List of Illustrations

Figure 2.1    A CAPTCHA Challenge

Figure 2.2    A Pattern from Rule 30

Figure 2.3    A Sea-Snail Shell Pattern

Figure 2.4    A Pattern from Rule 22

Figure 2.5    Supply and Demand in a Simple Market

Figure 2.6    Prices Arising in Some Experimental Markets

Figure 3.1    Major US Market Indices on May 6, 2010

Figure 3.2    The Price and Volume of E-mini Contracts on May 6, 2010

Figure 4.1    Honeybee Workers Cooling a Hive

Figure 5.1    A One-Dimensional Search Problem

Figure 5.2    Search Using Simulated Annealing

Figure 6.1    Chemotaxis Search in a Simulated Bacterium

Figure 6.2    Irrationality Induced by Irrelevant Alternatives

Figure 7.1    A Swarm of Honeybees

Figure 7.2    Swarm Dances over Time

Figure 7.3    Likelihood of a Quorum Forming for the Best Choice

Figure 7.4    Risk Aversion in Decentralized Decision Making

Figure 7.5    A Circular Mill of Ants

Figure 8.1    The Community of Lakeland

Figure 8.2    The Dynamics of Lakeland

Figure 8.3    A Small World Network

Figure 8.4    The Schelling Segregation Model

Figure 9.1    Metabolic Scaling

Table 9.1    Deaths in Warfare, 1820–1945

Figure 10.1    Balinese Rice Terraces

Figure 10.2    Offerings to the Goddess of the Lake, Bali

Figure 10.3    A Simple Two-State Automaton

Figure 11.1    Self-Organized Criticality in a Sand Pile

Figure 12.1    A MCMC Frog