Acinetobacter spp., 67–68
Adams, Rachel, 110–111
aesthetic values, 140–141
Agelenopsis sp. (American grass spider), 156 (fig.)
air-conditioning, 254
alcohol, 234
allergens
in drywall, 112
in German cockroach, 163
IgE antibodies and, 70
allergies, 56
biodiversity and, 66–68
from German cockroaches, 139
immune system and, 115
increases of, 58
to peanuts, 64
from pets, 209
American cockroach, 162–163, 164, 173
American grass spider (Agelenopsis sp.), 156 (fig.)
Amish
asthma in, 69–72
immune system of, 70
anaerobic bacteria, 13
Andersen, Birgitte, 103–117
animals
antibiotics for, 227
bathing by, 85–86
for emotional support, 188
in houses, 119–141
See also specific types and species
animals and, 227
bacteria adapting to, 225–229, 232
bacteria producing, 91
exploitative competition and, 215
fungi killed by, 154
for Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 79, 109
from Penicillium spp., 109, 145
resistance to, 79, 154, 224–229
for Staphylococcus aureus, 220
antibodies, 62
to Toxoplasma gondii, 190
See also immunoglobulin E antibodies
inflammatory diseases and, 62–63
to Toxoplasma gondii, 195
See also antibiotics
ants
antibiotics from, 154–155
bacteria in, 147
beetles and, 186–187
exoskeletons of, 155
fruit for, 169
fungi in, 104
giant bulldog, 154
aphids, wasps and, 15, 134, 137
Aprostocetus hagenowii, 173
aquatic insects, 176
Argentine ants (Linephithema humile), 168–169, 177
Artemyev, Oleg, 48
arthropods, 2
ancient, 135–136
antibiotics from, 154–155
brushes on, 154
camel crickets and, 129–141, 131 (fig.)
in groundwater, 91–92
in houses, 129–141, 131 (fig.), 135 (fig.), 159–160
on sloths, 42
Asian needle ant (Brachyponera chinensis), 33, 34
Aspergillus spp., 107
asthma, 56
in Amish and Hutterites, 69–72
egg proteins and, 70–71
in Finland, 64
heartworms and, 207
atopic dermatitis, 209
atranones, 114
Bacillus subtilis, 50
Bacillus thuringiensis, 144–145
bacteria, 3
anaerobic, 13
antibiotics from, 91
in ants, 147
biodiversity hypothesis and, 209
biodiversity of, 210
of biofilm, 77–78
in bloodstream, 223
bodily, 37, 39, 42, 51 (fig.), 215
on cats, 208–209
cellulose and, 149–150
in Chimpanzee nests, 42
from dogs, 208
in dust, 253
gram-negative, 21
in groundwater, 91
in hide beetles, 152
in house fly, 154
on human body, 37, 39, 42, 51 (fig.), 215
immune system and, 71–72
inflammatory diseases and, 56–72
in insects, 146–147
Leeuwenhoek’s first sighting of, 8, 11
lignin and, 149–151
mutations of, 226–227
new discoveries of, 21
pathogens and, 216
in salt, 40–41
16S rRNA gene of, 27–28
in sourdough starter, 249
in tapeworms, 144
in termites, 101–102
thermophilic, 20–27
unculturable, 25–29
vaginal, 50
viruses and, 91
See also soil bacteria; specific species
bacterial interference, 214
bacteriocins, 215
bacteriology, 13
bacteriophages, 91
Bacteroidetes, 71
bad odors, disease from, 54
bakers’ hands, sourdough starter and, 250–255
Bartonella spp., 204
basements
camel crickets in, 123–126, 145, 150
carbon in, 145–146
bat bugs, 183
bathing, 75–99
by animals, 85–86
history of, 86–88
wealth and, 88–90
bats, 32
Baym, Michael, 225
Bdellovibrio spp., 91
bearded lacewing, 137
beauty, 140–141
Beauveria bassiana, 174
bed bugs, 4, 139, 170, 174, 183
beer, 3, 75, 157–158, 234, 240
beetles
ants and, 186–187
grain, 154
in houses, 134
in outhouses, 136
as pets, 186–187
Bégouën, Jacques, 120–121, 140
Bertone, Matt, 130–132, 131 (fig.), 137, 138
Bieman, Don, 165–166
biocides
adaptation to, 169–171
used in drinking water, 93–94
See also pesticides
biodiversity
allergies and, 66–68
of bacteria, 210
of butterflies, 73–74
food and, 231–256
in groundwater, 91, 92, 93 (fig.)
immune system and, 47, 61–71, 232, 247
inflammatory diseases and, 59–61
of insects, 137
invasive species and, 220–221
pesticide resistance and, 171
of plants, 68–69
of skin bacteria, 66–68
of spiders, 232
of tap water, 82
of wasps, 232
biodiversity hypothesis, 65, 115–116, 209
biomass
in groundwater, 92
of insects, 171
in showerheads, 82
in tap water, 82
black liquor, 148–149
black mold (Stachybotrys chartarum), 102–103, 108
disease from, 114–115
on drywall, 110–117
in dust, 115
black rats (Rattus rattus), Toxoplasma gondii in, 191
black widow spiders, 175
Blattella germanica. See German cockroach
bleach, 95
Blochmannia spp., 147
bodily bacteria, 37, 39, 42, 51 (fig.), 215
Bodo spp., 11
Booker, Matthew, 242
Borel, Brooke, 19
Boylen, Kathryn, 23–24
Brachyponera chinensis (Asian needle ant), 33, 34
bradyzoite, 194
Brain and Behavior Research Foundation, 98
bread, 40, 234–255, 253 (fig.)
brewer’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), 107, 240, 251
bristletails, 152
Broadsides from the Other Orders (Hubbell, S.), 122
Brock, Thomas, 20–27
brown cockroach, 164
Camel, Francois, 121
camel crickets, 122 (fig.), 126 (fig.)
arthropods and, 129–141, 131 (fig.)
in houses, 120–130, 124 (fig.)
in Manhattan, 128–129
value of, 145–152
Camponotus spp., 147
cancer drugs, 159
carbon, in caves and basements, 145–146
cats
bacteria on, 208–209
heart attacks and, 188
house mice and, 196–197
immune system and, 209–210
parasites from, 188–203
pesticides on, 208
Toxoplasma gondii from, 188–203
Cattel’s16 Personality Factors survey, 195
cave bears (Ursus spelaeus), 120
caves, 43
bed bugs and, 183
camel crickets in, 123
carbon in, 145–146
fungi in, 109
Trois-Frères, 121
Cedecea lapagei, 150–151
cellulose
bacteria and, 149–150
in black liquor, 151
drain flies and, 152 (fig.)
in drywall and wallpaper, 110
silverfish and, 152
cement, fungi on, 109
Ceuthophilus spp., 123
Chaetomium globosum, 112
cheese, 15, 238, 239 (fig.)
chemical warfare agents, 148
chemotrophs, 20
choanoflagellates, 91
beer and, 234
chromium, 24
cicadas, 155
cilia, 11
ciliates, 91
Cladosporium spp., 107
Clostridium difficile, 72
clothing, fungi on, 110–111
cockroach
communication by, 176–177
pheromones of, 177
wasps and, 174–175
See also German cockroach
Cohn, Ted, 123
competitive release, 94
Corynebacterium spp., 50, 88, 250
cows, 78
crickets. See camel crickets
cyanobacteria, 20
Cyclidium spp., 11
daddy long-legs, 139
Danoff-Burg, Jim, 186–187
Darwin, Charles, 31, 79, 161, 183, 211, 231
decolonization, 228
Delftia acidovorans, 77
Delftia spp., 251
Dermestes maculatus (hide beetle), 148, 150, 152
desquamation, of skin, 39
detritivores, 39
dieldrin, 171
Diestrammena asynamora, 125–125, 126 (fig.), 127
Diestrammena japonica, 126
dilan, 171
Dillard, Annie, 134
Dirofilaria immitis (heartworms), 205–207
Discothyrea testacea (tiger ant), 33–34, 41
disease, 47
absence as, 53–74
from bacteria, 16
from bad odors, 54
from black mold, 114–115
See also inflammatory diseases
dishwashers, 40
Dittmar, Caroline, 216–218
DNA sequencing, 26–29, 36, 37 (fig.), 104, 248–249
dogs, 203–210
bacteria from, 208
fecal bacteria from, 210
fleas on, 204
heartworms in, 205–207
immune system and, 209–210
parasites on, 204–207
soil bacteria from, 208
stress and, 187–188
tapeworms in, 204–205
dopamine, 198
dragonflies, 155
drain flies, 41, 152 (fig.)
drinking water, 39, 46, 91–94, 232
Driscoll, Katherine, 33–34, 41
dry rot fungus (Serpula lacrymans), 110
drywall, 110–117
black mold in, 115
Hutterites and, 70–71
dwarf centipede (Nannarrup hoffmani), 138
Echinococcus spp., 204–205
The Ecology of Invasions by Animals and Plants (Elton), 220
eczema, 64
egg proteins, 70–71
Eichenwald, Heinz, 212–228
Elizabeth I (queen), 75
enemy-free space, 175
Enterobacter spp., 49
Ephestia kuehniella (mill moths), 144–145
Escherichia coli, 49, 221–222, 227, 229, 250
The Essential Haiku: Versions of Bashō, Buson, and Issa (Hass), 143
Evania appendigaster, 173
evolution
of bed bugs, 183
of German cockroaches, 162–184
of heartworms, 206
of insects, 161–162
Exodus 8:24, 119
exploitative competition, 215
extremophiles, 40
face mites, 203
families, 38
farsighted ecologist syndrome, 128
fecal bacteria, 37, 49, 56, 61, 210
fecal transplant, 72
fenthion, 162
fermentation
of beer, 240
of food, 234–240
Fierer, Noah, 35–36, 76–77, 80–95, 104, 242, 248, 250
Firmicutes, 71
flagellum, 11
fleas, 3
on dogs, 204
Leeuwenhoek and, 9–10
parasites on, 204
Flegr, Jaroslav, 189–202, 189 (fig.)
Fleming, Alexander, 109, 224, 225
flies
drain, 41, 152 (fig.)
fruit, 145
house, 154, 171, 174 (fig.)
in houses, 133–134
maggots from, 14
phorid, 138
food
biodiversity and, 231–256
bread, 40, 234–255, 253 (fig.)
fermentation of, 234–240
Formicidae family, 133
Frederick, Jonathan, 157
freezers, 40
fruit flies, 145
fundamental niche, 23
fungi, 3
air-conditioning and, 107, 116
allergies from, 102, 112, 115–116
antibiotics for, 154
atranones from, 114
on bakers’ hands, 252
for bed bugs, 174
biodiversity hypothesis and, 115–116
in caves, 109
on cement, 109
on clothing, 110–111
on drywall, 110–117
in houses, 102–117
on human body, 105
hyphae of, 102
lignin and, 148–149
macrocyclic trichothecenes from, 114
on Mars, 106
on Mir, 106–109
naming and classification of, 103–104
as parasites, 104
as pathogens, 104
in sourdough starter, 249, 251
spores of, 102
as technophiles, 107
on wallpaper, 110
white rot, 149
See also black mold; yeast
Galileo, 15
Gammaproteobacteria, 67, 68–69, 71
Gebert, Matt, 83
genera, 38
genital louse, 144
“The Georgia Epidemic” (Eichenwald and Shinefield), 218
German cockroach (Blattella germanica), 3, 167 (fig.)
allergens on, 163
allergies from, 139
in China, 164–165
courtship of, 177–178
evolution of, 162–184
in houses, 162
nuptial gift of, 178
pathogens on, 163
pesticides for, 162–184
reproduction by, 167
Seven Years War and, 164
geysers, 19–20
giant bulldog ants (Myrmecia spp.), 154
Glanville fritillary (Melitaea cinxia), 58
goldenrod, 220
grain beetles, 154
gram-negative bacteria, 21
Greene, Harry, 140
Grew, Nehemiah, 12–13
Grinnell, Joseph, 23
groundwater, 64, 89–93, 93 (fig.), 95
See also aquifers
Grunden, Amy, 147–151
Guenard, Benoit, 33
Gulliver’s Travels (Swift), 3
Haahtela, Tari, 58–69
habitat fragmentation, 58
for Escherichia coli, 250
Hansen, Emil Christian, 240
Hanski, Ilkka, 57–74
Harrison, Jim, 231
Hass, Robert, 143
Hay, J., 188, 189–190, 191, 192, 198
hay fever, 64
head lice, 170
heartworms (Dirofilaria immitis), 205–207
Henley, Jessica, 37 (fig.), 248
heptachlor, 171
Herzog, Werner, 101
hide beetle (Dermestes maculatus), 148, 150, 152
Hixson, Jane, 22
Holmes, Hannah, 36
Homer, 231
Homo heidelbergensis, 43
Hooke, Robert, 9, 11–12, 13, 109
hot water heaters, 22–27
house fly (Musca domestica), 154, 171–173, 174 (fig.)
house mice (Mus musculus)
cats and, 196–197
for experimentation, 145
Toxoplasma gondii in, 188–189, 191, 193
houses, 63–66
animals in, 119–141
arthropods in, 129–141, 131 (fig.), 135 (fig.), 159–160
bees in, 137
beetles in, 134
biodiversity in, 223, 232, 253
camel crickets in, 120–130, 124 (fig.)
dust in, 104
flies in, 133–134
fungi in, 102–117
German cockroach in, 162
spiders in, 134
termites in, 139
hsp65 gene, in Mycobacterium spp., 83
Hubbell, Theodore Huntington, 123–124
human body
bacteria on, 37, 39, 42, 51 (fig.), 215
fungi on, 105
human botfly, 144
Hutterites, 69–72
hydramethylnon, 165
hygiene hypothesis, 61–62
hyphae, 102
IgE antibodies. See immunoglobulin E antibodies
immune system
allergies and, 115
of Amish and Hutterites, 70
bacteria and, 71–72
biodiversity and, 47, 61–71, 232, 247
biodiversity hypothesis and, 115
cats and, 209–210
dogs and, 209–210
heartworms and, 206–207
Mycobacterium tuberculosis and, 78–79
peacekeeper pathway of, 63
regulatory pathway of, 62–63
of rodents, 193
immunoglobulin E antibodies (IgE antibodies), 62, 63
in Hutterites, 70
industrial waste, 152
Infested: How the Bed Bug Infiltrated Our Bedrooms and Took Over the World (Borel), 19
inflammatory bowel disease, 56, 210
inflammatory diseases, 63–68
antigens and, 62–63
bacteria and, 56–72
biodiversity and, 59–61
butterflies and, 60
increases of, 58–59, 59 (fig.)
inflammatory T cells, 193
insects, 2
antimicrobials from, 155
aquatic, 176
bacteria in, 146–147
biodiversity of, 137
biomass of, 171
evolution of, 161–162
natural selection in, 161
pathogens from, 46
pesticide resistance of, 170
See also specific types and species
Insinger Papyrus, 119
interference competition, 215
International Space Station (ISS), 47–51, 50 (fig.), 105–109, 117
invasive species
biodiversity and, 220–221
See also camel crickets
isodrin, 171
isopods, 92
ISS. See International Space Station
Issa, Kobayashi, 143
Janzen, Dan, 65
Kant, Immanuel, 140
Kaplan, Stephen, 61
Kercsmar, Carolyn, 116
Kishony, Roy, 225
Klebsiella oxytoca, 154
Koch, Robert, 56
Komodo dragons, 170
Korean food, 234–235
Kwon, Joe, 233–234
Kwon, Soo Hee, 233–234, 236, 241
Lactobacillus spp.
on bakers’ hands, 251
bread and, 239
fermentation from, 234
on ISS, 50
kimchi and, 236–237
in sourdough starter, 249, 250–251
Landis, Liz, 242
Lang, Jenna, 49
LaSala, Nathan, 126–127
LeBlanc, Nicholas, 87
Leeuwenhoek, Antony van, 2, 75, 232
bathing and, 88
death of, 15–16
discoveries of, 139
first sighting of bacteria by, 8, 11
fleas and, 9–10
microscopes of, 7–16, 12 (fig.)
Legionella pneumophila, 83
leopard frog (Rana kauffeldi), 138
leukopenia, 114
lignin
bacteria and, 149–151
drain flies and, 152 (fig.)
fungi and, 148–149
lindane, 171
Linepithema humile (Argentine ants), 168–169, 177
Linnaeus, Carl, 164
Liometopum spp., 186–187
Lit, Ari, 129
“The Louisiana Epidemic” (Eichenwald and Shinefield), 218
Lowry, Christopher, 97–98
macrocyclic trichothecenes, 114
Madden, Anne, 157–158, 241, 246–248
maggots, from flies, 14
Mallos gregalis, 173
Manhattan, 4, 5(table), 128–129
Mars, 106
Marschalk, Susan, 84
Mastracchio, Rick, 48
Mathews, Stephanie, 148–151
McKenney, Erin, 242
Melitaea cinxia (Glanville fritillary), 58
The Metamorphosis (Kafka), 185, 190
methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), 4, 224, 227
spider bites and, 175
thief ants and, 155
miasma theory, 54
mice. See house mice
Micrographia (Hooke), 9, 11–12, 109
microscopes
beauty in, 140
of Leeuwenhoek, 7–16, 12 (fig.)
mill moths (Ephestia kuehniella), 144–145
Mir, 106–109
mold, 10
See also black mold
monocytes, 70
The Monographic Revision of the Genus Ceuthophilus (Hubbell, T.), 123–124
monosodium glutamate (MSG), 235
mosquitoes, 160, 170, 206, 207
MRSA. See methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
MSG. See monosodium glutamate
Mucor spp., 109
Mus musculus. See house mice
Musca domestica (house fly), 154, 171, 174 (fig.)
Mycobacterium bovis, 78
Mycobacterium caprae, 78
Mycobacterium spp.
in biofilm, 77–78
bleach and, 95
chlorine and chloramine tolerance of, 94–95, 97
hsp65 gene in, 83
in showerheads, 83, 95, 96, 98
sourdough starter and, 251
in water, 77–78
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
immune system and, 78–79
Mycobacterium vaccae, 97–98
Myrmecia spp. (giant bulldog ants), 154
Myrmecophilus spp., 137
Myrothecium spp., 113
Nannarrup hoffmani (dwarf centipede), 138
Napoleon Bonaparte, 161
NASA. See National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Nasutitermes corniger, 31–32
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), 47–51
natural selection, 161, 170, 183
nature deficit disorder, 61
Neosartorya hiratsukae, 112
neutrophils, 70
niches
narrowness of, 41
of soil bacteria, 222
for Thermus aquaticus, 23
Nichols, Lauren, 242
Niebhur, David, 201–202
Niphargus bajuvaricus, 93 (fig.)
nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), 78, 79–80, 81 (fig.)
Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus)
for experimentation, 145
Toxoplasma gondii in, 191, 193, 198, 200–201
NTM. See nontuberculous mycobacteria
nucleotides, 28
nuptial gift, of German cockroaches, 178
odorous house ant (Tapinoma sessile), 169, 177
The Odyssey (Homer), 231
Oldenburg, Henry, 10
On the Origin of Species (Darwin), 231
oocysts, 191–192
orders, 38
Panagiotakopulu, Eva, 135–136
paper mill waste, 148
parasites
on dogs, 204–207
on fleas, 204
fungi as, 104
wasps as, 173–174
See also Toxoplasma gondii
parathion, 171
Parkinson’s disease, from fungi, 112
pathogens
bacteria and, 216
benign bacteria and, 39
biodiversity and, 222–223, 230
decolonization of, 228
of fecal bacteria, 56
fungi as, 104
germ theory for, 215
on German cockroach, 163
in groundwater, 91
from insects, 46
Staphylococcus aureus and, 215
vaccination for, 232
in water, 90
PCR. See polymerase chain reaction
peacekeeper pathway, of immune system, 63
peanut allergies, 64
Penicillium glandicola, 107
pepper experiment
of Hooke, 13
pesticides, 3
Bacillus thuringiensis as, 144–145
on cats, 208
detoxification from, 148
enemy-free space from, 175
for German cockroach, 162–184
resistance to, 162–184
for spiders, 171
antibiotics in, 225–226
Staphylococcus aureus in, 221
pets, 185–210
allergies from, 209
beetles as, 186–187
as emotional support animals, 188
See also cats; dogs
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 10–11
phorid flies, 138
phyla, 38
pigs, 104
Piophila casei, 238
pipeline, for unculturable bacteria, 25–29
pipes
water in, 94
See also showerheads
plant biodiversity, 68–69
plastics
break down of, 147
fungi and, 107
showerheads of, 99
plumbingophiles, 78
polymerase, 26–27
polymerase chain reaction (PCR), 27
population sinks, 54
posttraumatic stress disorder, 98
pregnancy, Toxoplasma gondii and, 192–193
prolan, 171
Propionibacterium spp., 250
protists, 10
diseases from, 47
in pepper water, 11
in rainwater, 77
Toxoplasma gondii as, 191–192
pyrethrin, 171
rabies virus, 205
Ramaley, Robert, 22
Rana kauffeldi (Atlantic Coast leopard frog), 138
rats. See Norway rats
Rattus norvegicus. See Norway rats
Rattus rattus (black rats), 191
realized niche, 23
A Really Big Lunch (Harrison), 231
Reber, Stefan, 97
refrigerators, 40
regulatory pathway, of immune system, 62–63
Reiskind, Michael, 176
rhinitis, 64
Rhodotorula, 107
Ribble, John, 215–216
risk taking, Toxoplasma gondii and, 195–196, 202–203
ruderal species, 229
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (brewer’s yeast), 107, 240, 251
Salmonella spp., 227
salt, 40–41
Schal, Coby, 176–181
schizophrenia, 188–202
serotonin, 97–98
Serpula lacrymans (dry rot fungus), 110
Seven Years War, 164
Shakespeare, William, 211
sheep, 205
Shinefield, Henry, 212–228
showerheads, 41
biomass in, 82
diversity of, 84–85, 85 (fig.)
of metal and plastic, 99
Mycobacterium spp. in, 83, 95, 96, 98
Silverman, Jules, 162–181, 167 (fig.)
sink drains, 41
16S rRNA gene, 27–28
skin
desquamation of, 39
heartworms in, 206
Skvortsov, Alexander, 48
Sloan Foundation, 38
sloths, 42
smoky-brown cockroach, 164
Snow, John, 54–56, 55 (fig.), 57, 59, 61, 215
soap, 87
social spiders (Stegodyphus spp.), 172, 174 (fig.)
sodium bicarbonate, 87
soil
flavors associated with, 247
Toxoplasma gondii in, 192
soil bacteria, 208, 221–222, 229
gold and, 77
skin bacteria and, 67
in sourdough starter, 251
Solenopsis molesta (thief ant), 137, 155
Solenopsis spp., 155
Spence, Meredith, 203–207
spiders
American grass, 156 (fig.)
biodiversity of, 232
black widow, 175
daddy long-legs, 139
house fly and, 172–173, 174 (fig.)
in houses, 134
pesticides for, 171
social, 172, 174 (fig.)
3-D printing and, 156–157
in Ukraine, 134–135
value of, 156
spores, of fungi, 102
sporozoites, 191
sson mhat (hand taste), 233–234
Stachybotyrus chartarum. See black mold
Staphylococcusaureus
antibiotics for, 220
502A, 216–223
pathogens and, 215
penicillin and, 227
type 80/81, 212–227
See also methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus spp., kimchi and, 237
starters, for sourdough bread, 40, 234–255
statins, 145
Stegodyphus spp. (social spiders), 172
sterile water, 90
Steyn, J. J., 171–172
Stoffels, Hendrickje, 76
storage vacuoles, 15
stoves, 40
streptomycin, 212
stress
dogs and, 187–188
Mycobacterium vaccae and, 97–98
sublime, 140–141
Sutherland, James M., 217
Swanson, Steve, 48
Swift, Jonathan, 3
Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 96
T164. See German cockroach
tachyzoites, 191
tapeworms
bacteria in, 144
in dogs, 204–205
Tapinoma sessile (odorous house ant), 169, 177
technophiles, 107
termites, 31–32
bacteria in, 101–102
bearded lacewing and, 137
in houses, 139
terroir, 247
Thermus aquaticus, 20–27
Thermus scotoductus, 24
thief ant (Solenopsis molesta), 137, 155
Thoemmes, Megan, 42, 43–44, 67
three-dimensional (3D) printing, 156–157
tiger ant (Discothyrea testacea), 33–34, 41
Torrey, E. Fuller, 199
tough baby hypothesis, 214, 216
toxaphene, 171
Toxoplasma gondii
antigens for, 195
from cats, 188–203
dopamine and, 198
inflammatory T cells and, 193
oocysts of, 191–192
pregnancy and, 192–193
risk taking and, 195–196, 202–203
schizophrenia and, 188–202
sex for, 191–192
Trautwein, Michelle, 129–132, 139
Trichomonas vaginalis, 189
Troglophilus spp., 122 (fig.)
Trois-Frères, 121, 122 (fig.)
truffles, 104
Tuber spp., 104
tuberculosis, 56, 78–79, 212, 227
Tyrophagus putrescentiae, 238, 239 (fig.)
Tyurin, Mikhail, 48
Ulrich, Roger, 61
umami taste receptor, 235–236
unculturable bacteria, 25–29
Ursus spelaeus (cave bears), 120
vaginal bacteria, 50
vampire finches, 170
van Elsas, Jan Dirk, 221–222, 229
vertebrates, 2
vineyards, 157
viruses, 3
bacteria and, 91
discovery of, 16
diseases from, 47
von Hertzen, Leena, 61–69
Vorticella spp., 11
Wada-Katsumata, Ayako, 177–181, 181 (fig.)
Wakata, Koichi, 48–49
wallpaper, 110
wasps
biodiversity of, 232
cockroaches and, 174–175
fear of, 156
as parasites, 173–174
value of, 156
in vineyards, 157
yeasts and, 157–158
water
chlorine and chloramine in, 94, 95
competitive release in, 94
crustaceans in, 77
groundwater, 64, 89–93, 93 (fig.), 95
Mycobacterium spp. in, 77–78
in Netherlands, 88–89
pathogens in, 90
in pipes, 94
protists in, 77
treatment plants for, 93–94
See also bathing; drinking water; groundwater
Watson, Wes, 176
wealth, bathing and, 88–90
Webster, Joanne, 198–201
white blood cells, 62, 70, 114
white rot fungi, 149
Whitehead, Henry, 54
Wickerhamomyces spp., 252
“wild type” cockroaches, 178, 179
Wilpiszeski, Regina, 24
Wilson, E. O., 61
Wilson, Emily, 231
Wolfe, Ben, 242
wood, fungi on, 108, 109–110, 149
Yanega, Gregor, 157
yeast
for beer, 157–158
for bread, 40, 238–253, 253 (fig.)
wasps and, 157–158
yellow fever, 46
yogurt, 234
Yolken, Robert, 199