99
overseas, 122–24, 220–21, 251, 257, 268–69
reform of, 191–99, 210–11, 231–32, 239–40, 244
religious, 63, 193–97, 201, 210, 244
scientific, 183, 191–99, 256–57
of women, 195–97, 201, 220
Egypt, 38–39, 213
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 257
Elements of Geometry (Euclid), 65
Elgin, James Bruce, Lord, 116
Empress of China, 100
English language, 194, 195, 245, 268–69
epidemics, 17, 41, 59
espionage, 32, 86, 177
Euclid, 65
Europe, Eastern, 255
Europe, Western:
early Chinese visitors to, 122–24
imperialism of, 164–65, 174, 207, 214, 223, 225
military intervention by, 129–67, 169, 176, 179, 181, 187, 227
see also individual countries
Ever Victorious Army, 184
Evolution and Ethics (Huxley), 192
Exclusion Acts (US), 176, 178, 203
extradition agreements, 152
extraterritoriality, 150, 170, 177, 227, 241
factories:
Chinese students in French, 220
European in Canton, 146
foreign, in China, 172, 222
moved inland, 261
strikes, 216, 222
visited by Chinese Jesuits, 123
famine, 133, 179
Fang Lizhi, 273, 275, 278
Fan Shouyi, Louis, 122–23
Farewell My Concubine, 275
fascism, 229–31
fashion, 28–29
Fei Xin, 48
fengshui, 151
filial piety, 19, 69, 73
films, 245, 274–75
First Opium War (1839–1842), 102, 119, 131, 140–45, 146, 147, 148, 157, 159, 160, 161, 182
Firuz, Crown Prince, 34
floods, 133, 179
Flying Tigers, 238
food, 28, 141, 256
footbinding, 199–202
foreign concessions and settlements, 155, 164, 168, 170–74, 177–78, 212, 213, 230
foreigners:
active resistance to, 143, 153–54, 181, 190, 202–4, 222, 232–33
certification for Chinese residence, 76
Chinese stereotypes, 25, 28–29, 45, 144
early cultural influences, 12, 20, 23, 28, 30, 42
employ Chinese, 150–21, 122–23, 152, 156, 157, 171–72, 177, 209, 215, 220, 222, 244, 245
employed by Chinese, 45, 67, 155, 176, 245
enterprises in China, 172, 222
investments by, 169, 267, 280, 281
in Chinese military, 3, 23, 43, 183–84
misconceptions held by, 4–5, 124–28, 131, 182–87, 207, 284–85
opposition to, 29, 35, 57, 128, 153–55, 159, 167, 180, 190–91, 202–5, 214, 217, 222, 228, 241, 261–62, 283–85
pirates and, 3–4, 97
restrictions on, 98–99, 135–40
spheres of influence in China, 170, 241
Taiping Rebellion and, 160–62
tribute system and, 14–15
Foucquet, Jean-François, 123
four modernizations, 264, 266, 267
France:
British relations with, 129–30, 163–65
Chinese laborers in, 215
Chinese relations with, 164, 170, 202–3
Chinese students in, 220–21
Chinese trade with, 164
Chinese visitors to, 122, 123–24
military forces of, 163–65, 182, 184
Taiping Rebellion and, 162
Free China, 235–36
“free Tibet” lobby, 272
French Concession (Shanghai), 155, 174, 224, 230
French East India Company, 115
French Society of Foreign Missions, 88
Fujian province, 88
Fukang’an, 126
fuqiang, 167
fuses, slow-burning, 182
Fuzhou, 148, 154, 203
Galileo Galilei, 108
Gama, Vasco da, 55
gambling, 209–10, 228
Gang of Four, 261–62, 264, 265
Gao Leisi, Aloysius, 123–24
geography, 32–33, 38–39, 43, 47–49, 53, 71
Germany, 170, 215, 216, 224, 227, 231
Goa, 56
God, terminology for, 73, 77–78
Goddess of Democracy, 276
gold, 16, 133, 162
Gong, Prince, 174
Gong Zhen, 48
Gorbachev, Mikhail, 276
Gordon, Charles George “Chinese,” 184, 186
Goya, Francisco de, 240
grain, 134
Great Britain:
Chinese relations with, 92, 93, 98–105, 136, 148–54, 164, 169, 170, 200, 245
Chinese trade with, 92, 101–5, 129–30, 133–35, 140–43, 148, 154, 164
embassies to China of, 92, 102–5, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 134, 136
empire of, 146, 148, 220, 237–38, 271
French relations with, 129–30, 163–65
imperialism of, 93, 98, 129–30, 148, 213–14
military forces of, 126, 129–30, 143–46, 163–65, 184
navy of, 143–44, 148, 184
Taiping Rebellion and, 161–62
see also British East India Company; Macartney, George
“Greater China,” 280–81
Greater East Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere, 233, 272
Great Leap Forward, 256–57, 258, 259
Great Wall, 113, 274
Greco-Roman influence, 12
Grosz, George, 240
Guangdong province, 99, 196, 236
Guangxu, Emperor of China, 210
Guangzhou, see Canton
Guangzhouwan, 170
guerrilla warfare, 254, 261
Guizhou province, 168
gunboat diplomacy, 166–67, 176, 227
Gun Bureau, 183
gunpowder, 30–31, 43, 124
Guomindang (GMD), 224–37
Allied war effort and, 237–39
Chinese Communist Party and, 8, 224–37, 239, 241–43
Japanese invasion and, 8, 228, 229–39
political authority of, 8, 218, 224–37
Soviet support for, 224–29, 235
in Taiwan, 248, 251
U.S. support for, 241, 242
Guo Shoujing, 43
Guo Songtao, 189
Gurkhas, 126, 131
Hakka people, 159, 160
Han dynasty, 14–18, 19, 89
Han Wudi, emperor of China, 16
Hangzhou, 37, 68
Hankou, 232
Han people, 67, 90, 142, 163
Han Yu, 36
Hart, Robert, 193
Hawaii, 176, 203, 213
heliocentrism, 108
Hemingway, Ernest, 260
heresy, 75
He Shang (Su), 274–75
Heshen, 125, 126
Hinduism, 33
Ho Chi Minh, 253
Hokusai Katsushika, 240
Hong Kong:
British control of, 8, 143, 148, 150, 179, 241, 270–71
Chinese population of, 151–52, 157, 158, 177–78, 179, 202–3, 277
democracy in, 271
legal disputes involving, 151–52
resistance to foreigners, 202–4
reverts to China, 281
seamen’s strike in (1922), 221–22
support for Beijing students, 277
honglusi (Court of State Ceremonial), 31, 32, 35
hong merchants, 99–100, 137–40, 150
Hong Xiuquan, 159–62
hoppo, 99
horses, 17, 28, 49
Hu, John, 123
Hua Guofeng, 265, 266
Huang, Arcadio, 122
Huangchao Jingshi Wenbian, 147
Huang Daopo, 44
hubu (Board of Revenue), 99
human rights, 263–66, 278, 280
Hundred Flowers Movement, 255, 256
Hungary, 255
Hunter, 130
Huo Gong Jie Yao (Schall), 118
Hu Shi, 218–19
Huxley, Thomas, 192
Hu Yaobang, 273, 276
Ibn Battuta, 48
Ignatius of Loyola, 63
“Illustrated Treatise on Western Regions,” 32
Imperial Bureau of Astronomy, 107, 108, 112
Imperial Household Department (neiwufu), 96
imperialism:
British, 93, 98, 129–30, 148, 213–14
European, 164–65, 174, 207, 214, 223, 225
Japanese, 157, 167, 169, 223, 224, 226, 227, 232–37, 251, 272–73
U.S., 252, 254, 257, 270, 277, 278, 284
Imperial Maritime Customs Service, 155–56, 176
Imperial University, 210–11
Inchon landing, 250
indemnities:
Boxer protocol (1901), 190, 227
Convention of Beijing (1860), 165
Treaty of Kokand (1836), 141
Treaty of Nanjing (1842), 148–50
Treaty of Shimonoseki (1895), 169
Treaty of Tianjin (1858), 164
India, 19, 20, 29, 30, 32–33, 146, 167, 169, 205, 213, 214, 220, 258
Indian Mutiny, 164
individualism, 217
Indonesia, 52, 56, 254
see also Batavia
industrialization, 168, 185, 187–89, 208, 227
Industrial Revolution, 101, 103, 185
Institute for Christian Virgins, 88
intelligentsia, Chinese:
Catholicism and, 62, 65–66, 70–71, 81, 90
Chinese Communist Party and, 220, 221, 249, 254–55, 258, 260, 261–62, 269, 274–80
education and, 193–97
foreign influences on, 156, 205, 207–9, 211, 274–75
Ming loyalism of, 61–62, 67–69
political reform and, 210–15, 218–19, 223, 285
publications of, 172, 217–18, 228, 240, 243
scientific knowledge and, 110–12
International Law (Vattel), 147
International Settlement (Shanghai), 155, 174, 230
Internet, 279, 281
Ireland, Northern, 278
“iron rice bowl” system, 267
Islam, 13, 34–35, 41, 44–45, 47, 48–49, 52, 56, 89, 272
Japan:
centralized government of, 49–50
China defeated by (1895), 7, 185, 187
China invaded by (1937), 8, 215–16, 228, 229–39, 261
Chinese boycott against, 204
Chinese cultural influence on, 31, 98
Chinese relations with, 97–98, 168, 169, 177, 198, 204, 213, 215, 272–73, 281
Chinese students in, 198–99
Chinese trade with, 50, 52, 58, 98, 204
economy of, 50–51, 242
emperors of, 13
imperialism of, 157, 167, 169, 223, 224, 226, 227, 232–37, 251, 272–73
Manchuria invaded by, 228, 232–34
Meiji period of, 7, 169
popular opposition to, 204, 232–34, 236–37
Taiwan occupied by, 201, 215, 241
Tokugawa shogunate of, 98
U.S. occupation of, 242–43, 248
Japanese language, 212
Jefferson, Thomas, 138
Jesuits, 63–91
accommodation policy of, 72–80
artistic and architectural work of, 114–17
artillery of, 117–21
astronomy of, 107–9, 111
cartography of, 112–14
Chinese rites and, 73–77, 80
conversions by, 44, 63–79, 86, 87–90, 91, 96, 136–37
in Counter-Reformation, 63
at court, 67, 71–72, 105–6
doctrines of, 57
education by, 63
founding of, 62
funding of, 50, 86
mathematics of, 109–11
missionary policies of, 64–80
monogamy promoted by, 65, 66, 73, 78–80
opposition to, 67–69, 75–76, 79–80
papal control of, 75–76, 87, 88, 89, 108, 118, 137
political influence of, 6, 34, 56, 57, 62, 67–69, 71–77, 80, 87, 88, 89–91, 95, 96, 105
religious terminology and, 73, 77–78, 80
scientific knowledge of, 6, 34, 57, 65–66, 70–72, 75, 91, 103, 105–9, 111, 112–14, 118, 120, 126–27, 284
suppression of, 80, 88, 123, 128
top-down strategy of, 64–70
see also missionaries
Jia Dan, 32
Jiangnan Arsenal, 185–86, 192, 202
Jiangnan region, 194
Jiang Qing, 262
Jiang Zemin, 281
Jiaqing, Emperor of China, 129, 136
Jin dynasty, 37
Johnson, Lyndon B., 262
journalists, foreign, 276–77, 279
Journey to the West, 11
Judaism, 34–35, 41
Kaifeng, 37, 41
Kangxi, Emperor of China, 6, 71–72, 75–77, 80, 87, 93, 94, 118, 119, 121, 127, 133, 270
Kang Youwei, 173, 199, 210, 212, 277
kaozheng movement, 110–12
Khmer Rouge, 261
Khrushchev, Nikita, 255, 257
Khubilai Khan, 41–42, 44, 45
Kiakhta Treaty (1727), 95, 98, 131, 141
Kim Il Sung, 250
“King of Persia’s Daughter, The” (Duan), 25
Kissinger, Henry, 263
Kokand, 141, 142, 150
Kollwitz, Käthe, 240
Korea, 170, 215, 241, 245, 248, 249–53
Korean War, 249–53
Kowloon Peninsula, 151n, 152, 165
Krupp, Alfred, 185
labor, Chinese, 157, 158, 165, 172, 175, 177, 202–4, 215, 220–23, 244
Lady Hughes, 100–101
land tenure, 244
Latin America, 133, 261
law, international, 137–40, 147, 167, 175
Lay, Horatio, 184
lend-lease program, 238
Lenin, V. I., 214
Li, Jacob, 123
Liang Qichao, 172, 198, 210, 211
Liaodong peninsula, 170
li bu (Board of Rites), 95–96
Li Denghui, 280
Lienü Zhuan, 47
lifan yuan (Office of Border Affairs), 94–95
Li Hongzhang, 184–85, 189
likin tax, 164
Lin Biao, 262–63
Lin Zexu, 142, 143, 144, 147
literacy, 58, 81–82, 231
literature, 25–26, 78, 198, 199, 220
Little Ice Age, 59
living standards, 267
Li Zhizao, 65–66, 77, 78, 82, 112
Lorca, Federico García, 260
“loss” of China, 8, 248
“lost” countries, 213–14
Low, David, 240
Luo Ping, 240
Luoyang, 18
Lu Xun, 240
luxuries, 28–29, 71
Macao:
British presence in, 129–30, 143
Chinese population of, 117–18, 157, 158, 277
Christian community in, 87, 88
Portuguese control of, 50, 56, 61, 93, 129–30, 151, 241, 271
Macartney, George, 92, 102–5, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 134
Madison, James, 138
Magellan, Ferdinand, 55
magic, 85
Ma Huan, 48–49
Malaya, 254
Manchuguo, 232, 233–34, 239
Manchu people, 3, 7, 46, 57, 67, 94, 118, 125, 142, 159, 163, 192, 200, 212, 213, 214
Manchuria, 9, 163, 170, 225, 228, 232–34, 239, 248
Mandate of Heaven, 13–14, 60
Manichaeism, 34
Manila Galleons, 52
Mao Zedong, 8, 221, 235, 241, 243, 247, 249–56, 260, 262–65, 276, 279
Mao Zedong Thought, 255
maps, 2, 22, 30, 32, 43, 48, 50, 51, 71, 112–14, 149
Marcus Aurelius, 17
Martini, Martinus, 84–85
Marxism-Leninism, 214, 217, 218, 221, 241–42, 256
Mass Education Movement, 231–32, 239–40
mass mobilization campaigns, 252, 259
mass production, 188
massacres:
of Chinese abroad, 53, 93, 97, 176
of Chinese in China, 190, 235, 277
of foreigners in China, 35, 190
materialism, 219–20
mathematics, 30, 57, 106, 107, 109, 110–12
May Fourth Movement, 172, 216–20, 223, 239, 240, 243, 275
May Thirtieth Movement, 222, 226, 228
Mecca, 48–49
medicine, 29–30, 41, 106, 181, 193, 194
Mei Wending, 109, 110
Mencius, 78, 220
Mexico, 122, 178
Miao people, 160, 168
military training, 186–87
Ming dynasty, 45–60
Catholicism and, 55–62, 67–69
decline and fall of, 6, 60–62, 109–10
foreign trade in, 45–54
founding of, 45–46
loyalism to, 61–62, 67–69, 98
treasure fleets of, 46–49
mining, 188–89
miracle tales, 82–84
missionaries:
expulsion of, 270
influence of, 166, 168, 173, 217, 244
opposition to, 179–81, 190–91
Protestant, 135–36, 147
schools of, 63, 193–97, 201, 210, 244
see also Jesuits
Mongolia, 163, 225, 262
Mongols, 37, 41–45, 46, 47, 49, 52, 67
monogamy, 65, 66, 73, 78–80
monopolies, 39, 40, 42, 143, 151
Monte Corvino, John of, 44
Montesquieu, Charles de, 122
Morrison, Robert, 136
music, 25–26, 28, 29, 240–41
Nagasaki, 98
Nanjing, 155, 160, 184, 235, 236, 273
Nanjing massacre (1937), 235, 236, 273
Nanjing Treaty (1842), 148–54, 163
Nanyang trade, 99
see also Southeast Asia, trade with
Napoleonic Wars, 129–30
natural disasters, 59, 133, 179, 264
navigation, 37–38
neiwufu (Imperial Household Department), 96
Neo-Confucianism, 58–59, 66, 91, 98, 111
Nepal, 146, 169
Nerchinsk Treaty (1689), 95
Nestorianism, 34, 44
Netherlands, 60–61, 93, 95, 96, 97
see also Batavia; Dutch East India Company; Dutch East Indies
New Gold Mountain, 157
New Life Movement, 229–30, 231
newspapers, 172, 228, 240, 243
New Territories, 151n, 170, 271
New York Times, 279
New Youth, 217, 218
New Zealand, 177
Nian rebellion, 162, 168, 183
Ningbo, 143, 148, 154, 195
Nixon, Richard M., 263
Northern Ireland, 278
North Korea, 250, 251
nuclear weapons, 247–48, 250, 252, 255, 257–58, 259, 260
Office of Border Affairs (lifan yuan), 94–95
Old Gold Mountain, 157
“one country, two systems,” 271
On Friendship (Ricci), 71
opium, 101–2, 130, 133–35, 140–43, 147, 150, 164, 186, 199–200, 271
ordnance, 182–83
Osborn, Sherard, 184
overseas Chinese, 37, 52, 97, 122, 132, 140, 157–59, 174–79, 203–4, 210, 212, 222, 249, 254, 269, 277, 282
pagodas, 20, 33
Pan Chang’yao (Conseequa), 137–40
Pang Tianshou, 67, 69
Parennin, Dominique, 85
Parthia, 17
Pearl Harbor bombing, 238
peasant revolts, 59–60, 133, 147, 162
Peng Dehuai, 252–53
People’s Liberation Army, 277
“people’s war,” 252
percussion caps, 182
Peru, 158, 177, 261
’Phags-pa, 44
Philippines, 52, 53, 56, 203, 213
“Ping-Pong diplomacy,” 268
pirates, 3–4, 40, 47, 50, 52, 60–61, 97, 147, 152
Po Chü-i (Bai Juyi), 26, 29
Poland, 213, 255
polo, 29
Polo, Marco, 42, 45, 48
Pol Pot, 261
porcelain, 12, 26, 27, 51, 53, 101, 134
portraiture, 114–15
Portugal, 49–52, 55–56, 271
“Problems versus Isms” (Hu), 219
processions, ceremonial, 116–17
propaganda, 124–26, 239–40, 241, 249
prostitution, 28, 209, 228
Protestantism, 55, 56, 90, 96, 135–36, 147, 244
Provana, Joseph-Antoine, 122–23
Pu Yi, 232
Qian Daxin, 111–12
Qianlong, Emperor of China, 6, 7, 56, 87, 92–97, 100–108, 113–16, 120–26, 137
Qing dynasty, 60–214
diplomacy of, 93–96, 159, 174–79, 204–5
European military interventions and, 129–65
factions in, 125–26, 142–43, 146
fall of, 168–69, 212–13, 214
foreign relations of, 94–98, 101, 104–5, 126–27, 141, 167–68, 169, 174–79, 204, 213–14
foreign trade in, 3, 92–93, 96–102
intellectual life under, 62, 109–11
Japanese restoration of, 232
Jesuit influence and, 6, 34, 56, 57, 62, 67–69, 71–77, 80, 87, 88, 89–91, 95, 96, 105
Manchu ancestry of, 3, 7, 46, 57, 67, 94, 125, 159, 212, 213, 214
military strategy of, 93–96, 114–21, 125–26, 129–65, 141, 145–48, 160–61, 168, 169, 181, 182–87, 190
mobilization of, 145–48
political authority of, 89–90, 94, 106, 109–10, 120–21, 124–25, 127, 144, 150, 151, 152–53, 159–62, 166, 168–69, 247
political reform and, 210–11, 213
science and technology in, 57, 65–66, 70–72, 75, 91, 103, 105–14
see also individual emperors
Quanzhou, 38, 42, 83, 135
Qu Qiubai, 216
Qu Rukui, 84
Rabban Sauma, 44–45
railroads, 188, 189, 197, 232
rainmaking, 34
Raise the Red Lantern, 275
“Record of Foreign Countries in the Western Ocean” (Gong), 48
Reformation, Protestant, 55, 56
“Resist America, Aid Korea” campaign, 251
Réunion, 158
Ricci, Matteo, 64, 65, 70–71, 73, 81, 82, 83, 84, 107, 112
Rights Recovery Movement, 197
Ripa, Matteo, 113, 123
Rites Controversy, 73–77, 80
Rocha, Felix da, 121, 125
Rock Springs riot, 176
Roman Empire, 15, 17
Rong Hong (Yung Wing), 197
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 238
Royal Sovereign, 124
Ruan Yuan, 111
Rugendas, 115
Russell, Bertrand, 219
Russia:
Chinese relations with, 95, 131, 136, 169, 170, 227
Chinese trade of, 131, 141, 162–63
military forces of, 183–84
treaty with (1860), 163
see also Soviet Union
Russian language, 258
Russian Orthodox church, 95
Russian Revolution, 214, 216, 224, 225
Russo-Japanese War, 7
Sanyuanli uprising, 144, 153, 202
“scar literature,” 268
Schall, Adam, 118, 119
scientific knowledge:
Chinese adoption of, 105–14, 124–28, 148, 167, 168, 175, 181, 182–87, 191, 205, 212, 217–18, 220, 252, 264, 284
Confucianism and, 110–12, 125
credibility of, 108–9, 111
cultural influences and, 205, 207–9
education and, 183, 191–99, 256–57
intelligence and, 110–12
of Jesuits, 6, 34, 57, 65–66, 70–72, 75, 91, 103, 105–9, 111, 112–14, 118, 120, 126–27, 284
progress and, 127–28, 173, 188–89, 257
in Qing dynasty, 57, 65–66, 70–72, 75, 91, 103, 105–14
self-reliance and, 257–58
Second Opium War, 163–65
semu, 45
Senkaku (Diaoyu) Islands, 281
sepoys, 146
sextants, 6, 190, 216
Shandong province, 170, 215, 216, 232
Shanghai:
Chinese population of, 156, 172, 209, 212, 216, 221, 222, 228, 232–33
foreign control of, 134, 148, 154–57, 163, 170–71, 172, 174, 209, 232
French Concession of, 155, 174, 224, 230
International Settlement of, 155, 174, 230
treaty port life in, 154–57, 170–72, 174
Shanghai Communiqué (1972), 263
Shanghai Students’ Union, 207
Shenbao, 172
Shen Fuzong, Michael, 122
Shenwei Tushuo (Verbiest), 119
shibosi (Bureau of Merchant Shipping), 27
Shimonoseki Treaty (1895), 169
Shining Path, 261
shipbuilding, 26, 38, 46, 182, 183, 185–86, 193
Shunzhi, Emperor of China, 93
Sichuan province, 87–88, 114, 120
Sikhs in China, 214, 222
silk, 12, 16, 17, 26–27, 51, 53, 101, 134
Silk Road, 12, 16, 18, 23, 24, 27, 97
silver, 50–52, 57, 98, 101–2, 133, 134, 141, 162
Singapore, 132, 148, 152, 176
Sino-French War (1884–85), 169, 179, 181, 187
Sino-Russian Treaty of Beijing (1860), 163
Sino-Soviet border clashes (1969), 262
Sizhou Zhi (Lin), 147
slavery, 28, 52, 61, 134, 157, 158, 177
smallpox, 17, 41
Small Sword Society, 152, 155
Smith, Adam, 128, 192
smuggling, 40, 50, 101–2
Social Darwinism, 209
“socialist democracy,” 275
Society of God-Worshippers, 159–60
Society of Jesus, see Jesuits
Sogdiana, 12, 23, 24, 28, 30, 32
Song dynasty, 9, 36, 37–41, 42, 43, 45
Song Qingling, 218
South Africa, 177, 213
Southeast Asia, trade with, 6, 17, 24, 26, 28, 37, 38, 40, 50, 51, 97, 99, 135, 154
South Korea, 251
South Manchuria Railway Company, 232
Soviet-Japanese neutrality pact, 239
Soviet Union:
Chinese relations with, 224–29, 235, 241–42, 248, 251–52, 254–58, 262
collapse of, 278
nuclear weapons of, 247, 257
see also Russia
Spain, 52, 53, 55–56, 60, 115, 177
Spence, Jonathan, 71–72
Spencer, Herbert, 192
spheres of influence, 170, 241
spices, 17, 47, 55, 56
Stalin, Joseph, 225, 235, 242, 248, 250, 255–56
Staunton, George, 103
steamships, 189
Stein, Aurel, 11–12
Stilwell, Joseph, 238–39
“Straits produce,” 135
student movements, 212–13, 220–23, 265–66, 268, 273–80, 281
“study abroad fever,” 268–69
Study of Sociology (Spencer), 192
stupas, 20
sugar plantations, 177
Sun Yatsen, 198, 212, 213, 214, 218, 224, 225, 226, 277
superstition, 81–82
sweatshops, 209
Syria, 15, 27
Tagore, Rabindranath, 219–20
Tai’erzhuang, 236
Taiping Rebellion, 155, 159–62, 163, 164, 168, 179, 183, 184, 190
Taiping Tianguo, 160
Taiwan:
foreign trade in, 60–61, 97
Guomindang in, 248, 251
in Qing, 60, 61
Japanese occupation of, 201, 215, 241
People’s Republic of China and, 8, 250–51, 259, 277, 280–81
in U.N., 253, 263
U.S. support for, 243, 250–51, 263
Taiwan Strait, 280
“Talks at the Yan’an Forum on Art and Literature” (Mao), 241
Tang dynasty, 11, 21–37
diplomacy in, 31–33
exchange of ideas in, 29–31
fall of, 36–37
foreign population in, 23–26
foreign religions in, 33–37
foreign trade in, 23–24, 26–29, 36–37
literature of, 25–26
military forces of, 23, 32
multicultural ambience in, 21–26
origins of, 21–23, 33–34
Tang Gaozong (emperor), 32
Tang Taizong, (emperor), 23, 30, 32–33, 34
Tanggu Truce, 233
Tangshan, 264
Tantrism, 29, 30
tariffs, 227, 228
Tatsu Maru, 204
taxation, 49, 57, 133, 134, 162, 164
tea, 101–2, 132, 133–34
telegraph, 188
telescope, 108
Tet offensive, 262
Third Front, 261
Three Hard Years (1960–62), 256
Three Pillars of the Early Christian Church in China (kaijiao san dazhushi), 65–67, 69, 70
Tiananmen Square, 264, 266, 275–80
Tiananmen Square massacre (1989), 275–80
Tianjin, 144, 165
Tianxue Chu Han (Li), 66
Tian Zhu Jiao, 78
Tibet, 8, 44, 46, 94, 95, 113, 126, 131, 169, 253, 271–72, 277, 280, 281
Tibetans, 23, 44, 45, 95, 272
ti-yong, 205, 208
tobacco, 200
Tocharia, 12, 28, 32
Tongwen Guan (College of Foreign Languages), 192–93
Tordesillas Treaty (1494), 55–56
tourism, 267–68, 273
trade, foreign:
cessation of, 100, 141, 142, 203–4
cultural exchanges and, 12–13, 23–24, 28–31, 41, 42–43, 53–54, 56, 68, 96–102, 283–84
diplomacy and, 17, 31–33, 46
expansion of, 45–54, 163, 166, 284
exports and imports in, 16–17, 26–27, 39–40, 47, 58, 151, 173, 283, 285
foreign investment and, 169, 267, 280, 281
global, 51–52, 53, 93, 131, 133, 135, 178–79
imperial attitudes to, 26–29, 39, 42, 46, 92, 96–7, 98–100
inter-Asian, 6, 99, 135
maritime, 18, 24, 26, 27, 37–41, 46–49, 60, 97, 98–100
military force and, 17, 129–30, 140–46, 163–67, 176, 182, 184, 227
overland, 12, 16, 18, 23, 24, 27, 97
religion and, 55–56, 93
revenues from, 39, 46, 92, 155–56
state control of, 15, 23–24, 26–29, 36–37, 39–40, 42, 92–93, 96, 97, 99–100, 151, 227, 228, 245
translations, 192, 209, 211, 212, 245
Travels (Polo), 48
“treasure ships,” 46
treaty: see individual names
treaty ports, 148, 150, 151, 153, 154, 155, 156–57, 160, 163, 170–71, 174, 185, 209, 230, 244, 285
tributary system, 14–15, 46, 47, 51, 95, 98, 136, 152–53
Trotsky, Leon, 225
Truman, Harry S., 242, 245
Tumu, Battle of (1449), 49
Tuoba Wei, 33–34
Tuoba Xianbei, 21
Turgot, Anne Robert Jacques, 123
Turkey, 213
Twenty-one Demands, 215, 226
Uighurs, 24, 272
“unequal treaties,” 7, 153, 175, 216, 225, 227, 285
United Nations, 253, 263
United States:
anti-Chinese riots in, 176
anti-Communist sentiment in, 8, 245, 247, 284
Chinese boycott against, 203–4
Chinese migration to, 157, 158, 176–77, 181, 197–98, 251
Chinese relations with, 8, 100, 176, 203, 213, 227, 238–39, 241, 242, 245, 247, 261–65, 268
Chinese students in, 197–98
Chinese trade of, 100, 130, 137–40, 245
Exclusion Acts, 176, 178, 203
imperialism of, 252, 254, 257, 270, 277, 278, 284
nuclear weapons of, 247–48, 250
Taiping Rebellion and, 162
Taiwan supported by, 243, 250–51, 263
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), 278
urbanization, 58
Vatican library, 122
Vattel, Emmerich de, 147
Verbiest, Ferdinand, 6, 112–13, 118–19, 121
Versailles Treaty (1919), 215–16, 217, 220, 224
Vietnam, 213
Vietnam Wars, 8, 253, 258–59, 262, 263
Wang Xishan, 109
Wang Yangming, 58–59
Wang Zheng, 78–79
warlords, 214, 216, 224, 227
War of 1812, 130
Washington Conference (1922), 227
Washington Post, 279
Wealth of Nations (Smith), 192
weapons, 27, 99, 117–21, 125, 145–46, 148, 160–61, 182–83, 185–86, 191
Wedemeyer, Albert, 239
Wei Jingsheng, 266, 281
Wei Yuan, 147–48
Western languages, 192–93, 194, 195, 209, 210
West Point Military Academy, 198
Whampoa Military Academy, 229
White Lotus rebellion, 133, 147
White Lotus sect, 85, 86, 88
Whitney, Eli, 134
Wild Goose Pagoda, 33
Wilson, Woodrow, 207, 215
women:
as Buddhists, 20, 196
as Christians, 88, 180, 196
Confucianism and, 88, 196, 223
education of, 195–97, 201, 220
emancipation of, 223
fashions adopted by, 29
footbinding by, 199–202
as foreigners, 151
May Fourth and, 223
in urban areas, 209–10
World War One, 7–8, 167, 171, 204, 215–18, 227, 229, 238
World War Two, 8, 223, 231, 237–41
writing, 14, 31
Wu Sangui, 60
Xiamen (Amoy), 148, 154, 202
Xianfeng, Emperor of China, 168
Xiangfei, 114
Xi’an Incident, 235
Xinjiang region, 97, 113–14, 132, 141, 142, 163, 248, 253, 272
Xiongnu confederation, 16
Xuanzang, 11–12, 32–33
Xuanzong, Emperor of China, 35
Xue Fengzuo, 109
Xue Fucheng, 178
Xu Guangqi, 65, 66, 107
Yalta Conference (1945), 239
Yan Fu, 192, 198, 209
Yang Dewang, Stephen, 123–24
Yang Tingyun, 66–67, 70, 81
Yangzhou, 24
Yan Liben, 32
Yao Ying, 146, 148
Yellow River, 274
Yen, James, 231, 239–40
Yining, 272
Yixing, 30
yi yi zhi yi, 167
Yongle, Emperor of China, 46, 47
Yongzheng, Emperor of China, 55, 87, 93, 114, 136, 140, 142
Yuan dynasty, 41–45
Yuan Ming Yuan palace complex, 103–4, 116–17, 164–65
Yuan Shikai, 214, 215, 238
Yuan Zhen, 26
Yung Wing (Rong Hong), 197
Yunnan province, 162, 168
Zeng Jize, 189
Zhang Bao, 4
Zhang Qian, 16
Zhang Xueliang, 232, 235
Zhang Yimou, 275
Zhao Rugua, 38–39
Zheng, Cheng’gong (Coxinga), 60–61, 97
Zheng He, 46, 47, 48, 49
zhifang (Bureau of Operations), 31
Zhou Enlai, 221, 253–54, 262, 264, 265
Zhoushan (Chusan), 143, 150
Zhu De, 264
Zhufan Zhi (Zhao), 38–39
Zhu Siben, 43, 48
Zhu Xi, 58
Zhu Zongyuan, Cosimo, 68, 69
Zongli Yamen (office for the General Management of Affairs Concerning the Various Countries), 174–76, 180, 192
Zoroastrianism, 33–34
Zou Rong, 212–13
Zunghar tribes, 95