The author gratefully acknowledges the following for their generous permission to reprint copyright materials: Alfred A. Knopf and Jonathan Cape, Ltd., for material from Jonathan D. Spence, Emperor of China: Self-Portrait of K’ang-hsi, © 1974; Stanford University Press, for material from Frank Dikotter, The Discourse of Race in Modern China, © 1992, from Linda Cooke Johnson, Shanghai: From Market Town to Treaty Port, 1074–1858, © 1995, and from Elizabeth Perry, Shanghai on Strike: The Politics of Chinese Labor, © 1993; University of California Press, for material from Edward Schafer, The Golden Peaches of Samarkand,© 1963, and from Arnold Rowbotham, Missionary and Mandarin: The Jesuits at the Court of Peking, © 1942; Columbia University Press, for material from Sources of Chinese Tradition, ed. Wm. Theodore de Bary, © 1960; Editions Economica, for material from Jacques Dars, La Marine chinoise du Xe au XIVe Siecle, © 1992; University of Hawaii Press, for material from David E. Mungello, Leibniz and Confucianism: The Search for Accord, © 1977, and from David E. Mungello, The Forgotten Christians of Hangzhou, © 1994; Yale University Press, for material from Lynn Struve, Voices from the Ming-Qing Cataclysm: China in Tiger’s Jaws, © 1993, from Jane Hunter, The Gospel of Gentility: American Women Missionaries in Turn-of-the-Century China, © 1984, and from One Day in China: May 21st, 1936, translated, edited, and with an introduction by Sherman Cochran and Andrew C. K. Hsieh with Janis Cochran, © 1983; Cambridge University Press, for material from Jacques Gernet, China and the Christian Impact, © 1982, and from Joseph Needham, Science and Civilization in China, volume 3, © 1959; Loyola University Press, for material from East Meets West: The Jesuits in China, 1582–1773, ed. Charles E. Ronan, S.J. and Bonnie B. C. Oh, © 1988; E. J. Brill, for material from H.T. Zurndorfer and L. Blusse, eds., Conflict and Accommodation in Early Modern East Asia, © 1993; Königshausen and Neumann, for material from Religion und Philosophie in Ostasien: Festschrift for Hans Steininger am 65. Geburtstag, ed. G. Naundorf, K-H. Pohl, and H-H. Schmidt, © 1985; Benjamin Elman, for material from From Philosophy to Philology: Intellectual and Social Aspects of Change in Late Imperial China (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1984); Harvard University Press, for material from Chow Tse-tsung, The May Fourth Movement, © 1960; Harvard University Council on East Asia Studies, for material from Lloyd L. Eastman, The Abortive Revolution: China Under Nationalist Rule, 1927–1937, © 1974, from James W. Polachek, The Inner Opium War, © 1992, and from Yeh Wen-hsin, The Alienated Academy: Culture and Politics in Republican China, 1919–1937, © 1990; Mouton de Gruyter, for material from Tsou Rong, The Revolutionary Army: A Chinese Nationalist Tract of 1903, © 1968; Princeton University Press, for material from William Stueck, The Korean War: An International History, © 1995; David Higham Associates, for material from Ma Huan, Ying-yai Sheng-Lan (The Overall Survey of the Ocean’s Shores), translated from the Chinese text edited by Feng Ch’eng-Chün with introduction, notes, and appendices by J. V. G. Mills, © Hakluyt Society, 1970; Oxford University Press, for material from The First Chinese Embassy to the West: The Journals of Kuo Sung-t’ao, Liu Hsi-hung and Chang Te-yi, tr. J. D. Frodsham, © 1974; University of Washington Press, for material from Marilyn A. Levine, The Found Generation: Chinese Communists in Europe during the Twenties, © 1993, and from Tsi-an Hsia, Gate of Darkness: Studies on the Leftist Literary Movement in China, © 1968; Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars, for material from Stephen Field, “He shang and the Plateau of Ultrastability,” © 1991; Arizona State University, for material from Phoebus, no. 6.1, © 1988; Penguin Books, Ltd, for material from The Analects, by Confucius, tr. D. C. Lau (Penguin Classics, 1979), © D. C. Lau, 1979.