`Contents`

List of Figures

Figure 1.1

An artist’s rendering of a frame from the video Marines Fire on Yodaville (2015), viewed on Military.com. Yodaville is seen here from behind the shoulder of a gunner aboard a US Marine Corps UH-1Y Venom gunship. The buildings (shipping containers) radiate out from the center of Yodaville. Image: R. R. Mulvin.

Figure 1.2

An artist’s rendering of Yodaville as seen from the ground following its renovation. The town, made of containers, is billowing smoke as a helicopter hovers above. The image portrays a day in September 2016 during an air support exercise. Image: R. R. Mulvin.

Figure 2.1

Clean, official kilograms under bell jars. Image: R. R. Mulvin.

Figure 2.2

Cleaning a kilogram by hand. In your less-dominant hand, cushion the kilogram in a length of chamois leather. With your dominant hand, take a corner of the chamois, wrap your index finger in it, and clean until you reach the handsome, but not specular, surface you desire. Image: R. R. Mulvin.

Figure 2.3

The steam-cleaning apparatus for washing your kilogram with solvent. Image: R. R. Mulvin.

Figure 2.4

Traceability in the wild—in this case, proof that a scale at a New Jersey branch of a popular chain of grocery stores was recently inspected. Similar stickers are seen on any scale that an employee operates (deli, butchery, fish, and so on), including the scales used by cashiers. This interdependent network of inspected scales guarantees that the measurable weight of goods is consistent throughout a given store, within a particular state or nation, and that all of them are ultimately traceable to 𝔎.

Figure 2.5

An artist’s rendition of an apparatus for cleaning prototype kilograms from 1882–1889. Steam and alcohol vapor were directed alternately at the kilogram. A similar apparatus can be seen in Girard (1990), 6. Image: R. R. Mulvin.

Figure 3.1

The Lena image in its test image form. This image is called Lena_std.tif and was obtained from the Signal and Image Processing Institute’s test image database. It is an excerpt of the November 1972 centerfold of Playboy magazine.

Figure 3.2

Diagram of centerfold technology. Paper folds are marked by dashed lines, with the far-right third folding inside of the middle third. The centerfold uses a gatefold to compress porn into the standard dimensions and format of a magazine. Image: Dylan Mulvin.

Figure 3.3

Kodak Shirley Card (1974) portraying a woman positioned between three cushions (in the original color image, the cushions appear clockwise from right: red, yellow, and blue) and wearing a fur stole (white) with gloves (black). Original image: Kodak; photograph: From the collection of Hermann Zschiegner.

Figure 3.4

The Pixl test image for 2009. Used for standard Red Green Blue (sRGB) calibration. Courtesy of Thomas Holm and Pixl Aps.

Figure 3.5

NTSC test image, “Boat-Ashore Pair” from Donald G. Fink and NTSC (1955), Color Television Standards: Selected Papers and Records.

Figure 3.6

A Kodak Shirley card called “Musicians” (1993). Image: Kodak. Courtesy of David Myers.

Figure 3.7

An artist’s rendering of a triptych band of test images from SIPI: a tank, “Girl,” and an aerial surveillance image of a territory surrounding water. It appears to be a port or naval base. This is an interpretation of the test image triptych found in William K. Pratt, USCIPI Report #660, 51. Image: R. R. Mulvin.

Figure 4.1

An artist’s interpretation of the cover of Optical Engineering (July 1991), featuring the Lena image and another widely used test image of bell peppers. Image: R. R. Mulvin.

Figure 4.2

The iLena image is a Creative Commons reenactment of the original Lena image. (CC BY-SA 2.5 BR) Photo by Roberto Bittencourt; the model is Ila Fox.

Figure 4.3

In this scene from the HBO series Silicon Valley (2014), the fictional Hooli CEO demonstrates how the company’s compression algorithm would take the original Lena image (top panel) and convert it into more compressed data (bottom panel). Photos: Dylan Mulvin.

Figure 5.1

An excerpt from the “Patient Behavior” section of an SP script template. Excerpted from a training document from the University of Texas Medical Branch’s resources for medical educators.

Figure 5.2

The beginning of an SP brief for a “back pain” patient, excerpted from a training document from the Baylor College of Medicine.

Figure 5.3

Excerpt from the MIRS showing how to score a trainee on their demonstration of empathy. The scores run from 5 (highest) to 1 (lowest), and there are descriptions of how to score for each number on the scale.

Figure 5.4

An artist’s interpretation of a headline, image, and caption from a San Francisco Chronicle article (September 28, 1965). The caption reads, “The Easy Way to Learn Medicine.” The image portrays one of the original standardized patients, Rose McWilliams, with Howard Barrows and one of his medical students. Image: R. R. Mulvin.

Figure 5.5

An artist’s interpretation of an image and caption from a Newsday article (September 28, 1965) about SPs, also showing McWilliams, Barrows, and Goodman. Image: R. R. Mulvin.

Figure 5.6

Fee schedule for SP work from the University of South Florida Health Sciences Center.

Figure 6.1

Marcel Duchamp, 3 stoppages étalon (3 standard stoppages) 1913–1914, replica from 1964. ©Association Marcel Duchamp/ADAGP, Paris and DACS, London 2020. Photo: ©Tate.

Figure 6.2

A tri-bar resolution target from the 1950s, used to calibrate satellite imaging technology. The target is located near Cuddeback Lake, in the Mojave Desert, California. Photo: ©CLUI. Courtesy of the Center for Land Use Interpretation.

Figure 6.3

An artist’s interpretation of the April 2006 cover of ArtForum magazine, featuring a representation of a Kodak test image, or Shirley card. Image: R. R. Mulvin.

Figure 6.4

The author in the process of creating a standard stoppage. String and pen on cardboard. Photo: Lewis Bush.

Figure 6.5

“Three More Standard Stoppages.” Cardboard. Dylan Mulvin and Lewis Bush (2020). Image: Lewis Bush.

List of Tables

Table 4.1

Appearances of the Lena image in Transactions on Image Processing (Volume 1)