Introduction
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2. DECODE Study Group, European Diabetes Epidemiology Group. Is the current definition for diabetes relevant to mortality risk from all causes and cardiovascular and noncardiovascular diseases? Diabetes Care. 2003 Mar;26(3):688–96.
Chapter 1. A Hidden Epidemic: The United States of Diabetes
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4. http://apps.nccd.cdc.gov/DDTSTRS/FactSheet.aspx (National Diabetes Fact Sheet 2007).
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6. Lakka HM, et al. The metabolic syndrome and total and cardiovascular disease mortality in middle-aged men. JAMA. 2002 Dec 4;288(21):2709–16.
7. Ott A, et al. Diabetes mellitus and the risk of dementia: The Rotterdam Study. Neurology. 1999 Dec 10;53(9):1937–42.
8. Key T, Reeves GK, Spencer EA. Symposium 1: Overnutrition: consequences and solutions for obesity and cancer risk. Proc Nutr Soc. 2009 Dec 3:1–5.
9. Targher G, Day CP, Bonora E. Risk of cardiovascular disease in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. N Engl J Med. 2010 Sep 30;363(14):1341–50. Review.
10. Pan A, et al. Bidirectional association between depression and type 2 diabetes mellitus in women. Arch Intern Med. 2010 Nov 22;170(21):1884–91.
11. Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration et al. Diabetes mellitus, fasting glucose, and risk of cause-specific death. N Engl J Med. 2011 Mar 3;364(9):829–41.
12. Huang ES, Basu A, O’Grady M, Capretta JC. Projecting the future: diabetes population size and related costs for the U.S. Diabetes Care. 2009 Dec;32(12): 2225–29.
13. Seligman HK, Schillinger D. Hunger and socioeconomic disparities in chronic disease. N Engl J Med. 2010 Jul 1;363(1):6–9.
14. Yach D, Hawkes C, Gould CL, Hofman KJ. The global burden of chronic diseases: overcoming impediments to prevention and control. JAMA. 2004 Jun 2; 291(21):2616–22.
15. Ibid.
Chapter 2. The Real Causes of Diabesity
1. Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes Study Group, Gerstein HC, et al. Effects of intensive glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008 Jun 12;358(24):2545–59.
2. Chen L, et al. Reduction in consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages is associated with weight loss: the PREMIER trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009 May;89(5): 1299–306.
3. Bhashyam S, et al. Aging is associated with myocardial insulin resistance and mitochondrial dysfunction. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2007 Nov;293(5): H3063–71.
4. Ryan AS. Insulin resistance with aging: effects of diet and exercise. Sports Med. 2000 Nov;30(5):327–46. Review.
5. Gaziano JM, et al. Fasting triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein, and risk of myocardial infarction. Circulation. 1997 Oct 21;96(8): 2520–25.
Chapter 3. Seven Myths About Obesity and Diabetes That Keep Us Sick
1. McCarthy MI. Genomics, type 2 diabetes, and obesity. N Engl J Med. 2010 Dec 9;363(24):2339–50. Review.
2. Rappaport SM. Implications of the exposome for exposure science. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 2011 Jan;21(1):5–9.
3. Lichtenstein P, et al. Environmental and heritable factors in the causation of cancer—analyses of cohorts of twins from Sweden, Denmark, and Finland. N Engl J Med. 2000 Jul 13;343(2):78–85.
4. Olshansky SJ, et al. A potential decline in life expectancy in the United States in the 21st century. N Engl J Med. 2005 Mar 17;352(11): 1138–45.
5. Bibbins-Domingo K, et al. Adolescent overweight and future adult coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med. 2007 Dec 6;357(23):2371–79.
6. Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group, Knowler WC, et al. 10-year follow-up of diabetes incidence and weight loss in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study. Lancet. 2009 Nov 14;374(9702):1677–86.
7. Lim EL, et al. Reversal of type 2 diabetes: normalisation of beta cell function in association with decreased pancreas and liver triacylglycerol. Diabetologia. 2011 Oct;54(10):2506–14.
8. Henry B, Kalynovskyi S. Reversing diabetes and obesity naturally: a NEWSTART lifestyle program. Diabetes Educ. 2004 Jan-Feb;30(1):48–50, 55–56, 58–59.
9. Jessani S, et al. Should oral glucose tolerance testing be mandatory following acute myocardial infarction? Int J Clin Pract. 2007 Apr;61(4):680–83.
10. Khaw KT, et al. Association of hemoglobin A1c with cardiovascular disease acute mortality in adults: the European prospective investigation into cancer in Norfolk. Ann Intern Med. 2004 Sep 21;141(6):413–20.
11. Yaffe K, et al. The metabolic syndrome, inflammation, and risk of cognitive decline. JAMA. 2004 Nov 10;292(18):2237–42.
12. de la Monte SM, Wands JR. Alzheimer’s disease is type 3 diabetes—evidence reviewed. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2008 Nov; 2(6):1101–13.
13. Stein JL, Jack CR Jr, Weiner MW, Toga AW, Thompson PM; Cardiovascular Health Study; ADNI. Obesity is linked with lower brain volume in 700 AD and MCI patients. Neurobiol Aging. 2010 Aug;31(8):1326–39.
14. www.drhyman.com/acpm/lifestyle-medicine.
15. Haffner SM, et al. Mortality from coronary heart disease in subjects with type 2 diabetes and in nondiabetic subjects with and without prior myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 1998;339:229–34.
16. The NAVIGATOR Study Group. Effect of nateglinide on the incidence of diabetes and cardiovascular events. N Engl J Med. 2010. Apr 22;362(16):1463–76.
17. The NAVIGATOR Study Group. Effect of valsartan on the incidence of diabetes and cardiovascular events. N Engl J Med. 2010. Apr 22;362(16):1477–90.
18. The ACCORD Study Group. Effects of combination lipid therapy in type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 2010. Apr 29;362 (17):1563–74.
19. Taylor F, et al. Statins for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011 Jan 19:CD004816.
20. Abramson J, Wright JM. Are lipid-lowering guidelines evidence-based? Lancet. 2007 Jan 20;369(9557):168–89.
21. Sirvent P, Mercier J, Lacampagne A. New insights into mechanisms of statin-associated myotoxicity. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2008 Jun; 8(3):333–38.
22. Kuncl RW. Agents and mechanisms of toxic myopathy. Curr Opin Neurol. 2009 Oct;22(5):506–15. PubMed PMID: 19680127.
23. Tsivgoulis G, et al. Presymptomatic Neuromuscular Disorders Disclosed Following Statin Treatment. Arch Intern Med. 2006; 166:1519–24.
24. Preiss D, et al. Risk of incident diabetes with intensive-dose compared with moderate-dose statin therapy: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2011 Jun 22;305(24): 2556–64.
25. The BARI 2D Study Group. A randomized trial of therapies for type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med. 2009 Jun 11;360:2503.
26. Newman MF, et al. Neurological Outcome Research Group and the Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology Research Endeavors Investigators. Longitudinal assessment of neurocognitive function after coronary-artery bypass surgery. N Engl J Med. 2001 Feb 8;344(6): 395–402.
27. Saliba J, Wattacheril J, Abumrad NN. Endocrine and metabolic response to gastric bypass. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2009 Sep;12(5):515–21. Review.
28. Sturm W, et al. Effect of bariatric surgery on both functional and structural measures of premature atherosclerosis. Eur Heart J. 2009 Aug;30(16):2038–43.
Chapter 4. Food Addiction: Fixing Your Brain Chemistry
1. Gearhardt AN, Corbin WR, Brownell KD. Preliminary validation of the Yale Food Addiction Scale. Appetite. 2009;52(2): 430–36.
2. Gearhardt A, et al. Food addiction, an examination of the diagnostic criteria for dependence. J Addict Med. 2009;3:1–7.
3. Colantuoni C, Schwenker J, McCarthy P, et al. Excessive sugar intake alters binding to dopamine and mu-opioid receptors in the brain. Neuroreport. 2001;12(16): 3549–52.
4. Volkow, ND, Wang, GJ, Fowler, JS, et al. “Nonhedonic” food motivation in humans involves dopamine in the dorsal striatum and methylphenidate amplifies this effect. Synapse. 2002;44(3): 175–80.
5. Malik VS, Schulze MB, Hu FB. Intake of sugar-sweetened beverages and weight gain: a systematic review. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006 Aug;84(2):274–88. Review.
6. Brownell KD, et al. The public health and economic benefits of taxing sugar-sweetened beverages. N Engl J Med. 2009 Oct 15; 361(16):1599–605. Epub 2009 Sep 16.
7. Wang YC, et al. Impact of change in sweetened caloric beverage consumption on energy intake among children and adolescents. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2009 Apr;163(4):336–43.
8. Ludwig DS, Peterson KE, Gortmaker SL. Relation between consumption of sugar-sweetened drinks and childhood obesity: a prospective, observational analysis. Lancet. 2001;357:505–8.
9. Ellenbogen SJ, et al. Effects of decreasing sugar-sweetened beverage consumption on body weight in adolescents: a randomized, controlled pilot study. Pediatrics. 2006;117:673–80.
10. Schulze MB, et al. Sugar-sweetened beverages, weight gain, and incidence of type 2 diabetes in young and middle-aged women. JAMA. 2004;292(8):927–34.
11. Palmer JR, et al. Sugar sweetened beverages and incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in African American women. Arch Intern Med. 2008;168(14):1487–92.
12. Fung TT, et al. Sweetened beverage consumption and risk of coronary heart disease in women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;89(4):1037–42.
13. Malik VS, Schulze MB, Hu FB. Intake of sugar-sweetened beverages and weight gain: a systematic review. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;84(2):274–88.
14. Wang YC, et al. Impact of change in sweetened caloric beverage consumption on energy intake among children and adolescents. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2009; 163(4):336–343.
15. Dennis EA, et al. Water consumption increases weight loss during a hypocaloric diet intervention in middle-aged and older adults. Obesity. 2010 Feb;18(2): 300–7.
16. Forshee RA, Anderson PA, Storey ML. Sugar-sweetened beverages and body mass index in children and adolescents: A metaanalysis. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008:87:1662–71.
17. Lesser LI, et al. Relationship between funding source and conclusion among nutrition-related scientific articles. PLoS Med. 2007 Jan;4(1):e5.
18. http://consumerfreedom.com/about.cfm.
19. Swithers SE, Davidson TL. A role for sweet taste: calorie predictive relations in energy regulation by rats. Behav Neurosci. 2008; 122(1):161–73.
20. Lenoir M, et al. Intense sweetness surpasses cocaine reward. PLoS One. 2007;2(1):e698.
21. Ludwig DS. Artificially sweetened beverages: cause for concern. JAMA. 2009 Dec 9;302(22): 2477–78.
Chapter 5. How Big Food, Big Farming, and Big Pharma Are Killing Us
1. http://www.theatlantic.com/life/archive/2011/04/new-federal-guidelines-regulate-junk-food-ads-for-kids/238053/.
2. Nestle M. Food marketing and childhood obesity—a matter of policy. N Engl J Med. 2006 Jun 15;354(24):2527–29.
3. http://www.cspinet.org/new/200709171.html.
4. Kahneman DA. Perspective on judgment and choice: mapping bounded rationality. Am Psychol. 2003 Sep;58(9):697–720. Review.
5. Barry CL, et al. Obesity metaphors: how beliefs about the causes of obesity affect support for public policy. Milbank Q. 2009 Mar;87(1):7–47.
Chapter 6. Functional Medicine: A New Approach to Reverse This Epidemic
1. Snyderman R, Williams RS. Prospective medicine: the next health care transformation. Acad Med. 2003 Nov;78(11):1079–80.
2. Nelson RA, Bremer AA. Insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome in the pediatric population. Metab Syndr Relat Disord. 2010 Feb;8(1):1–14.
3. Silverstein JH, Rosenbloom AL. Type 2 diabetes in children. Curr Diab Rep. 2001 Aug;1(1):19–27. Review.
4. The Textbook of Functional Medicine. Institute of Functional Medicine, 2005.
Chapter 7. Understanding the Seven S teps
1. Choi HK, Willett W, Curhan G. Fructose-rich beverages and risk of gout in women. JAMA. 2010 Nov 24;304(20):2270–78.
Chapter 8. Step 1: Boost Your Nutrition
1. Gillis L, Gillis A. Nutrient inadequacy in obese and non-obese youth. Can J Diet Pract Res. 2005 Winter;66(4):237–42.
2. Cordain L, et al. Origin and evolution of the Western diet: health implications for the 21st century. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;8(2):341–54. Review.
3. United States Department of Agriculture. Agriculture Factbook Chapter 2: Profiling Food Consumption in America. 2001. Accessed online (http://www.usda.gov/factbook/chapter2.pdf).
4. Dufault R, et al. Mercury from chlor-alkali plants: measured concentrations in food product sugar. Environ Health. 2009 Jan 26;8:2.
5. Bray GA, Nielsen SJ, Popkin BM. Consumption of high-fructose corn syrup in beverages may play a role in the epidemic of obesity. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Apr;79(4):537–43. Review.
6. Eaton SB, Konner M. Paleolithic nutrition: a consideration of its nature and current implications. N Engl J Med. 1985 Jan 31;312(5): 283–89. Review.
7. Robson AA. Preventing diet induced disease: bioavailable nutrient-rich, low-energy-dense diets. Nutr Health. 2009;20(2): 135–66. Review.
8. Chandalia M, et al. Beneficial effects of high dietary fiber intake in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 2000 May 11;342(19):1392–98.
9. Reis JP, et al. Vitamin D status and cardiometabolic risk factors in the United States adolescent population. Pediatrics. 2009 Sep; 124(3):e371–79.
10. A scientific review: the role of chromium in insulin resistance. Diabetes Educ. 2004;Suppl:2–14. Review.
11. Lau FC, Bagchi M, Sen CK, Bagchi D. Nutrigenomic basis of beneficial effects of chromium(III) on obesity and diabetes. Mol Cell Biochem. 2008 Oct;317(1–2):1–10. Epub. 2008 Jul 18. Review.
12. Chaudhary DP, Sharma R, Bansal DD. Implications of magnesium deficiency in type 2 diabetes: A review. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2010 May;134(2):119–29.
13. Masood N, et al. Serum zinc and magnesium in type-2 diabetic patients. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2009 Aug;19(8):483–86.
14. Albarracin CA, et al. Chromium picolinate and biotin combination improves glucose metabolism in treated, uncontrolled overweight to obese patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2008 Jan-Feb;24(1):41–51.
15. Flachs P, et al. Cellular and molecular effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on adipose tissue biology and metabolism. Clin Sci. 2009 Jan;116(1):1–16. Review.
16. Shay KP, et al. Alpha-lipoic acid as a dietary supplement: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2009 Oct;1790(10):1149–60.
17. Ornish D, et al. Changes in prostate gene expression in men undergoing an intensive nutrition and lifestyle intervention. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Jun 17;105(24):8369–74.
18. Kallio P, et al. Dietary carbohydrate modification induces alterations in gene expression in abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue in persons with the metabolic syndrome: the FUNGENUT Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007 May;85(5):1417–27.
19. Salsberg SL, Ludwig DS. Putting your genes on a diet: the molecular effects of carbohydrate. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007 May;85(5):1169–70.
20. Giugliano D, Esposito K. Mediterranean diet and metabolic diseases. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2008 Feb;19(1):63–68. Review.
21. Reis JP, et al. Vitamin D status and cardiometabolic risk factors in the United States adolescent population. Pediatrics. 2009 Sep; 124(3):e371–79.
22. Chaudhary DP, Sharma R, Bansal DD. Implications of magnesium deficiency in type 2 diabetes: A review. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2010 May;134(2):119–29.
23. Poh Z, Goh KP. Current update on the use of alpha lipoic acid in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets. 2009 Dec; 9(4): 392–98.
24. Kligler B, Lynch D. An integrative approach to the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Altern Ther Health Med. 2003 Nov-Dec;9(6):24–32; quiz 33. Review.
25. Kelly GS. Insulin resistance: lifestyle and nutritional interventions. Altern Med Rev. 2000 Apr;5(2):109–32. Review.
26. Kreisberg J. Learning from organic agriculture. Explore. 2006 Sep-Oct;2(5):450–52. Review.
27. Fairfield KM, Fletcher RH. Vitamins for chronic disease prevention in adults: scientific review. JAMA. 2002 Jun 19;287(23): 3116–26. Review.
Chapter 9. Step 2: Regulate Your Hormones
1. Maratou E, et al. Studies of insulin resistance in patients with clinical and subclinical hypothyroidism. Eur J Endocrinol. 2009 May;160(5):785–90.
2. Ayturk S, et al. Metabolic syndrome and its components are associated with increased thyroid volume and nodule prevalence in a mild-to-moderate iodine-deficient area. Eur J Endocrinol. 2009 Oct;161(4):599–605.
3. Golden SH. A review of the evidence for a neuroendocrine link between stress, depression and diabetes mellitus. Curr Diabetes Rev. 2007 Nov;3(4):252–59. Review.
4. Van Cauter E, et al. Impact of sleep and sleep loss on neuroendocrine and metabolic function. Horm Res. 2007;67 Suppl 1:2–9.
5. Garruti G, et al. Adipose tissue, metabolic syndrome and polycystic ovary syndrome: from pathophysiology to treatment. Reprod Biomed Online. 2009 Oct; 19(4):552–63.
6. Chavarro JE, et al. Diet and lifestyle in the prevention of ovulatory disorder infertility. Obstet Gynecol. 2007 Nov;110(5):1050–58.
7. Chavarro JE, et al. Use of multivitamins, intake of B vitamins, and risk of ovulatory infertility. Fertil Steril. 2008 Mar;89(3):668–76.
8. Rhodes ET, et al. Effects of a low-glycemic load diet in overweight and obese pregnant women: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010 Dec;92(6): 1306–15.
9. Zitzmann M. Testosterone deficiency, insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2009 Dec;5(12): 673–81.
Chapter 10. Step 3: Reduce Inflammation
1. Deng Y, Scherer PE. Adipokines as novel biomarkers and regulators of the metabolic syndrome. Ann NY Acad Sci. 2010 Nov;1212(1):E1–E19.
2. Sedghizadeh PP, et al. Celiac disease and recurrent aphthous stomatitis: a report and review of the literature. Oral Surg, Oral Med, Oral Pathol, Oral Radiol, and Endod. 2002 Oct;94(4):474–78. Review.
3. Freeman MP, et al. Omega-3 fatty acids: evidence basis for treatment and future research in psychiatry. J Clin Psychiatry. 2006 Dec;67(12):1954–67. Review.
4. Vasquez, A. The clinical importance of vitamin D (cholecalciferol): a paradigm shift with implications for all healthcare providers, Altern Ther Health Med. 2004 Sep–Oct;10(5):28–36.
5. Holick, M. Vitamin D: importance in the prevention of cancers, type 1 diabetes, heart disease and osteoporosis. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;79:362–71.
6. Wilkins CH, et al. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with low mood and worse cognitive performance in older adults. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2006 Dec;14(12): 1032–40.
7. Mischoulon D, Raab MF. The role of folate in depression and dementia. J Clin Psychiatry. 2007; 68 Suppl 10:28–33. Review.
8. Penninx BW, et al. Vitamin B(12) deficiency and depression in physically disabled older women: epidemiologic evidence from the Women’s Health and Aging Study. Am J Psychiatry. 2000 May; 157(5):715–21.
9. Almeida C, et al. Subclinical hypothyroidism: psychiatric disorders and symptoms. Rev Bras Psiquiatr. 2007 Jun;29(2):157–59.
10. Smith RN, et al. A low-glycemic-load diet improves symptoms in acne vulgaris patients: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007 Jul;86(1):107–15.
11. Koponen H, et al. Metabolic syndrome predisposes to depressive symptoms: a population-based 7-year follow-up study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2008 Feb;69(2): 178–82.
12. Ludvigsson JF, et al. Coeliac disease and risk of mood disorders—a general population-based cohort study. J Affect Disord. 2007 Apr; 99(1–3):117–26. Epub 2006 Oct 6.
13. Ch’ng CL, Jones MK, Kingham JG. Celiac disease and autoimmune thyroid disease. Clin Med Res. 2007 Oct;5(3):184–92. Review.
14. Wilders-Truschnig M, et al. IgG antibodies against food antigens are correlated with inflammation and intima media thickness in obese juveniles. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2008 Apr;116(4): 241–45.
15. Pradhan AD, et al. C-reactive protein, interleukin 6, and risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus. JAMA. 2001 Jul 18;286(3): 327–34.
16. Wilders-Truschnig M, et al. IgG antibodies against food antigens are correlated with inflammation and intima media thickness in obese juveniles. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2008 Apr;116(4): 241–45.
17. Pelsser, et al. Effects of a restricted elimination diet on the behaviour of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (INCA study): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2011;377:494–503.
18. Cortese S, Morcillo Peñalver C. Comorbidity between ADHD and obesity: exploring shared mechanisms and clinical implications. Postgrad Med. 2010 Sep;122(5): 88–96. Review.
19. Rubio-Tapia A, et al. Increased prevalence and mortality in undiagnosed celiac disease. Gastroenterology. 2009 Jul;137(1):88–93.
20. Ludvigsson JF, et al. Small-intestinal histopathology and mortality risk in celiac disease. JAMA. 2009 Sep 16;302(11): 1171–78.
21. Sapone A, et al. Divergence of gut permeability and mucosal immune gene expression in two gluten-associated conditions: celiac disease and gluten sensitivity. BMC Med. 2011 Mar 9;9:23.
22. Catassi C, Fasano A. Celiac disease diagnosis: simple rules are better than complicated algorithms. Am J Med. 2010 Aug; 123(8):691–93.
23. Atkinson RL. Viruses as an etiology of obesity. Mayo Clin Proc. 2007 Oct;82(10):1192–98. Review.
24. Navas-Acien A, et al. Arsenic exposure and prevalence of type 2 diabetes in US adults. JAMA. 2008 Aug 20;300(7):814–22.
25. Jones OA, Maguire ML, Griffin JL. Environmental pollution and diabetes: a neglected association. Lancet. 2008 Jan 26;371(9609): 287–88.
26. Munhoz CD, et al. Stress-induced neuroinflammation: mechanisms and new pharmacological targets. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2008 Dec; 41(12):1037–46. Review.
27. Smith JK, et al. Long-term exercise and atherogenic activity of blood mononuclear cells in persons at risk of developing ischemic heart disease. JAMA. 1999 May 12;281(18):1722–27.
28. Church TS, et al. Reduction of C-reactive protein levels through use of a multivitamin. Am J Med. 2003 Dec 15;115(9):702–7.
Chapter 11. Step 4: Improve Your Digestion
1. Larsen N, et al. Gut microbiota in human adults with type 2 diabetes differs from non-diabetic adults. PLoS One. 2010 Feb 5; 5(2):e9085.
2. Tsai F, Coyle WJ. The microbiome and obesity: is obesity linked to our gut flora? Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2009 Aug;11(4):307–13. Review.
3. Bäckhed F, Ding H, Wang T, Hooper LV, Koh GY, Nagy A, Semenkovich CF, Gordon JI. The gut microbiota as an environmental factor that regulates fat storage. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Nov 2;101(44):15718–23.
4. Cani PD, et al. Metabolic endotoxemia initiates obesity and insulin resistance. Diabetes. 2007 Jul;56(7):1761–72.
Chapter 12. Step 5: Maximize Detoxification
1. Jones OA, Maguire ML, Griffin JL. Environmental pollution and diabetes: a neglected association. Lancet. 2008 Jan 26;371(9609): 287–88.
2. http://www.ewg.org/reports/bodyburden2/newsrelease.php.
3. Lang IA, et al. Association of urinary bisphenol A concentration with medical disorders and laboratory abnormalities in adults. JAMA. 2008 Sep 17;300(11):1303–10.
4. Lee DH, et al. A strong dose-response relation between serum concentrations of persistent organic pollutants and diabetes: results from the National Health and Examination Survey 1999–2002. Diabetes Care. 2006 Jul;29(7): 1638–44.
5. Navas-Acien A, Silbergeld EK, Pastor-Barriuso R, Guallar E. Arsenic exposure and prevalence of type 2 diabetes in US adults. JAMA. 2008 Aug 20;300(7): 814–22.
6. Fujiyoshi PT, Michalek JE, Matsumura F. Molecular epidemiologic evidence for diabetogenic effects of dioxin exposure in U.S. Air Force veterans of the Vietnam War. Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Nov;114(11):1677–83.
7. Chen JQ, Brown TR, Russo J. Regulation of energy metabolism pathways by estrogens and estrogenic chemicals and potential implications in obesity associated with increased exposure to endocrine disruptors. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2009 Jul;1793(7):1128–43. Review.
8. Hyman M. Systems biology, toxins, obesity, and functional medicine. Altern Ther Health Med. 2007 Mar–Apr;13(2):S134–39. Review.
9. Remillard RB, Bunce NJ. Linking dioxins to diabetes: epidemiology and biologic plausibility. Environ Health Perspect. 2002 Sep;110(9):853–38. Review.
10. Griffin JL, Scott J, Nicholson JK. The influence of pharmacogenetics on fatty liver disease in the wistar and kyoto rats: a combined transcriptomic and metabonomic study. J Proteome Res. 2007 Jan;6(1):54–61.
Chapter 13. Step 6: Enhance Energy Metabolism
1. Hampton T. Mitochondrial defects may play role in the metabolic syndrome. JAMA. 2004 Dec 15; 292(23):2823–24.
2. Petersen KF, et al. Impaired mitochondrial activity in the insulin-resistant offspring of patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2004 Feb 12;350(7): 664–71.
3. Henriksen EJ, Diamond-Stanic MK, Marchionne EM. Oxidative stress and the etiology of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Free Radic Biol Med. 2011 Sep 1;51(5):993–99.
4. Thomas DE, Elliott EJ, Naughton GA. Exercise for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Jul 19;3: CD002968. Review.
5. Fontana L. The scientific basis of caloric restriction leading to longer life. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2009 Mar;25(2):144–50. Review.
6. Valerio A, D’Antona G, Nisoli E. Branched-chain amino acids, mitochondrial biogenesis, and healthspan: an evolutionary perspective. Aging. 2011 May;3(5): 464–78.
7. http://www.ultrawellness.com/blog/resveratrol.
Chapter 14. Step 7: Soothe Your Mind
1. Holt RI, et al. Hertfordshire Cohort Study Group. The relationship between depression and diabetes mellitus: findings from the Hertfordshire Cohort Study. Diabet Med. 2009 Jun;26(6): 641–48.
2. Pan A, et al. Bidirectional association between depression and type 2 diabetes mellitus in women. Arch Intern Med. 2010 Nov 22;170(21):1884–91.
Chapter 15. Start the Journey
1. Dufault R, et al. Mercury from chlor-alkali plants: measured concentrations in food product sugar. Environ Health. 2009 Jan 26;8:2.
Chapter 16. Harness the Power of Community
1. Boltri JM, et al. Diabetes prevention in a faith-based setting: results of translational research. J Public Health Manag Pract. 2008;14(1):29–32.
2. Knowler WC, et al. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med. 2002;346 (6):393–403.
3. Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group, et al. 10-year follow up of diabetes incidence and weight loss in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study. Lancet. 2009 Nov 14; 374(9702):1677–86.
4. Ilanne-Parikka P, et al. Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study Group. Effect of lifestyle intervention on the occurrence of metabolic syndrome and its components in the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study. Diabetes Care. 2008 Apr;31(4):805–7.
5. Look AHEAD Research Group, Wing RR. Long-term effects of a lifestyle intervention on weight and cardiovascular risk factors in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus: four-year results of the Look AHEAD trial. Arch Intern Med. 2010 Sep 27;170(17): 1566–75.
6. United Health Center for Health Reform and Modernization, The United States of Diabetes. November 2010 (www.unitedhealthgroup.com/reform).
Chapter 17. Take a Measure of Yourself
1. Schneider HJ, et al. The predictive value of different measures of obesity for incident cardiovascular events and mortality. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010 Apr;95(4): 1777–85.
Chapter 19. Week 1: Eat Your Medicine: Nutrition Basics
1. Ebbeling CB, Leidig MM, Feldman HA, Lovesky MM, Ludwig DS. Effects of a low-glycemic load vs low-fat diet in obese young adults: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2007 May 16;297(19): 2092–102.
2. Larsen TM, et al. Diet, Obesity, and Genes (Diogenes) Project. Diets with high or low protein content and glycemic index for weight-loss maintenance. N Engl J Med. 2010 Nov 25;363(22): 2102–13.
3. Campbell TC. A study on diet, nutrition and disease in the People’s Republic of China. Part I. Bol Asoc Med P R. 1990 Mar; 82(3):132–34.
4. Campbell TC. A study on diet, nutrition and disease in the People’s Republic of China. Part II. Bol Asoc Med P R. 1990 Jul; 82(7):316–18. Review.
5. Jiang R, et al. Nut and peanut butter consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes in women. JAMA. 2002 Nov 27;288(20):2554–60.
6. Fung TT, et al. Dietary patterns, meat intake, and the risk of type 2 diabetes in women. Arch Intern Med. 2004 Nov 8;164(20): 2235–40.
7. Arya F, et al. Differences in postprandial inflammatory responses to a ‘modern’ v. traditional meat meal: a preliminary study. Br J Nutr. 2010 Sep;104(5):724–28.
8. Luopajärvi K, et al. Enhanced levels of cow’s milk antibodies in infancy in children who develop type 1 diabetes later in childhood. Pediatr Diabetes. 2008 Oct; 9(5):434–41.
9. Frisk G, et al. A unifying hypothesis on the development of type 1 diabetes and celiac disease: gluten consumption may be a shared causative factor. Med Hypotheses. 2008;70(6):1207–9.
10. de Kort S, Keszthelyi D, Masclee AA. Leaky gut and diabetes mellitus: what is the link? Obes Rev. 2011 Jun;12(6)449–500.
11. Hoppe C, et al. High intakes of milk, but not meat, increase s-insulin and insulin resistance in 8-year-old boys. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2005;59:393–98.
12. Liljeberg EH, Bjorck I. Milk as a supplement to mixed meals may elevate postprandial insulinanemia. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2001;55:994–99.
Chapter 20. Week 2: Optimize Metabolism with Nutritional Supplements
1. Kelly GS. Insulin resistance: lifestyle and nutritional interventions. Altern Med Rev. 2000 Apr;5(2):109–32. Review.
2. Nikooyeh B, et al. Daily consumption of vitamin D- or vitamin D + calcium–fortified yogurt drink improved glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized clinical trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011 Apr;93(4):764–71.
3. Ou HY, et al. Interaction of BMI with vitamin D and insulin sensitivity. Eur J Clin Invest. 2011 Nov;41(11):1195–1201.
4. Woods MN, et al. Effect of a dietary intervention and n-3 fatty acid supplementation on measures of serum lipid and insulin sensitivity in persons with HIV. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009 Dec;90(6): 1566–78.
5. Okuda Y, et al. Long-term effects of eicosapentaenoic acid on diabetic peripheral neuropathy and serum lipids in patients with type II diabetes mellitus. J Diabetes Complications. 1996 Sep-Oct;10(5): 280–87.
6. Singh U, Jialal I. Alpha-lipoic acid supplementation and diabetes. Nutr Rev. 2008 Nov;66(11): 646–57. Review.
7. Davì G, Santilli F, Patrono C. Nutraceuticals in diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Cardiovasc Ther. 2010 Aug;28(4):216–26. Review.
8. Larrieta E, et al. Pharmacological concentrations of biotin reduce serum triglycerides and the expression of lipogenic genes. Eur J Pharmacol. 2010 Oct 10;644(1-3): 263–68.
9. Kirkham S, et al. The potential of cinnamon to reduce blood glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2009 Dec; 11(12):1100–13.
10. Fenercioglu AK, et al. The effects of polyphenol-containing antioxidants on oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation in type 2 diabetes mellitus without complications. J Endocrinol Invest. 2010 Feb;33(2):118–24.
11. Vuksan V, et al. Beneficial effects of viscous dietary fiber from Konjacmannan in subjects with the insulin resistance syndrome: results of a controlled metabolic trial. Diabetes Care. 2000 Jan; 23(1):9–14.
12. Sood N, Baker WL, Coleman CI. Effect of glucomannan on plasma lipid and glucose concentrations, body weight, and blood pressure: systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008 Oct;88(4):1167–75. Review.
13. Minich DM, Bland JS. Dietary management of the metabolic syndrome beyond macronutrients. Nutr Rev. 2008 Aug;66(8): 429–44. Review.
14. Pipe EA, et al. Soy protein reduces serum LDL cholesterol and the LDL cholesterol HDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein B: apolipoprotein A-I ratios in adults with type 2 diabetes. J Nutr. 2009 Sep;139(9):1700–6.
15. Yajima H, et al. Bitter acids derived from hops, activate both peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha and gamma and reduce insulin resistance. J Biol Chem. 2004 Aug 6;279(32): 33456–62.
16. Krawinkel MB, Keding GB. Bitter gourd (Momordica Charantia): a dietary approach to hyperglycemia. Nutr Rev. 2006 Jul;64(7 Pt 1):331–37. Review.
17. Kanetkar P, Singhal R, Kamat M. Gymnema sylvestre: a Memoir. J Clin Biochem Nutr. 2007 Sep; 41(2):77–81.
18. Hasani-Ranjbar S, et al. The efficacy and safety of herbal medicines used in the treatment of hyperlipidemia; a systematic review. Curr Pharm Des. 2010; 16(26):2935–47.
19. Katan MB, et al. Efficacy and safety of plant stanols and sterols in the management of blood cholesterol levels. Mayo Clin Proc. 2003 Aug;78(8):965–78. Review.
20. Houston MC. Nutrition and nutraceutical supplements in the treatment of hypertension. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther. 2010 Jun; 8(6):821–33. Review.
21. Walker AF, et al. Hypotensive effects of hawthorn for patients with diabetes taking prescription drugs: a randomised controlled trial. Br J Gen Pract. 2006 Jun; 56(527):437–43.
22. Tai MW, Sweet BV. Nattokinase for prevention of thrombosis. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2006 Jun 15;63(12):1121–23.
23. Kasim M, et al. Improved myocardial perfusion in stable angina pectoris by oral lumbrokinase: a pilot study. J Altern Complement Med. 2009 May;15(5):539–44.
24. Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group, et al. 10-year follow-up of diabetes incidence and weight loss in the Diabetes Prevention Outcomes Study. Lancet. 2009 Nov 14;374(9702): 1677–86.
25. Hyman MA. The failure of risk factor treatment for primary prevention of chronic disease. Altern Ther Health Med. 2010 May–Jun;16(3):60–63. Review.
26. Taylor AJ, et al. Extended-release niacin or ezetimibe and carotid intima-media thickness. N Engl J Med. 2009 Nov 26;361(22): 2113–22.
27. Preiss D, et al. Risk of incident diabetes with intensive-dose compared with moderate-dose statin therapy: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2011 Jun 22;305(24): 2556–64.
Chapter 21. Week 3: Relax Your Mind, Heal Your Body
1. Grossniklaus DA, et al. Biobehavioral and psychological differences between overweight adults with and without waist circumference risk. Res Nurs Health. 2010 Dec; 33(6):539–51.
2. Galvin JA, et al. The relaxation response: reducing stress and improving cognition in healthy aging adults. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2006 Aug;12(3):186–91.
Chapter 22. Week 4: Fun, Smart Exercise
1. Jorge ML, et al. The effects of aerobic, resistance, and combined exercise on metabolic control, inflammatory markers, adipocytokines, and muscle insulin signaling in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metabolism. 2011 Sep;60(9):1244–52.
2. Goodpaster BH, et al. Effects of diet and physical activity interventions on weight loss and cardiometabolic risk factors in severely obese adults: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2010 Oct 27;304(16): 1795–802.
3. Rosen RC, et al. Erectile dysfunction in type 2 diabetic men: relationship to exercise fitness and cardiovascular risk factors in the Look AHEAD trial. J Sex Med. 2009 May;6(5):1414–22.
4. Church TS, et al. Effects of aerobic and resistance training on hemoglobin A1c levels in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2010 Nov 24;304(20):2253–62. Erratum in: JAMA. 2011 Mar 2;305(9):892.
Chapter 23. Week 5: Live Clean and Green
1. Galletti PM, Joyet G. Effect of fluorine on thyroidal iodine metabolism in hyperthyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1958 Oct; 18(10):1102–10.
2. Xanthis A, et al. Advanced glycosylation end products and nutrition—a possible relation with diabetic atherosclerosis and how to prevent it. J Food Sci. 2007 Oct;72(8):R125–29.
3. Dolan M, Rowley J. The precautionary principle in the context of mobile phone and base station radiofrequency exposures. Environ Health Perspect. 2009 Sep; 117(9):1329–32.
4. Volkow ND, et al. Effects of cell phone radiofrequency signal exposure on brain glucose metabolism. JAMA. 2011 Feb 23; 305(8):808–13.
5. Genuis SJ. Fielding a current idea: exploring the public health impact of electromagnetic radiation. Public Health. 2008 Feb; 122(2):113–24.
Chapter 24. Week 6: Personalize the Program
1. Persky VW, et al. Effect of soy protein on endogenous hormones in postmenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002 Jan;75(1):145–53. Erratum in: Am J Clin Nutr. 2002 Sep;76(3):695.
2. Galletti PM, Joyet G. Effect of fluorine on thyroidal iodine metabolism in hyperthyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1958 Oct;18(10):1102–10.
3. Schellenberg R. Treatment for the premenstrual syndrome with agnus castus fruit extract: prospective, randomised, placebo controlled study. BMJ. 2001 Jan 20;322(7279):134–37.
4. Estruch R. Anti-inflammatory effects of the Mediterranean diet: the experience of the PREDIMED study. Proc Nutr Soc. 2010 Aug;69(3):333–40.
5. Church TS, Earnest CP, Wood KA, Kampert JB. Reduction of C-reactive protein levels through use of a multivitamin. Am J Med. 2003 Dec 15;115(9):702–7.
6. Cani PD, Delzenne NM. The role of the gut microbiota in energy metabolism and metabolic disease. Curr Pharm Des. 2009; 15(13):1546–58. Review.
7. Cecchini M, LoPresti V. Drug residues stored in the body following cessation of use: impacts on neuroendocrine balance and behavior—use of the Hubbard sauna regimen to remove toxins and restore health. Med Hypotheses. 2007;68(4):868–79.
8. Beever R. The effects of repeated thermal therapy on quality of life in patients with type II diabetes mellitus. J Altern Complement Med. 2010 Jun;16(6):677–81.
9. Kamenova P. Improvement of insulin sensitivity in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus after oral administration of alpha-lipoic acid. Hormones. 2006 Oct–Dec; 5(4):251–58.
10. Wu G, et al. Arginine metabolism and nutrition in growth, health and disease. Amino Acids. 2009 May;37(1):153–68.
11. El-Ghoroury EA, et al. Malondialdehyde and coenzyme Q10 in platelets and serum in type 2 diabetes mellitus: correlation with glycemic control. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis. 2009 Jun;20(4): 248–51.
12. Sadruddin S, Arora R. Resveratrol: biologic and therapeutic implications. J Cardiometab Syndr. 2009 Spring;4(2):102–6. Review.
13. Jiang WJ. Sirtuins: novel targets for metabolic disease in drug development. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2008 Aug 29; 373(3):341–44. Epub 2008 Jun 23. Review.
14. Solerte SB, et al. Nutritional supplements with oral amino acid mixtures increases whole-body lean mass and insulin sensitivity in elderly subjects with sarcopenia. Am J Cardiol. 2008 Jun 2; 101(11A):69E–77E.
15. Yin J, Zhang H, Ye J. Traditional Chinese medicine in treatment of metabolic syndrome. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets. 2008 Jun;8(2):99–111. Review.
16. Xie JT, Mchendale S, Yuan CS. Ginseng and diabetes. Am J Chin Med. 2005;33(3):397–404. Review.
Chapter 27. Get Healthy Together: Creating a Social Movement
1. http://www.yaleruddcenter.org.
2. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB124476804026308603.html.
3. http://bostonreview.net/BR35.3/angell.php.
4. Adams KM, Kohlmeier M, Zeisel SH. Nutrition education in U.S. medical schools: latest update of a national survey. Acad Med. 2010 Sep;85(9): 1537–42.