Note: Page references in italics refer to illustrations. Asterisks denote footnotes.
Abinales, Patricio, 120
Acheson, Dean, 193
active defense (preemptive war strategy), 297–99
Adams, John, 36–37
Adams, John Quincy, 71, 74–75, 85
Adams, Samuel, 36–37
Addams, Jane, 115
Adelman, Ken, 271
Afghanistan: “Afghanistan Papers” (Washington Post), 323; and Bush/Cheney global war on terrorism, 269–71, 293, 319; and Obama’s military legacy, 313–14; post-9/11 U.S. war and base buildup, xi–xxii, xiii, xvi–xvii, 274–85, 275–77; Soviet invasion and occupation of, 246–47; Trump on war in, 324; U.S. opposition to war in, 322; U.S. support for Afghanistan mujahideen and blowback, 246–47, 254
Africa and post 9/11 U.S. military buildup, 286–312; African Command (Africom), 289, 291, 302, 303, 306; Camp Lemonnier, 286–91; economic goals of buildup, 301–5; and increased likelihood of war, 305–8; lily-pad bases in (maps), 290, 294–95; and preemptive war, 297–99; war on terror strategy and language as racist, 299–300. See also lily-pad bases
Aguinaldo, Emilio, 117
airline industry and World War II base expansion, 144, 145, 160–65, 162–63
Alaska: base displacement in, 228; Japan’s World War II occupation of, 39; map, 12; and post-World War II military strategy, 182; statehood of, 170, 217; U.S. bases in (World War II), 170, 175; U.S. purchase from Russia, 108
Algiers, Barbary Wars, 71–72
al-Qaeda, 268; 9/11 terrorist attacks by, 273; origin of, 254; and preemptive war, 298; U.S. bases in African countries, 291. See also Bin Laden, Osama; post-9/11 wars
alternatives to war, 324–30. See also antibase protest and resistance
American Empire (Smith), 153
American Samoa: annexation by U.S. government, 112, 113; map, 13; and naval stations, 112; U.S. ongoing colonialism in, 170, 229
“America,” terminology as substitution for “United States,” xxv
Amistad, 75
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, on Norman castles, 30
antibase protest and resistance, 177–80, 188, 210–11, 229, 264–65, 266–67. See also antiwar protest and resistance
Antigua, as World War II base colony, 139. See also Destroyers-for-Bases deal
anti-imperialists, 113, 115–16, 120, 325–27
antinuclear movement, 264
antiwar protest and resistance, 64–66, 85–86, 132–34, 320–30
Aramco, 167
Árbenz Guzmán, Jacobo, 201
Argentina, support for Nicaraguan Contras, 250
Arnold, Benedict, 45
Astor, John Jacob, 60
Atlantic Charter, 153–55
atomic bomb. See “Cold War”; nuclear weapons
Australia, significance in U.S. global base network, 272, 280, 309
Azores: normalized occupation in, 194–97, 199; and Portugese colonization in Africa, U.S. support for, 197, 218, 238; and post-World War II buildup, 185, 188; and Strategic Island Concept, 218; U.S. bases in (World War II), 148, 179
Bacevich, Andrew, 6, 191, 192, 330
Bahamas, as base colony, 139. See also Destroyers-for-Bases deal
Bahrain, U.S. bases in, 245, 268, 275
Baldwin, Hanson, 148–49
Baltimore, Battle of, 62, 63–64, 75
banana republics, 133
Bancoult, Julien, 227
Bancoult, Marie Rita, 226–28
Bancoult, Olivier, 238–39
Bancoult, Rénault, 228
Barbary Wars, 71–72
Barber, Richard, 214–15
Barber, Stuart, 214–16, 218–21, 238, 296
Basaglia, Franco, 236
“Base Bible” (“US Requirements for Post War Air Bases,” Joint Chiefs of Staff), 161, 164
base displacement, 226–39; Congress on, 220, 224, 228, 233; connections to displacement and dispossession of Native American peoples, 234–38; examples of, 226–39, 388n24; map of, 230–31; and violence continuum, 236–38
Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC), 278–79
bases abroad, 1–18, 21–34; in Americas since 1492, 31; base, defined, 350–51n1; closure, proposals for, 324–30, 407n34; extraterritoriality, 2, 196–98, 203–4, 207, 351n1; as foundation for imperial conquest, 29–32; historical perspective of, 33–34; incidence and ease of, 3, 6–7; labor needed to build bases (World War II), 157–58; lack of foreign bases near United States, map, 2–3, 311; and “Little Americas,” 204–12; as logistical centers for war, 2; number of U.S. bases, 2, 350n1, 373n41; United States as empire, map, 8–14, 12–13; war as enabling and making more likely, 3, 6–8, 11. See also Africa and post-9/11 U.S. military buildup; base displacement; bases in U.S. states; coaling stations; Destroyers-for-Bases deal; leasehold bases; lily-pad bases; Pentagon; post-9/11 wars; World War II; individual base names; individual country names; individual place names
bases in U.S. states (domestic), 2, 45, 252, 258, 325, 350–51n1
battles (names): Baltimore, 62, 63–64, 75; Dien Bien Phu, 212; Fallen Timbers, 54; Hastings, 29; Lexington and Concord, 37; Little Big Horn, 96; New Orleans, 64, 69, 75
Bell Trade Act of 1946, 225
Bemis, Samuel Flagg, 101
Berlin Wall, fall of, 257–58, 265
Bermuda: U.S. bases acquired during World War II, 169; as World War II base colony, 139, 142, 147, 148, 169, 218. See also Destroyers-for-Bases deal
Bikini Atoll, nuclear testing and base displacement on, 217, 232
Bilateral Infrastructure Agreement (Italy and United States), 203, 382n32
Bin Laden, Mohammed, 268
Bin Laden, Osama, 254, 268, 275, 306, 307
blowback, 240–54; defined by Johnson, 253; and end of “Cold War,” 252–53; and increase in drug trafficking, violence, forced migration, 253–54; and military buildup in Africa, 285, 290, 305–8; and military buildup in Central America, 242–43, 249–54; and military buildup in Middle East, 242–43, 244–49, 248, 254; U.S. bases, wars, expansion (1979–1989), 242–43
Bolduc, Donald, 287
Bond, David, 135
Bosque Redondo (military-run concentration camp), 92
Boxer (Yihequan) Rebellion, 127, 235
BREMCOR (Burns and Roe and EMCOR joint venture), 22, 353n1
British East India Company, 30
British Guiana (Guyana), as World War II base colony, 139, 154. See also Destroyers-for-Bases deal
Brodhead, Daniel, 49
Brown, Francis, 149
Brown and Root (KBR, Halliburton), 268, 282, 302, 326
Bryan, William Jennings, 115
Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 247
Buchanan, James, 106
buffalo (North American), extermination of, 60, 77, 93
Bulmer-Thomas, Victor, 130–31
Burge, Jon, 237
Burkina Faso, base buildup in Africa, 291
Burnett, Christina Duffy, 107–8
Bush, George H. W., 257, 258, 263, 269, 271
Bush, George W.: Africa Command (Africom) established by, 289; Bush Doctrine of preemptive war, 298–99; on global war on terrorism, xiii–xiv, 269–71, 293; and Guantánamo Bay, 24–25; Honduras base buildup, 263–64; Middle East base buildup, 273–85, 275–77; on Saddam Hussein, 272–73
Bush/Cheney administration: Africa Command (Africom) established by, 289; Bush Doctrine of preemptive war, 289–99; on global war on terrorism, xiii–xiv, 269–71, 293; and Guantánamo Bay, 24–25; and Honduras military buildup, 263–64; Middle East base expansion by, 273–85, 275–77; on Saddam Hussein, 272–73; terminology, 24*. See also Bush, George W.; Cheney, Richard (Dick)
Butler, Smedley, 132–34
Byrd, Jodi, 300
Byrnes, James F., 180
Calhoun, John C., 70
California, U.S. control of, 84–85, 87, 90–91, 94
Cambodia, and U.S. war in Vietnam, xviii, 212, 213, 236, 237, 300
Cameroon, and U.S. base buildup in Africa, 291, 306
Camp Lemonnier, 286–91
Canada: expansionist desires of U.S. elites, xv, 8, 40, 71, 365n16; forts and invasion of (Revolutionary War), 45–48; invasions of (1830s), 106; invasions of (War of 1812), 64, 65. See also Newfoundland
Cape Verde islands, U.S. bases in (World War II), 164
capitalism and war, 132, 168, 238, 316. See also imperialism of United States; oil and other natural resources; Open Door policy; trade and profit seeking
Caribbean: control of, 106, 108–9; U.S. creation of de facto colonies in, 130–35; World War II base colonies in, 139, 142. See also Cuba; Destroyers-for-Bases deal
Carter, Jimmy, 246–47
Carter Doctrine, 246–47, 252–53, 271
Center for Responsive Politics, 282
Central America: U.S. base buildup during 1980s civil wars and blowback, 242–43, 248, 249–54; U.S. military buildup post-”Cold War,” 262–64. See also individual names of countries
Chagossians (Ilois), 219–21
Chamberlin, Paul Thomas, xxiv
CHamorus (Guam), 116, 125, 175, 232
Charles Fort (South Carolina), 32
Cheney, Richard (Dick): and Halliburton, 268; vice presidential power of, 24*
Chicago Daily Tribune, on “Cold War,” 195
Chile, U.S. base buildup and eventual blowback, 250
China: Boxer (Yihequan) Rebellion, 127, 235; and Chiang Kai-Shek, 154, 168; competition with United States, 16, 218, 288, 301–3; economic power by, 301; empire and foreign bases of (ancient), 8, 30, 33; lack of wars fought by, 309, 327–28; military size (2000), 258; military spending by, 281; and Open Door policy, 127–28; Philippines and U.S. economic access in, 112–13; Presidio (San Francisco) deployment to, 121; and Strategic Island Concept, 218; and U.S. military buildup in Africa, 303–5; and U.S. military buildup in East Asia, 309–12, 310–11
Chinese Americans, anti-Chinese sentiment, 96
Chiquita Brands International (United Fruit Company), 114, 201
Chivington, John, 92
Christian missionaries. See religion
Churchill, Winston, 138, 142, 145, 153–55, 183
CIA (Central Intelligence Agency): Afghanistan intervention and war, 247, 269, 274, 284, 314; coups by, xviii, 9, 16, 200–202, 238; election interference by, 202–3; and Honduras base buildup, 247–54; as imperial tool, 16, 161, 200–203; Nicaraguan Contras supported by, 247–50, 251, 265; role in Vietnam War, 213. See also blowback
“Civil Disobedience” (Thoreau), 85
civilian infrastructure repair, need for, 326
Civil War (U.S.): events leading to, 68; and Native American peoples, 91–94
Clark Air Base. See Philippines
class and class oppression, xxiv, 6, 64, 73, 86, 96, 109, 237, 238, 259, 316–18, 329
Clay, Henry, 65
Cleveland, Grover, 112
coaling stations, 23, 103, 107, 109–16, 149, 192, 297
Cockburn, Andrew, 317
Cockburn, George, 65
Coddington, Lawrence C., 196
Cohen, William S., 259
“Cold War,” 257–71; antibase protests and evictions during, 264–65, 266–67; and nuclear weapons, 184–85, 191–92, 264, 313–14; and post-World War II strategy, 180–83; terminology for, xxiii–xiv; U.S. base buildup during blowback, 245–54, 389–90n8; U.S. policy and priorities, 257–62. See also individual country names
Colombia: and drug trafficking, 253; and Panama Canal, 129
Colón, Cristóbal (Christopher Columbus), xxiv–xxv, 14–15, 98, 149
colonialism and colonies: disguise and maintenance of, 107–9, 130–31, 198–201, 211, 212, 216, 221–25; extraterritoriality, 2, 196–98, 203–4, 207, 210, 225; gentrification compared to, 57; and Guantánamo Bay history, 23–24, 26–27, 121, 198; voting rights and political representation denied in contemporary U.S. colonies, 170, 221–24, 229, 232, 327. See also decolonization; occupation normalized after World War II; Strategic Island Concept; individual colonial power names; individual colony names
Colorado, Sand Creek Massacre in, 92
Columbus, Christopher. See Colón, Cristóbal
Congress: and annexation of territory, 108–9, 112; and base displacement, 220, 224, 228, 233; bases abroad, investigations and concerns, 240–41, 244, 280; Commission on Wartime Contracting in Afghanistan and Iraq, 281; and Destroyers-for-Bases deal, 139, 145–47; military spending, 251, 259–62; post-9/11 wars and military buildup, 280, 301, 317; and presidential war powers, 65, 146, 323, 326–27; and Strategic Island Concept, 220, 224; on U.S. in Syria, 322. See also military construction funding (MilCon); Military Industrial (Congressional) Complex
Congressional Research Service report on war, xiv, 348n7
Constitution (United States), Third Amendment of, 38, 40
containment policy, 189–93
Contras, U.S. support for, 247–49, 265
cooperative security locations. See lily-pad bases
Correa, Rafael, 2
Costa Rica, U.S. creation of Latin American de facto colonies, 130
Cotton, John, 134
COVID-19 (Coronavirus), xxii
Creeks. See Muskogee (Creek) Nation
Cuba: and Cuban Missile Crisis, 216; Cuban Revolution, 23, 26–27; Platt Amendment, 136; U.S. creation of Latin American de facto colonies, 130, 136. See also Guantánamo Bay
Culebra, base displacement in, 229
Davitt, Peggy Madden, xi–xxii, 320
deaths and other violence of wars: and Bush/Cheney global war on terrorism, 270–71; of Cherokee (1838–1839), 83; human and financial costs of wars, estimating, xiv–xxii, xx–xxi, 321; “indirect deaths” and combat deaths, 349n15; in Korean War, xviii, xxiii; in Mexican-American War, 85–86; of Native Americans, xviii, 94, 98; in Philippines (1898–1902), xviii, 120, 368n68; sagren, 227–28; in U.S.-backed Central American civil wars, 252–54; in Vietnam and Southeast Asia, xxiii; World War II, Okinawa, 156, 374n16; World War II, overall estimates, 175–76, 377n68; World War II, Philippines, xviii, 83*, 136–37, 175, 348n10. See also blowback
Declaration of Independence, 37, 40
decolonization, 154, 168–71, 173, 182, 198, 211–20, 225, 328
defense contractors. See military contractors
“defense,” terminology of, xxiv
deimperializing, 325–27
Delano, Warren, 127
Democratic Review, on Mexican-American War, 84
Denmark: Greenland and U.S. attempts to purchase from, 180; Virgin Islands and U.S. purchase from, 108, 135–36. See also Greenland; Virgin Islands (Danish/U.S.-controlled)
Destroyers-for-Bases deal, 138–50; base-construction plans of, 141–48, 144; and French requests for destroyers, 145; and Lend-Lease, 138, 147; Louisiana Purchase compared to, 139, 148–50; map, 140; negotiations and signing of, 138–45; and Strategic Island Concept, 218; U.S. bases acquired during World War II, 154, 155, 169, 170
Dewey, George, 113
Dharan (Saudi Arabia), base construction of, 167–68, 174, 245–46, 254, 268
Diego Garcia (Chagos Archipelago): as lily-pad base, 297; and post-9/11 wars and military buildup, 274–75; role in U.S. wars in Middle East, 265, 269, 271–72, 274–75, 277; and Strategic Island Concept, 214–16, 219–21, 223–24; and U.S. base buildup in Middle East, 240, 244–48, 253
Dien Bien Phu, Battle of, 212
Djibouti: Chinese foreign base in, 328; foreign base host for at least seven nations, 308; and U.S. base buildup in Africa, 286–91, 293, 297, 299, 308
Docena, Herbert, 297
Dole, Sanford B., 112
Dole Food Company, 112
Dominican Republic: annexation of proposed by U.S. officials, 108–9; coup supported by CIA in, 200; U.S. creation of Latin American de facto colonies, 130
domino theory, 249
Donnelly, Thomas, 299–300
Dos Passos, John, 205
drones (unpiloted aerial vehicles) and drone killings, 274, 275, 278, 287–88, 291–92, 297, 303, 309, 314, 318, 352n16, 405n3
drug trafficking: Iran-Contra scandal, 247–49; U.S. military buildup in Central America and support for, 253–54. See also blowback
DuBois, Raymond F., 278–79, 304
Dulles, John Foster, 193
Dunbar-Ortiz, Roxanne, xxv, 48, 50, 55, 56, 92, 93, 98
East Asia, U.S. expansion in, 309–12, 310–11
Eberle, Peter, 313–14
economic issues. See capitalism and war; oil and other natural resources; Open Door policy; trade and profit seeking
Ecuador, U.S. bases in Manta and Galápagos Islands, 2, 142, 146, 155, 179, 183
Egypt, U.S. base buildup and eventual blowback, 245, 247
Eisenhower, Dwight D.: and CIA intervention abroad, 202; on Military Industrial (Congressional) Complex, 1, 262, 283–84, 316–17, 319–20, 328; on war spending as theft, 320–21
Elliott, Tim, 314
El Salvador: U.S. creation of Latin American de facto colonies, 130; U.S. role in 1980s civil war and later blowback, 249–54
“endless wars,” 313–30; ending of, 324–30, 407n34; harm inflicted by, 319–21; and military contractors, 313–14, 326; Pentagon officials on “infinite war,” 14, 352n16; public opposition to new wars, 321–24; U.S. history of wars and permanent war system, 314–19, 348n7
Erhard, Ludwig, 200
Eriksen, Erik, 238
Esper, Mark, 301
Ethiopia, and U.S. base buildup in Africa, 291
Evangelista, Matthew, 269
executive power. See presidential power
extraterritoriality, 2, 196–98, 203–4, 207–10, 225, 351n1
ExxonMobil, 302
Fallen Timbers, Battle of, 54
Federalist Party, 64
Feith, Douglas, 279
Feller, Daniel, 70
financial costs of war. See Congress; Pentagon
5W Infographics, 352n16
Florida: Seminoles and attempted ethnic cleaning by U.S. government, 70, 79, 82–83; U.S. Army fort construction in, 55; and War of 1812, 64, 67–71, 75; West Florida Republic, 68
Forbes family, 127
Forrestal, James, 161
forts, 43–62; British, during Revolutionary War (war for independence), 48; in Canada during U.S. invasion (Revolutionary War), 45–48; of European empires in the Americas, 8–14; as foreign bases on Native American lands, 44, 46–47, 56; and “French and Indian Wars,” 48–51; fur trade and colonization, 57–61; names of cities and other places derived from, 43–44; in Northwest Territory, 51–57, 357n26. See also Native American peoples
Forts (names): Astoria, 60; Brooke, 82; Caroline, 32; Charles (South Carolina), 32; Condé (Charlotte, Carlota), 68; de Cavignal, 77; Defiance, 54, 57; Detroit, 57; Harmar, 51–57; Independence, 34; King, 82; Laramie, 90–91; Leavenworth, 76–78, 83–84, 86, 90, 95–97; McHenry, 43, 63–64, 75; Miamis, 54; Navidad, 32; Pitt, 49; Saint Jean, 45; Santo Tomás, 28; Scott, 70; Sumter (New Mexico), 92; Sumter (South Carolina), 91; Ticonderoga, 45; Warren (D.A. Russell), 96–97; Washington, 53–54, 56, 57; Wayne, 54; William, 34, 35, 37, 39
forward operating sites, 279
forward strategy, 191–92, 258, 298
France: bases abroad compared to U.S. (1940), 141; and Diego Garcia (1769), 216; first European bases on North American mainland, 32; Fort de Cavignal, 77; “French and Indian Wars,” 48–51; Louisiana Purchase, 58–59, 61; Quasi-Wars with, 73; U.S. bases in colonies of, 170, 184, 188, 245; U.S. support for colonialism of, 170, 212, 385n11; in World War II, 145
Franco, Francisco, 241
Frederiksen, Mette, 180
“French and Indian Wars,” 48–51
Friedman, Andrew, 157
Friedman, Hal, 181–82
fur trade and colonization, 57–61
Gadsden Purchase, 87
Galápagos Islands: and “Cold War” buildup, 185; U.S. bases in (World War II), 179; U.S. officials’ desire for bases post-World War II, 185
gangs, and Central America drug trafficking, 253–54
Gates, John M., 368n68
Gates, Robert M., 284
Gedacht, Joshua, 120
General Dynamics, 314
genocide, 94, 98, 175, 238, 252, 300, 329, 377n68. See also deaths and other violence of wars
George III (king of England), 36–38
Germany: bases in, U.S.-occupied, 155–57, 164–67, 174–75; and fall of Berlin Wall, 257–58, 265; with history, as model for, 329; occupation by U.S. normalized, 198, 200, 204–12; and post-9/11 wars and military buildup, 279, 280, 282; Potsdam conference in, 171; reparations and reckoning, 110; U.S. base buildup in Africa commanded from, 286, 289–90, 306; U.S. military hospital in, 315; World War II, 141
Gill, Lesley, 304
Gitmo. See Guantánamo Bay
Global Defense Posture Review, 278–80
Global War on Terrorism. See post-9/11 wars
Gómez, Máximo, 114
Good Neighbor Policy, 136
Government Accountability Office (GAO), 252, 262, 283, 306
Greenland: base displacement in, 229; U.S. attempts to purchase from Denmark, 108, 180; U.S. bases in, since World War II, 146, 148, 155, 173, 179, 180, 183–85, 215, 218
Greentree, Todd, 250
Grenada, U.S. invasion of, 249
Grenier, John, 49–51
Grew, Joseph C., 167
Groves, Leslie, 179
Guam (Guåhan): base displacement in, 229, 232; CHamorus, 116, 125, 175; history and Spanish colonization of, 125–26; Japan’s World War II occupation of, 229; map, 12; and post-World War II U.S. strategy in the Pacific, 182; purchase from Spain (1898), 116; role in U.S. wars, 213, 216, 265; and Strategic Island Concept, 221, 224; U.S. base buildup since World War II, 154–57, 159, 170, 175, 182, 189, 195, 280, 309; U.S. ongoing colonialism in, 116, 182, 224, 232
Guano Islands Act, 107
Guantánamo Bay, 21–29; Colón’s arrival to, 14–15, 27–29, 34; Spanish American War and history of, 23–24
Guantanamo Bay naval station, 21–29; Cuban employees and assisted-living facility at, 26; high-security prison at, 21, 24–25; “lease” imposed on Cuba, 23–24; map, 13; military and civilian personnel of, 21–22, 25–27; Obama’s closure plans for, 313; Platt Amendment, 136; role in Spanish American War, 101, 113–15; wrongly considered first U.S. base abroad, 44
Guardian (London), on U.S. war in Afghanistan, 270
Guatemala: CIA-backed coup in, 200–201; U.S. invasion of (1920), 130; U.S. role in 1980s civil war and later blowback, 250–54
Gulf Wars in Iraq (1991, 2003), 268, 272–74
Haiti: U.S. creation of Latin American de facto colonies, 130; and U.S. Caribbean control, 106, 109
Halliburton (Brown and Root, KBR), 268, 282, 302, 326
Halperin, Morton, 218
Harkavy, Robert, 30–32
Harmar, Josiah, 51–57
Hart, Albert Bushnell, 121
Hastings, Battle of, 29
Hawai‘i: base displacement in, 228; map, 112; Pearl Harbor attack, 153–54, 156, 160–64; and post-World War II military strategy, 182; statehood of, 170, 182, 217; U.S. bases in (pre-World War II), 112, 113, 121; U.S. bases in (since World War II), 155, 175, 189
Hearst, William Randolph, 100
Hébert, F. Edward, 182
Henry, O., 133
Henry, Patrick, 38
Hirohito (emperor of Japan), 188
Hitchcock, Ethan Allen, 85
Hitler, Adolf, 95
Hoagland, Alison, 78, 90–91, 96
Hoehn, Andrew “Andy,” 257, 259, 279, 280
Höhn, Maria, 206–7
Holland, New Amsterdam colony of, 32
Holmes, Mike, 317
Honduras: U.S. base buildup and blowback, 249–54; U.S. creation of Latin American de facto colonies, 130, 132–34; U.S. military buildup post-”Cold War,” 262–64
Horsman, Reginald, 55
How to Hide an Empire (Immerwahr), 12–13, 175
Hussein, Saddam, xiv, 247, 265, 268, 271, 272–73. See also Iraq
hyperimperialism. See Africa and post 9/11 U.S. military buildup; “endless wars”; lily-pad bases; post-9/11 wars
Ibn Saud (king of Saudi Arabia), 167
Iceland, U.S. bases in (since World War II), 173, 178, 179, 185, 188, 195
Ilois (Chagossians), 219–21
Immerwahr, Daniel, 12–13, 155–56, 175, 216
imperialism of United States: agreement about, 10, 352n13; and deimperializing, 325–27; imperialism, defined, 10*; periodization of, 14, 14*; similarity to imperial predecessors, 8–10, 14–15; supporters during Spanish-American War, 115, 121; United States as empire, map, 8–14, 12–13. See also anti-imperialists
India, U.S. bases in during (World War II), 157–60, 189
Indian Removal Act (1830), 79–83
International Court of Justice, 239
International Monetary Fund, creation of, 173
Iran: CIA-backed coup in (1953), 200; Iran-Contra scandal, 247–49; revolution (1979) and U.S. base buildup in response, 246–47; and Suleimani assassination, 323; U.S. bases in (World War II), 156
Iraq: and Islamic State, 314; and Obama’s military legacy, 313; and “tanker war” with Iran and United States, 247; Trump on oil of, 324, 407n32; U.S. base buildup in Middle East, 273–85, 275–77; U.S. war with (1991), 265, 268; U.S. war with (2003), xiv–xv, xviii–xix, 265–69, 271, 272–74
Irving, Washington, 28
Islamic State (ISIS): growth of militant groups targeting civilians, 319–20; and post-9/11 wars, 275, 278; Trump on, 314
islands of imperialism. See Strategic Island Concept
Israel: and Middle East military buildup, 278; support for Nicaraguan Contras, 250; U.S. bases in, 244–47, 250, 278
Italy: and legal agreements for U.S. bases in, 198, 200, 204, 382n32; and post-9/11 wars, 280; U.S. occupation during World War II, 174, 175; “Yankee go home” sentiment, 177–78, 193
Jackson, Andrew, 51, 64, 67–71, 75, 78–79, 82
Jagers, Naomi, 214
Jamaica, as base colony, 139. See also Destroyers-for-Bases deal
Japan: antibase protests in Tokyo, 211, 383n61; and “Cold War” buildup, 189, 193; normalization of U.S. occupation, 198, 200, 202, 204, 211, 383n61; Ogasawara Islands, 221, 223, 234; and Open Door policy, 133, 136–37; Pearl Harbor attack, 153–54, 156, 160–64; and Strategic Island Concept, 217, 221; U.S. bases since World War II, 153, 155–57, 160, 164, 166, 167, 174, 175, 182, 189, 193, 195; U.S. coaling stations and enclaves in (1800s), 103; U.S.-Japan peace treaty (1951), 193; war with Russia, 128. See also Okinawa
Japanese-American internment camps, 100
Jay, John, 55
Jay’s Treaty, 55
Jefferson, Thomas, 8–9, 58–59, 61, 65, 71–72, 103–6, 139, 148
jobs created by civilian industries vs. military spending, 318–19, 326
Johnson, Chalmers, 253
Johnson, Lyndon B., 212–13
Joint Chiefs of Staff, 160–65, 172, 179, 181, 185, 221, 245, 298
Jordan, and post-9/11 wars, 278
Kaplan, Amy, 32
Kaplan, Robert D., 300
Kazakhstan, U.S. bases in, 274
KBR (Halliburton, Brown and Root), 268, 282, 302, 326
Kearny, Stephen Watts, 84, 86, 98
Kennan, George, 189–92
Kenya, and U.S. base buildup in Africa, 287, 291
Key, Francis Scott, 63
Khrushchev, Nikita, 191
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 328–29
King, William H., 169
Knox, Henry, 53
Koch, Charles, 323
Korea, North, and threat of U.S. war with, 309, 310–11, 317, 324
Korea, South: base displacement in, 232–33; U.S. bases in, 194–95, 240–41, 278, 309
Korean War, and U.S. bases, 174, 193–95. See also deaths and other violence of wars
Kosovo, and U.S. Camp Bondsteel, 258, 265
Kuwait: Iraq invasion of, 265; and U.S. bases in, 268, 272, 274
La Fontaine (French lieutenant), 33
Lake, Anthony, 237
Lakota Sioux, 120
La Navase (Navassa Island), U.S. control of, 107
land speculators and U.S. imperialism, 7, 48, 55, 85, 168
Laos, and U.S. war in Vietnam, 212, 213
Larsen, Dennis, 224
Latin America: and Open Door policy, 129–35; Pan American Airways in, 144, 145; U.S. bases in (World War II), 144, 145, 166; U.S. invasions and occupations, 106, 130. See also individual country names
leasehold bases (1800s), 88–89, 102–3, 104–5
Lebanon, U.S. troops in, 212, 269
Lee, Mike, 323
Leffler, Melvyn, 161, 179, 183, 188, 246
Lewis and Clark Expedition, 58–59, 77
Lexington and Concord, Battle of, 37
Libya: Tripoli and Barbary Wars, 71–72; U.S. base buildup in Africa, 287, 291; U.S. base buildup in Middle East, 245
Life (magazine): on Destroyers-for-Bases deal, 142; on U.S. Army problems in Germany after World War II, 205
lily-pad bases (cooperative security locations), 287–308; defined, 293–96; easy expansion of, 296–97; goals of, 299–300, 301–5; and increased likelihood of war, 297–99, 305–8; proliferation of, 279, 287–93, 290, 294–95, 299–305, 308; secrecy surrounding, 224, 296, 297–98
Lipman, Jana, 114
“Little Americas,” 204–12
Little Big Horn, Battle of, 96
Lockheed Martin, 326
Long, John D., 113
Louisiana Purchase, 58–59, 61, 139, 148
Luce, Henry, 372n27
MacArthur, Douglas, 182
Madison, Dolly, 65
Mahan, Alfred Thayer, 109–13, 156, 181, 297
main operating bases (MOBs), 279
Malta, bases in (across centuries), 32–33, 216
Mariana Islands, Northern, 116, 182, 232; map, 13
Marquesas, U.S. bases in (World War II), 164
Marshall, George, 195
Marshall Islands, nuclear testing and base displacement in, 232
Mather, Richard, 134
McCaffrey, Katherine, 233
McCain, John F., 33
McCormick, Thomas, 101–2, 128, 134
McGranahan, Carole, 201
McKinley, William, 101, 112–14, 116–17, 127, 129
Mellon, Andrew, 131
Mexican-American War, 72, 84–87, 101
Mexico: Pancho Villa pursued in, 121, 131; U.S. economic domination and Open Door policy, 131; U.S. occupation of and desire for land in, xv, 84, 86–87, 106
Miami Confederacy, 53
Middle East: post-World War II importance for U.S. leaders, 184; U.S. bases (World War II), 156, 167; U.S. military buildup in, and blowback, 248, 254, 265–71
Miles, Nelson A., 117–21
military construction funding (MilCon), 251, 280–82, 397n27
military contractors: and base construction, 268; BREMCOR (Burns and Rose and EMCOR), 353n1; conversion to civilian work, 326; Halliburton (Brown and Root, KBR), 268, 282, 302, 326; profiting from war, 313–14
Military Industrial (Congressional) Complex, 1, 97, 262, 283–84, 308, 316–17, 319, 325–28, 397n34
mineral resources, of Africa, 302
missionaries, as colonial and imperial actors, 49, 60, 134–35
Mohawk Nation, 50
Môle Saint-Nicholas, invasion of, 109
Mongol Empire, bases abroad used to wage war, 30
Montgomery, Richard, 45
Morocco, U.S. bases in (during and after World War II), 185, 188, 195
Morón Air Base (Spain), 241–44
Morris, Roger, 237
Murphy, Marion Emerson, 24
Muskogee (Creek) Nation, 68–69, 70, 75
Napoleon I (Napoleon Bonaparte), 59, 72
National Defense University, 262–63
National Public Radio (NPR), on Iraq War, 273–74
National Security Council Report 68 of 1950 (NSC-68), 191–92
Native American peoples, 76–98; base displacement and racism against, 235; and Civil War, 91–95; deaths from U.S. and European colonization, xviii, 94, 98; deportation to Army-controlled reservations, 78, 83–84, 87, 91–95; and Fort Leavenworth, 76–78, 83–84, 86, 90, 95–97; forts as foreign bases on lands of, 2–3, 6, 44, 46–47, 56, 95–98; “French and Indian Wars,” 48–51; fur trade and colonization of, 57–61; genocide of, 94, 98, 300; Indian Removal Act (1830), 79–83; Indian Wars, defined, xv; leasehold bases and global war patterned on treatment of, 117, 121; and Mexican-American War (1846–1848), 84–87; “permanent Indian frontier” planned for, 75, 76–77, 87–91; racist sports mascots, names, rituals, and military weaponry based on, 235; terminology for, xv*; U.S. forts, battles, and wars against, 66, 67–75, 79–81, 94. See also race and racism; individual names of peoples
Navajo Long Walk, 92
Navidad (fort), 32
NBC, on “forever war,” xiv
New Caledonia, U.S. bases in (World War II), 157, 170
Newfoundland: base displacement in, 229; U.S. bases in (World War II), 169; as World War II base colony, 139, 147. See also Destroyers-for-Bases deal
New Orleans, Battle of, 64, 69, 75
New York Journal, and Spanish-American War, 100
New York Times: on Destroyers-for-Bases deal, 139–41, 146; on Guantanamo Bay naval base (1898), 23; on Saudi war in Yemen, 320
Nicaragua: U.S. creation of Latin American de facto colonies, 130; U.S. invasions and occupations of, 106, 130, 263; U.S. support for Contras and later blowback, 249–52
Nicholls Fort, 70
Niger, and U.S. base buildup in Africa, 306
Nigeria: U.S. base buildup in Africa, 287, 291; U.S. bases in (World War II), 157
Nimi’ipuu (Nez Perce), Fort Leavenworth imprisonment of, 95
Noriega, Manuel Antonio, 265
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO): in Afghanistan, 313; and containment policy, 190; in former Yugoslavia, 265–68; membership as incentive for providing U.S. base access, 197, 202, 245; and normalization of U.S. occupation in Europe, 202; Trump on, 324
Northwest Territory: Northwest Ordinance (1787), 357n26; U.S. Army fort-construction program in, 51–57; and War of 1812, 64–65
Nsia-Pepra, Kofi, 307
nuclear weapons: and antinuclear movement, 211, 264; and Obama’s military legacy, 313–14; and U.S. post-World War II base buildup, 184–85, 191–92
Nunna dual Isunyi (Trail of Tears), 83
Obama, Barack: and lily-pad bases, 297; military legacy of, 313–14, 322, 405n3; and post-9/11 wars, 278, 284; and U.S. in Middle East, 271
occupation normalized after World War II, 194–213; and extraterritorial rights of U.S. military, 196–98, 203–4, 207; “Little Americas” assisting, 204–12, 383n61; protection vs. occupation, 207; and status of forces agreements (SOFAs), 203–4, 382n37; wives of GIs and other family members assisting, 205–7
Ogasawara Islands, 221, 223, 234
oil and other natural resources: and lily-pad bases, 301–5; mineral resources of Africa, 302; and Open Door policy, 131; Trump on taking Iraq’s oil, 324, 407n32; U.S. base buildup to control, 167–68, 174, 245–54, 275; U.S. bases acquired during World War II, 167; and U.S. wars in Iraq, 268, 272–74
Okinawa: antibase protests in, 211, 264; base displacement in, 232; deaths (during World War II), 156, 374n16; and post-World War II U.S. strategy in Pacific, 182; and Strategic Island Concept, 217, 221; U.S. bases in colonization since World War II, 189, 217–18, 221; U.S. bases in (1800s), 103
Oman, and post-9/11 wars, 278
Open Door policy, 126–37; in China, 127–28; defined, 126–28; and Latin America and the Caribbean, 129–35
Oregon Territory, U.S. control of, 87
out-of-control war. See post-9/11 wars
Oxford Research Group, 307
Pacific Fur Trading Company, 60
Pacific Ocean military bases: UN Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, 183, 188; U.S. economic and military presence before World War II, 100–103, 107–8, 110–12, 121, 128, 129; and U.S. post-World War II base buildup, 156, 164, 179–89, 195. See also individual place names
Painter, David S., 168
Pakistan, lily-pad bases in, 296
Panama: as de facto U.S. colony, 136, 170, 185, 224; Panama Canal Zone, 129–30, 146, 166; Panama Constitution on U.S. intervention, 129; and post-World War II base agreement, 178; protests against U.S. bases and occupation, 178; U.S. bases in, 134, 155, 170, 178, 185; U.S. departure from Canal Zone and bases in, 263, 265, 296; U.S. invasions of, xv, 106; U.S. war in (1989–1990), 265; and U.S. bases acquired during World War II, 155, 170
Pan American Airways, 144, 145
peace movements. See antibase protest and resistance
peacetime crimes, 236
Pentagon: Africa Command (Africom), 288–92, 302–3, 306, 399–400n22; and base buildup in Honduras (1980s), 251–52; benefits and amenities for military personnel, 25–26; Eisenhower on military spending as theft, 320–21; financial cost of wars, estimating, xix–xxii, xx, 349–50n17; inertial tendencies of bases abroad, 240–44; on “infinite war,” 14, 352n16; and Islamic State, 314; jobs created by civilian industries vs. military spending, 318–19, 326; military budgets and strategy after the end “Cold War,” 252–62; and military contractors, 22; modern-day budget and power of, 326, 407n34; and post-9/11 wars, 278–85; power of (contemporary), 326, 407n34; and Strategic Island Concept, 220; terminology for, xxiv. See also military contractors; Military Industrial (Congressional) Complex; individual military branches
Perkins, Bradford, 69
“permanent Indian frontier.” See Native American peoples
Perry, Matthew, 103
Petraeus, David, xiv
Philippines: antibase movement in (1990s), 264–65; base displacement in, 235; deaths in World War II, 137, 175, 348n10; Filipinos as civilian employees at Guantanamo Bay naval base, 26–27; independence from United States, 225; independence struggle and anticolonial war against U.S. occupation (1899–1913), xviii, 117, 120, 368n68; Japan’s World War II occupation of, 39; lily-pad bases in, 296, 297; U.S. bases evicted (1992), 293; U.S. bases in (pre-World War II), 112–13, 115–17, 120–21; U.S. colonial treatment of Filipinos, 116; U.S. post-World War II base buildup, 189. See also Spanish-American War
Phoenix Program, 237
Pierce, Franklin, 106
pirates, defined, 360n26
Piven, Frances Fox, 234
Poland, Germany’s invasion of (World War II), 141
Porter, Gareth, 284
Portugal: colonial rule in Africa and connection to U.S. bases in, 197, 218, 238; empire in the Americas, 30; U.S. bases in Azores since World War II, 188, 194–97, 199
post-9/11 wars, 272–315; Global Defense Posture Review, 278–80; human and financial effects of post-2001 wars, xiv–xxii, xx–xxi; Middle East base expansion, 273–85, 275–77; military budget growth since, 317–18; and military contractors, 273–75, 284–85. See also Africa and post-9/11 U.S. military buildup; al-Qaeda; “endless wars”; Middle East; military construction funding (MilCon); individual country names; individual president names
Potsdam conference, 171
preemptive war strategy, 297–99
presidential power (executive power), and Congress on waging war, 146, 323, 326–27. See also individual names of U.S. presidents
Presidio (San Francisco), 99–102, 121, 127
Project for a New American Century, 272–73
public opinion, on future wars, 321–24. See also “endless wars”
Puerto Rico: base displacement in, 229, 233; map, 12; and Strategic Island Concept, 221; U.S. bases in, 116, 136, 143, 170, 189, 216; U.S. invasion of launched from Guantánamo Bay (1898), 23, 101; U.S. ongoing colonialism in, 116, 170, 223–24, 232. See also Spanish-American War
Puritans, and roots of believe in U.S. superiority, 134
Quartering Act of 1765, 36–37
Quartering Act of 1774, 37
Quasi-Wars, 73
Quincy Institute, 323
race and racism: and anti-imperialists (Spanish-American War), 115–16; and base displacement, 226–39, 388n24; Chinese Americans and anti-Chinese sentiment, 96; and conquest of Native American lands, 48, 51; and Dominican Republic proposed annexation, 109; and genocidal warfare strategies, 49–51, 82, 94; manifest destiny as, 1, 9, 85, 94, 98, 112, 134, 150; and massacres as warfare, 120–21; and missionaries, 134; pseudo-speciation, 238; race concept, 94–95, 109*, 234; racism and connection to U.S. “racial sciences,” 95; racism as ideology of imperialism, 235; racist slurs and propaganda in war, 235, 300; and slavery, 40, 67, 69–70, 92, 106, 107; and Strategic Island Concept, 219–21; in U.S. Constitution, 40; in war on terrorism, 299–301
railroads, 32, 60, 78, 93, 117, 119, 127, 131, 133; and role of bases and U.S. Army in protecting, 96, 128, 132, 316
RAND Corporation, 257
Rapid Deployment Force (U.S. Central Command), 247
Raytheon, 326
Reagan, Ronald, 246–54
Red Stick movement, 69
redundancy military principle, 179
religion: anti-Catholicism and Mexican-American War, 86; Christian missionaries and fort creation, 49, 60–61; forced conversion of Native American children, 93; Millenary Christianity and Native Americans, 85; Open Door policy and Christian missionaries, 134–35
Revere, Paul, 39
Revolutionary War: British bases and military occupation as motivation for, 35–38; events of, 35–39; “expansionist consensus” uniting revolutionaries, 48; and Fort Independence, 34; and Treaty of Paris, 39, 48, 52; as U.S. Empire inception, 39–40
Rockefeller, John, 131
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano: Atlantic Charter, 153–55; and changing views on colonialism during World War II, 170–71; and Delano family, 127; Destroyers-for-Bases deal with Great Britain, 138–50; Good Neighbor Policy, 136; and Open Door policy, 131; and U.S. bases acquired during World War II, 153–55, 160, 164–65, 167–72, 178, 375n37; Yalta conference, 183–84
Roosevelt, Theodore, 6, 23–24, 110–14, 128–30, 134–35
Rumsfeld, Donald, 278–79
Russia: and Open Door policy, 135; and removal of former Soviet troops from Eastern Europe, 258; and U.S. base buildup in Africa, 303–5
sagren, 227–28
Salazar, António de Oliveira, 197, 199
Sand Creek Massacre, 92
São Tomé and Príncipe, investigated for U.S. lily-pad base, 301–2
Saudi Arabia: and Bin Laden family, 254; and post-9/11 wars, 275; U.S. base buildup in Middle East, 199, 245–47, 254; U.S. bases in (World War II), 167; and U.S. in Middle East, 265, 268; war in Yemen, 288, 314, 320, 322–23. See also Dharan (Saudi Arabia), base construction of
Savell, Stephanie, 352n16
Scheper-Hughes, Nancy, 236, 238
School of the Americas, 304
Schuyler, Philip, 45
Seneca Nation, 50
September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, xiii–xiv, 269
Serchuk, Vance, 299–300
Shanghai International Settlement, 103, 127
Sherman, William T., 93, 95, 98
Sherry, Michael, 143, 161, 171, 180, 190
Sick, Gary, 233
Simms, William Gilmore, 85
Sinopli, Carla, 33
Sioux peoples, 67, 91, 93, 96, 120
Six Nations Iroquois, 67
Skipwith, Fulwar, 68
slavery: Constitution (U.S.) on, 40; and Jackson, 67, 69–70; motivation for U.S. expansion, 106
Smith, Jean Edward, 372n27
Smith, John, 50
Solnit, Rebecca, 330
Somalia, and U.S. base buildup in Africa, 291
Soros, George, 323
Soto Cano (Honduras), 251, 252, 262–64
Soviet Union: competition with, 215, 218, 245–47, 252; and Cuban Missile Crisis, 216; dissolution of, 257–58, 264; and forward strategy of U.S., 298; and U.S. post-World War II base buildup, 180–93, 196, 198, 245–54, 389–90n8. See also “Cold War”; North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO); Russia
Spain: forts and colonization in the Americas, 32, 34, 61–62; Guam as colony of, 125–26; and United States expansion (1804–1848), 64–75, 66; U.S. bases in, 198, 241–44; and U.S. military power in Africa, 292. See also Florida; Mexico; Presidio (San Francisco)
Spanish-American War, 23–24, 44, 100–102, 112–21; and expansion, 44; terminology for, xxiii. See also Guam (Guåhan); Guantánamo Bay; Philippines; Presidio (San Francisco); Puerto Rico
St. Clair, Arthur, 53
St. Lucia, as World War II base colony, 139, 142. See also Destroyers-for-Bases deal
Stalin, Joseph, 183–84, 389–90n8
“The Star-Spangled Banner” (Key), 63
status of forces agreements (SOFAs), 203–4, 382n37
Stoler, Ann, 135
strategic denial military principle of, 179
Strategic Island Concept, 214–25; and decolonization movement, 214, 217–21, 385n11; inception of, 214–16, 218–19; as islands as imperialist tool, 32–33, 216, 222–23; and “national security” bureaucracy, 221–25; and political status of colonies, 217, 224; racism of, 219–21. See also Barber, Stuart
Subic Bay Naval Base. See Philippines
Sudan, and U.S. base buildup in Africa, 287
Suleimani, Qassim, 323
Sullivan, John, 50
Syria: Congress on war in, 322; and Islamic State, 314; and post-9/11 wars, 278
Tachikawa Air Base, protests, 211, 383n61
Taft, William, 134
Taino people, 28
Tajikistan, U.S. bases in, 274
Taylor, Zachary, 84
Tecumseh (Shawnee leader), 91
Telo, António José, 199
terminology related to war and history, about, xxiii–xxv
terrorism: as blowback, 254; as bogeyman, 329; Bush/Cheney on global war on terrorism, xiii–xiv, 269–71, 293, 319; growth of terror groups, 307, 319–20; and Guantánamo Bay prison, 24–25; racist language about, 299–300; third-country nationals, 26–27; and U.S. bases in Saudi Arabia, 254, 268–69, 275. See also al-Qaeda; Islamic State (ISIS); post-9/11 wars
third-country nationals, 26–27
Thomas, Philemon, 68
Thoreau, Henry David, 85
Thornton, Russell, 94
Time (magazine), on Destroyers-for-Bases deal, 139, 372n27
Townsend, Stephen J., 301
trade and profit seeking: Africa as target, 301–5; Barbary Wars and African trade, 71–72; Cuba and sugar companies, 114–15; fur trade and colonization, 57–61; and leasehold bases, 102; U.S. base expansion tied to, 57–61, 72, 97, 111, 143–45, 165–68, 316. See also capitalism and war; imperialism of United States; Mahan, Alfred Thayer; oil and other natural resources; Open Door policy
Trail of Tears (Nunna dual Isunyi), 83
Treaty of Fort Jackson, 69
Treaty of Greenville, 55
Trinidad and Tobago: base displacement in, 229; and Williams, 146–47; as World War II base colony, 139, 142, 146–47, 169. See also Destroyers-for-Bases deal
Tripoli, and Barbary Wars, 71–72
Truman, Harry: and containment policy, 190; Korean War deployments to Europe and Asia, 195, 206; and post-World War II anticolonial sentiment, 182–83; and U.S. bases acquired during World War II, 167, 171, 172, 178, 376n56; and U.S. post-World War II base buildup, 184–85
Trump, Donald: conflicting views on war and military deployments, 324, 407n32; on Greenland, 180; on Saudi war in Yemen, 320, 322–23; and Suleimani assassination, 323; war and military policies of, 14, 271, 314–15
Tunis, and Barbary Wars, 71–72
Tunisia, and U.S. base buildup in Africa, 291
Turkey: and post-9/11 wars, 278; protests against U.S. in, 264; U.S. bases in, 245, 247, 389–90n8
Turner, Frederick Jackson, 149
Twain, Mark, 120
Umayyad Caliphate, fortifications of, 30
Union Pacific Railroad, 96
United Arab Emirates (UAE): and post-9/11 wars, 275; and Saudi war in Yemen, 322–23; U.S. lily-pad base in Pakistan owned by, 296
United Fruit Company (Chiquita Brands International), 114, 201
United Kingdom: Atlantic Charter, 153–55; and base displacement, 239; bases abroad compared to U.S. (1940), 141; bases in North America (post-1584), 141; British base system as model for Mahan, 110–11; and Destroyers-for-Bases deal between U.S., 138–50, 140; Greenham Common Women’s Peace Camp in, 264; Lend-Lease, 138, 147; Oregon Territory and U.S. control, 87; peace protests in, 211, 264; and Strategic Island Concept, 215, 216, 218–21, 385n11; U.S. bases in, 155, 184, 189, 195, 245, 264; U.S. bases in colonies of, 170–71, 184, 188, 245; withdrawal of bases from Germany after German reunification, 258. See also Destroyers-for-Bases deal; Diego Garcia (Chagos Archipelago); Revolutionary War; War of 1812; World War II
United Nations: anticolonial sentiment of, 182–83; creation of, 173; on displaced Chagossians and Diego Garcia, 239; on Saudi war in Yemen, 320; UN Trust Territory and base displacement, 232; UN Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, 183, 188, 217
United States, map, 12–13. See also bases abroad; individual agency names; individual presidents’ names; individual war names
Upshur, Abel P., 365n9
U.S. Agency for International Development, 289
U.S. Air Force: base negotiations in Azores, 194–97, 199; and Tachikawa Air Base protests, 211, 383n61; and U.S. Army Air Corps (pre-1941), 143; and U.S. Army Air Forces (1941–1945) and air bases acquired, 160, 161, 165–66; and U.S. base buildup in Africa, 291; and U.S. bases in African countries, 291
U.S. Army: as “advance agent” and protection service for Euro-American settlers, 15, 44; Army Sustainment magazine, 289; on bases abroad and incidence of wars, 3, 351n4; and Destroyers-for-Bases deal, 142; fort-construction in Northwest Territory, 51–57, 357n26; forts as launchpads for wars against Native American peoples, 2–3; and Louisiana Purchase, 59; Military Review journal, 307; and Native Americans, 76–79, 82–84, 87, 90–96; Navy competition with, 112. See also forts
U.S. Army Air Corps (pre-1941), 143
U.S. Army Air Forces (1941–1945) and air bases acquired, 160, 161, 165–66
U.S. Department of Defense. See Pentagon
U.S. Department of Interior, 95, 183, 229
U.S. Department of State: containment policy of, 189–91; and inertial tendencies of bases abroad, 240–44; on Mexican-American War, 86
U.S. Empire. See imperialism of United States
U.S. Geological Survey, 43
U.S. Navy: and Barbary Wars, 72; Destroyers-for-Bases deal, 138–50, 371n6; and Diego Garcia, 220; leasehold bases, defined, 73–74, 102–3; and Mexican-American War, 84; and Open Door policy, 128; post-World War II bases planning by, 165; role in Latin American invasions and “gunboat diplomacy,” 129–34; size of, 73, 112; and UN Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, 183; and U.S. base buildup in Africa, 193, 291. See also Guantanamo Bay naval station; leasehold bases; Mahan, Alfred Thayer; Strategic Island Concept; World War II
U.S. wars and invasions abroad: bases abroad enabling, 2, 7–8; number and lists of, xiv, 337–45, 348n7; theories about pattern and prevalence, 1–2, 7–8. See also individual combatant countries; individual group names; individual people’s names; individual war names
“US Requirements for Post War Air Bases” (“Base Bible,” Joint Chiefs of Staff), 161, 164
USS Cole, 268
Uzbekistan, U.S. bases in, 274
Venezuela, and drug trafficking, 253
Vietnam: and Chiang Kai-Shek, 154; U.S. war in, and bases enabling, 212–13; Vietnam war with France, 212; war with China, 309, 327–28
violence. See deaths and other violence of wars
“violence continuum,” 236–38
Virgin Islands (Danish/U.S.-controlled): map, 13; U.S. attempted purchase from Denmark, 108; U.S. bases in, 136, 169, 170; U.S. ongoing colonialism in, 229, 232; U.S. purchase from Denmark, 135–36
Votel, Joseph, xiv
Wake Island: coaling stations and bases in, 112, 121, 189; Japan’s World War II occupation of, 39; map, 12; and Strategic Island Concept, 224; U.S. annexation of, 101, 112–13, 121
Walker, William, 106
Wallace, Henry, 172–73, 184–85
war casualties. See deaths and other violence of wars
War Department: and Calhoun, 70; and Civil War, 91–92; on Destroyers-for-Bases deal, 142; on forts and “permanent Indian frontier,” 87–91; and Jackson, 69; on Native Americans, 95; and Philippines, 117. See also Pentagon; World War II
War of 1812, 63–75; and Barbary Wars, 71–72; Battle of Baltimore, 62, 63–64, 75; Battle of New Orleans, 64, 69, 75; multiple conflicts of, 63–71; Native American peoples involved in, 67; and Quasi-Wars with France, 73
war powers. See presidential power (executive power), and Congress on waging war
Warren, Francis E., 97
Washington, DC: British troops burning of (1814), 65; forts and military locations in, 43–44, 91; map, 13; as ongoing U.S. colony, 229
Washington, George: first presidential address to Congress, 53; forts and expansionist desire, 45, 47–48, 50, 52–54, 56, 57; and Revolutionary War, 34, 39, 65; on “rising Empire,” 8
Washington Post: “Afghanistan Papers” of, 323; on Chagossians and Diego Garcia, 227; on military contractors’ conflicts of interest, 284; on post-Korean War base buildup, 240–41; on U.S. Army “murder manual” delivered to Honduras military, 252
Wayne, “Mad” Anthony, 54
Weber, Max, 198
White House, naming of, 65
Whitman, Charlie, 168
Wilhelm II (kaiser of Germany), 110
Williams, Darryl, 287
Williams, Eric, 146–47
William the Conqueror, 29
Willkie, Wendell, 146
Women’s Peace Camp, 264
Work, Robert, 297
World Bank, creation of, 173
World Trade Center attacks (September 11, 2001), 269. See also post-9/11 wars
World Trade Center bombing (1993), 269
World War I, and U.S. troops and bases abroad, 135–36. See also Virgin Islands
World War II, 153–76, 177–93; and anticolonial sentiment, 168–71, 182–83; Atlantic Charter, 153–55; “Base Bible,” 161, 164; bases as “spoils of war” in, 178–83; Destroyers-for-Bases deal with United Kingdom, 138–50, 371n6; economic aims of U.S. leaders, 165–68; Germany’s invasion of Poland, 141; Japanese internment during, 100; labor needed to build bases, 157–58; Lend-Lease, 138, 147; Pearl Harbor attack, 153–54, 156, 160–64; and postwar military and foreign policy, 171–76, 183–85, 188–93, 376n56; and postwar planning for military and commercial air rights, 160–65, 162–63, 375n37; Potsdam conference, 171; U.S. basing system expansion during, 155–60, 158–59; “Yankee go home” sentiment at war’s end, 177–78, 196–97. See also individual country names
Wounded Knee massacre, 96, 120
Yalta conference, 183–84
“Yankee go home” sentiment, 177–78, 196–97
Yemen: Saudi war in, 288, 314, 320, 322–23; and U.S. base buildup in Africa, 291; and USS Cole, 268
Young, Marilyn, 322
Yugoslavia (former), and base construction in, 265–68
Zelaya, Manuel, 263
Zumwalt, Elmo Russell, 227