1. Charles T. Morrissey grappled persuasively with the definition of oral history in his essays, “Why Call It ‘Oral History’? Searching for Early Usage of a Generic Term,” Oral History Review 8 (1980), 20–48; introduction to Oral History: An Interdisciplinary Anthology, ed. David K. Dunaway and Willa K. Baum (Nashville: American Association for State and Local History, 1984), xix–xxiii; and “Beyond Oral Evidence: Speaking (Con)strictly about Oral History,” Archival Issues, 17 (November 2, 1992), 89–94.
2. See the Principles and Best Practices of the Oral History Association, which are reprinted as Appendix 1 in this volume.
3. William W. Moss, “Oral History: What Is It and Where Did It Come From?” in The Past Meets the Present: Essays on Oral History, ed., David Stricklin and Rebecca Sharpless (Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1988) 5; The History of Herodotus (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990), 41, 75, 109; Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War (New York: Penguin, 1972), 48. See also William W. Moss and Peter C. Mazikana, Archives, Oral History and Oral Tradition: A RAMP [Records and Archives Management Programme] Study (Paris: UNESCO, 1986), 2.
4. Iván Jaksíc, “Oral History in the Americas,” Journal of American History, 79 (September 1992), 590.
5. Paul Thompson, “Britain Strikes Back: Two Hundred Years of ‘Oral History,’” Oral History Association Newsletter, 15 (Summer 1981), 4–5; Paul Thompson, The Voice of the Past: Oral History (New York: Oxford University Press; 1978), 19, 25–26; Fritz Stern, ed., The Varieties of History: From Voltaire to the Present (New York: Vintage, 1973), 39.
6. Adam Sisman, Boswell’s Presumptuous Task: The Making of the Life of Dr. Johnson (New York: Penguin, 2000), 104.
7. David Hackett Fischer, Paul Revere’s Ride (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), 327–328; Dean Albertson, “Remembering Oral History’s Beginning,” The Annual of the New England Association of Oral History, 1 (1987–88), 2.
8. Thompson, Voice of the Past, 46–47; Peter Novick, That Noble Dream: The ‘Objectivity Question’ and the American Historical Profession (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), 21–46.
9. Donald A. Ritchie, Press Gallery, Congress and the Washington Correspondents (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1991), 81–83; Sally Adams with Wynford Hicks, Interviewing for Journalists (New York: Routledge, 2001), 1.
10. Donald A. Ritchie, “Oral History in the Federal Government,” Journal of American History, 74 (September 1987), 587–595; Frederic Bancroft, Slave Trading in the Old South (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1996 [1931]); xiv–xv; John David Smith, An Old Creed for the New South: Proslavery Ideology and Historiography, 1865–1918 (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1985), 151; David A. Taylor, Soul of a People: The WPA Writers’ Project Uncovers Depression America (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2009), 178; Ira Berlin, Marc Favreau, and Steven F. Miller, eds., Remembering Slavery: African Americans Talk About Their Personal Experiences of Slavery and Emancipation (New York: New Press, 1998), xiii–lii; WPA interviews are accessible online at the Library of Congress’ American Memory website.
11. Stephen E. Everett, Oral History Techniques and Procedures (Washington, DC: Center of Military History, 1992), 5–11; Forrest C. Pogue, Pogue’s War: Diaries of a WWII Combat Historian (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2001); H. Lew Wallace, “Forrest C. Pogue: A Biographical Sketch,” Filson Club Historical Quarterly, 60 (July 1986), 373–402; see also John Douglas Marshall, Reconciliation Road: A Family Odyssey of War and Honor (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1993), for some of the controversies concerning S. L. A. Marshall’s interviews and the conclusions he drew from them.
12. Alan Rosen, The Wonder of Their Voices: The 1946 Holocaust Interviews of David Boder (New York: Oxford University Press, 2010), 8.
13. Joseph L. Mitchell, Joe Gould’s Secret (New York: Viking Press, 1965), reprints the two New Yorker essays from 1942 and 1964, and was the basis for the motion picture Joe Gould’s Secret. Winslow C. Watson referred to “oral history” in an address to the Vermont Historical Society in 1863, but Wilson lacked the national audience and notoriety that the New Yorker gave to Gould. See Morrissey, “Why Call It ‘Oral History’?” 20–48.
14. New York Times, July 7, 1972; Allan Nevins, The Gateway to History (Boston: Appleton-Century, 1938), iv; Ray Allen Billington, ed., Allan Nevins on History (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1975), 209–210, 281–283, 288–293; Elizabeth I. Dixon, et al., “Definitions of Oral History,” Oral History at Arrowhead: The Proceedings of the First National Colloquium on Oral History (Los Angeles: Oral History Association, 1969), 14.
15. Willa K. Baum, “A Brief History of Oral History,” address delivered at California State University, Fullerton, April 22, 1972.
16. David Lance, “British Launch Oral History Society,” Oral History Association Newsletter, 8 (Summer 1974), 1–2; Graham Smith, “The Making of Oral History,” in Making History: The Changing Face of the Profession in Britain, Institute of Historical Research, http://www.history.ac.uk/makinghistory/resources/articles/oral_history_3.html, 2008.
17. Wolfgang Weber, “Mass of Trash” or “Veins of Gold”? An Investigative Report on the Relationship Between Oral History and Archives (Regensburg, Austria: S. Roderer Verlag, 2000), 21–24; Irina Sherbakova, “The Gulag in Memory,” in Robert Perks and Alistair Thomson, eds., The Oral History Reader (New York: Routledge, 1998), 235–45.
18. Miroslav Vaněk, Around the Globe: Rethinking Oral History with Its Protagonist (Prague: Karolinium Press, 2013), 84–85.
19. Robert Gildea, “The Long March of Oral History: Around 1968 in France,” Oral History, 38 (Spring 2010), 69.
20. Ronald Blythe, Akenfield: Portrait of an English Village (New York: Dell, 1969), 17–19; Paul Thompson, The Edwardians: The Remaking of British Society (London: Routledge, 1992 [1975]); Ronald Fraser, Blood of Spain: The Experience of Civil War, 1936–1939 (London: Allen Lane, 1979).
21. Alice Lynd and Staughton Lynd, Stepping Stones: Memoir of a Life Together (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2009), 99–101, and Rank and File: Personal Histories by Working-Class Organizers (Boston: Beacon Press, 1973); J. Anthony Lukas, “Historians’ Conference: The Radical Need for Jobs,” New York Times Magazine, March 12, 1972, 38.
22. Thompson, Voice of the Past, 55–59; Studs Terkel, Hard Times; An Oral History of the Great Depression (New York: Pantheon, 1970); Working; People Talk About What They Do All Day and How They Feel About What They Do (New York: Pantheon, 1974); and “The Good War”: An Oral History of World War Two (New York: Pantheon, 1984); Alex Haley, Roots: The Saga of an American Family (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1976); and “Black History, Oral History, and Genealogy,” in David K. Dunaway and Willa K. Baum, eds., Oral History: An Interdisciplinary History, 2nd ed. (Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press, 1996), 258–279.
23. Sally Adams with Wynford Hicks, Interviewing for Journalists (New York: Routledge, 2001); Ronald J. Grele, “Why Call It Oral History? Some Ruminations from the Field,” Pennsylvania History, 60 (October 1993), 506–509.
24. Scott Sherman, “Caro’s Way,” Columbia Journalism Review (May–June 2002), 68.
25. Reporting on an oral history project in three Philadelphia neighborhoods, Charles Hardy noted, “We have found that the best interviewers often come from the enthusiastic amateur....The historian generally comes from or has been trained in academic culture and academic style which raises the problem of establishing rapport, particularly when the time with the interviewee is limited.” Charles Hardy, “The Urban Archives’ ‘Discovering Community History Project,’” Oral History Association Newsletter, 15 (Winter 1981), 4–5; Jean Lester, Faces of Alaska from Barrow to Wrangell: A Glimpse of History Through Paintings, Photographs, and Oral Histories (Ester, AK: Poppies, 1992); Dr. Junichi Saga, Memories of Wind and Waves: A Self-Portrait of Lakeside Japan (New York: Kodansha America, 2002), 13–17.
26. Susan Paterno, “The Question Man,” American Journalism Review (October 2000), 52.
27. Marc Bloch, The Historian’s Craft (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1953), 10; James MacGregor Burns, “The Truth of the Battlefield,” New York Times Book Review, March 6, 1994, 34.
28. Gore Vidal, Screening History (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1992), 88. For an example of the blind spots in written history, see Lael Morgan, “Writing Minorities Out of History: Black Builders of the Alcan Highway,” Alaska History, 7 (Fall 1992), 1–13.
29. Robert Gildea, “The Long March of Oral History: Around 1968 in France,” Oral History, 38 (Spring 2010), 68.
30. Louise A. Tilly, “People’s History and Social Science History,” “Between Social Sciences: Responses to Louise A. Tilly by Paul Thompson, Luisa Passerini, Isabell Bertaux-Wiame, and Alessandro Portelli,” and “Louise A. Tilly’s Response,” International Journal of Oral History, 6 (February 1985), 5–46; David Lodge, Out of the Shelter (New York: Penguin, 1989), 185.
31. Michael Burlingame, ed., An Oral History of Abraham Lincoln: John G. Nicolay’s Interviews and Essays (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1996), xv–xviii.
32. Alexander Stille, “Prospecting for Truth in the Ore of Memory: Oral History Is Gaining New Respect Through Insights into Its Distortions,” New York Times, March 10, 2001.
33. New York Times, November 3, 2008.
34. Dixon, et al., “Definitions of Oral History,” 3–8; see also Martha J. Ross, “Interviewer or Intervener: Interpretation in the Oral History Interview,” Maryland Historian, 13 (Fall–Winter 1982), 3–6.
35. Joseph Roddy, “Oral History: Soundings from the Sony Age,” RF [Rockefeller Foundation] Illustrated, 3 (May 1977), 4; E. Culpepper Clark, Michael J. Hyde, and Eva M. McMahon, “Communication in the Oral History Interview: Investigating Problems of Interpreting Oral Data,” International Journal of Oral History, 1 (February 1980), 29; Saul Benison, “Oral History: A Personal View,” in Edward Clark, ed., Modern Methods in the History of Medicine (New York: Oxford, 1971), 291; Ronald J. Grele, introduction to International Annual of Oral History, 1990: Subjectivity and Multiculturalism in Oral History (New York: Greenwood Press, 1992), 2; and Grele, ed., Envelopes of Sound (New York: Praeger, 1991).
36. Perry Blatz, “Craftsmanship and Flexibility in Oral History: A Pluralistic Approach to Methodology and Theory,” The Public Historian, 12 (Fall 1990), 7–22; Ross, “Interviewer or Intervener,” 3–6.; Michael Frisch, A Shared Authority: Essays on the Craft and Meaning of Oral and Public History (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1990), xx–xxiii; Donald A. Ritchie, “An Interview with Michael Frisch,” OHMAR Newsletter, 11 (Fall 1988), 4–9.
37. See Ronald J. Grele, “The History of Oral History,” in Thomas L. Charlton, Lois E. Meyers, and Rebecca Sharpless, eds., Handbook of Oral History (New York: AltaMira, 2006), 43–103.
38. Vicki L. Ruiz and Ellen Carol DuBois, eds., Unequal Sisters: A Multicultural Reader in U.S. Women’s History (New York: Routledge, 1994), xv–xvi.
39. Robert Gildea, “The Long March of Oral History: Around 1968 in France,” Oral History, 38 (Spring 2010), 69.
40. William H. McNeill, “Continental Choo-Choo,” New York Review of Books, 48 (September 20, 2001), 63.
41. Eva McMahan, Elite Oral History Interviewing (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1989); Sherna Gluck and Daphne Patai, eds., Women’s Words: The Feminist Practice of Oral History (New York: Routledge, 1991); Alessandro Portelli, The Death of Luigi Trastulli and Other Stories (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1991); and Terry L. Birdwhistell, “Re-Educating an Oral Historian: Putting Practice Into Theory,” unpublished paper, April 26, 1990.
42. Herman Kahn, review, American Historical Review, 73 (June 1968), 1471.
43. Gluck and Patai, eds., Women’s Words, 226–227; see also Charles T. Morrissey, “Riding a Mule Through the ‘Terminological Jungle’: Oral History and the Problems of Nomenclature,” Oral History Review, 12 (1984), 13–28.
44. Nate Silver, The Signal and the Noise: Why So Many Predictions Fail–but Some Don’t (New York: Penguin, 2012), 12.
45. Elizabeth Kolbert, “Memories Wanted for History of Ellis Island,” New York Times, November 24, 1985, 36.
46. Lawrence S. Ritter, The Glory of Their Times: The Story of the Early Days of Baseball Told by the Men Who Played It (New York: Macmillan, 1966), xvii–xviii, 62.
47. John Neuenschwander, “Oral Historians and Long-Term Memory,” in Dunaway and Baum, eds., Oral History, 324–332; James W. Lomax and Charles T. Morrissey, “The Interview as Inquiry for Psychiatrists and Oral Historians: Convergence and Divergence in Skills and Goals,” The Public Historian, 11 (Winter 1989), 17–24; William C. Davis, Jefferson Davis: The Man and His Hour (New York: HarperCollins, 1991), 687.
48. Robert N. Butler, “The Life Review: An Interpretation of Reminiscence in the Aged,” in Robert Kastenbaum, ed., New Thoughts on Old Age (New York: Springer, 1964), 265–280.
49. “Memory has always proven difficult for historians to confront,” Michael Frisch noted in his essay, “The Memory of History,” in A Shared Authority, 15–27; see also David Thelen, “Memory and History,” Journal of American History, 75 (March 1989), 1117–1129.
50. Louis P. Masur, Lincoln’s Hundred Days: The Emancipation Proclamation and the War for the Union (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2012), 266–267.
51. Diane Manning, Hill Country Teacher: Oral Histories from the One-Room School and Beyond (Boston: Twayne, 1990), xx–xxi.
52. Ruth Young Watt, chief clerk of the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, interviewed by Donald A. Ritchie, 1979, transcripts, Senate Historical Office Oral History Project, Library of Congress, Washington, DC.
53. On Kirk’s memory, the historian Gordon Prange commented: “Pearl Harbor’s happening the next day impressed the memory upon him.” Gordon Prange, At Dawn We Slept: The Untold Story of Pearl Harbor (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1981), 719–720.
54. See Jean Piaget, Memory and Intelligence (New York: Basic Books, 1973); Edmund Blair Bolles, Remembering and Forgetting: Inquiries into the Nature of Memory (New York: Walker, 1988); and W. Walter Menninger, “Memory and History: What Can You Believe?” Archival Issues: Journal of the Midwest Archives Conference, 21 (1996), 97–106.
55. Nigel Hamilton, JFK, Reckless Youth (New York: Random House, 1992), 532–533.
56. See Jaclyn Jeffrey and Glenace Edwall, eds., Memory and History: Essays on Recalling and Interpreting Evidence (Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1994).
57. David Brinkley, Washington Goes to War (New York: Alfred Knopf, 1988); and “The Conversation: Arthur Schlesinger, Jr. Interviews David Brinkley,” Washington Post Magazine, April 10, 1988, 29.
58. See Jackyn L. Jeffrey, “The Waco Tornado of 1953 as Symbol of Modernization and Rite of Initiation,” Sound Historian: Journal of the Texas Oral History Association, 1 (Fall 1993), 39.
59. Gildea, “The Long March of Oral History: Around 1968 in France,” 68.
60. Joyce Appleby, Lynn Hunt, and Margaret Jacob reexamine memory and perspective in Telling the Truth About History (New York: W.W. Norton, 1994), 254–261.
61. William Allen White, A Puritan in Babylon: The Story of Calvin Coolidge (New York: Macmillan, 1938), vii. See Charles T. Morrissey, “More Than Embers of Sentiment: Railroad Nostalgia and Oral History Memories of the 1920s and 1930s,” The Public Historian, 15 (Summer 1993), 29–35.
62. Anne Valk and Leslie Brown, Living With Jim Crow: African American Women and Memories of the Segregated South (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010), 4–5.
63. Joel Gardner, “An Interview with Linda Shopes,” OHMAR Newsletter, 15 (Fall 1992), 9, 11; Linda Shopes, “Beyond Trivia and Nostalgia: Collaborating in the Construction of a Local History,” International Journal of Oral History, 5 (November 1984), 151–158.
64. Jo Stanley, “‘We were Skivvies/We had a Ball’: Shame and the Interwar Ships,” Oral History, 38 (Autumn 2010), 64–74.
65. Ronald Steel, “Harry of Sunnybrook Farm,” The New Republic, August 10, 1992, 34.
66. Jacquelyn Dowd Hall, James Leloudis, Robert Korstad, Mary Murphy, Lu Ann Jones, Christopher B. Daly, Like a Family: The Making of a Southern Cotton Mill World (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1987), xv; see also Selma Leydesdorff, “The Screen of Nostalgia: Oral History and the Ordeal of Working-Class Jews in Amsterdam,” International Journal of Oral History, 7 (June 1986), 109–115.
67. Barbara Erskine, “Loss and Grief in Oral History,” Oral History Association of Australia Journal, 18 (1996), 1–6; Ken Ringle, “People Were Drowning All Around Us,” Washington Post, May 22, 1994; Amy Taxin, “Vietnamese Americans Try to Save Elders’ Stories,” October 28, 2012; Rhoda G. Lewin, ed., Witnesses to the Holocaust: An Oral History (Boston: Twayne, 1990).
68. David Glassberg, “Public History and the Study of Memory,” Public Historian, 18 (Spring 1996), 7–23; John Bodnar, Remaking America: Public Memory, Commemoration, and Patriotism in the Twentieth Century (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992).
69. See Robert R. Weyeneth, “History, He Wrote: Murder, Politics, and the Challenges of Public History in a Community with a Secret,” The Public Historian, 16 (Spring 1994), 51–73.
70. Portelli, The Death of Luigi Trastulli and Other Stories, 1, 15, 20, 51–52.
71. Kerwin Lee Klein, From History to Theory (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2011), 112–114.
72. Alessandro Portelli, The Battle of Valle Giula: Oral History and the Art of Dialogue (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1997), 52, 57.
73. Anna Green, “Can Memory Be Collective?” in Ritchie, ed., The Oxford Handbook of Oral History, 108.
74. Jerry Lembcke, “Why Students Should Stop Interviewing Vietnam Veterans,” History News Network, May 27, 2013; Lembcke, The Spitting Image: Myth, Memory, and the Legacy of Vietnam (New York: New York University Press, 1998), 74, 78, 141.
75. Bob Greene, Homecoming: When the Soldiers Returned from Vietnam (New York: Putnam, 1989); Bob Greene, “Vietnam Vets Recall the Spit Hitting the Fan,” Telegram & Gazette (Worcester, MA), January 29, 1989.
76. Lemkcke, The Spitting Image, 117–118.
77. Barbara Allen, “Oral History: The Folk Connection,” in Stricklin and Sharpless, eds., The Past Meets the Present, 15–26; see also William Lynwood Montell, The Saga of Coe Ridge: A Study in Oral History (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1970), vii–xxi.
78. Peter Burke, “History and Folklore: A Historiographical Survey,” Folklore, 115 (2004), 133–139; Micaela di Leonardo, “Oral History as Ethnographic Encounter,” Oral History Review, 15 (Spring 1987), 1–20; Kathyrn Marie Dudley, “In the Archive, In the Field: What Kind of Documentation Is an ‘Oral History’?” in Mary Chamberlain and Paul Thompson, eds., Narrative and Genre (New York: Routledge, 1998), 160–166; see also Peter Bartis, Folklife & Fieldwork: A Layman’s Introduction to Field Techniques (Washington, DC: American Folklife Center, 1979); and Harry F. Wolcott, Ethnography: A Way of Seeing (Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press, 1999).
79. Burke, “History and Folklore: A Historiographical Survey,” 133–139.
80. New York Times, July 20, 2002; Don Fleming and David Taylor, “Alan Lomax Collection Finds Permanent Home at the Library of Congress,” Folklife Center News, 36 (Winter 2004), 3–5; Woody Guthrie: Take It Easy But Take It (Tulsa, OK: Gilcrease Museum, 2012), 64–65.
81. Barbara Allen, “Story in Oral History: Clues to Historical Consciousness,” Journal of American History, 79 (September 1992), 606–611; William Schneider, So They Understand: Cultural Issues in Oral History (Logan: Utah State University Press, 2002), 37–52.
82. William Schneider, “Expanding the Definition of Oral History with Examples from Alaska and South Africa,” in Philippe Denis and James Worthington, eds., The Power of Oral History: Memory, Healing and Development (Pietermaritzburg, South Africa: International Oral History Association, 2002), 2:839–849; Schneider, So They Understand, 66.
83. Dave Isay, ed., Listening Is an Act of Love: A Celebration of American Life from the StoryCorps Project (New York: Penguin, 2007).
84. Nancy Abelmann, Susan Davis, Cara Finnegan, and Peggy Miller, “What is StoryCorps, Anyway?” Oral History Review, 36 (Summer–Fall 2009), 255–260; Benjamin Filene, “Passionate Histories: ‘Outsider’ History-Makers and What They Teach Us,” The Public Historian, 34 (February 2012), 16–17.
85. “American Folklife Center Collects Reactions to the September 11, 2001, Terrorist Attacks,” Folklife Center News, 223 (Fall 2001), 3–4; Wall Street Journal, November 30, 2001; Mary Marshall Clark, “The September 11, 2001, Oral History Narrative and Memory Project: A First Report,” Journal of American History, 89 (September 2002), 569–579.
86. See James Hoopes, Oral History: An Introduction for Students (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1979), 33–40.
87. Rick Harmon, “Oral Histories of the Federal Courts: The Oregon Experience,” Western Legal History, 1 (Summer/Fall 1988), 277–284.
88. American Historical Association, “Statement on Interviewing for Historical Documentation,” in Statement on Standards of Professional Conduct (Washington, DC: American Historical Association, 1989).
89. The journalist Isabelle Shelton made this observation to interviewer Anne Ritchie.
90. See Daniel J. Walkowitz, “On Public History...” Organization of American Historians Newsletter, 12 (August 1984), 11; and James B. Gardner and Peter S. LaPaglia, eds., Public History: Essays from the Field (Malabar, FL: Krieger, 1999).
91. See Donald A. Ritchie, “The Oral History/Public History Connection,” in Public History: An Introduction, ed. Barbara J. Howe and Emory L. Kemp (Malabar, FL: Krieger, 1986), 57–69.
92. Ritchie, “Oral History in the Federal Government,” 587–595; Lu Ann Jones, “Capturing the Spirit of History: Oral History in the National Park Service,” The Federalist: Newsletter of the Society for History in the Federal Government, 27 (Fall 2010), 3–5; Donna Sinclair, “Voices from the Forest: Oral Histories in the U.S. Forest Service,” The Federalist, 26 (Summer 2010), 11–12.
93. J. Todd Moye, “The Tuskegee Airmen Oral History Project and Oral History in the National Park Service,” Journal of American History, 89 (September 2002), 580–587; Public Law 106–380; Veterans’ Oral History Project, Library of Congress.
94. Rob Perks, Paul Thompson, Alan Dein, Harriet McKay, and Polly Russell, “Twenty-five Years of National Life Stories, 1987–2012,” National Life Stories Review and Accounts, 2012/2013 (London: British Library, 2013), 10–11.
95. Hilary Stout, “Historians-for-Hire Chronicle Lives of Ordinary Folks,” Wall Street Journal, December 29, 1998; L. Elizabeth Beattie, “The Advent of Independents: Oral Historians Who Stand Alone,” Oral History Association Newsletter, 26 (Summer 1992), 1.
96. Ibid., 3; “COH Starts Pioneer Mill Company Project,” Oral History Recorder: Newsletter of the Center for Oral History, Social Science Research Institute, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 18 (Summer 2001), 1.
97. Enid Hart Douglass, “Corporate History—Why?” The Public Historian, 3 (Summer 1981), 75–80.
98. Rob Perks, “‘Corporations Are People Too!’: Business and Corporate History in Britain,” Oral History, 38 (2010), 36–54; Sjperd Keulen and Ronald Kronze, “Back to Business: A Next Step in the Field of Oral History—the Usefulness of Oral History for Leadership and Organizational Research,” Oral History Review, 39 (Winter–Spring, 2012), 15–36.
99. “Oral History Supports Land Claims in West,” Oral History Association Newsletter, 17 (Fall 1983), 1, 8.
100. Jenny Hudson, “The Tape, the Book, the Client: One Big Happy Family?” Oral History Association of Australia Journal (1995), 59–63.
101. Perks, “Corporations Are People Too!,” 36–54.
102. Charles T. Morrissey, “Public Historians and Oral History: Problems of Concept and Methods,” The Public Historian, 2 (Winter 1980), 22–29; see also Charles T. Morrissey, “Truman and the Presidency—Records and Oral Recollections,” The American Archivist, 28 (January 1965), 53–61.
103. Stephen J. Lofgren, U.S. Army Guide to Oral History (Washington, DC: Center of Military History, 2006), 2.6
104. James Morris, “The Historian’s Craft,” The Woodrow Wilson Center Report, 4 (September 1992), 4–5.
105. Ritchie, “The Public History/Oral History Connection,” 57–69; Donald A. Ritchie, James M. Landis: Dean of the Regulators (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1980).
106. Charles L. Sullivan, Gathering at the River: South Mississippi’s Camp Meetings (Perkinston: Mississippi Gulf Coast Community College Press, 1990), 10–11.
1. If all else fails, a follow-up session may be conducted by telephone—although it is a poor substitute for a face-to-face oral history.
2. L. Elisabeth Beattie, “The Advent of Independents: Oral Historians Who Stand Alone,” Oral History Association Newsletter, 26 (Summer 1992), 6.
3. “Instant Internet Heroes,” New York Times, September 18, 2012.
4. Jo Reilly, “Oral History, Learning, and the Heritage Lottery Fund: Tips for a Good Application,” Oral History, 38 (Autumn 2010), 102–105: John Stedman, “Applying to the Heritage Lottery Fund: The Portsmouth Experience,” Oral History, 33 (Spring 2005), 93–102.
5. Graham Smith, Historical Insights: Focus on Research (Warwick, UK: History at the Higher Education Academy, 2010), 17.
6. See Joe Rossi, “Who Was That Masked Interviewer?” Oral History Recorder; Newsletter of the Center for Oral History, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 8 (Fall 1991), 1.
7. Links to these websites are located on the websites of the Oral History Association, the Oral History Society, and the International Oral History Association.
8. “Nuclear History Program Examines Past Policies of Nuclear Arms Management and Explores Assumptions About Nuclear Detente,” Oral History Association Newsletter, 23 (Spring 1989), 1, 8.
9. See, for example, Charles Scribner Jr., In the Company of Writers: A Life in Publishing, based on the oral histories by Joel R. Gardner (New York: Maxwell Macmillan, 1990).
10. Dean Albertson, “Remembering Oral History’s Beginning,” The Annual of the New England Oral History Association, 1 (1987–88), 3.
11. Donald A. Ritchie, “The Evolution of Oral History,” in Ritchie, ed., The Oxford Handbook of Oral History (New York: Oxford University Press, 2011), 3–19.
12. Matthew MacDonald, H-OralHist, November 1, 2011.
13. Alistair Thomson, H-OralHist, April 11, 2013; Jennifer M. Abraham, H-OralHist, April 12, 2013.
14. For the advantages and disadvantages of group interviewing, see Robert K. Merton, Marjorie Fiske, and Patricia L. Kendall, The Focused Interview: A Manual of Problems and Procedures (New York: Free Press, 1990), 135–169.
15. Michael Kenny, “The Patron-Client Relationship in Interviewing: An Anthropological View,” Oral History Review, 15 (Spring 1987), 75.
16. Donald A. Ritchie, “Back in the News: The Nixon Tape Transcripts,” Oral History Association Newsletter, 43 (Spring 2009), 9.
17. Doug Lambert blog, Randforce Associates, August 23, 2012: http://randforce.blogspot.com/search?updated-min=2012-01-01T00:00:00-08:00&updated-max=2013-01-01T00:00:00-08:00&max-results=17.
18. Michael Dudding, H-OralHist, November 10, 2010; see “Processing the Interview—A Guide to Recording Oral History,” New Zealand History, http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/hands/processing-the-interview-a-guide-to-recording-oral-history.
19. Mary Larson, H-OralHist, October 22, 2012.
20. Betty Hoffman, H-OralHist, December 9, 2006; Miriam Meislik, H-OralHist, March 13, 2012.
21. Deborah Reid, “Talk Ain’t Cheap: How to Get a Perfect Transcript,” Techni-Type brochure.
22. Willow Roberts Powers, Transcription Techniques for the Spoken Word (Lanham, MD: AltaMira Press, 2005), 10.
23. Elliot G. Mishler, Research Interviewing: Context and Narrative (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1986), 47–51; Henry H. Glassie, Passing the Time in Ballymenone: Culture and History of an Ulster County (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1982), 40.
24. Ledger (Queens NY), April 20, 2006.
25. David Crystal, The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 214.
26. David Henige, Oral Historiography (New York: Longman, 1982), 107; Raphael Samuel, “Perils of the Transcript,” in Robert Perks and Alistair Thomson, eds., The Oral History Reader (New York: Routledge, 1998), 388–392; Kate Moore, “Perversion of the Word: The Role of Transcripts in Oral History,” Words and Silence: Bulletin of the International Oral History Association, 1 (June 1997), 14–35, and responses by Michael Frisch and Rosemary Block, 26–35; Michael Agar, “Transcript Handling: An Ethnographic Strategy,” Oral History Review, 15 (1986), 209–219.
27. Carl M. Marcy, interviewed by Donald A. Ritchie, September 14 to 16 November 16, 1983, transcripts, Senate Historical Office, 24–25, Library of Congress, Washington, DC.
28. The Chicago Manual of Style, 16th ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010), 744–746.
29. Shannon Page, “The Invisible Participant: The Role of the Transcriber in Interpreting Meaning in Oral History Research,” in Philippe Denis and James Worthington, eds., The Power of Oral History: Memory, Healing and Development (Pietermaritzburg, South Africa: University of Natal, 2002), 2:825–838.
30. Katherine R. Martin and Charles E. Martin, “Transcription Style: Choices and Variables at the Appalachian Oral History Project,” International Journal of Oral History, 6 (June 1985), 126–128.
31. Nell Irvin Painter, The Narrative of Hosea Hudson: His Life as a Negro Communist in the South (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1979), 1–44.
32. Graham Smith, H-OralHist, March 17, 2006.
33. Jack Dougherty and Candace Simpson, “Who Owns Oral History? A Creative Commons Solution,” in Doug Boyd, et al., Oral History in the Digital Age (Washington, DC: Institute of Library and Museum Services, 2012).
34. John A. Neuenschwander, A Guide to Oral History and the Law (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009), 317.
35. See responses to an H-OralHist request by Greta Reisel Browning, September 19, 2002.
36. John Noble Wilford, “Fun and Comradeship,” New York Times Book Review, July 7, 1985, 3; George Tames, Eye on Washington: The Presidents Who’ve Known Me (New York: HarperCollins, 1990).
37. Alben Barkley, That Reminds Me (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1954); Donald A. Ritchie, “Alben W. Barkley: The President’s Man,” in Richard A. Baker and Roger H. Davidson, eds., First Among Equals: Outstanding Senate Leaders of the Twentieth Century (Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly, 1991), 127–162.
38. Molly Torsen and Jane Anderson, Intellectual Property and the Safeguarding of Traditional Cultures (Geneva: World Intellectual Property Organization, 2010).
39. Peggy A. Bolger, “Oral History in the Digital Age: Protecting IP Rights to Life Histories,” unpublished paper, Folklife Center, Library of Congress.
40. Kelly Anderson, H-OralHist, July 10, 2013.
41. San Francisco Chronicle, December 25, 2007; John A. Neuenschwander, “A Selective Review of Defamation Cases in 2009 Involving Professional Reputation,” OUPblog, January 26, 2010, https://blog.oup.com/2010/01/defamation-reputation/ give permalink.
42. Neuenschwander, A Guide to Oral History and the Law, 31–47.
43. “Secret Archive of Ulster Troubles Faces Subpoena,” New York Times, May 13, 2011.
44. Chris Bray, “The Whole Story Behind the Boston College Subpoenas,” The Chronicle of Higher Education, July 5, 2011; Christine Anne George, “Archives Beyond the Pale: Negotiating Legal and Ethical Entanglements After the Belfast Project,” American Archivist, 76 (Spring–Summer 2013), 47–67.
45. John A. Neuenschwander, “Belfast Project Researchers Lose Court Battle,” Oral History Association Newsletter, 46 (Summer 2012), 3–4; “Irish Historians Consider Significance of Fight over Papers at Boston College,” Inside Higher Ed, June 4, 2012; Wall Street Journal, January 6, 2012.
46. Boston Globe, July 11, 2012; see Oral History Society (UK) Statement on the Boston College Belfast Project, May 2014, H-OralHist, May 19, 2014.
47. Neuenshchwander, A Guide to Oral History and the Law, 105–111.
48. Sherna Berger Gluck, Donald A. Ritchie, and Bret Eynon, “Reflections on Oral History in the New Millennium: Roundtable Comments,” Oral History Review, 26 (Summer–Fall 1999), 1–28.
49. “The Rocky Gap High School Oral History and Technology Project,” 110; Tamara Kennelly, “Oral History on the Internet: Narratives from Pioneering Black Students,” in Denis and Worthington, eds. The Power of Oral History, 1:86–99.
50. John A. Neuenschwander, “Legal Considerations in Electronic Publishing,” Oral History Association Newsletter, 28 (Fall 1994), 1, 3–4; Neuenschwander, “Putting Interviews on the Internet? A Look at Key Issues,” Oral History Association Newsletter, 33 (Fall 1998), 4–6; Neuenschwander, A Guide to Oral History and the Law, 87–96.
1. Mercedes Vilanova, “Ronald Fraser (1930–2012): A Giant of Oral Sources.” Bulletin of the International Oral History Association, 20 (June 2012).
2. Clifford Terry, “The Real Studs,” Chicago Tribune, April 5, 1992.
3. Ken Adelman, “The Voice in the Box,” Washingtonian, 35 (March 2000), 32.
4. David Jenkins, “History in the Speaking,” Financial Times, July 29, 2011.
5. Ruth Finnegan, “A Note on Oral Tradition and Historical Evidence,” in David K. Dunaway and Willa K. Baum, eds., Oral History: An Interdisciplinary Anthology (Nashville: American Association of State and Local History, 1984), 113–114; see also Linda Shopes, “Beyond Trivia and Nostalgia: Collaborating in the Construction of a Local History,” International Journal of Oral History, 5 (November 1984), 151–58.
6. Ken MacDermot Roe, “The Secret to Interviewing Historians on the Radio,” History News Network (HNN), July 13, 2009, http://hnn.us/article/93752.
7. Will von Tagen. H-OralHist, October 16, 2012.
8. Donald A. Ritchie, “Beyond the Congressional Record: Congress and Oral History,” Maryland Historian, 13 (Fall–Winter 1982), 7–16.
9. John Brady, The Craft of Interviewing (NewYork: Vintage, 1977), 155.
10. Shirley Biagi, Interviews That Work: A Practical Guide for Journalists (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 1986), 56.
11. Paul Grabowicz, “Researching People on the Internet,” Online Journalism Review (July 24, 2002).
12. See Edward D. Ives, The Tape-Recorded Interview: A Manual for Field Workers in Folklore and Oral History (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1980), 33–47.
13. David King Dunaway, “Field Recording Oral History,” Oral History Review, 15 (Spring 1987), 34.
14. Andie Palmer, Alberta, Canada, H-OralHist, March 8, 2007.
15. Valerie J. Janesick, Oral History for the Qualitative Researcher: Choreographing the Story (New York: Guilford Press, 2010), 46–47.
16. Sherna Gluck, “What’s So Special about Women? Women’s Oral History,” in Dunaway and Baum, eds., Oral History, 231.
17. Shirley Biagi, Interviews That Work: A Practical Guide for Journalists (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 1986), 82–85. A useful collection of sample questions for recording family history, and models for other types of interviewing, can be found in William P. Fletcher, Recording Your Family History: A Guide to Preserving Oral History with Videotape, Audio Tape, Suggested Topics and Questions, Interview Techniques (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1986.)
18. Charles T. Morrissey, “The Two-Sentence Format as an Interviewing Technique in Oral History Fieldwork,” Oral History Review, 15 (Spring 1987), 43–53.
19. Q&A, C-SPAN, May 20, 2012.
20. Elliot G. Mishler, Research Interviewing: Context and Narrative (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1986), 117–135; for the “human element” in fieldwork interviewing, see Robert A. Georges and Michael O. Jones, People Studying People: The Human Element in Fieldwork (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980).
21. William Cutler III, “Accuracy in Oral History Interviewing,” in Dunaway and Baum, eds., Oral History, 82. Although it is directed at pollsters, anyone asking questions should also consult Stanley L. Payne’s classic and oft-reprinted account The Art of Asking Questions (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1951).
22. William W. Moss, Oral History Program Manual (New York: Praeger, 1974), 43.
23. Studs Terkel, Talking to Myself: A Memoir of My Times (New York: Pantheon, 1977), 64–70.
24. Robert S. McNamara interviewed by Walt W. Rostow, January 8, 1975, Johnson Library.
25. Timothy P. Maga interviewed Secretary Muskie for his book on Jimmy Carter’s foreign policies.
26. “Lopate Still Hits the Books for 20th Anniversary,” New York Daily News, March 7, 2005.
27. Sally Adams with Wynford Hicks, Interviewing for Journalists (New York: Routledge, 2001), 50, 115.
28. Ronald Steel, “The Biographer as Detective: What Walter Lippmann Preferred to Forget,” New York Times Book Review, July 21, 1985.
29. Louis Achincloss, The House of the Prophet (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1980), 19.
30. Brian Lamb, Booknotes: Stories from American History (New York: PublicAffairs, 2001), 257.
31. Richard Sennett, Respect in a World of Inequality (New York: W. W. Norton, 2003).
32. Sean Field, “Beyond ‘Healing’: Trauma, Oral History and Regeneration,” Oral History, 34 (Spring 2006), 37–39.
33. Jenny Harding, “Talk About Care: Emotions, Culture and Oral History,” Oral History, 38 (Autumn 2010), 33–42.
34. Carrie Hamilton, “On Being a ‘Good’ Interviewer: Empathy, Ethics, and the Politics of Oral History,” Oral History, 36 (Autumn 2008), 36.
35. Valerie Yow, “Do I Like Them Too Much?” Effects of the Oral History Interview on the Interviewer and Vice-Versa,” Oral History Review, 24 (Summer 1997), 55–79; Sherna Berger Gluck, “From California to Kufr Nameh and Back: Reflections on 40 Years of Feminist Oral History,” in Anna Sheftel and Stacey Zembryzycki, eds., Oral History Off the Record: Toward an Ethnography of Practice (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013), 27–28.
36. Ron Chernow, Titan: The Life of John D. Rockefeller, Sr. (New York: Random House, 1998), xiv–xv, xix–xxii, 615–619.
37. Adams with Hicks, Interviewing for Journalists, 45.
38. Brady, The Craft of Interviewing, 104; Oscar Wilde, An Ideal Husband, act 1.
39. Alexander Freund, “Towards an Ethics of Silence? Negotiating Off-the-Record Events and Identity in Oral History,” in Sheftel and Zembryzycki, eds., Oral History Off the Record, 223–3.
40. Percora’s son, Louis, and nephew, Louis Stephens, recalled his acute memory and persistent reminiscing in interviews that I conducted while writing “The Pecora Wall Street Expose,” in Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. and Roger Bruns, eds., Congress Investigates: A Documented History, 1972–1974 (New York: R. R. Bowker, 1975), 4:2555–732.
41. For a case study, see Mary Elizabeth Aube, “Oral History and the Remembered World: Cultural Determinants from French Canada,” International Journal of Oral History, 10 (February 1989), 31–49.
42. Alice Lynd and Staughton Lynd, Stepping Stones: Memoir of a Life Together (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2009), 1; Ives, The Tape-Recorded Interview, 74–79.
43. Lynda Mannik, “Remembering, Forgetting, and Feeling with Photographs,” in Alexander Freund and Alistair Thomson, eds., Oral History and Photography (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011), 77–95; and Paula Hamilton, “The Proust Effect: Oral History and the Senses,” in Ritchie, ed., The Oxford Handbook of Oral History, 218–232.
44. Pete Daniel, Deep’n as It Come (New York: Oxford University Press, 1977); Andrea Hammer, “Federal Visions/Regional Revisions: Oral History’s Role in Revisiting FSA Portraits of Southern Maryland” (paper delivered to the Oral History Association meeting, October 1992, Cleveland, OH). The Alaskan portrait artist Jean Lester interviewed her subjects as she painted them to gain a deeper perspective on their personalities. See Jean Lester, Faces of Alaska (Ester, AK: Poppies, 1988), and Faces of Alaska from Barrow to Wrangell (Ester, AK: Poppies, 1992).
45. “Twenty Years of Oral History,” Oral History Recorder [newsletter of the Center for Oral History, University of Hawaii at Manoa], 13 (Spring 1996), 1.
46. James West Davidson and Mark Hamilton Lytle, After the Fact: The Art of Historical Detection (New York: Knopf, 1982), 169–204.
47. William M. Hammond, Public Affairs: The Military and the Media, 1968–1973 (Washington, DC: U.S. Army Center of Military History, 1996), 479.
48. For an example of this type of strategic planning, see Mary Jo Deering, “Oral History and School Integration Research: A Case Study,” Oral History Review, 7 (1979), 27–41.
49. John T. Chirban, Interviewing in Depth: The Interactive-Relational Approach (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1996), xii, 90.
50. James Holstein and Jaber F. Gubrium, The Active Interview (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1995), 5; Mary J. Festle, “Qualifying the Quantifying: Assessing the Quality of Life of Lung Transplant Recipients,” Oral History Review, 29 (Winter–Spring 2002), 85.
51. Washington Post, February 20, 2001; Marc Pachter, ed., Telling Lives: The Biographer’s Art (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1981); see also Theodore Rosengarten, All God’s Dangers: The Life of Nate Shaw (New York: Knopf, 1974).
52. Donald A. Ritchie, “Learning to Listen,” Southwest Oral History Association Newsletter, 13 (Summer 1987), 1–7; Kathryn Anderson and Dana C. Jack, “Learning to Listen: Interview Techniques and Analysis,” in Sherna Berger Gluck and Daphni Patai, eds., Women’s Words: The Feminist Practice of Oral History (New York: Routledge, 1991), 11–26.
53. See Martha J. Ross, “Interviewer or Intervener: Interpretation in the Oral History Interview,” Maryland Historian, 13 (Fall–Winter 1982), 3–6.
54. Adams with Hicks, Interviewing for Journalists, 9, 15, 33.
55. Abra Schnur, H-OralHist, April 30, 2013.
56. Moss, Oral History Program Manual, 39–40.
57. Gerald Posner, Case Closed: Lee Harvey Oswald and the Assassination of JFK (New York: Random House, 1993), 235.
58. Kate Darian-Smith and Paula Hamilton, eds., Memory and History in Twentieth-Century Australia (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), 13; Judith Miller, “Erasing the Past: Europe’s Amnesia about the Holocaust,” New York Times Magazine, November 16, 1986, 3–15; Daon and Petrie Kladstrup, Wine and War: The French, the Nazis, and the Battle for France’s Greatest Treasure (New York: Broadway Books, 2001), 7.
59. Alexander von Plato, quoted in Miroslav Vaněk, Around the Globe: Rethinking Oral History with its Protagonists (Prague: Karolinium Press, 2013), 115.
60. Richard S. Tedlow, Giants of Enterprise: Seven Business Innovators and the Empires They Built (New York: HarperBusiness, 2001), 144–49.
61. Larry Tye, Satchel: The Life and Times of an American Legend (New York: Random House, 2009), vii–viii, 266.
62. Sally Adams with Wynford Hicks, Interviewing for Journalists (New York: Routledge, 2001), 32–33; Amelia Fry, correspondence with the author, August 1993.
63. Mike Walters, “Report on ‘Siberia’ Interviews,” Working Together: A Regional Approach to Community Traditions and History in Idaho, Newsletter, 5 (Fall 1982), 4.
64. Albert Lichtblau, “Case Study: Opening Up Memory Space: The Challenges of Audiovisual History,” in Ritchie, ed., The Oxford Handbook of Oral History, 281.
65. Abe Louise Young, H-OralHist, November 30, 2011.
66. “Lives of Artists with Disabilities,” Oral History Association Newsletter, 41(Spring 2007), 3.
67. Richard F. Fenno, Jr., “Observation, Context, and Sequence in the Study of Politics,” American Political Science Review, 80 (March 1986), 2–15.
68. Ives, The Tape-Recorded Interview, 79–81.
69. Sally Ninham, H-OralHist, May 9, 2012. Also see the use of translators in Olivia Bennett and Christopher McDowell, Displaced: The Human Cost of Development and Resettlement (New York: Palgrave, 2012).
70. Jeff Friedman, H-OralHist, May 23, 2007.
71. John Wolford, H-OralHist, February 14, 2006.
72. Walter Liniger, “The Original Down Home Blues Show,” Oral History Association Newsletter, 22 (Spring 1988), 1.
1. “Statement on Interviewing for Historical Documentation,” Statement on Professional Conduct (Washington, DC: American Historical Association, 1990), 25–27; Perspectives: The American Historical Association Newsletter, 27 (October 1989), 8; see also the American Historical Association website.
2. Barbara Tuchman, “Distinguishing the Significant from the Insignificant,” in David K. Dunaway and Willa K. Baum, eds., Oral History: An Interdisciplinary Anthology, 2nd ed. (Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira, 1996), 96–97; Shirley Biagi, Interviews That Work: A Practical Guide for Journalists (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 1986), 16–19.
3. Barth Healey, “‘I’m Not One of Those Who Say Kissinger is Paranoid,’ Mr. Nixon Said,’” New York Times Sunday Book Review, September 6, 1992, 20.
4. The interviewer was Martha Ross, who cited it frequently in oral history workshops.
5. Rick Perlstein, “Exclusive: Lee Atwater’s Infamous 1981 Interview on the Southern Strategy,” The Nation, November 13, 2012, http://www.thenation.com/article/170841/exclusive-lee-atwaters-infamous-1981-interview-southern-strategy.
6. Donald A. Ritchie, Holly Cowan Shulan, Richard S. Kirkendall, and Terry L. Birdwhistell, “Interviews as Historical Evidence: A Discussion of New Standards of Documentation and Access,” The History Teacher, 24 (February 1991), 226–228.
7. Joanna Bornat, “Remembering and Reworking Emotions: The Reanalysis of Emotion in an Interview,” Oral History, 38 (Autumn 2010), 44; April Gallwey, “The Rewards of Using Archived Oral Histories in Research: The Case of the Millennium Memory Bank,” Oral History, 41 (Spring 2013), 37–50.
8. Vaněk, Around the Globe: Rethinking Oral History with its Protagonists, 161.
9. The interview with Sen. Fong was conducted by Michaelyn P. Chou of the University of Hawaii. See Donald A. Ritchie, “Beyond the Congressional Record: Congress and Oral History,” The Maryland Historian, 13 (Fall–Winter 1982), 7–16.
10. See Ronald J. Grele, “Why Call It Oral History? Some Ruminations from the Field,” Pennsylvania History, 60 (October 1993), 506–509.
11. Philip Brooks’s remarks are included in Elizabeth I. Dixon, et al., “Definitions of Oral History,” Oral History at Arrowhead: The Proceedings of the First National Colloquium on Oral History (Los Angeles: Oral History Association, 1969), 6–7; see also Ronald J. Grele, introduction to International Annual of Oral History, 1990: Subjectivity and Multiculturalism in Oral History (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1992), 1–8.
12. Patrick Sharma, “Oral History, Policy History, and Information Abundance and Scarcity,” American Historical Association Perspectives on History (April 2012), 26–27.
13. Michael Grunwald, The New New Deal: The Hidden Story of Change in the Obama Era (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2012), 461.
14. Lewis L. Gould, ed. Watching Television Come of Age: The New York Times Review by Jack Gould (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2002).
15. Duff Cooper, Talleyrand (New York: Fromm International, 1986 [1932]), 86; Maya Jasanoff, Liberty’s Exiles: American Loyalists in the Revolutionary World (New York: Knopf, 2011), 17.
16. See for example Robert W. Cherny, “Constructing a Radical Identity: History, Memory, and the Seafaring Stories of Harry Bridges,” Pacific Historical Review, 70 (November 2001), 571–599.
17. Elizabeth Faue, Writing the Wrongs: Eva Valesh and the Rise of Labor Journalism (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2002), 236.
18. Emmanuel LeRoy Ladurie, Montaillou: The Promised Land of Error (New York: Vintage, 1979).
19. John C. Dann, The Revolution Remembered: Eyewitness Accounts of the War for Independence (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1977), xv–xxi; see also Elizabeth A. Perkins, Border Life: Experience and Memory in the Revolutionary Ohio Valley (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998); and Charles T. Morrissey, “Beyond Oral Evidence: Speaking (Con)structively about Oral History,” Archival Issues, 17 (November 2, 1992), 90.
20. “Stewart E, McClure, Chief Clerk, Senate Committee on Labor, Education, and Public Welfare,” interviewed by Donald A. Ritchie for the Senate Historical Office, December 1982–May 1983, transcripts, Library of Congress, 118.
21. Neuenschwander, A Guide to Oral History and the Law, 19–25; Joan Fairweather, “Stories Matter: Oral History and Land Claims in Canada and South America” in Philippe Denis and James Worthington, eds., The Power of Oral History: Memory, Healing and Development (Pietmaritzburg, South Africa: University of Natal, 2002), 611–626.
22. Bongani Finca, “Learning to Bless Our Memories,” in Philippe Denis, ed., Orality, Memory and the Past: Listening to the Black Clergy Under Colonialism and Apartheid (Pietermaritzburg, South Africa: Cluster, 2000), 16.
23. Max Hastings, “Drawing the Wrong Lesson,” New York Review of Books (March 11, 2010), 41; Ritchie, et al., “Interviews as Historical Evidence,” 223–238.
24. Dan K. Utley, “From the Ground Up: Oral History and Historical Archaeology,” Sound Historian: Journal of the Texas Oral History Association, 1 (Fall 1993), 24.
25. See T. G. Ashplant, “Anecdote as Narrative Resource in Working-Class Life Stories: Parody, Dramatization and Sequence,” in Mary Chamberlain and Paul Thompson, eds., Narrative and Genre (New York: Routledge, 1998), 99–113.
26. Donald A. Ritchie, “Learning to Listen,” Southwest Oral History Association Newsletter (Summer 1987), 1, 3–7.
27. Blair Worden, “Lyrical Historian,” New York Review of Books, 40 (July 15, 1993), 12; Johnson quoted in Christopher Matthews, Hardball: How Politics Is Played—Told by One Who Knows the Game (New York: Summit Books, 1988), 133.
28. “Southern History and the Politics of Recent Memory: Responses to the C. Vann Woodward Interview,” Radical History Review, 38 (1987), 143–151.
29. New York Times, February 21, 2010.
30. Kathleen M. Blee, “Evidence, Empathy, and Ethics: Lessons from Oral Histories of the Klan,” Journal of American History, 80 (September 1993), 143–151.
31. Pamela Sugiman, “I Can Hear Lois Now: Corrections to My Story of the Internment of Japanese Canadians—‘For the Record,’” in Anna Sheftel and Stacey Zembryzycki, eds., Oral History Off the Record: Toward an Ethnography of Practice (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013), 149–167.
32. Allan Nevins, “Oral History: How and Why It Was Born,” in Dunaway and Baum, eds., Oral History, 34.
33. Mark A. Stoler, George C. Marshall: Soldier-Statesman of the American Century (Boston: Twayne, 1989). Apart from his four-volume biography of Marshall, Pogue’s interviews were published in Larry I. Bland, et al., eds., George C. Marshall Interviews and Reminiscences for Forrest C. Pogue (Lexington, VA: George C. Marshall Research Foundation, 1991).
34. Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr. Robert Kennedy and His Times (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1979), 1:xv.; Lynn A. Bonfield, “Conversations with Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.: The Use of Oral History,” The American Archivist, 43 (Fall 1980), 466.
35. Charlotte Allen, “Spies Like Us: When Sociologists Deceive Their Subjects,” Lingua Franca, 7 (November 1997), 31–39.
36. Penny Robinson, H-OralHist, November 7, 2012.
37. Sherna Berger Gluck, “We Will Not Be Another Algeria: Women’s Mass Organizations, Changing Consciousness, and the Potential for Women’s Liberation in a Future Palestinian State,” International Annual of Oral History, 1990, 225.
38. William W. Moss, “Anonymity of Sources in Oral History,” Oral History Association Newsletter, 23 (Fall 1989), 1, 8.
39. Oral History Association, Evaluation Guidelines (Los Angeles: Oral History Association, 1992), 2.
40. Howard E. McCurdy, Inside NASA: High Technology and Organizational Change in the U.S. Space Program (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993), 189.
41. Suzy Subways, H-OralHist, July 10, 2013.
42. Edward Rothstein, “He Gave Voice to Many, Among Them Himself,” New York Times, November 3, 2008.
43. Lynn Abrams, Oral History Theory (London: Routledge, 2010), 1–7; Luisa Passerini, “Work, Ideology and Consensus Under Fascism.” History Workshop Journal, 8 (1979), 82–108.
44. Heather Howard, H-OralHist, April 25, 2007; Patricia Leavy, Oral History (New York: Oxford University Press, 2011), 5–7, 48.
45. Kerwin Lee Klein, From History to Theory (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2011), 112–113.
46. Abrams, Oral History Theory, 79.
47. Ibid., 16.
48. Mary Chamberlain, “Narrative Theory,” in Charlton, et al., Handbook of Oral History, 384–407.
49. See Alessandro Portelli, The Death of Luigi Trastulli and Other Stories: Form and Meaning in Oral History (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1991).
50. Anna Green, “Can Memory Be Collective?” in Ritchie, ed., The Oxford Handbook of Oral History, 96–111.
51. Daniel L. Schacter, The Seven Sins of Memory: How the Mind Forgets and Remembers (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2001), 112.
52. Ibid., 9.
53. Ibid., 184–206.
54. Paula Hamilton, and Linda Shopes, eds., Oral History and Public Memories (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2008), xi.
55. Alistair Thompson, “Memory and Remembering in Oral History,” in Ritchie, ed., The Oxford Handbook of Oral History, 82–90; and Barbara A. Misztal, Theories of Social Remembering (Berkshire, UK: McGraw-Hill House, 2003), 63–64.
56. Abrams, Oral History Theory, 93; Caitlin Tyler-Richards, “Oral History in Disaster Zones,” OUP blog, December 14, 2012.
57. Stephen Sloan, “Oral History and Hurricane Katrina: Reflections on Shouts and Silences,” Oral History Review, 35 (June 2008), 176–186.
58. Schacter, The Seven Sins of Memory, 187.
59. New York Times, February 14, 2003.
60. Mary Marshall Clark interview, “The Oral History of 9/11,” PND: Philanthropy News Digest (September 11, 2003); Clark, “Case Study: Field Notes on Catastrophe: Reflections on the September 11, 2001, Oral History Memory and Narrative Project,” in Ritchie, ed., The Oxford Handbook of Oral History, 262–263.
61. Henry Greenspan, On Listening to Holocaust Survivors: Beyond Testimony (St. Paul, MN: Paragon House, 2010 [1998]), xi–xiii.
62. David Beorlegu Zarranz, H-OralHist, September 19, 2013; Joanna Bornat, “Remembering in Later Life: Generating Individual and Social Change,” in Ritchie, ed., The Oxford Handbook of Oral History, 212–213.
63. Abrams, Oral History Theory, 153, 159, 165, 173.
64. Valerie J. Janesick, Oral History for the Qualitative Researcher: Choreographing the Story (New York: Guilford Press, 2010), 17.
65. Grele quoted in Vaněk, Around the Globe, 75–77.
66. Joseph Roddy, “Oral History: Soundings from the Sony Age,” RF [Rockefeller Foundation] Illustrated, 3 (May 177); Charles T. Morrissey, “Oral History and the Boundaries of Fiction,” The Public Historian, 7 (Spring 1985), 42.
67. Morrissey, “Oral History and the Boundaries of Fiction,” 43; Robert H. Ferrell and Francis H. Heller, “Plain Faking?,” American Heritage (May–June 1995), 14, 16.
68. Richard Rayner, “Channeling Ike,” The New Yorker, April 26, 2010.
69. Cullom Davis, “Success and Excess: Oral History at High Tide,” in David Stricklin and Rebecca Sharpless, eds., The Past Meets the Present: Essays on Oral History (Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1988), 77–85.
70. David Lodge, Home Truths, A Novella (New York: Penguin, 1999), 39–40.
71. Elizabeth Hardwick, “The Teller and the Tape,” New York Review of Books, May 30, 1985, 3–5.
72. Henry Fairlie, review of Robert F. Kennedy and His Times, by Arthur Schlesinger Jr., The New Republic, 179 (September 9, 1978), 32.
73. Unlike other reviewers who praised Terkel’s Hard Times’ uplifting, inspirational spirit, Frisch thought it depressing that even thirty years after a massive breakdown in the economic system Americans still could not bring themselves to examine their culture and institutions. Reading the other views, he decided that most had been more concerned with the celebratory message of the interviews for the dispirited America of the 1970s than with the reality of the 1930s. Donald A. Ritchie, “An Interview with Michael Frisch,” OHMAR Newsletter, 11 (Fall 1988), 5; Michael Frisch, A Shared Authority: Essays on the Craft and Meaning of Oral and Public History (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1990), 5–13.
74. Bonfield, “Conversations with Schlesinger,” 33.
75. Diane Johnson, “I, The Jury: Why This Novelist Can’t Resist a Good Book Panel,” New York Times Book Review, April 10, 1994, 14; see also Ina Yalof’s rebuttal, “Thinking Is Required,” New York Times Book Review, May 8, 1994, 27.
76. Timothy Foote, “Battle Stars: Recollections of the Pacific War,” Washington Post Book World, May 8, 1994, 27.
77. Linda Shopes, “Developing a Critical Dialogue About Oral History: Some Notes Based on an Analysis of Book Reviews,” Oral History Review, 14 (1986), 9–25.
78. Ritchie, et al., “Interviews as Historical Evidence,” 223–224.
79. Kate L. Turabian, A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations, 6th ed., revised by John Grossman and Alice Bennett (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996), 150, 206–207.
1. Henry Glassie, Passing the Time in Ballymenone: Culture and History of an Ulster County (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1982), 40; Richard Sweterlitsch, “Oral History and Myth-Making: Confessions of a Researcher Turned Producer,” Annual of the New England Oral History Association, 1 (1987–88), 10–17.
2. Pamela M. Henson and Terri A. Schorzman, “Videohistory: Focusing on the American Past,” Journal of American History, 78 (September 1991), 620; Joel Gardner, “Oral History and Video in Theory and Practice,” Oral History Review, 12 (1984), 105–111; Brad Jolly, Videotaping Local History (Nashville: American Association for State and Local History, 1982), 75–87; “History Leaves the Page: Videotaping Oral History,” HAIpoints [History Associates, Inc. newsletter] (Winter–Spring 1997), 2–3.
3. See Thomas L. Charlton, “Videotaped Oral Histories: Problems and Prospects,” American Archivist, 47 (Summer 1984), 228–236.
4. Gardner, “Oral History and Video,” 108–109.
5. See “The Mirror with a Memory,” in James West Davidson and Mark Hamilton Lytle, After the Fact: The Art of Historical Detection (New York: Knopf, 1982), 205–231.
6. L. Elizabeth Beatime, “Video: The Saving Face,” Oral History Association Newsletter, 25 (Winter 1992), 6.
7. Larry Miller, H-OralHist, May 10, 2012.
8. W. Richard Whitaker, “Why Not Try Videotaping Oral History?” Oral History Review, 9 (1981), 120.
9. Charlton, “Videotaped Oral Histories,” 235.
10. Joseph Wilson, “The Afro-American Labor Leadership Oral/Video History Series,” Oral History Review, 14 (1986), 27–33.
11. Henson and Schorzman, “Videohistory,” 620; Pamela Henson, “Excerpts from an Interview with John Schuchman,” OHMAR Newsletter, 8 (Fall 1990), 6–10.
12. Tom Lean, “But of course your little box can’t see what I’m doing, can it?” National Life Stories (London: British Library, 2010–2011), 13
13. Donald A. Ritchie, Reporting from Washington: The History of the Washington Press Corps (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005), 159–182.
14. Joanna Hay, “Case Study: Using Video in Oral History—Learning from One Woman’s Experiences,” in Doug Boyd, Steve Cohen, Brad Rakerd, and Dean Rehberger, Oral History in the Digital Age (Washington, DC: Institute of Museum and Library Services, 2012).
15. Henson and Schorzman, “Videohistory,” 623.
16. Hank Greenspan, H-OralHist, October 3, 2012.
17. Jim Small, “A Visual Recording,” CRM Bulletin [National Park Service], 13 (1990), 1, 4–5.
18. Lean, “But of course your little box can’t see what I’m doing, can it?,” 12.
19. See Buffalo Trace Oral History Project, Louis B. Nunn Center for Oral History, University of Kentucky Libraries website.
20. Brien R. Williams, “Doing Video Oral History,” in Ritchie, ed., The Oxford Handbook of Oral History,” 272.
21. Jolly, Videotaping Oral History, 109–121; this section also draws on a video workshop conducted by the producer Brien Williams, OHMAR meeting, St. Mary’s College, St. Mary’s City, MD, April 1992.
22. Dennis Curtin, “A Short Course on Digital Video,” www.shortcourse.com.
23. Whitaker, “Why Not Try Videotaping Oral History?,” 115–124.
24. Doug Boyd, “Microphone Strategies for Recording Video for Oral History Interviews,” in Boyd, et al., Oral History in the Digital Age; Craig Breaden, H-OralHist, October 5, 2012.
25. Documentary filmmaker William Gazecki, “Breaking into Documentary Filmmaking,” Digital VideoEditing, www.mightycompanions.org.
26. David H. Mould, “Composing Visual Images for the Oral History Interview,” International Journal of Oral History, 7 (November 1986), 198–205; Jolly, Videotaping Local History, 50–51.
27. Richard Campbell, “Don Hewitt’s Durable Hour,” Columbia Journalism Review (September–October 1993), 26.
28. Terri A. Schorzman, ed., A Practical Introduction to Videohistory: The Smithsonian Institution and Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Experiment (Malabar, FL: Krieger, 1993), 59–65, 210–215.
29. Dan Arden, “Producing Videos: Reports from the Field,” presentation at the 1996 meeting of the Oral History Association.
30. Gazecki, “Breaking into Documentary Filmmaking.”
31. Charlton, “Videotaped Oral Histories,” 234.
32. Schorzman, Practical Introduction to Videohistory, 41–42, 206–208.
33. William W. Moss and Peter C. Mazikana, Archives, Oral History, and Oral Tradition, a RAMP [Records and Archives Management Programme] Study (Paris: UNESCO, 1986), 44; Jolly, Videotaping Local History, 19–37.
34. Verena Alberti, “How to Deal with Sound Archives: Dilemmas on the Technical Preservation of Oral History Archives,” Crossroads of History: Experience, Memory, Orality (Istanbul: International Oral History Association, 2000), 1:1–8.
35. Doug Boyd, H-OralHist, December 13, 2005; and Boyd, “Achieving the Promise of Oral History in a Digital Age,” in Ritchie, ed., The Oxford Handbook of Oral History, 290–291; Boyd also developed the highly useful website Oral History in the Digital Age.
36. William J. Staples, “Videotape is Dead,” Industrial Photography (March 1993), 14–15.
37. Juliana Nykolaiszyn, “Preserving Born-Digital Oral History,” in Carol Smallwood and Elaine Williams, eds., Preserving Local Writers, Genealogy, Photographs, Newspapers, and Related Material (Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2012), 258.
38. Nykolaiszyn, “Preserving Born-Digital Oral History,” 258–261.
39. Boyd, “Achieving the Promise of Oral History in the Digital Age,” 291–299.
40. Michael Frisch and Douglas Lambert, “Case Study: Between the Raw and the Cooked in Oral History: Notes from the Kitchen,” in Ritchie, ed., The Oxford Handbook of Oral History, 333–248.
41. Max D. Baumgarten, “Organizing Testimonies in the Digital Age,” The Federalist: Newsletter of the Society for History in the Federal Government, 38 (Summer 2013), 5–6.
42. Whitaker, “Why Not Try Videotaping Oral History,” 123; Shaw, “Public Access Television,” 7.
43. “Oral History and the Arts,” plenary session, OHMAR conference, April 18, 1982, transcript, OHMAR papers, George Washington University.
44. “The Film and Video Archive Project,” Oral History Recorder [Newsletter for the Center for Oral History, University of Hawaii at Manoa], 6 (Spring 1989), 2–3.
45. Ibid., 8.
46. Henson and Schorzman, “Videohistory,” 625.
47. E. John B. Allen, “A Sporting Chance: Oral History and Films,” Annual of the New England Oral History Association, 1 (1987-88), 23.
48. Dean Albertson, “Remembering Oral History’s Beginnings,” Annual of the New England Oral History Association, 1 (1987–88), 7–8.
49. “Film Documents Kentucky’s Civil-Rights Movement,” Louisville Courier-Journal, January 21, 2002.
50. Michael Frisch, “Oral History, Documentary, and the Mystification of Power: A Critique of Vietnam: A Television History,” in A Shared Authority: Essays on the Craft and Meaning of Oral and Public History (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1990), 159–178.
51. Sweterlitsch, “Oral History and Myth-Making,” 12; see also Brien Williams, “Recording Videohistory: A Perspective,” in Schorzman, Practical Introduction to Videohistory, 138–154.
52. At www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/clinton/.
53. Daniel Schorr, Clearing the Air (New York; Berkeley, 1978), 18.
54. Sweterlitsch, “Oral History and Myth-Making,” 15–16; Allen, “A Sporting Chance,” 19–20.
55. Allen, “A Sporting Chance,” 23–24; Robert Brent Toplin, “The Filmmaker as Historian,” American Historical Review, 93 (December 1988), 1219–1227.
56. “The Rights and Responsibilities of Historians in Regard to Historical Films and Video,” Perspectives: American Historical Association Newsletter, 30 (September 1992), 15, 17.
57. Jolly, Videotaping Local History, 77.
58. Anne Valk and Holly Ewald, “Bringing a Hidden Pond to Public Attention: Increasing Impact Through Digital Tools,” Oral History Review, 40 (Winter/Spring 2013), 8–24.
59. Mary Rose Bosewell [review of “The Boott Cotton Mills Museum,”] Oral History Review, 20 (Spring–Fall 1992), 88–89.
60. Beverly Serrell, “Are They Watching? Visitors and Video in Exhibitions,” Curator, 45 (January 2002), 50–64.
61. Doug Boyd, H-OralHist, December 16, 2005.
62. See www.densho.org.
63. Kelly Shrum, et al, “Oral History in the Digital Age,” in Ritchie, ed., The Oxford Handbook of Oral History, 508–112.
64. Lynn A. Bonfield, “Conversations with Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr.: The Use of Oral History,” American Archivist, 43 (Fall 1980), 471.
65. Beattie, “Video: The Saving Face,” Shaw, “Public Access Television,” 7.
1. Donald A. Ritchie, “A Sense of Collective Responsibility: An Interview with Ronald J. Grele,” OHMAR Newsletter, 16 (Fall 1993), 7; Elizabeth I. Dixon, et al., “Definitions of Oral History,” Oral History at Arrowhead: The Proceedings of the First National Colloquium on Oral History (Los Angeles: Oral History Association, 1969), 5–7.
2. Johnnie Russell, in conversation with Katharine Haydon, “Enriching a Paper Archive with Oral History,” National Life Stories (London: British Library, 2010–2011), 20–21.
3. Barbara Tuchman, “Distinguishing the Significant from the Insignificant,” in David K. Dunaway and Willa K. Baum, eds., Oral History: An Interdisciplinary Anthology, 2nd ed.(Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira, 1996), 96; see also Wolfgang Weber, “Mass of Trash” of “Veins of Gold”? An Investigative Report on the Relationship Between Oral History and Archives (Regensburg, Austria: S. Roderer Verlag, 2002), 33–37.
4. Donald A. Ritchie, “Oral Histories May Help Scholars Plow Through the Rapidly Accumulating Mass of Federal Paper,” The Chronicle of Higher Education, November 2, 1988, A44.
5. James E. Fogerty, “Filling in the Gap: Oral History in the Archives,” American Archivist, 46 (Spring 1983), 148–157.
6. Ibid., 151; see also Ronald L. Filippelli, “Oral History and the Archives,” American Archivist, 39 (October 1976), 479–483.
7. Fogerty, “Filling in the Gap,” 153–154; William W. Moss and Peter C. Mazikana, Archives, Oral History and Oral Tradition: A RAMP Study (Paris: UNESCO, 1986), 4, 25–26, 29.
8. Ritchie, “A Collective Sense of Responsibility,” 7.
9. John T. Mason Jr., interviewed by Benis M. Frank, July 16, 1983, transcripts, Marine Corps Oral History Program, Marine Corps Historical Center, Washington, DC.
10. Oral History Evaluation Guidelines (Los Angeles: Oral History Association, 1992), 1–2.
11. Cary C. Wilkins, ed., The Guide to Kentucky Oral History Collections (Frankfort: Kentucky Oral History Commission, 1991); “California Legislature Creates State OH Program,” Oral History Association Newsletter, 20 (Fall 1986), 3.
12. The National Historical Publications and Records Commission has shied away from giving grants for oral histories, with a single exception: the commission concluded that oral traditions were so integral in Native American historical consciousness that efforts to preserve its documentation would be incomplete without oral sources.
13. Interview with Mary Marshall Clark, “The Oral History of 9/11,” PDN: Philanthropy News Digest, September 11, 2003, http://pndblog.typepad.com/pndblog/2011/09/ten-years-later-mary-marshall-clark.html.
14. See Baylor University Institute for Oral History Workshop on the Web, “Funding for Digital Oral History Projects,” www.baylor.edu/oralhistory.
15. Federal copyright law stipulates that a transfer of ownership “is not valid unless an instrument of conveyance, or a note or memorandum of the transfer, is in writing and signed by the owner of the rights conveyed.” See Neuenschwander, A Guide to Oral History and the Law, 3–17.
16. Nancy MacKay, Curating Oral Histories: From Interview to Archive (Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press, 2007), 22; Beth M. Robertson, H-OralHist, May 7, 2013.
17. MacKay, Curating Oral Histories, 34–35, 48–49, 56.
18. Marion Matters, Oral History Cataloging Manual (Chicago: Society of American Archivists, 1995).
19. See Jennifer Rutner and Roger C. Schonfeld, Supporting the Changing Research Practices of Historians, Final Report from ITHAKA S+R, December 10, 2012.
20. For archival finding aids, see Moss and Mazikana, Archives, Oral History and Oral Tradition, 62–63; for library finding aids, see Cullom Davis, Kathryn Back, and Kay MacLean, Oral History from Tape to Type (Chicago: American Library Association, 1977), 87–101.
21. Michael Frisch and Douglas Lambert, “Between the Raw and the Cooked in Oral History: Notes from the Kitchen,” in Ritchie, ed., The Oxford Handbook of Oral History, 333–348.
22. Robert B. Perks, “Messiah with the Microphone? Oral Historians, Technology, and Sound Archives,” in Ritche, ed., The Oxford Handbook of Oral History, 315–332.
23. Christopher Ann Paton, “Whispers in the Stacks: The Problem of Sound Recordings in Archives,” American Archivist, 53 (Spring 1990), 274–280.
24. Louis Starr, letter to David Wallace, February 16, 1962, reprinted in Oral History Association Newsletter, 24 (Spring 1990), 2.
25. Paton, “Whispers in the Stacks,” 276–277; Moss and Mazikana, Archives, Oral History and oral Tradition, 43–45.
26. Perks, “Messiah with the Microphone?,” 322; Ronda L. Sewald, “Descriptive Challenges of Audio Archiving,” Recorded Sound: Society of American Archivists Newsletter (Spring 2012), 4–5.
27. Larry I. Bland, ed., George C. Marshall Interviews and Reminiscences for Forrest C. Pogue (Lexington, VA: George C. Marshall Research Foundation, 1991).
28. Virginia Danielson, “Stating the Obvious: Lessons Learned Attempting to Access Archival Audio Collections,” Folk Heritage Collections in Crisis (Washington, DC: Council on Library and Information Resources, 2000).
29. John Blau, “Do Burned CDs Have Short Life Span?” PC World (January 10, 2006), msn.pcworld.com.
30. Doug Boyd, “Achieving the Promise of Oral History in the Digital Age,” in Ritchie, ed., The Oxford Handbook of Oral History, 299–301.
31. Robert B. Perks, “Messiah with a Microphone? Oral Historians, Technology, and Sound Archives,” in Ritchie, The Oxford Handbook of Oral History, 326–327.
32. Andy Kolovos, “Field Recording in the Digital Age,” Vermont Folklife Center.
33. “Nate Shaw Tapes Damaged in Hurricane, Restored by UNC Southern Folklife Collection,” Oral History Association Newsletter, 24 (Fall 1990), 3; Theodore Rosengarten, All God’s Dangers: The Life of Nate Shaw (New York: Knopf, 1974).
34. “Walls of Sound: The Sound Conservation Centre,” BBC Radio 4 documentary on the Sound Conservation Centre at the British Library, March 30, 2011.
35. Boyd, “Achieving the Promise of Oral History in the Digital Age,” 301.
36. Elizabeth P. Jacox, “Making an Oral History Collection Available to the Public,” Idaho Oral History Center Newsletter, 4 (Summer 1982), 3–4.
37. Alvin Toffler, The Third Wave (New York: Bantam, 1980), 189.
38. Roy Rosenzweig, “Automating Your Oral History Program: A Guide to Data Base Management on a Microcomputer,” International Journal of Oral History, 5 (November 1984), 174–187.
39. Kenneth Thibodeau, “Overview of Technological Approaches to Digital Preservation and Challenges in Coming Years,” The State of Digital Preservation, An International Perspective (Washington, DC: Council on Library and Information Services, 2002); William Schneider and Daniel Grahek, Project Jukebox: Where Oral History and Technology Come Together (Anchorage: Center for Information Technology, University of Anchorage, 1992), 1–8.
40. Frederick J. Graboske, “Digitizing the United States Marine Corps Oral History Collection,” in Philippe Denis and James Worthington, eds., The Power of Oral History: Memory, Healing and Development (Pietermaritzburg, South Africa: International Oral History Association, 2002), 1:72–85.
41. Ibid.; Schneider and Grahek, Project Jukebox.
42. John Naughton, “Gordon E. Moore: No Goodbyes for World’s Mr. Chips,” The Observer, August 8, 1999; Thibideau, “Overview of Technological Approaches to Digital Preservation and Challenges in Coming Years.”
43. Bruce H. Bruemmer, “Access to Oral History: A National Agenda,” American Archivist, 54 (Fall 1991), 494–501; Meg Bellinger, “Understanding Digital Preservation: A Report from OCLC,” The State of Digital Preservation, An International Perspective (Washington, DC: Council on Library and Information Services, 2002).
44. Matters, Oral History Cataloging Manual; Cathryn A. Gallacher and Dale E. Treleven, “Developing an Online Database and Printed Directory and Subject Guide to Oral History Collections,” Oral History Review, 16 (Spring 1988), 33–68.
45. Helen R. Tibbo and Lokman I. Meho, “Finding Finding Aids on the World Wide Web,” American Archivist, 64 (Spring–Summer 2001), 61–77.
46. Sherna Berger Gluck, “Pace, Performance, Pitch—and Even Poetry: The CSULB Virtual Oral/Aural History Project,” Oral History Association Newsletter, 36 (Spring 2002), 4–5; see www.csulb.edu/voaha.
47. Donald A. Ritchie, “www.oralhistory.infinity,” Oral History Review, 26 (Summer–Fall, 1999), 13–15. Paul Thompson, “Sharing and Reshaping Life Stories: Problems and Potential in Archiving Research Narratives,” in Mary Chamberlain and Paul Thompson, eds., Narrative and Genre (New York: Routledge, 1998), 180.
48. Mary Ann Larson, “Guarding Against Cyberpirates,” Oral History Association Newsletter, 33 (Fall 1999), 4–5.
49. Karen Brewster, “Oral Recordings on the Internet: Finding the Issues,” paper delivered at the American Folklore Society, October 17–21, 2001, Anchorage, Alaska.
50. Sherna Berger Gluck, “Brief Note on CSULB Project Methodology and Procedures,” Oral History Association Newsletter, 36 (Spring 2002), 6.
51. “Statement on Interviewing for Historical Documentation,” Perspectives: The American Historical Association Newsletter, 27 (October 1989), 8.
52. David M. Oshinsky, “Oral History: Playing by the Rules,” Journal of American History, 77 (September 1990), 609–614; Oshinsky, A Conspiracy So Immense: The World of Joe McCarthy (New York: Free Press, 1983).
53. Jon Wiener, “The Alger Hiss Case, the Archives, and Allen Weinstein,” Perspectives: Newsletter of the American Historical Association, 30 (February 1992), 12; Donald A. Ritchie, “Interviewers and Archivists,” Society of American Archivists Newsletter, July 1990, 13; Donald A. Ritchie, Holly Cowan Shulman, Richard S. Kirkendall, and Terry L. Birdwhistell, “Interviews as Historical Evidence: A Discussion of New Standards of Documentation and Access,” History Teacher, 24 (February 1991), 234.
54. Ritchie, et al., “Interviews as Historical Evidence,” 235–236.
55. Frederick J. Stielow, The Management of Oral History Sound Archives (New York: Greenwood Press, 1986), 36; Ritchie, et al., “Interviewers and Archivists,” 13; National Archives and Records Administration, “Procedures for Initiating Cooperative Oral History Projects,” typescript report available from the National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, DC.
56. “National Archives Adopts Oral History Plan,” The Federalist: Newsletter of the Society for History in the Federal Government, 8 (Fall 1987), 7–8.
57. Pamela Henson, “Smithsonian Leads the Way Among Federal Agencies,” Oral History Association Newsletter, 13 (Winter 1979), 1, 6; Carol Dreyfus and Thomas Connors, “Oral History and American Advertising: How the ‘Pepsi Generation’ Came Alive,” International Journal of Oral History, 6 (November 1985), 191–197.
58. Neuenschwander, A Guide to Oral History and the Law, 33–35.
59. Ibid., 31–37.
60. Jennifer Howard, “Boston College Wins a Victory in Legal Fight Over Oral-History Records,” Chronicle of Higher Education, June 2, 2013.
61. Jeremy J. Beck and Libby Van Cleve, “Speaking of Music and the Counterpoint of Copyright: Addressing Legal Concerns in Making Oral History Available to the Public,” Duke Law and Tech Rev., 5 (2011), reprinted in the Oral History Association Newsletter, 46 (Spring 2012), 4, 6, 10.
62. Liza Talbot, “Archives in a New Context: The LBJ Time Machine,” Archival Outlook: Society of American Archivists Newsletter (March–April 2012), 6–7.
63. Ann E. Pederson and Gail Farr Casterline, Archives & Manuscripts: Public Programs (Chicago: Society of American Archivists, 1982), 8.
64. Joseph W. Palmer, Oral History in Public Libraries (Urbana: University of Illinois Graduate School of Library and Information Service, 1984), 8–9, 10.
65. Pederson and Casterline, Archives & Manuscripts: Public Programs, 9, 15, 23–24.
66. See http://www2.state.id.us/ishs/smokejumper.html; Troy Reeves, H-ORALHIST, May 23, 2002; Tamara Kennelly, “Oral History on the Internet: Narratives from Pioneering Black Students,” in Denis and Worthington, eds. The Power of Oral History, 1:86–99.
67. Willa K. Baum, “Building Community Identity Through Oral History—A New Role for the Local Library,” California Librarian, October 1970, 271–284.
1. Richard P. Onderdonk, “Piaget and Oral History: Cognitive Development in the Secondary Studies Class,” Oral History Review, 11 (1983), 77.
2. Julia Letts, “Oral History and Schools: Practical Tips for Getting Started in the Classroom,” Oral History, 39 (Spring 2011), 104; see also Barry A. Lanman, “The Use of Oral History in the Classroom: A Comparative Analysis of the 1974 and 1987 Oral History Association Surveys,” Oral History Review, 17 (Spring 1989), 223–224.
3. Eliot Wigginton, Sometimes a Shining Moment: The Foxfire Experience (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1985), 325–386.
4. June Jordan, “Nobody Mean More to Me Than You and the Future Life of Willie Jordan,” in From the Hip: Documentary Team Guidebook (Durham, NC: From the Hip, 1993), 14–15.
5. Civic Voices Profiler (November 2011), 1; Abby Mills, Stephen Schechter, Shannon Lederer, and Robert Naeher, “Global Stories of Citizenship: Oral History as Historical Inquiry and Civic Engagement,” Oral History Review, 38 (Winter–Spring 2011), 34–62.
6. Eliot Wigginton, ed., The Foxfire Book (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1972), 9–14.
7. Wigginton, Sometimes a Shining Moment, 329–330, 343–343, 346, 352, 354; Thad Sitton, “The Descendants of Foxfire,” Oral History Review, 6 (1978), 20–35; see also the Foxfire series published by Doubleday beginning in 1972.
8. Sitton, “The Descendants of Foxfire,” 20–35; George L. Mehaffy, “Foxfire Comes of Age,” Oral History Review, 13 (1985), 145–149; “Cultural Journalism Shares Oral History Through Schoolchildren,” Oral History Association Newsletter, 20 (Summer 1986), 3; Pamela Wood, ed., The Salt Book (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1977); Ellen G. Massey and Ruth E. Massey, eds., Bittersweet County (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1978); and “Minds Stayed on Freedom: Movement Veterans Speak to Holmes Country Youth,” Bloodlines, 2 (Spring 1990).
9. Paul Aleckson, “The D.C. Everest Oral History Project,” Perspectives on History: Newsletter of the American Historical Association, 49 (March 2011), 25–27.
10. Linda P. Wood, Oral History Projects in Your Classroom (Carlisle, PA: Oral History Association, 2001); Pamela Dean, Toby Dispat, and Petra Munro, Talking Gumbo: An Oral History Manual for Secondary School Teachers (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University, 1998), also available at http://www.lib.lsu.edu/special/williams/talking_gumbo.pdf; a companion to the video “You’ve Got to Hear This Story,” http://www.lib.lsu.edu/special/williams/video.html.
11. Cynthia Stokes Brown, Like It Was: A Complete Guide to Writing Oral History (New York: Teachers and Writers Collaborative, 1988).
12. Lanman and Mehaffy, Oral History in the Secondary School Classroom, 11–12; Wigginton, ed., The Foxfire Book, 12.
13. William Cutler, et al., “Oral History as a Teaching Tool,” Oral History Review, 1 (1973), 38–43.
14. George Mehaffy, “Oral History in Elementary Classrooms,” Social Education (September–October 1984), 470–473; Stephen Lehane and Richard Goldman, “Oral History: Research and Teaching Tool for Educators,” Elementary School Journal, 77 (January 1977), 173–181; Laura Wendling, “Oral History...It’s Elementary!” The Oral History Educator, 1 (Fall 1999), 5–7; and Alistair Ross, “Children Becoming Historians: An Oral History Project in a Primacy School,” in Robert Perks and Alistair Thomson, eds., The Oral History Reader (New York: Routledge, 1998), 432–447.
15. “Cultural Journalism,” 3.
16. Stan and Jan Berenstain, The Berenstain Bears and the Giddy Grandma (New York: Random House, 1994).
17. Dale W. Johnson, H-OralHist, November 1, 2011.
18. Diane Skiffington Dickson, Dick Heyler, Linda Reilly, and Stephanie Romano, The Oral History Project: Connecting Students to their Community, Grades 4–8 (Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 2006), 3, 47, 141, 143.
19. Anne Valk, Amy Atticks, Rachael Binning, Elizabeth Manekin, Aliza Schiff, Reina Shibata, and Meghan Townes, “Engaging Communities and Classrooms: Lessons from the Fox Point Oral History Project,” Oral History Review, 38 (Winter–Spring 2011), 136–157.
20. George Mehaffy and Thad Sitton, “Oral History: A Strategy That Works,” Social Education, 41 (May 1977), 378–382; Barbara A. Levy and Karen Marshall, “Kids Making History,” History News (March–April 1990), 20; Michael Brooks, “‘Long, Long Ago’: Recipe for a Middle School Oral History Program,” Organization of American Historians Magazine of History, 11 (Spring 1997), 32–35.
21. Levy and Marshall, “Kids Making History,” 18–20; see also Alan J. Singer, “Oral History and Active Learning,” Social Science Record, 31 (Fall 1994), 4–20; and John Marshall Carter, “‘Grandma Book’: Writing to Discover Your Past: Classroom Teachers Idea Notebook,” Social Education 59 (February 1995), 92–94.
22. Bernadette Anand, Michelle Fine, Tiffany Perkins, Davis S. Surrey and the Renaissance School Class of 2000, Keeping the Struggle Alive: Studying Desegregation in Our Town: A Guide to Doing Oral History (New York: Teachers College Press, 2002).
23. Howard Levin, “Authentic Doing: Student-Produced Web-Based Digital Video Oral Histories,” Oral History Review, 38 (Winter–Spring 2011), 10.
24. Lanman and Mehaffy, Oral History in the Secondary School Classroom, 1–6, 8; see also Donald A. Ritchie, “Teaching the Cold War through Oral History,” History Teacher, 8 (Winter 1994), 10–12; and the special oral history issue edited by Cliff Kuhn and Marjorie L. McLellan, Organization of American Historians’ Magazine of History, 11 (Spring 1997).
25. Mitch Mendosa, “Reflections on Voices of the Valley,” in Tell Us How It Was: Stories of Rural Elders Preserved by Rural Youth (Washington, DC: Rural School and Community Trust, 2002), 15–22, 25.
26. Roy Rosenzweig, “www.historymatters.gmu.edu: The U.S. Survey Course on the Web,” Organization of American Historians Newsletter (November 1998), 13; Mississippi Humanities Council, et al., “Ordinary People Living Extraordinary Lives: The Civil Rights Movement in Mississippi,” website; Samuel Totten, “Using Oral Histories to Address Social Issues in the Social Studies Classroom,” Social Education, 53 (February 1989), 114.
27. Joel R. Gardner, “Using Oral History and Folklore in the Classroom,” New Jersey Folklore Society, 11 (Spring–Fall 1990), 1–16; Brown, Like It Was, 31–47.
28. Lanman and Mehaffy, Oral History in the Secondary School Classroom, 14; Totten, “Using Oral Histories to Address Social Issues,” 115.
29. John A. Neuenschwander, Oral History as a Teaching Approach (Washington, D.C.: National Education Association, 1976), 11–13.
30. Garrison Keillor, Happy to Be Here (New York: Atheneum, 1982), 194–195; Mehaffy, et al., Oral History in the Classroom, 3; Thad Sitton, “Oral History: From Tape Recorder to Typewriter,” The Social Studies, 72 (May–June 1981), 122–123.
31. Interview with G. R. F. Key, Earth Waves, 3 (1982), 6.
32. Gardner, “Oral History and Folklore.”
33. Elaine Thatcher, H-OralHist, March 7, 2007.
34. Levin, “Authentic Doing,” 12–13.
35. Amy Dayton-Wood, Laren Hammongs, Lisa Matherson, and Leah Tollison, “Bridging Gaps and Preserving Memories Through Oral History Research and Writing,” English Journal, 101 (March 2012), 77–82.
36. Mehaffy and Sitton, “Oral History: A Strategy That Works,” 378–382; James West Davidson and Mark Hamilton Lytle offer a valuable case study in After the Fact: The Art of Historical Detection (New York: Knopf, 1982), 169–204.
37. Lehane and Goldman, “Oral History: Research and Teaching Tool for Educators,” 181; Onderdonk, “Piaget and Oral History,” 77–85.
38. Peter N. Stearns, Meaning Over Memory: Recasting the Teaching of Culture and History (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1993), 15, 63, 155–156, 170, 175–176.
39. Totten, “Using Oral Histories to Address Social Issues,” 114–116, 125.
40. Glenn Whitman, Dialogue with the Past: Engaging Students & Meeting Standards Through Oral History (Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira, 2004), 32–33.
41. Charlene Hunter-Gault, “Students of Little Rock Central High,” Southern Living, 2013, http://www.southernliving.com/travel/new-heroes-civil-rights-little-rock-central-high-students.
42. Barry A. Lanman, “Oral History as an Educational Tool for Teaching Immigration and Black History in American High Schools: Findings and Queries,” International Journal of Oral History, 8 (June 1987), 122–135.
43. Paula J. Paul, “Fish Bowls and Bloopers: Oral History in the Classroom,” Organization of American Historians Magazine of History, 11 (Spring 1997), 43–46; Nicholas P. Ciotola, “Recording Wartime Reminiscences: Using Oral History to Teach World War II,” OAH Magazine of History, 16 (Spring 2002), 59–61.
44. Totten, “Using Oral Histories to Address Social Issues,” 115.
45. Mehaffy, Sitton, and Davis, Oral History in the Classroom; Gardner, “Using Oral History and Folklore in the Classroom,” 5.
46. Stephen Sloan, “On the Other Foot: Oral History Students as Narrators,” Oral History Review, 39 (Summer–Fall 2012), 298–311.
47. Washington Post, March 11, 1999; Glenn E. Whitman, “Teaching Students How to Be Historians: An Oral-History Project for the Secondary School Classroom,” The History Teacher, 33 (August 2000), 469–481.
48. Neuenschwander, Oral History as a Teaching Approach, 21.
49. Levin, “Authentic Doing,” 19–23.
50. Elinor Maze, H-OralHist, June 16, 2004.
51. George L. Mehaffy and Thad Sitton, “Oral History Tells Its Own Story: The Development of the Loblolly Project,” Social Studies, 68 (1977), 231–235.
52. Neuenschwander, Oral History as a Teaching Approach, 9, 22.
53. Frank J. Fonsino, “Criteria for Evaluating Oral History Interviews,” The History Teacher, 2 (1980), 239–243.
54. Mehaffy, Sitton, and Davis, Oral History in the Classroom, 1; Willa K. Baum, “Looking at Oral History,” ERIC/CHESS (Boulder, CO: September 1975), 2.
55. Marjorie L. McLellan, “Oral History in the Classroom and on the World Wide Web,” Oral History Association Newsletter, 31 (Fall 1997), 9; Anne Ray, “Resources Make Oral History Work,” The [National History Education] Network News, 7 (Summer 1999), 1, 3; “What Did You Do in the War, Grandma?” Oral histories of Rhode Island Women in World War II by students of South Kingstown High School, 1989.
56. Jane McDowell and Monica Gorman, “Combining Intergenerational Interviews with Creative Drama in U.S. History,” Perspectives on History: The Newsmagazine of the American Historical Association, 48 (November 2010), 43–44.
57. Aishwarya Gautam, Shruti Vaidya, and Sarah J. Yockey, “Doing Oral History Through a High School-Public Radio Partnership,” Oral History Association Newsletter, 47 (Spring 2013), 1, 8, 10–11.
58. Ken Woodward, “The Digital Revolution and Pre-Collegiate Oral History: Meditations on the Challenge of Teaching Oral History in the Digital Age,” Oral History Review, 40 (Summer–Fall 2013), 325–331.
59. “Observations on National History Day,” OHMAR Newsletter, 8 (Fall 1984), 14–15.
60. McGregor McCance, “Learning History from Its Source,” Greenville News (South Carolina), June 13, 1993.
61. Lanman and Mehaffy, Oral History in the Secondary School Classroom, 19.
62. Janis Wilton, “Oral History in Universities: From Margins to Mainstreams,” in Ritchie, ed., The Oxford Handbook of Oral History, 480.
63. Rina Benmayor, “Digital Technologies and Life Stories,” 1:60–71, and Mats Greiff, “Oral History at Malmö University,” in Philippe Denis and James Worthington, eds., The Power of Oral History: Memory, Healing and Development (Pietermaritzburg: South Africa: University of Natal, 2002), 3:1510–1523.
64. Jacquelyn Dowd Hall interviewed by Kathryn Nasstrom, “Case Study, the Southern Oral History Program,” in Ritchie, ed., The Oxford Handbook of Oral History, 409–416; and E. G., “Jacquelyn Dowd Hall,” Humanities, 20 (Nov.–Dec. 1999), 22–23.
65. Richard Candida Smith, “Case Study: What Is It That University-Based Oral History Can Do? The Berkeley Experience,” in Ritchie, ed., The Oxford Handbook of Oral History, 417–426.
66. Graham Smith, Historical Insights: Focus on Research (Warwick, UK: History at the Higher Education Academy, 2010), 2.
67. John Forrest and Elisabeth Jackson, “Get Real: Empowering the Student Through Oral History,” Oral History Review, 18 (Spring 1990), 29–44.
68. See Stacy Erickson and Troy Reeves, eds., A Field Notebook for Oral History (Boise: Idaho Oral History Center, 2001).
69. James Hoopes, Oral History for Students (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1979), 49; Donald A. Ritchie, “A Sense of Collective Responsibility: An Interview with Ronald J. Grele,” OHMAR Newsletter, 16 (Fall 1993), 6–8.
70. Michael H. Ebner, “Students as Oral Historians,” The History Teacher 9 (February 1976), 196–201.
71. A. Glenn Crothers, “‘Bringing History to Life’: Oral History, Community Research, and Multiple Levels of Learning,” Journal of American History, 88 (March 2002), 1446–51.
72. Sandy Polishuk, H-OralHist, November 1, 2006.
73. Mary M. Schweitzer, “Oral History in the Classroom,” Pennsylvania History, 60 (October 1993), 496–499.
74. Martha Norkunas, “Teaching to Listen: Listening Exercises and Self-Reflective Journals,” Oral History Review, 38 (Winter–Spring 2011), 63–108.
75. See Tracy E. K’Meyer, “‘It’s Not Just Common Sense’: A Blueprint for Teaching Oral History,” 35–56, and Marjorie L. McLellan, “Case Studies in Oral History and Community Learning,” Oral History Review, 25 (Fall 1998), 81–112.
76. Edward Ives, untitled subsection of Cutler, et al., “Oral History as a Teaching Tool,” 45; see also Louisa Schell Hoberman, “The Immigrant Experience and Student-Centered Learning: An Oral History Video Project,” Perspectives, 32 (March 1994), 1, 13–16.
77. See Ebner, “Students as Oral Historians,” 198. Much of the discussion of oral history on the college level is drawn from the course syllabi of Terry L. Birdwhistell at the University of Kentucky, Thomas L. Charlton at Baylor University, and Wendell Wray at the University of Pittsburgh.
78. E.g., “Jacqueline Dowd Hall,” Humanities, 20 (Nov.–Dec. 1999), 22–23; Renata W. Prescott, “The Vietnam War and the Teaching and Writing of Oral History: The Reliability of the Narrator,” Oral History Review, 26 (Summer–Fall 1999), 47–64.
79. Jean M. Humenz and Laurie Crumpacker, “Oral History in Teaching Women’s Studies,” Oral History Review, 7 (1979), 53–69.
80. Mary Jo Deering, “Oral History and School Integration Research: A Case Study,” Oral History Review, 7 (1979), 27–41.
81. Rina Benmayor, “Case Study: Engaging Interpretation Through Digital Technologies,” in Ritchie, ed., The Oxford Handbook of Oral History, 490–498.
82. Maggie Rivas-Rodriguez, H-OralHist, March 20, 2013.
83. For example, see Dan Riordan, ed., Reminiscences: An Anthology of Oral History (Stout, WI: University of Wisconsin-Stout, 1980); As I Remember Fordham: Selections from the Sesquicentennial Oral History Project (New York: Fordham University, 1991); and Diamond Days: An Oral History of the University of Texas at El Paso (El Paso: University of Texas at El Paso, 1991).
84. Beverly Blois, et al., Northern Virginia Community College: An Oral History, 1965–1985 (Annandale, VA: Northern Virginia Community College, 1987).
85. Günham Danişman, “The Oral History of a History Department,” in Denis and Worthington, eds., The Power of Oral History, 3:1477–1492.
86. Charles T. Morrissey, “Oral History on Campus: Recording Changes in Higher Education,” Dartmouth College Library Bulletin, 11 (April 1971), 75–76.
87. Andrew Darien, “Historicizing and Humanizing Historians: Oral History and History Faculty,” American Historical Association Perspectives on History (February 2008), 23–25.
88. “Fox Point Oral Histories,” Brown University Library, Center for Digital Scholarship website.
89. Jennifer Reut, “Oral History Projects Document Hurricane Sandy,” Perspectives on History: The Newsmagazine of the American Historical Association, 51 (October 2013), 10–11.
90. John Rothstein, “Oral History: A Student’s View,” The Journal of the New England Association of Oral History, 2 (1988–89), 38–44.
91. David Washburn, “Oral History and Undergraduate Education: A Self-Interview,” Memory Lines: Newsletter of the Regional Oral History Office, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley, 1 (Spring 2004), 7–8.
92. Patricia D. Beaver and Judith Jennings, eds., Helen Matthews Lewis: Living Social Justice in Appalachia (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2012), 142.
93. Linda Shopes, “Oral History and the Academy: An Assessment for the Mellon Foundation,” Oral History Association website; and Charles T. Morrissey, “Oral History, Memory, and the Hallways of Academe: Tenure Decisions and Other Job Skirmishes,” Oral History Review, 27 (Winter–Spring 2000), 99–116.
94. The Working Group on Evaluating Public History Scholarship, Tenure, Promotion, and the Publicly Engaged Academic Historian: A Report (Bloomington, IL: Organization of American Historians, 2010).
95. See Zachary M. Schrag, Ethical Imperialism: Institutional Review Boards and the Social Sciences, 1965–2009 (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2010).
96. “Panelists Defend, Criticize Campus IRB Process,” Oral History Association Newsletter, 35 (Winter 2001), 6.
97. Gary May to author, November 4, 1995; Michael A. Gordon, “Historians and Review Boards,” Perspectives (September 1997), 35–37.
98. Alice Kessler-Harris, “Historians and the Institutional Review Board,” OAH Outlook, 1 (November 2011). 1; Jillian Maxey, H-OralHist, November 2, 2012; Shiobhan McHugh, H-OralHist, November 28, 2012; Carol Lasser, H-OralHist January 5, 2012.
99. Michael A. Carome, OHRP Director, to Linda Shopes and Donald A. Ritchie, September 22, 2003, “Application of the Department of Health and Human Services Regulations for the Protection of Human Subjects at 45 CFR Part 46, Subpart A to Oral History Interviewing,” Oral History Association website.
100. Katherine Sharp Lanndeck, H-OralHist, November 28, 2013.
101. Robert B. Townsend, “Getting Free of the IRB: A Call to Action for Oral Historians,” AHA Perspectives (September 2011), 9; Claire Bond Potter and Renee C. Romano, eds., Doing Recent History: On Privacy, Copyright, Video Games, Institutional Review Boards, Activist Scholarship, and History That Talks Back (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2012), 131.
102. “Columbia University Articulate IRB Policy” Oral History Association Newsletter, 42 (Spring 2008), 7.
103. Nathaniel Comfort, H-OralHist, October 29, 2012; “OHA Involved in New Rules Affecting Academic Oral Historians,” Oral History Association Newsletter, 33 (Winter 1999), 3.
104. Valerie J. Janesick, Oral History for the Qualitative Researcher: Choreographing the Story (New York: Guilford Press, 2010), 54, 57, 68–69.
105. L. L. Wynn, “Ethnographers’ Experiences of Institutional Oversight: Results from a Quantitative and Qualitative Survey,” Journal of Policy History, 23 (2011), 94–114.
106. Anna Louise Bates, Weeder in the Garden of the Lord: Anthony Comstock’s Life and Career (Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1995), 185.
1. Elizabeth Gremore Figa, “Products of Oral History Work—Follow-Up,” H-Oralhist, June 22, 2000.
2. The public history uses of oral history are discussed in chapter 1. For the use of oral history in video documentaries, see chapter 5.
3. Donald A. Ritchie, “At the Crossroads: Oral History in the 21st Century,” Oral History Association Newsletter, 35 (Winter 2001), 3.
4. Roy Rosenzweig, “Why Read a History Book on a Computer? Putting Who Built America? on CD-Rom,” History Microcomputer Review (Fall 1993), 1–2, 6, 11; Thomas J. DeLoughry, “History Post-Print,” Chronicle of Higher Education, 40 (January 12, 1994), A19–20; Roy Rosenzweig and Steve Brier, “Historians and Hypertext” Is It More Than Hype?” American Historical Association Perspectives, 32 (March 1994), 3–6.
5. William Schneider and Daniel Grahek, Project Jukebox: Where Oral History and Technology Come Together (Anchorage: Center for Information Technology, University of Alaska, Anchorage, 1992), 1–9; William Schnider, So They Understand: Cultural Issues in Oral History (Logan: Utah State University Press, 2002), 27–28.
6. “The Rocky Gap High School Oral History and Technology Project,” 110.
7. Bradford R. Cole, “‘Voices from the Trading Post’: The United Indian Traders Association Legacy Project,” Western Historical Quarterly, 33 (Summer 2002), 205–211.
8. Free Speech Movement Digital Archives, University of California, Berkeley.
9. H-OralHist@H-Net.MSU.Edu.
10. Linda Shopes, H-OralHist, March 27, 2013.
11. Stories from the Collection: Columbia University Oral History Research Office, produced by Charles Hardy III (New York: Columbia University, 1998), CD-Rom.
12. Steve High, “Centre for Oral History and Digital Storytelling,” Public History News, 27 (December 2006), 5; Alistair Thomson, H-OralHist, March 17, 2012.
13. Linda Shopes media review, The Public Historian, 29 (Winter 2007), 111–13.
14. Oral History in the Digital Age, http://ohda.matrix.msu.edu/.
15. Discovering Our Delta, http://www.folkways.si.edu/discovering-our-delta-a-learning-guide-for-community-research-teaching-kit/documentary/video/smithsonian.
16. See Cultural Arts Resources for Teachers and Students or Carts.org.
17. History Matters, George Mason University, http://historymatters.gmu.edu/.
18. Congressional Record, 105th cong., 1st sess., S5605; David Darlington, “Veterans History Project Launched,” Perspectives: Newsletter of the American Historical Association, 40 (May 2002), 14–15; Gail Fineberg, “Veterans History Project Enlists Powerful Allies,” Folklife Center News, 24 (Winter 2002), 8–11.
19. David Jenkins, “History in the Speaking,” Financial Times, July 29, 2011.
20. Steven High, “Telling Stories: A Reflection on Oral History and New Media,” Oral History, 38 (Spring 2010), 101–112.
21. Maggie Rivas-Rodriguez, H-OralHist, November 16, 2012.
22. Cliff Kuhn, H-OralHist, November 16, 2012.
23. Laurie Mercier and Madeline Buckendorf, Using Oral History in Community History Projects (Los Angeles: Oral History Association, 1992), i; Rose T. Diaz and Andrew B. Russell, “Oral Historians: Community Oral History and the Cooperative Ideal,” in James B. Gardner and Peter S. LaPaglia, eds., Public History: Essays from the Field (Malabar, FL: Krieger, 1999), 203–216.
24. Helen M. Lewis, “Community History,” Organization of American Historians Magazine of History, 11 (Spring 1997), 20–22.
25. Ronald E. Marcello, Small Town America in World War II (Denton: University of North Texas Press, 2014).
26. Barbara Allen Bogart, H-OralHist, December 1, 2006; Leslie Waggener, “Project Documents Boom-and-Bust Energy Development in Wyoming,” Oral History Association Newsletter, 46 (Summer 2012), 7, 11.
27. Charles Hardy, “The Urban Archives’ ‘Discovering Community History Project,’” Oral History Association Newsletter, 15 (Winter 1981), 4–5.
28. Thelma Russell, “The Humanities Belong to All of Us: A Voice from Public Housing,” Humanities (Newsletter of the D.C. Community Humanities Council) 6 (Summer 1993), 1–2; “In Search of Common Ground Video to Premier at Public Humanities Award Program,” Humanities, 6 (Fall 1993), 1, 3.
29. Knox Mellon, “Oral History, Public History, and Historic Preservation: California Birds of a Feather,” Oral History Review, 9 (1981), 85–95.
30. Dan J. Utley, “From the Ground Up: Oral History and Historical Archaeology,” Sound History: Journal of the Texas Oral History Association, 1 (Fall 1993), 18–28.
31. Audrey Petty, ed., High Rise Stories: Voices from Chicago Public Housing (San Francisco: Voice of Witness, 2013); Douglas A. Boyd, Crawfish Bottom: Recovering a Lost Kentucky Community (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2011).
32. Alessandro Portelli, They Say in Harlan County (New York: Oxford University Press, 2011), 7.
33. Hardy, “Discovering Community History Project,” 4; Michelle Palmer, Marianne Esolen, Susan Rose, Andrea Fishman, and Jill Bartoli, “‘I Haven’t Anything to Say’: Reflections of Self and Community in Collecting Oral Histories,” International Annual of Oral History, 1990: Subjectivity and Multiculturalism in Oral History (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1992), 175.
34. Linda Shopes, “Oral History and the Study of Communities: Problems, Paradoxes, and Possibilities,” Journal of American History, 89 (September 2002), 588–598.
35. Katharine T. Corbett and Howard S. (Dick) Miller, “A Shared Inquiry in Shared Inquiry,” The Public Historian, 28 (Winter 2006), 15–38.
36. Joe Doyle, “Community History in a Community That Doesn’t Want It,” Public History: The Newsletter of New York University’s Program in Public History, 1 (1984), 6–9.
37. Charles E. Trimble, Barbara W. Sommer, Mary Kay Quinlan, The American Indian Oral History Manual: Making Many Voices Heard (Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press, 2008), 9, 17–21.
38. Andrew Holmes, “The Ouse Project: A Case Study of Applied Oral History,” in Shelley Trower, ed., Place, Writing, and Voice in Oral History (New York: Palgrave Macmillan 2011), 127–147.
39. See Fox Point Oral Histories, Brown University Libraries website.
40. Jerry Carrier, ed., “Goin’ North: Tales of the Great Migration,” Philadelphia Inquirer, February 4, 1985; “Fourth Issue of Narratives Builds on a Strong Start,” Narratives, 2 (Spring 2001), 2.
41. Donald Hyslop, “From Oral Historians to Community Historians: Some Ways Forward for the Use and Development of Oral Testimony in Public Institutions,” Oral History Association of Australia Journal, 17 (1995), 1–8; Mercier and Buckendorf, Using Oral History, 16–19.
42. Ibid., 30–31.
43. Laurie Mercier, Mary Murphy, Linda Peavy, Diane Sands, and Ursula Smith, Molders and Shapers: Montana Women as Community Builders: An Oral History Sampler and Guide (Helena: Montana Historical Society Office, 1987), 9–19.
44. Sally Voris, “Oral History in Museum Exhibits,” H-OralHist, November 13, 2001.
45. George McDaniels, “Folklife Festivals: History as Entertainment and Education,” in Barbara J. Howe and Emory L. Kemp, eds., Public History: An Introduction (Malabar, FL: Krieger, 1986), 277–291; see Smithsonian Institution Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage website.
46. Bonnie J. Morris, “In Their Own Voices: Oral Histories of Festival Artists,” Frontiers: A Journal of Women’s Studies, 19 (1998), 53–71.
47. Fernando Columbus, The Life of the Admiral Christopher Columbus (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1959), 10.
48. See Ellen Robinson Epstein and Rona Mendelsohn, Record and Remember: Tracing Your Roots Through Oral History (New York: Monarch, 1978), 2, 16; Robert Bowden, “Recording Your Family Roots,” St. Petersburg Times, February 24, 1985.
49. Linda Shopes, “Using Oral History for a Family History Project,” in David K. Dunaway and Willa K. Baum, eds., Oral History: An Interdisciplinary Anthology (Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira, 1996), 231–240.
50. Corrine Azen Krause, Grandmothers, Mothers, and Daughters: Oral Histories of Three Generations of Ethnic American Women (Boston: Twayne, 1991). See also Tamara Haraven, “The Search for Generational Memory,” in Dunaway and Baum, eds., Oral History, 241–256.
51. William P. Fletcher, Recording Your Family History: A Guide to Preserving Oral History with Videotape, Audiotape, Suggested Topics and Questions, Interview Techniques (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1986); Shopes, “Using Oral History,” 239.
52. Ingrid Winther Scobie, “Family and Community History through Oral History,” The Public Historian, 1 (Summer 1979), 38–39; Carl Ryant, “Oral History and the Family: A Tool for the Documentation and Interpretation of Family History,” Annual of the New England Oral History Association, 2 (1989-1990), 30–37.
53. Henry Fairlie, review, New Republic, 204 (March 28, 1988), 20; Robert B. Butler, “The Life Review: An Interpretation of Reminiscence in the Aged,” in Robert Kastenbaum, ed., New Thoughts on Old Age (New York: Springer, 1964), 265–280.
54. Patrick B. Mullen, Listening to Old Voices: Folklore, Life Stories and the Elderly (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1992), 7, 11; Henry Glassie, Passing the Time in Ballymenone (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1982), 63.
55. Sandy Forster, “‘Reminiscence Is Wonderful Therapy for Older People and Their Care-Givers,’” Oral History Association of Australia Journal, 18 (1996), 9.
56. Tony Rohling, H-OralHist, January 27, 2013; Terrl M. Asia, “‘I Witness to History’ Sparks Retirement Community Interest,” Oral History Association Newsletter, 33 (Fall 1999), 6–7; Denise Flaim, “Oral History Preserves the Past for Future,” Kenosha News (Wis.), June 7, 1993.
57. Kenosha News, June 7, 1993; see also Joanna Bornat, “Oral History as Social Movement: Reminiscence and Older People,” in Robert Perks and Alistair Thomson, eds., The Oral History Reader (New York: Routledge, 1998), 189–295.
58. Tracy Kidder, Old Friends (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1993); Marie Arana-Ward, “Tracy Kidder,” Washington Post Book World (September 5, 1993), 10.
59. AARP, Reminiscence: Researching Back, Moving Forward (Washington, DC: AARP, 1990); “Oral History and the Elderly in Minnesota,” Oral History Association Newsletter, 24 (Winter 1991), 3.
60. Marat Moore, “Oral History: An Organizing Tool and a Healing Art for Labor Union Women,” Oral History Association Newsletter, 26 (Fall 1992), 1–2.
61. “Oral History Used to Enhance Care for AIDS Victims,” Oral History Association Newsletter, 21 (Fall 1993), 1; Wendy Rickard, “HIV and AIDS Testimonies in the 1990s,” in Joanna Bornat, Robert Perks, Paul Thompson and Jan Walmsley, eds., Oral History, Health and Welfare (New York: Routledge, 2000), 227–248; “Whole Lives: Reflections on Living with HIV,” NC Crossroads: North Carolina Humanities Council, 3 (November–December 1999).
62. Philippe Denis and James Worthington, The Power of Oral History: Memory, Healing and Development (Pietermaritzburg, South Africa: University of Natal, 2002), 2:1376–1390; and Philippe Denis, ed., Never Too Small to Remember: Memory Work and Resilience in Times of AIDS (Pietermaritzburg: Cluster, 2005).
63. Michael V. Angrosino, Exploring Oral History: A Window on the Past (Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press, 2008), 5–6.
64. Daniel Kerr, “Countering Corporate Narratives from the Streets: The Cleveland Oral History Project,” in Paula Hamilton and Linda Shopes, eds., Oral History and Public Memories (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2008), 234–235; see also Desiree Hellegers, ed., No Room of Her Own: Women’s Stories of Homelessness, Life, Death, and Resistance (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011).
65. Michelle Winslow and Graham Smith, “Ethical Challenges in the Oral History of Medicine,” in Ritchie, ed., The Oxford Handbook of Oral History, 380–385; Sarah Milligan, H-OralHist, January 29, 2013.
66. Stephen Garr Ostrander and Martha Aladjem Bloomfield, The Sweetness of Freedom: Stories of Immigrants (East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 2010), 1–28.
67. Joyce Appleby, “Rattling Skeletons in the Nation’s Attic,” Washington Post, February 10, 2002; “Voices’ Preserving Minnesota History,” Oral History Association Newsletter, 21 (Fall 1987), 7.
68. James B. Lane, “Oral History and the Industrial Heritage Museum,” Journal of American History, 80 (September 19903), 607–618; Emory L. Kemp, “A Perspective on Our Industrial Past Through Industrial Archaeology,” in Howe and Kemp, eds., Public History, 188.
69. Carol Dreyfus and Thomas Connors, “Oral History and American Advertising: How the ‘Pepsi Generation’ Came Alive,” International Journal of Oral History, 6 (November 1985), 191–97.
70. Donald A. Ritchie, review of the Newseum, The Public Historian, 19 (Fall 1997), 98–100.
71. Jacqueline Woodfork, H-OralHist, December 1, 2006.
72. Paul E. Sigrist, Jr., “Ellis Island Projects Captures Unique Slice of American History,” Oral History Association Newsletter, 32 (Winter 1998), 10.
73. David Lance, An Archive Approach to Oral History (London: Imperial War Museum and International Association of Sound Archives, 1978), 55.
74. Linda Clark and Elspeth Wishart, “The Frozen Face: Using Oral Histories in Museum Exhibitions,” Oral History Association of Australia Journal, 18 (1996), 60–62.
75. Lance, An Archive Approach to Oral History, 56–57.
76. Selma Thomas, “Private Memory in a Public Space: Oral History and Museum,” in Hamilton and Shopes, eds., Oral History and Public Memories, 89.
77. “History and the Public: What Can We Handle? A Round Table about History after the Enola Gay Controversy,” Journal of American History, 82 (December 1995), 1029–1044.
78. Washington Post, April 22, 1998.
79. Ritchie review of the Newseum, 98–100; Ritchie, “When History Goes Public: Recent Experiences in the United States,” Oral History (Spring 2001), 92–97.
80. David Neufield, “Parks Canada, the Commemoration of Canada, and Northern Aboriginal Oral History,” in Hamilton and Shopes, eds., Oral History and Public Memories, 11–12.
81. Simon Bradley, “History to Go: Oral History, Audiowalks, and Mobile Media,” Oral History, 40 (Spring 2012), 99–110.
82. Steven High, “Mapping Memories of Displacement: Oral History, Memoryscapes, and Mobile Methodologies,” and Toby Butler, “The Historical Hearing Aid: Located Oral History from the Listener’s Perspective,” in Trower, ed., Place, Writing, and Voice in History, 193–231.
83. Jessica I. Elfenbein, “Bringing to Life Baltimore ‘68: Riots and Rebirth—a How-to Guide,” and Linda Shopes, “Baltimore ‘68: An Assessment,” The Public Historian, 31 (November 2009), 13–27, and 60–66.
84. David Dunaway, “Radio and the Public Use of Oral History,” in Dunaway and Baum, eds., Oral History, 306–320.
85. “Black Workers’ History Airing on Radio,” Oral History Association Newsletter, 18 (Spring 1985), 1.
86. Walter Liniger, “The Original Down Home Blues Show,” Oral History Association Newsletter, 22 (Spring 1988), 1–2.
87. Alan Bunce, “Radio Series Evokes Powerful Images with Accounts of Civil Rights,” Christian Science Monitor, March 31, 1997; “The Making of Will the Circle Be Unbroken?: Beyond the Printed Word,” Southern Changes: Southern Regional Council, Atlanta, 19 (Spring 1997), 22–27.
88. Gene Preuss, H-OralHist, July 2, 2000.
89. Davia Nelson and Nikki Silva, “Talking to Strangers,” in John Biewen and Alexa Dilworth, eds., Reality Radio: Telling True Stories in Sound (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2010), 36–39.
90. Siobhán McHugh, “The Affective Power of Sound: Oral History on Radio,” Oral History Review, 39 (Summer–Fall 2012), 187–206.
91. Lance, An Archive Approach to Oral History, 53.
92. Dunaway, “Radio and the Public Use of Oral History,” 312.
93. Kevin Farkas, H-OralHistory, August 20, 2013.
94. Abrams, Oral History Theory, 130–32.
95. David Troop, “The Body Event: Voice and Recorded Histories in the Creation of a Sound Installation Based on the Ideas of the Work of Artist John Latham,” in Linda Sandino and Matthew Partington, eds., Oral History in the Visual Arts (London: Bloomsbury, 2013), 17–24.
96. Kathryn Nasstrom, “Performing Like a Family,” Oral History Association Newsletter, 23 (Spring 1989), 3.
97. “Urban Oral Histories Dramatized,” Oral History Association Newsletter, 15 (Summer 1981), 4.
98. Edward M. Miggins, “Communities of Memory,” Oral History Association Newsletter, 26 (Spring 1992), 1, 3; “World War II Living History Performances Scheduled,” Center for Oral History, Oral History Recorder, 18 (Fall 2001), 1.
99. Alicia J. Rouverol, “Trying to be Good: Lessons in Oral History and Performance,” in Della Pollock, ed., Remembering: Oral History Performance (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005), 19–43.
100. Amy Green, “New Oral-History Based Play Available for September 11 Memorials,” H-OralHist, July 23, 2002.
101. Roger Kitchen, “Dig Where You Stand—Using Local Lives to Generate Community in Milton Keynes,” Oral History, 40 (August 2012), 93–98.
102. Jeff Friedman, “Fractious Action: Oral History-Based Performance,” in Charlton, et al., Handbook of Oral History, 465–480; and Freidman, “Muscle Memory: Performing Embodied Knowledge,” in Richard Candida Smith, ed., Text & Image: Art and Performance of Memory (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 2006).
103. Friedman, “Fractious Action,” 498–504.
104. See also Pollock, ed., Remembering: Oral History Performance.
105. Krista Woodley, “Let the Data Sing: Representing Discourse in Poetic Form,” Oral History, 32 (Spring 2004), 49–58.
106. Edward Byrne review, Valpariso Poetry Review, February 6, 2007.
107. Pam Schweitzer, “Making Memories Matter: Reminiscence and Creativity, A Thirty Year Retrospective,” Oral History, 41 (Spring 2013), 84–97; and Schweitzer, Making Theatre from Memories (London: Jessica Kingsley, 2006).
108. Lorraine McConaghy, “Performance/Participation: A Museum Case Study in Participatory Theater,” in William Schneider, ed., Living With Stories: Telling, Re-telling, and Remembering (Logan: Utah State University Press, 2008), 138–54.
109. See Charles T. Morrissey, “The Santayana Watch,” Organization of American Historians Newsletter, 20 (February 1992), 8.