Abernathy, Ralph, 42, 53, 62, 197–198
arrest of, in Selma, 66
and Bloody Sunday, 83
and FBI, meeting with, 58
and Hotel Albert incident, 60–61
and King, assassination of, 200
and Memphis campaign, 198, 199
and sanitation workers campaign (Memphis 1968), 196
and Selma to Montgomery march (March 21, 1965), 135, 138
and Turn-Around Tuesday, 103
ACLU. See American Civil Liberties Union
Adams, C. J., 8
Adegbile, Debo P., 238
Adler, Renata, 147
Alabama, xvii
Alabama Board of Registrars, 7, 35–36
Albert, Carl, 116
Alcock, Bob, 211
ALEC. See American Legislative Exchange Council
Allan v. State Board of Elections, 208
Allen, James, 212
American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), 249
American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC), 242–243
Amerson, Lucius, 191
Anderson, Lewis Lloyd, 16
Andrews, Glenn, 108
Arrington, Richard, 217
Austin, James, and police brutality, 36
Bailey, Mel, 188
Bailout provision, 210, 218–220, 222, 229, 235, 237
Baker, Wilson, 40, 41, 60–61, 109, 126–127
and Bloody Sunday, 83
and Brown Chapel to courthouse march (February 1965, Selma), 66
and Clark-Baker race, 188–191
and Edmund Pettus Bridge incident, 89
and mayor’s home, picketing of, 126–127
and primary election, 1966, 182–183
Baldwin, James, 32
Bass, Ross, 161
Bayh, Birch, 157
Bell, Griffin, 221–222
Bellows, Shenna, 249
Benton, Nelson, 91
Bentson, Jim, 85
Bevel, James, 2–3, 4–5, 29–30, 41, 42, 195, 197
and court order, and “appearance book” strategy, 70–71
death of, 252
and Edmund Pettus Bridge incident, 89
and Freedom Day (January 1965), 55, 56
and Jackson, Jimmie Lee, 80–81
and Memphis campaign, 200
and police brutality, 71
and student recruitment, 26
and Washington, DC, march, and violence, 126
Bilbo, Theodore, xiii–xv
Bilingual ballots, 211–212, 213
Bilingual voter assistance, 222
Billingsley, Orzell, Jr., 9–10
Birmingham boycott/Project C—for Confrontation, 26–27
Black candidates, xii, 217–218, 238–239
Black Power advocates, 194. See also Carmichael, Stokely
Black preachers, opposition from, 13
Bloody Sunday, ix. See also Selma to Montgomery march (March 7, 1965)
Bloom, Gail Butterfield, 243–244
Bolden, Willie, 186
Bonner, Charles, 15–16, 25, 29, 89, 252
Boynton, Amelia, xix, 8, 12, 13, 23, 84 (photo), 88 (photo), 168
arrest of, 61–62
and Edmund Pettus Bridge incident, 87, 89
and Freedom Day (January 1965), 55
and Freedom Day (October 1963), 33
and police brutality, 61–62
and primary election, 1966, 182–183
and Selma to Montgomery march (March 21, 1965), 131, 142, 144
Boynton, Sam, xix, 8, 9, 10, 12–13, 16–19
Bozeman, Maggie, 226–227
Bradley, Tom, 217
Branch, Ben, 200
Brennan, William, 214
Brown, Alexander, 21–22
Brown, Edmund G. “Pat,” 192
Brown, Hubert (H. Rap), 110–111, 194
Brown, Rev. Lonnie, 183
Brown, Lulu, 29
Brown Chapel A.M.E. Church (Selma), 53–54, 69
Brown Chapel to courthouse march (February 1965, Selma), 66
Brown v. Board of Education, xiii, xvi, 150
Broyles, William, Jr., 210
Bush, George W., 232–233, 234–235
Bush, Jeb, 241
Bush administration, 242–243
Butterfield, Gladys, 243–244
Calhoun, John C., 150
Califano, Joseph, 168–169
Carmichael, Stokely, 178–180, 183, 187, 192, 200
Carroll, James, 92
Carswell, G. Harold, 206
Carter, Harmon, 29
Carter’s Drugstore demonstration (Selma), 29
Cavenaugh, Jerome, 93
Celler, Emanuel, 121, 149, 162, 191, 205
Celler, Manny, 166
Chestnut, J. L., Jr., 8, 10, 13, 22–23, 125–126
harassment of, and police brutality, 21–22
and primary election, 1966, 182–183
Chicago Freedom Movement, 193–194
Cicciarelli, Jill, 245–247
City of Mobile v. Bolden, 214, 215, 216, 231
Civil Rights Act of 1957, xv, 49, 96–97, 151
Civil Rights Act of 1960, 97
Civil Rights Act of 1964, 36–37, 41–42, 48, 49, 51, 97, 151
Civil rights bill, 28, 36, 96, 148, 150–151
Civil Rights Commission, 10, 211, 219
Civil rights legislation, and backlash, 192–193
Civil rights movement, xvii, 34, 57, 125–126
Civil Service Commission, 172
Civil War, 6
Clark, James, xix–xx, 7, 33 (photo), 74 (photo), 101
and Austin, and police brutality, 36
and Bevel, and police brutality, 71
and Bloody Sunday, 83
and Boynton’s memorial service and civil rights rally, 17–18, 18–19
and Boyton, and police brutality, 61–62
and brutality, media coverage of, 65, 73, 74, 92
and Carter’s Drugstore demonstration, 29
and Clark-Baker race, 188–191
and Cooper, and police brutality, 64–65
and court injunction against civil rights leaders and organizations, 38
and court order to stop voter registration suppression, 67, 68
criticism of, 72
death of, 252
and Edmund Pettus Bridge incident, 85–90
and FBI, 72
and Freedom Day (January 1965), 56
and Freedom Day (October 1963), and police brutality, 31–35, 36
health problems of, 72–73
and Jackson, Jimmie Lee, 109
and Lafayette, 22
and loss of authority, 40
as “perfect antagonist,” 92
and police brutality, in Marion, Alabama, 75–76
and policy brutality, in Selma, 37–38
and primary election, 1966, 182–183
and Reese, and police brutality, 22, 23
and registration day (Selma), and violence and mass arrests, 38
and restraining order, 64–65
and Selma officials’ nonviolence strategy, 60
and Selma teachers’ march, 63
and Selma to Montgomery march (March 21, 1965), 133
and Selma to Montgomery march (March 21, 1965), court order to allow, 129
and students, and police brutality, 71–72
and Turn-Around Tuesday, 102, 103
and Vivian, and police brutality, 73–74
Voting Rights Act of 1965, enforcement of, efforts to obstruct, 176
and Voting Rights Act of 1965, enforcement of, 174–175
Clark, Ramsay, 130
Clark-Baker race, 188–191
Clergymen rally (March 1965, Washington, DC), 109
Clinton, Bill, 204
Cloud, John, 86–87, 86 (photo), 103, 133
Clymer, Adam, 189
Cochran, Thad, 224
Coleman, Gregory, 235–236
Coleman, Tom, 179
Collier, Vernando R., xiv–xv
Collins, Addie Mae, 25
Collins, LeRoy, 101, 102–103, 106
Collins, Sarah, 25
Colmer, William, 205
Confiscation Act, xvii
and police brutality, 26
Conservative backlash, and racial prejudice, 241
and police brutality, 64–65
Cooper, John Sherman, 207
Coors family, 242
Corporations, conservative, 242
Costa, Greg, 250
Cotton, Dorothy, 61
Cotton, Norris, 161
Cox, Archibald, 206
Cox, Ben, 21
Cramer, William, 166
Crawford, Robert, 186
Crist, Charlie, 241
Dallas County Voters League, 8
Daniels, Jonathan, 179
Dannelly, Bill, 183
De La Beckwith, Byron, 21
DeLoach, Cartha “Deke,” 58
DeMuth, Jerry, 37
Dent, Harry, 203
Department of Transportation, US, 243–244
Derfner, Armand, 216
Dickinson, William, 134
Dinkins, William, 105
Dirksen, Everett M., xix, 168 (photo)
and voting rights bill, 95–99, 112, 116, 121, 152–161, 166
Doar, John, xv–xvi, xvii, 101, 130, 139 (photo) and Clark-Baker race, 188–190
and King, assassination threats against, 140, 141
and Liuzzo, murder of, 147
and Selma to Montgomery march (March 21, 1965), 138, 144
Dobynes, Rev. James, 76
Dole, Bob, 228
Donohue, Harold, 166
Douglas, Frederick, x–xi
Dozier, Sam, 77
Du Bois, W. E. B., 254
Dunn, Chad, 250
Dunn, Dr., 64
Durban, Richard, 246
Durgan, Andrew J., 62
Eastland, James, 150, 152, 154–155, 212
Edmund Pettus Bridge incident, 83, 84, 85–90, 86 (photo), 127, 129, 131–132, 133. See also Selma to Montgomery march (Bloody Sunday, March 7, 1965)
Edwards, Don, 215–216, 218, 219, 222
Election 1964, 202
Election 1966 (midterm), 191–193
Election 1966 (primary), 176–191
and black candidates, 183–184, 187–188
and Clark-Baker race, 188–191
efforts to obstruct, 186–187
results, 187–188
and voter fraud, 188
Election 1968, 201–202
Election 1970 (midterm), 232
Election 2008, 242
and racial prejudice, 239–241
Election 2010 (midterm)
and conservative backlash, and racial prejudice, 241
and new voting laws, 241–251
See also Voting laws, and election 2012
Election 2012, 241
and voter suppression, 245–251 (see also Voting laws, since election 2010)
Ellender, Allen, xiv, 150, 151, 160, 161
Ellington, Buford, 112
Emancipation Proclamation, xvii
Ervin, Sam, Jr., 155–156, 159–160, 206, 207
Eskridge, Chauncy, 200
Evers, Medgar, xiii–xiv, xv, 4, 21
Fager, Charles, 62
Farmer, James, xix, 47, 99, 102, 103
Fauntroy, Rev. Walter, 109
FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation), 17, 72, 88, 196
and King, xvii, 44, 46, 57–58, 79, 194, 195
and Liuzzo, murder of, 145–147
and police brutality, in Marion, Alabama, 78–79
See also Hoover, J. Edgar
Fifteenth Amendment, xi–xii, 70, 128, 152, 155–156, 157, 158, 166, 167, 169, 177, 214
Fikes, William Earl, 9–10
Fikes trial, 9–10
Fisher, Pete, 76–77
Fitzgerald, Jeff, 243
Fitzgerald, Scott, 243
Florida, voter suppression in, 245–248
Florida League of Women Voters, 247, 248
Florida Public Interest Research Education Fund, 247
Flowers, Richmond, 181–182, 187
Ford, Gerald, 209–210, 212, 213 (photo), 214
and voting rights, 163, 164, 165, 166
Forman, James, xix, 5, 18, 24, 99, 107
and civil right movement, control of, 125–126
and Freedom Day (October 1963), 31–35
and Selma demonstrations, 30–31
and Turn-Around Tuesday, 102, 103
and Wallace, 129
Forrest, Nathan Bedford, 6
Foster, Lucy, 80
Foster, Marie, 14, 23, 168, 185, 251–252
and Edmund Pettus Bridge incident, 87, 89
Fountain, Stanley, 103
Fourteenth Amendment, xi, 9, 128, 157, 158
Freedom Day (January 1965, Selma), 55–64
Freedom Day (October 1963, Selma), 31–35, 36
Frye, Hardy, 104
Fulbright, J. William, 151, 162
Gaston, A. G., 138
Georgia V. Ashcroft, 234
Ginn, Ronald “Bo,” 222
Glynn, Paul, 118
Goldwater, Barry, 49, 160, 230
Goodwin, Richard, 116–117, 118, 119
Gordon, Albert, 188
Gordon, Frank D., 10–11
Gore, Albert, 161
Gort, Solomon, 3–4
Grandfather clause, xii
Gray, Fred, 188
Greenberg, Jack, 226
GROW (Get Rid of Wallace), 30
Guice, Hosea, 12
Haley, Nikki, 239
Hall, David, 134
Hall, Peter A., 9–10
Hall, Rosa Bell, 134
Hamer, Fannie Lou, 234
and court injunction against civil rights leaders and organizations, 38–40, 42, 67
Harris, Fred, 161
Harris, Richard, 205–206
Harris, T. O., 76
Hart, Philip, 152, 168 (photo), 206, 207
Hartford, Bruce, 139
Hatch, Oren, 225, 227–228, 229
Hayakawa, S. I., 230–231
Haynesworth, Clement F., Jr., 203
Heflin, Howell, 228
Henry, Aaron, 211–212
Henry, Robert C., 217
Hesburgh, Rev. Theodore, 11
Hickenlooper, Bourke, 160, 161
Hill, Lister, 112
Hinckle, Robert L., 250
Hobbs, Cleophas, 15–16, 25, 29
Hoffman, Wendell, 34
Holder, Eric, 246
Hollings, Ernest, 207
Homeland Security database, 247–248
Hood, James, 27
and King, xvii, 44–46, 45, 195
and Liuzzo, murder of, 145, 146
and police brutality, in Marion, Alabama, 79
See also FBI
Hotel Albert incident, 58, 60–61
Hulkill, Dorothy, 246
Humphrey, Gordon, 230
Humphrey, Hubert, xix, 46, 47, 69–70, 147, 201
and voting rights bill, 96, 118, 153, 156, 159
Hunter, C. C., 18
Hurricane Katrina, 233
Hyde, Henry, 216, 218–219, 220–221
“I Have a Dream” speech (King), 28
Irby, Donnie, 183
Jackson, Emma Jean, 77
Jackson, Jesse, Jr., 233
Jackson, Jesse, Sr., 195, 197, 200, 234
Jackson, Jimmie Lee, xx, 75, 83, 109, 111
and police brutality and death of, 77–81
Jackson, Maynard, 217
James, Fob, 226
Javits, Jacob, 168 (photo)
and voting rights bill, 152–153, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159
Jenkins, P. C. “Lummie,” 183–184, 188
Jim Crow laws, 6
Jindal, Bobby, 239
Johnson, Andrew, x–xi
Johnson, Frank Mims, Jr., 189
and court injunction, Selma to Montgomery march (March 9, 1965), 90–91, 99–101, 103, 106–107
and court order to allow Selma to Montgomery march (March 21, 1965), 125, 127–129, 129–130, 134, 147
and Liuzzo, murder of, 147
and Wallace, 130
Johnson, Lady Bird, 96, 108–109, 111
Johnson, Luci Baines, xii
Johnson, Lyndon, ix, xix, 100–101, 169 (photo), 197, 211
and black vote as political advantage, 59
and Bloody Sunday, 82
and civil rights, 49–51
and Civil Rights Act of 1957, 49
and Civil Rights Act of 1964, 48, 49
and Civil Rights Act of 1964, signing of, 36–37
and civil rights movement, control of, 125–126
and election 1964, 202
and election 1966, 192
and electoral victory, 42, 49–50
and King, xix, 47–48, 59–60, 65, 66, 68–69, 69–70, 82, 96, 177, 192, 194, 195
and Liuzzo, murder of, 145–146
and Malcolm X, 69
and primary election 1966, 176
and Selma to Montgomery march (March 21, 1965), 128, 130, 144
and voting rights, 50–51
and Voting Rights Act Amendment of 1982, 231
and Voting Rights Act of 1965, xix, xx, 171, 204
and voting rights bill, 48, 64, 65, 69, 95–96, 99, 152, 158, 159, 160, 161–162, 163, 166
and voting rights bill, and speech to Congress, 115–123, 125–126
and voting rights bill, announcement to media, 114–115
and voting rights bill, critics of, 108–109, 109–112
and voting rights bill, signing of, xvii–xix, 168–169, 231, 234
and White House demonstrations (March 1965), 94–95, 110, 111
and White House student sit-in (March 1965), 107–108
Jones, Andrew, 187
Jones, Bill, 82
Jones, Solomon, 200
Jordan, Barbara, 210–212, 213 (photo), 214
Junkin, Clatus, 226
Justice Department, 33–34, 146
and police brutality, 27
Katzenbach, Nicholas, 48, 68, 69–70, 78–79, 94, 100
and Liuzzo, murder of, 145
and primary election 1966, 176
and Selma to Montgomery march (March 21, 1965), 127, 128, 144
and voting rights, 50–51
and Voting Rights Act of 1965, 171–172
and voting rights bill, 95, 96, 98, 99, 112, 116, 149, 152, 166–167
Katzenbach v. Morgan, 177, 206
Kennedy, Edward, 168 (photo), 206–207, 217, 225, 228, 234
and voting rights bill, 152, 156, 157–159, 166
Kennedy, Joan, 158
Kennedy, John, 26–27, 28, 36, 201, 231
Kennedy, Neil, 98
Kennedy, Robert, xix, 158, 159, 166, 197, 200
Kerry, John, 240
King, Coretta Scott, 57, 138, 194, 234
King, Martin Luther, Jr., x, 23–24, 55 (photo), 96, 142 (photo)
arrest of, in Selma, 66–68
assassination of, 200–201
and Birmingham boycott, 26–27
and Boynton, Amelia, 41, 42, 43
and Brown Chapel campaign opening, 53–54
and Brown Chapel to courthouse march (February 1965, Selma), 66
and Chicago Freedom Movement, 193–194
and civil rights movement, control of, 125–126
and court injunction, Turn-Around Tuesday, 99–101, 106–107
death threats against, 43, 79, 195
enlistment of, in Selma, 41–43
and FBI, xvii, 44, 46, 194, 195
and Freedom Day (January 1965), 55–56, 58–59
and Hotel Albert incident, 58, 60–61
and “I Have a Dream” speech, 28
and Jackson, Jimmie Lee, 79, 81
and Johnson, Lyndon, xix, 47–48, 59–60, 65, 68–69, 69–70, 82, 96, 177, 192, 194, 195
and KKK, 26
legacy of, 201
“Letter from MARTIN LUTHER KING from a Selma, Alabama, Jail,” 67–68
and Liuzzo, murder of, 147
and Malcolm X, 69
and marital infidelity, 44–46, 57–58
and media, 91–92
and Memphis campaign, 198–199
and northern civil rights campaign, 193–194
physical and emotional health of, 43, 53, 58, 180, 195–196, 197
and police brutality, xx, 78–79
and Poor People’s Campaign, 194–195, 197
and prayer for courage, 43
and primary election 1966, 176
and Reeb eulogy, 109
and riots (summer of 1967), 194
and sanitation workers campaign (Memphis 1968), 196–200
Selma to Montgomery march (March 21, 1965), 130, 134, 135, 136–137, 138
Selma to Montgomery march (March 21, 1965), aim of, 148
Selma to Montgomery march (March 21, 1965), assassination threats against, 140–141
Selma to Montgomery march (March 21, 1965), closing address, 142–144
Selma to Montgomery march (March 21, 1965), court order to allow, 129
Selma to Montgomery march (March 21, 1965), opening address, 132
Selma to Montgomery march (March 21, 1965), protection for, 140–141
Selma to Montgomery march (Turn-Around Tuesday, March 9, 1965), 90, 93, 101–104
and student recruitment, 26
and Voting Rights Act of 1965, and primary election 1966, 180–181
and Voting Rights Act of 1965, signing of, xvi–xvii, xix
and voting rights bill, 149, 164, 166–167, 169
King, Martin Luther, Sr., 58
KKK. See Ku Klux Klan
Knights of the White Camellia, xi
Koch brothers, 242
Kousser, J. Morgan, 235
Ku Klux Klan (KKK), xi, 14, 21, 26, 145–147
Kuchel, Thomas H., 168 (photo)
Kyles, Rev. Samuel, 200
Lafayette, Bernard, xix, xxii (photo), 1, 80, 168, 195
accomplishments of, in Selma, 23–24
arrest of and vagrancy charge against, 22
and black opposition, in Selma, 13
and Boynton, Sam, 12–13, 16–19, 22
education and early years, 1–2
harassment of, in Selma, 19–20
and Lawson’s Nashville nonviolence workshops, 2–3
marriage of, 14
and Nashville incident, 3–4
and Obama’s election, 252
in Parchman Penitentiary, 4
and police brutality, in Selma, 20–21
and SNCC, 4–5
and student recruitment, in Selma, 15–16
and voter’s clinic, in Selma, 14
Lafayette, Colia (née Liddell), 4, 14, 19–20, 24
and police brutality, 26
LaRouche, Lyndon, 252
Lausche, Frank, 156
Lawson, Rev. James, Jr., 2–3, 4, 196, 200
Lawyers Committee for Civil Rights Under Law, 249
Leadership Conference on Civil Rights, 215–216
League of Women Voters, 249
and police brutality, 77
Lee, Rev. George Washington, 11–12
Lee, Robert E., 6
Lee, Sheila Jackson, 233
Leonard, George B., 92–93
Letherer, Jim, 131
“Letter from MARTIN LUTHER KING from a Selma, Alabama, Jail” (King), 67–68
Lewis, John, xvi, xvii, 84 (photo), 86 (photo), 87 (photo)
and Edmund Pettus Bridge incident, 85–87, 89
and Freedom Day (January 1965), 55
and Hotel Albert incident, 61
and Lawson’s Nashville
nonviolence workshops, 2
and March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom (August 1963), 28
and Medal of Freedom, 254 (photo)
and nonviolence, 169–170
and Obama, 237
and registration day (Selma), 38
and Selma demonstrations, 30–31
and Selma to Montgomery march (March 21, 1965), 127, 129, 131, 135
and SNCC, 4–5
and Turn-Around Tuesday, 90–91, 103
and voter suppression speech to Congress (2011), 252–253
and Voting Rights Act Amendment of 1982, 217
and Voting Rights Act Amendment of 2006, 234
and voting rights bill, 169
Liddell, Colia. See Lafayette, Colia
Lincoln, Abraham, xvii
Lindsay, John V., 164
Lingo, Al, 31, 79, 101, 102, 103, 129
and Bloody Sunday, 82
and primary election, 1966, 182
Literacy tests, xi–xii, 152–153, 163–164, 171, 187, 204, 207, 208, 213
murder of, 145–147
Locke, Gary, 239
Lord, John Wesley, 102, 103, 109
Lowery, Rev. Joseph, 58, 81, 226
Lowery march (1982), 226–227
Lowndes County, 72, 82, 178–180, 179
Lowndes County Christian Movement for Human Rights, 179
Macnab, Diedre, 247
Magnuson, Warren, 206
Malcolm X, 69
Mallory, Hugh, 23
Malone, Vivian, 27
Mansfield, Mike, 96, 98, 116, 121, 168 (photo)
and Voting Rights Act Amendment of 1970, 206, 207
and Voting Rights Act Amendment of 1975, 212
and voting rights bill, 150, 153, 155, 156, 158, 159, 160
March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom (August 1963), 27–28
Marion, Alabama, xx
police brutality in, 74–79
student protest march in, 75
Marshall, Thurgood, xiii, 97, 214
Martin, Louis, 100
Mauldin, Ardies, 173–174
McClure, James, 231
McCormack, John, 111, 116, 118, 163
McCulloch, William, 162–163, 163–164, 166, 205
McDonald, Laughlin, 216
McFall, Ann, 245–246
McLeod, Blanchard, 36, 37, 38, 63
McNab, Debra, 248
McNair, Denise, 25
McPherson, Harry, 117
McShane, James, 141
Media
and Bloody Sunday, 91–95
and civil rights movement, 34
and Clark-Baker race, 189
and Clark’s brutality, coverage of, 65, 73, 74, 92
and Edmund Pettus Bridge incident, 87, 88
and Florida, voter suppression in, 246
and Freedom Day (January 1965), demonstrations and arrests, 62
and Freedom Day (October 1963), 34
and police brutality, in Marion, Alabama, 76–77
and primary election, 1966, 183
and registration day (Selma), and violence and mass arrests, 38
and Selma to Montgomery march (March 21, 1965), and King’s closing address, 143
and voting rights bill, Johnson’s announcement of, 114–115
Memphis Bishop Charles Mason Temple Church of God in Christ, 198–199
Memphis campaign, 198–200
Memphis Sanitation Workers Campaign (1968), 196–200
Miller, Orloff, and police brutality, 104–105
Miller, William “Fishbait,” 118
Minority candidates, 239. See also Black candidates
Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party, 47
Mitchell, John, 204
Mizell, Frank, 190
Monroney, Mike, 161
Montgomery, Alabama, xvii, 10–12, 129, 186. See also Selma to Montgomery marches
Moore, Paul, Jr., 110
Moore, W. Henson, 222
Morrisroe, Richard, 179
Moseley-Braun, Carole, 239
Moses, Bob, 5
Moton, Leroy, 145
Moyers, Bill, 117
Murphy, Matthew Hobson, 146–147
Myers, Bud, 211
NAACP, xiv
Nash, Diane, 2–3, 4–5, 29–30, 80, 105
Nashville movement, 3–4
Nashville nonviolence workshops, 2–3
National Convention of Colored Men, x
National Council of Churches, 109, 111
National option, 220–221
Neas, Ralph, 215–216, 224, 225
Neblett, Carver, 34
Nelson, Bill, 246
Nelson, Jack, 189
Newton, Huey, 187
Nichols, Woodfin, 76–77
Niess, Richard, 249–250
Night marches, 75
Nineteenth Amendment, xi
Nixon, Richard, 206, 210, 211, 232
and election 1968, 201
and Voting Rights Act Amendment of 1970, 203–204, 208–209
Nobel Peace Prize, and King, 45, 46
Nofziger, Lynn, 220
Non-English-speakers with eighth-grade education, 159
Northwest Austin Municipal District Number One v. Holder, 237, 251
Obama, Barack, 236, 237, 238, 253, 254 (photo)
and election 2008, and racial prejudice, 239–241
and Obama constituency, and voter suppression, 241–242, 243 (see also Voter suppression)
O’Brien, Larry, 50
O’Brien, William, 244
Office of public safety (Selma), 40
Olsen, Clark, and police brutality, 104–105
Orange, James, 75, 80, 144, 145, 200
Parker, Frank, 216
Parker, Theodore, x
Parks, Rosa, xii–xiii, xvii, 131, 142, 234
and voting rights bill, 168–169
Patrick, Deval, 239
Patterson, David, 239
Patterson, Eugene, 45
Pearson, Jesse W., 190
Pennsylvania Republican State Committee, 249
People’s Veto (Maine), 249
Perdue, Carleton, 179
Perez, Leander, 176
Perry County Voters League, 75
Perryman, James, 183
Persily, Nathan, 235
Phillips, Barbara, 216
Phillips, Kevin, 204
Phillips, Nathanial, Jr., 173
Pickard, Joseph, 63
Pildes, Richard, 235
Plotkin, Robert, 221
Police brutality, xx, 37, 38, 126
and Birmingham boycott, 26
and Justice Department, 27
in Marion, Alabama, 74–79
and students, 71–72
See also Bloody Sunday; Edmund Pettus Bridge incident; under individuals
Poll taxes, xi–xii, 152, 153, 156, 157–159, 162, 163–164, 166–167, 171, 177
Pollak, Stephen, 98
Poor People’s Campaign, 194–195, 197
Pottinger, J. Stanley, 210
Prater, Rev. Boniface, 126
Preclearance provision (Section 5), 204–205, 208, 209, 216–217, 218–219, 221, 222, 223, 228, 229, 234, 237–238, 251
Preise, Doug, 249
Pritchett, Laurie, 60
Progressive Voters League, xiv
Project C—for Confrontation/Birmingham boycott, 26–27
Race, Darden, 250
Race riots (1966), 192
Racial prejudice, and conservative backlash, 241
Randolph, A. Philip, 27, 28, 131, 142
Rangel, Charles, 210
Rauh, Joseph L., Jr., 157, 215
and Voting Rights Act Amendment of 1982, 214, 215, 220–224, 225, 227, 231
Reconstruction Act, xi
Reeb, Rev. James
attack on, 104–106
death and impact, 108–109, 111
Reedy, George, 69
Reese, Bosie, and police brutality, 22, 23
Reese, Rev. Frederick, 23, 38, 62–64, 70–71, 90, 182–183
Reese, May, 185
Registrars, xii. See also Alabama Board of Registrars; Selma Board of Registrars
Registration day (Selma), and police brutality, and mass arrests, 38
Reno v. Bossier Parish School Board, 234
Republicans
and new voting laws, motive for, 249
and voter fraud, 242–243
Residency requirements, xi–xii, 208
Reynolds, Frank, 92
Reynolds, William Bradford, 221, 224, 227
Richardson, Bill, 239
Ricks, Willie, 104
Riots (summer of 1967), 194
River, L. Mendel, 222
Robb, Charles, 223
Roberts, Cokie, 165
Roberts, Steven, 165
Robertson, A. Willis, 151
Robertson, Carole, 25
Robinson, James, 183
Robinson, Jimmy George, 61
Robinson, Willie, 29
Rockefeller, Nelson, 46
Rockwell, Jean Heinz, 9
Rogers, Rev. Jefferson, 94
Rogers v. Lodge, 231
Romney, Mitt, 249
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 27
Rosenthal, Jack, 136
Rowe, Gary Thomas, Jr., 146, 147
Rush, Bobby, 233
Russell, Richard Brevard, Jr., 151
Russell, Mrs. Valester, 181
Scaife, Richard Mellon, 242
Schwartz, Emma, 235
SCLC. See Southern Christian Leadership Conference
Scott, Hugh, 206, 207, 212, 213–214
Seay, Solomon, Jr., 23
Section 2 (of Voting Rights Act), 215, 216, 222–223, 225–226, 227, 228, 229, 231, 234
Section 5 (of Voting Rights Act), 204–205, 208, 209, 216–217, 218–219, 221, 222, 223, 228, 229, 234, 237–238, 251
Sellers, Aaron, 11
Selma, Alabama, xx
Brown Chapel campaign opening, 53–54, 69
Brown Chapel to courthouse march (February 1965), 66
Carter’s Drugstore demonstration, 29
and Civil War, 6
demonstrations, 30–31
enlistment of King in, 41–43
Freedom Day (January 1965), 55–64
Freedom Day (October 1963), 31–35, 36
Jim Crow laws in, 6
and mayor’s home, picketing of, 126–127
and primary election, May 1966, 185–186
registration day in, and violence and mass arrests, 38
slave trade in, 5–6
Tabernacle Baptist Church, Boynton’s memorial service and civil rights rally, 16–19, 22
voter registration suppression in, 7
and voting rights, black opposition to, 13
and Voting Rights Act of 1965, enforcement of, 172–176
White Citizens’ Council, 7
Selma Board of Registrars, 19, 54, 62–63, 67
Selma office of public safety, 40
Selma Prison Farm, 31
Selma to Montgomery march (Bloody Sunday, March 7, 1965), ix, xx, 80–84, 96, 128, 131–132, 149
Edmund Pettus Bridge incident, 83, 84, 85–90, 127
and the media, 91–95
Selma to Montgomery march (March 21, 1965), 136 (photo)
aim of, 148
and campsites, food, and medical support, 130–131
and celebrity entertainment, 140
court order to allow, 125, 127–129
critics of, 147–148
and events during journey, 132–142
final arrangements for, 129–132
and King, assassination threats against, 140–141
and King, closing address, 142–144
and King, opening address, 132
and King, protection for, 140–141
and Liuzzo, murder of, 145–147
and protection for marchers, 129–130
Selma to Montgomery march (Turn-Around Tuesday, March 9, 1965)
and court injunction, 90–91, 93, 99–101, 103
and court injunction hearings, 106–107
and demonstrations, 94–95
and King’s order to turn around, 101–104
Selma Voters League, violence against, 37
Senate Committee on Campaign Expenditures, xiv
September 11 attacks, 233
Shannon, Henry, 23
Shannon, Mack, 20–21
Shaw, Norma, 78
Shriver, Eunice Kennedy, 158
Shuttlesworth, Rev. Fred, 101, 102, 182
Simpson, Millard, 161
Simpson, Robert, 250
Sixteenth Street Baptist Church bombing (Birmingham), 25–26, 29, 146
Slave trade, 5–6
Smelley, Joe, 34
Smeltzer, Rev. Ralph, 40–41
Smith, Rev. Kelly Miller, 2
Smith, Lamar, murder of, 12
Smith, William French, 220, 223, 224, 225–226, 227, 228
Smith v. Allwright, xiii
Smitherman, Joseph, 40, 60, 61, 132–133
SNCC. See Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
South Carolina v. Katzenbach, 236
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), 2, 72, 178, 179
Spears, Rev. Linton I., 186
Spitzer, Elliot, 239
Steele (Mrs.), 137–138
Stephens-Davidowitz, Seth, 240
Stewart, Edgar, 63
Stover, Letha Mae, and police brutality, 71
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), xvi, 1, 4–5, 42, 107
and Carmichael, 180
and SCLC, 179
Sullivan, Jackson, 99
Sullivan, William, 46
Supreme Court, U.S.
and voter ID, 251
and voting rights, 214–215, 231, 237–238
and Voting Rights Act of 1965, x, xx, 177
and Voting Rights Act Amendment of 1970, 208–209
and Voting Rights Act Amendments of 2006, 236
Supreme Court of Alabama, 36
Symmes, Steven, 231
Tabernacle Baptist Church, Boynton’s memorial service and civil rights rally at, 16–19, 22
Talese, Gay, 104
Talmadge, Herman E., 150
Taylor, Leo, 188
Teachers’ march, 62–64
Teeter, Robert, 227
Tessler, Michel, 241
Thernstrom, Abigail, 232
Thernstrom, Stephan, 232
Thomas, Daniel, xvi, 39, 40, 64
and “appearance book” strategy, 70–71, 79
and Clark-Baker race, 189–190
and court order to stop voter registration suppression, 66–67, 68, 72
Thurmond, Strom, 150, 154, 161, 203
and Voting Rights Act Amendment of 1982, 214, 217, 224–225, 229, 230, 232
Torres, Arnoldo S., 220
Tower, John, 161
Tubbs, Robert B., 78
Tuck, William, 164
Turn-Around Tuesday, 104. See also Selma to Montgomery march (March 9, 1965)
Turner, Albert, 74–75, 80, 87, 142, 180, 251
Turner, Benjamin, 6
Turzai, Mike, 249
Tydings, Joseph, 152
University of Alabama at Tuscaloosa, desegregation at, 27
Valenti, Jack, 116, 118, 120, 121
Valeriani, Richard, 76
and police brutality, 77
Vivian, Rev. C. T., 2–3, 41, 42, 43, 74 (photo)
and Clark, and police brutality, 73–74
and Zion’s Chapel Methodist Church, and police brutality, 74–76
Von Spakovsky, Hans A., 238
Voter fraud, 188, 226, 242–243
Voter ID, 242–245, 249–250, 251
and the elderly, 243–244
and students, 244
Voter suppression, ix, 191–192, 241–242, 249
in 1870, xi–xii
in election 2012, 245–251 (see also Voting laws, since election 2010)
in the future, 254
and Lewis’ speech to Congress (2011), 252–253
and registration suppression, 7, 66–67, 68, 72 (see also Alabama Board of Registrars; Selma Board of Registrars)
states involved in, 251
throughout the centuries, 253
See also Voting laws, since election 2010; Voting rights
Voting laws, and election 2012, 245–251
and third-party registration, 245–248, 250
See also Voting laws, since election 2010
Voting laws, since election 2010, 241–251
and early voting, 241, 248, 249, 250
and election day registration, elimination of, 249
and lawsuits on behalf of minority voters, 249–251
Republican motive for, 249
and voter ID, 241, 242–245, 249–250, 251
and voter registration, 241
and voting Sunday before election, 248
Voting rights, 50–51
and bilingual ballots, 211–212, 213
and bilingual voter assistance, 222
and black candidates, xii, 217–218, 238–239
black opposition to, in Selma, 13
and federal registrars, 153, 156, 157, 164
and literacy tests, xi–xii, 152–153, 163–164, 171, 187, 204, 207, 208, 213
and minority candidates, 239
and national option, 220–221
and non-English-speakers with eighth-grade education, 159
and Obama constituency, and voter suppression, 241–242, 243 (see also Voter suppression)
and poll taxes, xi–xii, 152, 153, 156, 157–159, 162, 163–164, 166–167, 171, 177
and residency requirements, xi–xii, 208
and Supreme Court, 231, 237–238
violations, 218–219
voter ID, 241, 242–245, 249–250, 251
and voter registration (see Registrars)
vs. civil rights, 71
See also Voter suppression
“The Voting Rights Act: Unfulfilled Goals” (Civil Rights Commission), 219
Voting Rights Act of 1965, ix–x, 48, 64, 65, 69, 112, 147, 148
attempts to eliminate, 237–238
critics of, xx, 108–109, 109–112
drafting of bill, 95–99
and first midterm election (see Election, midterm, 1966)
and first primary election (see Election, primary, 1966)
in the House, 162–165
House-Senate Conference Committee debate, 166–167
importance of, xx–xxi, 239–241, 251, 254 (see also Voting laws, since election 2010)
Johnson’s submission of and speech to Congress, 115–123, 125–126
in the Senate, 149–161
shortcomings of, 251
signing, x, xii–xix, 168–169, 231, 234
and voter suppression (see Voter suppression)
Voting Rights Act Amendments of 1970, 203–209
and Celler Bill, 205
House and Senate debates, 205–208
and Mitchell Bill, 205–206
passage and signing, 208
provisions, 208
Voting Rights Act Amendments of 1975, 209–214
House and Senate debates, 209–212
passage and signing, 212–214
Voting Rights Act Amendments of 1982, 214–232
House debate, 222–224
and House Judiciary Committee, 219–220
and House Judiciary Subcommittee on Civil and Constitutional Rights, 216–219
House passage, 222
and Reagan, 220–224
Senate debate, 224–226, 227–229
Senate passage, 229–232
Voting Rights Act Amendments of 2006, 232–236
House and Senate debates, 234
lawsuits, 235–236
passage and signing, 234–235
Voting rights bill/amendments, 50–51
and bailout provision, 210, 218–220, 222, 229, 235, 237
and bilingual ballots, 211–212, 213
and bilingual voter assistance, 222
and Fifteenth Amendment, xi–xii, 70, 128, 152, 155–156, 157, 158, 166, 167, 169, 177, 214
and Fourteenth Amendment, xi, 9, 128, 157, 158
and grandfather clause, xii
and literacy tests, xi–xii, 152–153, 163–164, 171, 187, 204, 207, 208, 213
and national option, 220–221
and non-English-speakers with eighth-grade education, 159
and poll taxes, xi–xii, 152, 153, 156, 157–159, 162, 163–164, 166–167, 171, 177
and residency requirements, xi–xii, 208
and Section 2, 215, 216, 222–223, 225–226, 227, 228, 229, 231, 234
Waggoner, Joe D., 165
Walker, Scott, 243
Wallace, George C. (state circuit judge), 10
Wallace, George C. (governor of Alabama), xx, 80, 110, 172, 227
assassination attempt against, 209
and election 1968, 201
and Forman, 129
and GROW (Get Rid of Wallace), 30
and Johnson, Frank Mims, Jr., 106, 130
and Johnson, Lyndon, 112–114, 130
and primary election, 1966, 181, 183, 187
and Selma to Montgomery march (March 21, 1965), 141–142, 144
and Selma to Montgomery march (March 21, 1965), and protection for marchers, 129–130
and Turn-Around Tuesday, 103, 104
and University of Alabama at Tuscaloosa, desegregation at, 27
Walsh, David, 241
War on Terror, 233
Ware, Virgil, 26
Washington, DC
as center of protest, 94
and clergymen rally (March 1965), 109
march on, and police brutality, 126
Poor People’s Campaign, 194–195, 197
White House demonstrations (March 1965), 94–95, 110, 111
White House student sit-in (March 1965), 107–108
Washington, Harold, 217
Washington, Major, 14
Wasserstrom, Dick, 33–34
Watergate scandal, 209
Waters, Maxine, 233
Watson, Albert, 232
Watson, Marvin, 108
Webb, Sheyann, 131–132, 133, 134, 143
Weber (police officer), 22
Wesley, Cynthia, 25
West, John, 232
West, Rachel, 131–132, 133, 134, 143
Westmorland, Lynn, 234
Weyrich, Paul, 242
White, Lee, 51
White Citizens’ Council (Selma), 7
White House demonstrations (March 1965), 94–95, 110, 111
White House student sit-in (March 1965), 107–108
White v. Regester, 209
Wicker, Tom, 114
Wilder, Douglas, 239
Wilder, Julia, 226–227
Wilkins, J. Ernest, 10
Williams, Avery, 34
Williams, Hosea, 84 (photo), 86 (photo), 145, 195
and court injunction, Turn-Around Tuesday, 99
death of, 251
and Edmund Pettus Bridge incident, 85–87, 133
and Freedom Day (January 1965), 55, 56
and Memphis campaign, 200
and Selma to Montgomery march (March 21, 1965), 131, 138
and Turn-Around Tuesday, 90, 103
Williams, John Bell, 108
Wilson, James Harrison, 6
Women’s suffrage, xi
Yarborough, Ralph, 161
Yelder, Joseph, 15
Young, Rev. Andrew, 66, 67, 84 (photo), 211
and Edmund Pettus Bridge incident, 90
and FBI, meeting with, 58
and King, assassination of, 200
and King, assassination threats against, 140
as King’s media advisor, 92
and Memphis campaign, 198, 199, 200
and sanitation workers campaign (Memphis 1968), 196, 197
and Selma teachers’ march, 64
and Selma to Montgomery march (March 21, 1965), 135, 138, 144
Young, Coleman, 217
Young, Joe, 131
Zimmer v. McKeithen, 209
Zinn, Howard, 33–34
Zion’s Chapel Methodist Church (Marion, Alabama), 81