INDEX

Medieval authors are indexed according to their given names.

accidents
qualities
division of 95–96
proprium of 96
quantities
discrete vs. continuous 93
points and lines 93–95
relations
two definitions of 96–97
reduction of 97–98
separable vs. inseparable 182–183
space and time
where and when 99
quantitative vs. substantial place 99–100
relational theory of space 100
temporal indivisibilism 100–102
Adam du Petit-Pont 306, 313
see also Parvipontani
Adam of Balsham 27
Adam of St. Victor 59
Alberic of Paris 27, 188–189, 191–192, 306, 315, 317, 320, 323, 325
see also Albricani
Albricani 306, 320
Alexander Nequam 313
Ambrose 59
Anselm of Canterbury 2, 14, 25, 28, 31, 32, 308, 309
Anselm of Laon 14–15 passim, 48, 49
appellatio see signification
argument
see also locus ; logic; propositions
argumentatio vs. argumentum 160
argumentum 160, 170, 318–320
Deduction Theorem 182
embarrassing 186–192
against immediates 177
Alberic’s (= the most embarrassing of all twelfth-century arguments) 191–192
from opposites 190
inference (entailment) 169
connexive principle(s) 165, 189–191
impossible positio, obligatio of 191
necessity condition 169, 176–179
perfect vs. imperfect 170–171, 173
probability 161, 176–179
relevance condition 169, 179–186
topical arguments vs. syllogisms 321–324
liar’s paradox 327–328
loci 162–163, 169, 171–179, 321–322, 323–324
division of 186, 324
from definition 186–188
from integral whole 177, 188–189
from opposites 189–192, 324–328
non-Boethian 173, 321, 324
syllogisms 160, 162, 164–166, 170–176, 321–324
Aristotle 2, 6, 18, 27, 29, 30, 31, 77, 78, 128, 158–159 passim, 161, 165, 166, 167, 170, 176
cognition 201–202
four causes 103
nouns and verbs 138, 315
predication 148, 149
signification 314, 316
structure of logic 132–133
ten categories 92, 93, 95, 97, 98–99 passim, 140
universals 310
arts, liberal 6, 22
Athanasius 55
atonement see sin
Augustine 2, 11, 25, 35, 60, 282–284, 285–286 passim, 288
Benedict 55
Benny, Jack 284
Benton, John 46
Bernard of Chartres 36, 38
Bernard of Clairvaux 16, 17, 20, 26, 31, 48, 188, 260 passim, 269, 276
Boethius 6, 18, 22, 24, 35, 36, 65, 78, 82, 85, 94, 95, 96, 99, 128, 130, 158–159, 166–168, 168 passim, 170, 172, 173–174 passim, 176–179 passim, 181, 182, 234, 318, 320, 324
aim of Aristotle’s Categories 92
cognition 201–202 passim, 218
maximal propositions 176
signification 314
theory of hypothetical propositions 163–166, 319
theory of topical arguments 159, 172–173, 319
universals 33, 66, 71, 72, 136, 310
Bolzano, Bernard 171
Buytaert, E. M. 259
Calcidius 25
causation
causes, ontological status of 103–104
efficient causality 103
events 104–105
eventus (eventus rei/rerum) 105
four causes 103
Cicero 25, 36, 158, 160, 163, 164, 208
Clanchy, M. T. 129
cognition
see also understandings; universals
Aristotle vs. Abelard on 201–202
as formal identity of knower and known 201
as representational likeness 202
images
in cognition of sensible particulars 207
in cognition of universals and non-sensible items 184, 207–214
ontological status of 207
perception 212–213
statue-of-Achilles view of 210–211
wounded-lion view of 208–210
knowledge 81, 84, 216–219
objects of 212–213
of particulars vs. universals 207–214
sensation vs. perception 212–213
sense vs. imagination 203–206
skepticism 216, 219–220
understanding 206–207
consent
see also sin; will
analysis of 285
intentions
as acts of consent 285–286
conflict in 287–289
ends and means 289–290
good vs. bad 290, 294–295, 299–302
intensions vs. second-order desires 286–287
second-order, possibility of 287
Dagobert 130
Dante Alighieri 279
de Rijk, Lambert 129
devil 259, 263–265 passim
power of 263–264
rights of 263–264
dialectic 5, 126–127
see also logic; philosophy
dictum, dicta 105–108, 133, 146, 319–320
see also propositions
ontological status of 106–108
significata of sentences 105
Dronke, Peter 47, 60
entailment see argument
Eudemus 164
eventus see causation
exemplarism 260, 265
definition 259
incoherence of 263
rejection by Abelard 262–264
Farrer, Austin 258
form see hylomorphism
Frankfurt, Harry 286
Frege, Gottlob 166
Frege Point 166
Fulbert 1, 14–15, 49, 62
Garlandus of Besançon 29, 314
Geach, Peter 166, 238
Geoffrey of Monmouth 48
Gilbert of Poitiers 306, 312, 326
see also Porretani
Gottschalk 59
grace
see also sin
atonement 274–275
distribution of 270–273
nature of 273–274
necessary for right action 269–270
Green-Pedersen, N. J. 319
Heloise 1, 14, 16, 19–20, 24, 26, 45, 46, 47, 49–51, 52–54, 55, 56, 58, 60, 61, 62–63 passim
see also Historia calamitatum
Historia calamitatum
authorship of 46–47
historical reliability of 45, 47
response of Heloise to 56–58
romance and confession in 47–51
Hugh of St. Victor 27
hylomorphism
elements 75
form
human soul as special case of 76–77
supervenience of 76
types of 75
matter 75–76
identity and distinction see sameness and difference
individuality
criteria for 73
nature of 74–75
intention see consent
Jerome 24, 25, 54, 55–56
Jocelin of Soisson 310
John Buridan 158
John of Salisbury 2, 36, 182, 310, 313
justice 261
see also sin
Kant, Immanuel 2, 289
locus see argument
logic
see also argument; philosophy
aim 133, 159
definition 127
logica antiquorum vs. modernorum 306
logica vetus 6, 128, 158, 306
place in philosophy 127
propositional connectives 163–164, 166, 167–168
negation 167–168
relation to grammar 127–128, 130–131, 137–138
sophismata 150
structure of 132–134
terminist 306
twelfth-century, development of 21–23, 307
logica vetus (old logic) see logic
Luscombe, David 46
Macrobius 25, 35, 36
McTaggart, J. E. M. 102
Marenbon, John 224, 260, 294
Marius Victorinus 159
matter see hylomorphism
meaning see signification; understandings
Meludinenses 306, 313, 315, 317, 319–320, 324, 327, 328
see also Robert of Melun
Mews, Constant 7, 129
natural kinds see natures
natural law see sin
natures
division of 83
individual vs. common 81–83
knowledge of 81
modality 84
natural powers 83
Nominales 12, 162, 173, 192, 305, 306, 312, 314, 319, 325, 326
nominalism 2, 6, 8, 12, 34, 65, 216, 219, 319
Norbert of Xanten 16
Notker 59
Origen 55
Paraclete 16, 54, 57
hymns 58–60
parts
see also wholes
integral 79
theories of 80–81
Parvipontani 306, 313, 316, 320, 324, 327–328
see also Adam du Petit-Pont
pelagianism 260–261 passim
see also grace
definition 259, 269
in Abelard 269–270, 273, 276
Peter Abelard
life of 1, 14–21
career 20–21
castration 1, 25, 47, 62
condemnations 52, 224–225, 252
see also Sens; Soissons
excommunication 2, 17–18
monastic commitment 51–54
monastic reform 25–26, 54–56
poetry 58–63
reading 24–25
writings
chronology of 7–8, 18–20, 36, 129–130
complete list of 336–340
division of 18–20
Peter Astralabe 62, 63
Peter the Venerable 18
philosophy
definition 126
division of 65, 126
Plato 21, 25, 26, 35–38 passim, 96–97, 208, 286–287
World Soul 21, 35–38
Plotinus 35
Pope Innocent II 17
Porphyry 6, 18, 21, 27, 29, 30, 31, 77, 82, 89, 128, 132, 136, 158, 182–183 passim, 307, 310
Porretani 306, 313, 315, 320, 324, 326
see also Gilbert of Poitiers
possibility and necessity
analysis of 83–85
relation to powers 83, 85
powers see possibility and necessity
predication
see also propositions
analysis of 147–150
copula 149–150
grammatical form vs. truth-conditions 147
“what is x” vs. “is x,” 90
Priscian 22, 24, 130, 137, 159, 208, 311, 316–317
propositions
see also argument; dicta
as linguistic entities 145
categorical 161
centrality in logic 133
construction of 141, 145–147
content vs. force (or judgment) 146, 166–167
hypothetical 160, 161–162, 164–165, 184–192
lex natura vs. de inesse 180
impersonal 146–147
maximal 160, 162–163, 170, 173, 174–176, 186
modal
de dicto (de sensu) vs. de re 146, 180
semantics of 144–147, 184–186
truth and falsity of 145–146, 180, 186
universal 167
Quine, W. V. O. 171
Quinn, Phillip 259, 260, 266
Rainbert of Lille 29
Rashdall, Hastings 259, 260
Robert of Melun 306, 313
see also Meludinenses
Roscelin of Compiègne 14, 21, 22, 28, 31–32, 34, 307
see also vocalism
sameness and difference
see also Trinity
in essence 86–87, 226–230
in number 87–88, 228–229, 231–234, 242–243
in definition 225, 243–245
in property 89–91, 225, 228, 241, 242–244, 245–246
in what is proper 225, 241, 242–244, 247
in words (voces vs. sermones) 91–92
types of 86
Sens, Council of 9, 17, 20, 224–225
sermo see universals
Shakespeare, William 288
signification 137–144, 314–315
see also dictum ; propositions; understandings
context-relativity of 142–143
dialectical vs. grammatical 137–139
imposition 183–186
in essentia vs. adiacentia 140–143
in relation to the declension of nouns 315–316
of names
fictitious 314
proper and general 183–186
signification vs. naming (or appellatio) 314, 316–317
things vs. understandings 139, 143–144
sin
see also consent; devil; will
action, fit vs. unfit 295–296
atonement for 259, 266–267
concupiscence 265, 267–269
contempt for God 290–291, 294–295, 299–302
ignorance 291–292, 293
mental vice 280, 301
mistaken belief 294–295
moral dilemmas 298
natural law 292–293, 296
nature of 290–291
see also consent
original 265–266, 267
outward deeds 280–282
pleasure 285
punishment for 265–267
justice of 296–298
practical value of 296–297
senses of the term 265, 291–292
taxonomy of 298–299
voluntariness of 284
will 282–284
see also will
Soissons, Council of 9, 15, 19, 51–52, 54, 225, 252
status see universals
Stephen De Garlande 16
substance
characterized 93
primary vs. secondary 93
Swinburne, Richard 238, 259
Themistius 163
Thierry of Chartres 52
Theophrastus 164
Thomas Aquinas 252
Thomas of Morigny 17
Trinity see sameness and difference
divine simplicity, complications for 238–241
doctrine of 224, 308
in pagan philosophy 35–38
logical problem of 224
theory of 229–230
material-constitution 235–238, 249
Abelard’s 52–53, 91, 225, 243–253
understandings
see also cognition; signification; universals
signified by names (proper and general) 183–186
simple vs. compound 144, 184
sound vs. empty 144
universal
formation via abstraction 214
nature of 214–215
veridicality of 215–216
universals 27–34, 66–72
see also cognition; Nominales; nominalism; vocalism
background to twelfth-century discussions of 307–308
collective realism (or collectio theory)
characterized 69, 310–311
objections to 69–71
indifference theories
characterized 71, 309
objections to 71–72
maneria theory 313–314
material essence realism 34
characterized 66, 309
objections to 67–69
Platonism about 227, 307
sermones 34, 91–92, 135, 200, 310, 312
status 82, 136–137, 310–312, 313
theory of master R. 311–312
universal words vs. things 135
voces 28, 91–92, 135, 307, 310
van Inwagen, Peter 238
vocalism
see also Garlandus of Besançon; Roscelin of Compiègne
approach to logic 28–31, 307
metaphysical view 28, 31–32
voluntas see will
vox see universals; vocalism
Walter of Mortagne 27, 71–72, 310, 313
Weingart, Richard 260
wholes
see also parts
integral 77
types of 78–81
mereology 79
temporal 102–103
universal (general) 77, 188
will
see also consent; sin
desires
conflict in 287–289
ends and means 289–290
first-order vs. second order 286
relation to will 284
freedom of will vs. freedom of action 286
unwillingness 284
voluntariness 284
voluntas, meaning of 284
William of Auxerre 17
William of Champeaux 21, 22, 26, 27, 28
confrontation with Abelard 14, 23, 48, 129, 188, 306, 307, 308, 312 passim
indifference theories 71, 72
inferences 318
loci 318, 320–322 passim, 324
material essence realism 34, 66, 69
signification 314
William of Conches 36–38
William of Ockham 158
William of St. Thierry 17
Wood, Allen 289