Mandarin uses the following expressions to provide additional information.
也 yě is an adverb and is always followed by a [prepositional phrase +] verb or verb phrase.
也 yě can be used to introduce additional information about the subject of the sentence.
张美丽学英文。她也学日文。
張美麗學英文。她也學日文。
Zhāng Měilì xué Yīngwén. Tā yě xué Rìwén.
Zhang Meili studies English. She also studies Japanese.
也 yě can be used to indicate that two different subjects share similar characteristics or perform the same action.
张美丽很高。她妹妹也很高。
張美麗很高。她妹妹也很高。
Zhāng Měilì hěn gāo. Tā mèimei yě hěn gāo.
Zhang Meili is very tall. Her younger sister is also very tall.
张美丽学英文。她妹妹也学英文。
張美麗學英文。她妹妹也學英文。
Zhāng Měilì xué Yīngwén. Tā mèimei yě xué Yīngwén.
Zhang Meili studies English. Her younger sister also studies English.
► 15.2.1
还/還 hái is an adverb and is always followed by a [prepositional phrase +] verb or verb phrase. 还/還 hái overlaps in meaning with 也 yě, but they are not identical in function. 也 yě introduces any kind of new information. 还/還 hái only introduces new actions or situations.
还/還 hái can be used to introduce additional actions performed by the subject.
他要学中文，还要学日文。
他要學中文，還要學日文。
Tā yào xué Zhōngwén, hái yào xué Rìwén.
He wants to study Chinese, (and) he also wants to study Japanese.
他买了一条裤子，还买了一件衬衫。
他買了一條褲子，還買了一件襯衫。
Tā mǎi le yī tiáo kùzi, hái mǎi le yī jiàn chènshān.
He bought a pair of slacks, and in addition he bought a shirt.
还/還 hái is also used to indicate the continuation of a situation.
他还在这儿。
他還在這兒。
Tā hái zài zhèr.
He is still here.
还有/還有 hái yǒu begins a new sentence or clause. It introduces additional information related to the topic of the conversation.
别忘了明天考试。还有，可以用字典。
別忘了明天考試。還有，可以用字典。
Bié wàng le míngtiān kǎo shì. Hái yǒu, kéyǐ yòng zìdiǎn.
Don’t forget we have a test tomorrow. In addition, you can use a dictionary.
并且/並且 bìngqiě begins a new sentence and provides additional information to support a preceding statement.
我觉得那个电影的故事没有意思。并且，太长。
我覺得那個電影的故事沒有意思。並且，太長。
Wǒ juéde nàge diànyǐng de gùshì méi yǒu yìsi. Bìngqiě, tài cháng.
I think that movie’s story wasn’t interesting. Moreover, it was too long.
再说/再說 zài shuō begins a new sentence and presents information that continues and clarifies information presented in the preceding sentence.
我们很喜欢去中国旅行。再说在那儿也可以练习说中文。
我們很喜歡去中國旅行。再說在那兒也可以練習說中文。
Wǒmen hěn xǐhuan qù Zhōngguó lǚxíng. Zài shuō zài nàr yě kěyǐ liànxí shuō Zhōngwén.
We like to go to China to travel. Moreover, we can practice speaking Chinese there.
而 ér joins adjectival verbs and introduces additional though contrasting information. It is literary in usage.
办奥运是一个艰辛而光荣的任务。
辦奧運是一個艱辛而光榮的任務。
Bàn ào yùn shì yī gè jiānxīn ér guāngróng de rènwu.
Organizing the Olympics is a difficult but prestigious responsibility.
和 hé and 跟 gēn are conjunctions, and they are identical in meaning. They join nouns or noun phrases.
哥哥和弟弟都很像爸爸。
Gēge hé dìdi dōu hěn xiàng bàba.
Older brother and younger brother both resemble Dad.
For more on these and related conjunctions, see
► 16.1
跟 gēn is also a preposition.
▶ 14
This expression introduces related information about a subject. 不但 bùdàn and 而且 érqiě are always followed by a [prepositional phrase +] verb or verb phrase or clause.
那个饭馆，不但菜好吃，而且服务也很好。
那個飯館，不但菜好吃，而且服務也很好。
Nàge fànguǎn, bùdàn cài hǎo chī, érqiě fúwù yě hěn hǎo.
(As for) that restaurant, not only is the food good, but so is the service.
(lit. ‘That restaurant, not only is the food good, but the service is also good.’)
不但 bùdàn can occur without 而且 érqiě. In the following examples, it occurs with the adverbs 还/還 hái and 也 yě.
哈佛大学不但录取了他，还给了他一笔很大的奖学金。
哈佛大學不但錄取了他，還給了他一筆很大的獎學金。
Hāfó dàxué bùdàn lùqǔ le tā, hái gěi le tā yī bǐ hěn dà de jiǎngxuéjīn.
Harvard University not only admitted him but also gave him a big scholarship.
那个饭馆，不但菜好吃，服务也很好。
那個飯館，不但菜好吃，服務也很好。
Nàge fànguǎn, bùdàn cài hǎo chī, fúwù yě hěn hǎo.
(As for) that restaurant, not only is the food good, so is the service.
This expression is used to indicate two similar properties about a subject. Each instance of 又 yòu must be followed by an adjectival verb.
中国梨，又甜又脆，特别好吃。
中國梨，又甜又脆，特別好吃。
Zhōngguó lí, yòu tián yòu cuì, tèbié hǎo chī.
Chinese pears (are) both sweet and crisp. (They are) especially delicious.
This expression can be used to introduce additional information or it can be used to introduce an exception. When it introduces additional information, the additional information is always related in meaning to the phrase that occurs between 除了 chúle and 以外 yǐwài.
The phrase that occurs between 除了 chúle and 以外 yǐwài can be a subject noun phrase, an object noun phrase, or a time phrase.
Subject noun phrase
除了妹妹以外，弟弟也想去中国留学。
除了妹妹以外，弟弟也想去中國留學。
Chúle mèimei yǐwài, dìdi yě xiǎng qù Zhōngguó liúxué.
Besides younger sister, younger brother also wants to go to China to study.
Object noun phrase
除了中国以外，弟弟也想去越南旅行。
除了中國以外，弟弟也想去越南旅行。
Chúle Zhōngguó yǐwài, dìdi yě xiǎng qù Yuènán lǚxíng.
Besides China, younger brother also wants to go to Vietnam to travel.
Time phrase
除了夏天以外，我们冬天也放假。
除了夏天以外，我們冬天也放假。
Chúle xiàtiān yǐwài, wǒmen dōngtiān yě fàng jià.
Besides the summer, we also have (a) vacation in the winter.
除了 chúle and 以外 yǐwài need not both occur in the same sentence. One or the other may be omitted.
除了中国，弟弟也想去越南旅行。
除了中國，弟弟也想去越南旅行。
Chúle Zhōngguó, dìdi yě xiǎng qù Yuènán lǚxíng.
Besides China, younger brother also wants to go to Vietnam to travel.
妹妹以外，弟弟也想去中国留学。
妹妹以外，弟弟也想去中國留學。
Mèimei yǐwài, dìdi yě xiǎng qù Zhōngguó liúxué.
Besides younger sister, younger brother also wants to go to China to study.
► 57.2.2
另外 lìngwài functions as an adverb, occurring before the verb phrase to indicate an additional action:
她买了裙子，另外(也)买了毛衣。
她買了裙子，另外(也)買了毛衣。
Tā mǎi le qúnzi, lìngwài (yě) mǎi le máoyī.
She bought a skirt, and in addition also bought a sweater.
It can also occur before a number + classifier phrase + noun to indicate ‘another’ (number of nouns).
那是另外一种方法。
那是另外一種方法。
Nà shì lìngwài yī zhǒng fāngfǎ.
That is another method.
我还有另外几个问题。
我還有另外幾個問題。
Wǒ hái yǒu lìngwài jǐ gè wèntí.
I still have several other questions.